Niepłodność kobieca
Epidemiologia

Niepłodność kobieca stanowi globalny problem zdrowotny, dotykający około 17,5% populacji w wieku reprodukcyjnym, co przekłada się na około 50 milionów par na świecie. W krajach rozwiniętych kobiece czynniki odpowiadają za 37% przypadków niepłodności, a łączny wskaźnik niepłodności pierwotnej i wtórnej wynosi odpowiednio około 2% i 10,5%. Epidemiologia wykazuje regionalne zróżnicowanie, z najwyższą częstością w Azji Wschodniej, Afryce Północnej, na Bliskim Wschodzie oraz w Europie Wschodniej i Centralnej. Wiek jest kluczowym czynnikiem ryzyka – wskaźniki niepłodności rosną z 7,3-9,1% u kobiet 15-34 lata do 30% u kobiet 40-44 lata. Główne etiologiczne przyczyny to zaburzenia owulacji (25%), dysfunkcje jajowodów, zaburzenia hormonalne i nieprawidłowości macicy. Infekcje narządów płciowych, zwłaszcza w krajach rozwijających się, oraz palenie tytoniu (OR 1,85) i nieprawidłowa masa ciała (BMI ≥23) znacząco zwiększają ryzyko niepłodności. Dodatkowo, zmiany klimatyczne i podwyższone temperatury otoczenia korelują ze wzrostem wskaźników niepłodności.

  1. Epidemiologia niepłodności kobiecej – skala problemu
    1. Pierwotna i wtórna niepłodność
    2. Zmiany w czasie i różnice geograficzne
  2. Czynniki ryzyka i przyczyny niepłodności kobiecej
    1. Wiek jako kluczowy czynnik ryzyka
    2. Czynniki infekcyjne i zapalne
    3. Styl życia i czynniki środowiskowe
  3. Społeczne i psychologiczne skutki niepłodności kobiecej
  4. System opieki zdrowotnej a niepłodność kobieca
  5. Trendy i prognozy w epidemiologii niepłodności kobiecej
    1. Wpływ zmian klimatycznych na niepłodność kobiecą
  6. Wyzwania w badaniach nad epidemiologią niepłodności kobiecej
  7. Znaczenie dla zdrowia publicznego
    1. Wyzwania i potrzeby w zakresie zdrowia publicznego
  8. Wnioski i przyszłe kierunki badań
    1. Kolejne rozdziały

Epidemiologia niepłodności kobiecej – skala problemu

Niepłodność kobieca stanowi istotny problem zdrowotny na całym świecie. Według danych Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia (WHO), niepłodność dotyka około 17,5% dorosłej populacji, co oznacza, że mniej więcej 1 na 6 osób w wieku reprodukcyjnym doświadcza problemów z płodnością1. Szacuje się, że na świecie problem niepłodności dotyka co najmniej 50 milionów par2. Badania epidemiologiczne wskazują, że niepłodność kobieca odpowiada za około 37% przypadków niepłodności par w krajach rozwiniętych, podczas gdy czynnik męski odpowiada za 8%, a obie płcie jednocześnie za 35% przypadków3.

Ogólny wskaźnik występowania niepłodności wykazuje stosunkowo niewielkie zróżnicowanie pomiędzy regionami geograficznymi. Częstość występowania jest porównywalna w krajach o wysokim, średnim i niskim dochodzie, co wskazuje, że jest to główny problem zdrowotny na całym świecie. Dożywotnia częstość występowania niepłodności wynosi 17,8% w krajach o wysokim dochodzie i 16,5% w krajach o niskim i średnim dochodzie4. Najwyższe wskaźniki występowania niepłodności odnotowano w regionie Azji Wschodniej, Afryki Północnej, na Bliskim Wschodzie, w Europie Wschodniej i Centralnej oraz Azji Centralnej5.

Pierwotna i wtórna niepłodność

W epidemiologii niepłodności kobiecej rozróżnia się niepłodność pierwotną i wtórną. Według systematycznej analizy krajowych badań zdrowotnych, w 2010 roku około 2% kobiet na świecie doświadczyło pierwotnej niepłodności (niezdolność do pierwszej ciąży), a 10,5% wtórnej niepłodności (niezdolność do kolejnej ciąży po wcześniejszym urodzeniu dziecka)67. W wielu regionach wtórna niepłodność jest znacznie bardziej powszechna niż pierwotna, np. w Ugandzie badania wykazały, że częstość występowania niepłodności pierwotnej wynosiła od 0,7% do 1,4%, podczas gdy niepłodności wtórnej od 6,9% do 7,4%8.

Ogólna częstość występowania pierwotnej niepłodności według metaanalizy wynosi 51,5% (95% CI 32,74% do 70,26%), co wskazuje na znaczną zmienność w różnych badaniach i populacjach9. Z kolei badania przeprowadzone w regionie Bliskiego Wschodu i Afryki Północnej (MENA) wykazały, że częstość występowania klinicznej pierwotnej niepłodności wynosi 3,8%, a całkowitej niepłodności klinicznej (pierwotnej i wtórnej) 17,2%10.

Zmiany w czasie i różnice geograficzne

Analiza danych z Global Burden of Disease Study wykazała rosnący trend globalnego obciążenia niepłodnością kobiecą w latach 1990-201911. W ciągu ostatnich 30 lat liczba przypadków niepłodności kobiecej na świecie wzrosła o 56,71 miliona, przy średnim rocznym tempie wzrostu wynoszącym 7,28%12. Jednocześnie w niektórych krajach obserwuje się odmienne trendy – na przykład w USA częstość występowania zdiagnozowanej niepłodności kobiecej wśród aktywnych kobiet w służbie wojskowej zmniejszyła się z 85,1 na 10 000 osobolat w 2013 roku do 63,6 na 10 000 osobolat w 2018 roku13.

Różnice geograficzne w występowaniu niepłodności kobiecej są znaczące. Region Afryki miał najwyższą częstość występowania niepłodności wynoszącą 16,4% w 2019 roku, a następnie region zachodniego Pacyfiku (13%) i region europejski (12,4%)14. W Chinach częstość występowania niepłodności wśród kobiet w wieku 20-49 lat wynosiła 24,58%, z czego niepłodność pierwotna stanowiła 6,54%, a wtórna 18,04%15. W Korei Południowej badania wykazały, że wśród kobiet próbujących zajść w ciążę 19,48% było niepłodnych, z czego 72,2% miało niepłodność pierwotną, a 27,8% wtórną16.

Czynniki ryzyka i przyczyny niepłodności kobiecej

Niepłodność kobieca ma złożoną etiologię z wieloma czynnikami ryzyka. Najczęstsze identyfikowalne czynniki żeńskie, które odpowiadają za 81% niepłodności kobiecej, obejmują zaburzenia owulacji (25%)17, dysfunkcję jajowodów, zaburzenia hormonalne/metaboliczne i nieprawidłowości macicy18.

Wiek jako kluczowy czynnik ryzyka

Wiek jest jednym z najistotniejszych czynników wpływających na płodność kobiet. Badania wykazały, że wraz ze wzrostem wieku kobiety, zwiększa się ryzyko niepłodności19. U kobiet w wieku 15-34 lat wskaźniki niepłodności wahały się od 7,3% do 9,1%, u kobiet w wieku 35-39 lat wskaźniki niepłodności wzrosły do 25%, a u kobiet w wieku 40-44 lat wynosiły 30%20. Płodność kobiety zaczyna spadać w wieku 30 lat, a w wieku 40 lat tylko około 1 na 10 kobiet zajdzie w ciążę w ciągu jednego cyklu miesiączkowego21.

Badania przeprowadzone w Korei Południowej wykazały, że wskaźnik niepłodności wzrastał wraz z wiekiem, wynosząc 14,2% u kobiet poniżej 29 roku życia, 17,4% między 30 a 34 rokiem życia, 28,8% między 35 a 39 rokiem życia i 37,9% powyżej 39 roku życia22. Wzrost liczby kobiet opóźniających macierzyństwo przyczynia się do zwiększonej częstości występowania niepłodności w populacji23.

Czynniki infekcyjne i zapalne

Infekcje narządów płciowych stanowią istotny czynnik ryzyka niepłodności kobiecej. Większość badaczy zgadza się, że choroby zakaźne, które mogą prowadzić do niedrożności jajowodów, w znacznym stopniu przyczyniają się do zróżnicowania między populacjami i zmian w czasie24. W krajach rozwijających się, takich jak Indie, gdzie gruźlica i inne choroby zakaźne są powszechne, rola chorób zakaźnych w powodowaniu niepłodności staje się istotnym czynnikiem25.

Infekcje narządów płciowych (przenoszone drogą płciową, poporodowe, poinfekcyjne i wtórne infekcje, np. gruźlica) mogą powodować szeroki zakres stanów, takich jak zapalenie pochwy, zapalenie szyjki macicy, dyspareunia i choroba zapalna miednicy, endometrioza i inne zaburzenia endometrium, zespół policystycznych jajników (PCOS/PCOD), atrezja jajników lub torbiele i brak owulacji26. Badania wykazały silny związek między infekcjami narządów płciowych a zaburzeniami miesiączkowania, takimi jak skąpe miesiączkowanie, brak miesiączki, nieprawidłowe krwawienia i bolesne miesiączkowanie27.

Istnieją przekonujące dowody na to, że znaczna część niepłodności w Afryce jest spowodowana infekcjami, które powodują nieodwracalne uszkodzenia układu rozrodczego u mężczyzn i kobiet, co sugeruje potrzebę programów zdrowia publicznego mających na celu ograniczenie tych przyczyn, w tym programów kontroli zakażeń przenoszonych drogą płciową (STI) i programów edukacyjnych zwiększających świadomość na temat związku między ryzykownymi zachowaniami seksualnymi a niepłodnością28.

Styl życia i czynniki środowiskowe

Palenie tytoniu jest istotnym czynnikiem ryzyka niepłodności u kobiet. Metaanaliza wykazała, że palenie jest znacząco związane z niepłodnością, z ilorazem szans (OR) wynoszącym 1,85 (95% CI 1,08 do 3,14) razy wyższym niż u kobiet niepalących29. Badania pokazują, że kobiety, które palą, mają 1,8 razy wyższe ryzyko rozwoju niepłodności niż te, które nie palą30.

Wskaźnik masy ciała (BMI) również wpływa na płodność. Badania w Chinach wykazały, że BMI ≥23 jest istotnym czynnikiem ryzyka niepłodności31. Zaobserwowano, że zarówno niedowaga, jak i nadwaga mogą prowadzić do zwiększonego ryzyka niepłodności32.

Coraz więcej dowodów sugeruje, że czynniki środowiskowe są ściśle związane z niepłodnością kobiecą33. Badania wykazały związek między temperaturą otoczenia a rozpowszechnieniem niepłodności kobiecej, wskazując, że długoterminowe zmiany temperatury wiążą się ze zwiększonym ryzykiem niepłodności kobiecej34. Nieodpowiednia temperatura otoczenia może być związana ze zwiększonym wskaźnikiem występowania niepłodności kobiecej35.

Społeczne i psychologiczne skutki niepłodności kobiecej

Niepłodność ma znaczący wpływ na dobrostan psychologiczny kobiet. Badania wykazały, że istnieje statystyczna istotność między niepłodnością a stresem psychologicznym wśród kobiet, z ilorazem szans wynoszącym 1,63 (95% CI 1,24 do 2,13)36. Zaobserwowano również statystyczną istotność między depresją a niepłodnością wśród kobiet, z ilorazem szans wynoszącym 1,40 (95% CI 1,11 do 1,75) w porównaniu z kobietami płodnymi37.

Badania pokazują, że ryzyko stresu psychologicznego wśród kobiet z niepłodnością jest o 60% wyższe niż w populacji ogólnej. Ponadto ryzyko lęku i depresji jest odpowiednio o 60% i 40% wyższe3839. Wyniki badań podkreślają istotne i rosnące zaburzenia psychiczne wśród kobiet związane z niepłodnością, które mogą być przeoczone40.

Niepłodność jest wielowymiarowym stresorem wymagającym różnego rodzaju dostosowań emocjonalnych41. Wpływ niepłodności może być długotrwały, nawet po upływie początkowego okresu bezdzietności42. Badania pokazują, że niepłodność ma negatywne konsekwencje dla społecznego, ekonomicznego i psychologicznego dobrostanu dotkniętych nią osób, rodzin i społeczności43.

System opieki zdrowotnej a niepłodność kobieca

Dostęp do opieki w zakresie niepłodności jest zróżnicowany na całym świecie. W krajach o niskich i średnich dochodach opieka w zakresie niepłodności jest często postrzegana jako nieoptymalna, ponieważ usługi zapobiegania i leczenia niepłodności są często niedostępne, nierentowne lub nie istnieją44.

Leczenie przyczynowe niepłodności jest niedostępne dla większości par w krajach rozwijających się ze względu na bardzo wysokie koszty i niski wskaźnik powodzenia45. Jednak jeśli program ogólnokrajowy wdroży strategię profilaktyki obejmującą skuteczną kontrolę zakażeń przenoszonych drogą płciową, odpowiednią opiekę poporodową i bezpieczne techniki aborcji, wskaźnik ten może być jednym ze sposobów pomiaru długoterminowego wpływu takich inicjatyw46.

W regionach, gdzie niepłodność jest wysoka, będzie większe zapotrzebowanie na usługi lecznicze, zarówno w tradycyjnym, jak i formalnym sektorze zdrowia47. Dopóki skuteczne metody leczenia niepłodności nie staną się bardziej przystępne cenowo i dostępne, władze ds. zdrowia mogą w międzyczasie określić zakres problemu i zainwestować w poprawę informacji, edukacji i doradztwa na temat przyczyn i metod leczenia niepłodności, które, jak udowodniono, zmniejszają stygmatyzację i cierpienie niepłodnych pacjentów48.

WHO jest zaangażowana w rozwiązywanie problemu niepłodności i opieki nad płodnością poprzez współpracę z partnerami w celu przeprowadzenia globalnych badań epidemiologicznych i etiologicznych dotyczących niepłodności49. WHO uznaje, że świadczenie wysokiej jakości usług w zakresie planowania rodziny, w tym usług opieki nad płodnością, jest jednym z podstawowych elementów zdrowia reprodukcyjnego50.

Trendy i prognozy w epidemiologii niepłodności kobiecej

W siedmiu głównych rynkach (7MM: USA, Francja, Niemcy, Włochy, Hiszpania, Wielka Brytania i Japonia) zdiagnozowane przypadki niepłodności kobiecej mają spaść z 420 793 przypadków w 2023 r. do 408 771 przypadków w 2033 r., przy ujemnej rocznej stopie wzrostu (AGR) wynoszącej 0,29%51. W 2033 r. USA będą miały najwyższą liczbę zdiagnozowanych przypadków niepłodności kobiecej w 7MM, z 139 027 zdiagnozowanymi przypadkami, podczas gdy Hiszpania będzie miała najmniejszą liczbę zdiagnozowanych przypadków, wynoszącą 26 85952.

W 7MM całkowita liczba przypadków niepłodności kobiecej ma spaść z 16 732 165 przypadków w 2023 r. do 16 053 363 przypadków w 2033 r., przy ujemnej rocznej stopie wzrostu wynoszącej 0,41%53. Epidemiolodzy przypisują zmiany w zdiagnozowanych przypadkach i całkowitej liczbie przypadków podstawowym zmianom demograficznym na odpowiednich rynkach54.

Najnowszy raport z Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 ujawnił, że globalna częstość występowania niepłodności kobiecej wzrosła o około 56,71 miliona przypadków w ciągu ostatnich 30 lat i oczekuje się, że będzie nadal wzrastać w ciągu najbliższych 10 lat55. Analiza globalnego rozkładu wiekowego wskaźnika DALY (lata życia skorygowane niepełnosprawnością) dla niepłodności kobiecej w 2019 r. ujawniła tendencję wzrostową wskaźników wraz z wiekiem, osiągając szczyt wśród dorosłych w wieku 40-44 lat, podczas gdy wskaźnik wśród osób w wieku 45-49 lat był stosunkowo niski56.

Wpływ zmian klimatycznych na niepłodność kobiecą

Badania wskazują na potencjalny związek między zmianami klimatycznymi a niepłodnością kobiecą. Między 2000 a 2019 rokiem zaobserwowano U-kształtną zależność między temperaturą a standaryzowanym wiekowo wskaźnikiem częstości występowania (ASPR) niepłodności kobiecej, przy czym najniższy ASPR występował przy 15°C57. Wzrost temperatury był związany ze zwiększonym ASPR niepłodności kobiecej, z skorygowanym (95% CI) wynoszącym 78,952 (10,514, 147,710)58.

Badania przewidują, że przyszłe wzrosty temperatury jeszcze bardziej podwyższą ASPR niepłodności kobiecej59. Globalna średnia temperatura w 2023 r. była o 1,45°C wyższa niż poziomy przedindustrialne60. Wyższe narażenie na temperaturę otoczenia jest związane z niższą liczbą pęcherzyków u kobiet i niekorzystnymi wynikami ciąży61.

Wyzwania w badaniach nad epidemiologią niepłodności kobiecej

Badanie epidemiologii niepłodności i niepłodności niewyjaśnionej jest skomplikowane ze względu na niejednolitość w definiowaniu choroby oraz niejednorodność badań62. Szacuje się, że u około 30% niepłodnych par szukających pomocy specjalisty ds. rozrodczości przyczyna jest niewyjaśniona63.

Nowy raport WHO pokazuje przekonujące dowody na wysoką globalną częstość występowania niepłodności, ale podkreśla utrzymujący się brak danych w wielu krajach i niektórych regionach64. Wzywa do większej dostępności krajowych danych dotyczących niepłodności, z podziałem na wiek i przyczynę, aby pomóc w ilościowym określeniu niepłodności, a także poznaniu, kto potrzebuje opieki w zakresie płodności i jak można ograniczyć ryzyko65.

Względne znaczenie różnych przyczyn niepłodności kobiecej może różnić się w zależności od kraju, na przykład ze względu na różnice w częstości występowania STI w populacji lub różnice wiekowe badanych populacji66. Badanie i leczenie kobiet cierpiących na niepłodność niewyjaśnioną stale ewoluuje w świetle nowych dowodów i postępów technologicznych, które pozwalają nam identyfikować potencjalne przyczyny, które wcześniej były nieuchwytne67.

W związku z tym definicja choroby i jej epidemiologia są dynamiczne i mogą ulec zmianie w przyszłości68. Niewielu krajów gromadzi informacje istotne dla badania epidemiologii niepłodności, chociaż w interesie narodowym jest posiadanie tych informacji zarówno z punktu widzenia zdrowia publicznego, jak i planowania, zakupu i świadczenia usług medycznych69.

Znaczenie dla zdrowia publicznego

Niepłodność stanowi istotny problem zdrowia publicznego, który może powodować szkody psychologiczne, fizyczne, umysłowe, duchowe i medyczne u pacjenta70. Zrozumienie skali niepłodności, jej czynników ryzyka i zachowań związanych z poszukiwaniem leczenia ma kluczowe znaczenie dla opracowania odpowiednich interwencji, zapewnienia dostępu do wysokiej jakości opieki i łagodzenia czynników ryzyka oraz konsekwencji niepłodności71.

WHO zdefiniowała niepłodność jako chorobę powodującą upośledzenie, jej diagnoza i leczenie jest prawem do zdrowia reprodukcyjnego dla wszystkich, a usługi w zakresie niepłodności są wspierane przez dwa Cele Zrównoważonego Rozwoju WHO72. Istnieje pilne wezwanie do integracji niepłodności z globalnymi usługami i praktykami w zakresie zdrowia reprodukcyjnego w celu promowania bezpiecznej, skutecznej, godnej opieki nad płodnością wśród osób potrzebujących73.

Biorąc pod uwagę wysoki poziom indywidualnej i lokalnej heterogeniczności w obrębie jednostek geograficznych lub administracyjnych, skuteczne projekty polityki dotyczącej niepłodności wymagają szczegółowej wiedzy na temat rozkładu niepłodności i jej różnych determinantów74. Częstość występowania niepłodności jako miara zachorowalności reprodukcyjnej jest użytecznym wskaźnikiem postępu w kierunku poprawy zdrowia reprodukcyjnego, zdefiniowanego przez ICPD jako zdolność do reprodukcji i swoboda decydowania o tym, czy, kiedy i jak często to robić75.

Wyzwania i potrzeby w zakresie zdrowia publicznego

Mimo że niepłodność jest globalnie rozpowszechniona, a Indie odpowiadają za 25% globalnego obciążenia, to nadal jest to zaniedbany problem zdrowia reprodukcyjnego76. Obecnie żaden program rządowy w wielu krajach nie rejestruje ani nie rozwiązuje tego problemu niepłodności77.

Gotowość systemów opieki zdrowotnej do śledzenia i rozwiązywania problemu niepłodności w Afryce Subsaharyjskiej pozostaje katastrofalna78. W ostatnim czasie pojawiło się rosnące zainteresowanie ścisłym monitorowaniem, w jaki sposób wskaźniki zdrowotne mogą podkreślić potrzeby wrażliwych populacji, w tym osób i par z niepłodnością, oraz śledzić, w jaki sposób ich potrzeby mogą być zaspokajane za pośrednictwem polityk i programów79.

Badania wykazały, że infekcje narządów płciowych są często pomijane podczas ciąży lub u kobiet w wieku rozrodczym, co wskazuje na rażącą lukę w obecnych praktykach opieki zdrowotnej i znaczny brak solidnych narzędzi diagnostycznych w miejscu świadczenia opieki (POC) na obszarach wiejskich do wykrywania infekcji narządów płciowych, w tym gruźlicy80. W związku z tym niepłodne kobiety są zazwyczaj leczone głównie hormonami (letrozol lub klomifen) w celu poprawy owulacji, stymulacji hormonalnej i poprawy zdrowia menstruacyjnego i nie są leczone z powodu infekcji, chyba że występują widoczne objawy81.

W regionach, gdzie występuje wysoka częstość niepłodności, istnieje większe zapotrzebowanie na usługi lecznicze, zarówno w tradycyjnym, jak i formalnym sektorze zdrowia82. Dopóki skuteczne metody leczenia niepłodności nie staną się bardziej przystępne cenowo i dostępne, władze ds. zdrowia mogą w międzyczasie określić zakres problemu i zainwestować w poprawę informacji, edukacji i doradztwa na temat przyczyn i metod leczenia niepłodności, które, jak udowodniono, zmniejszają stygmatyzację i cierpienie niepłodnych pacjentów83.

Wnioski i przyszłe kierunki badań

Epidemiologia niepłodności kobiecej jest złożona i zmienna w zależności od regionu geograficznego, czynników społeczno-ekonomicznych i systemów opieki zdrowotnej. Dane epidemiologiczne wskazują, że niepłodność dotyka około 17,5% dorosłej populacji na całym świecie, co czyni ją istotnym problemem zdrowia publicznego84.

Występowanie niepłodności kobiecej wzrasta wraz z wiekiem, z najwyższym wskaźnikiem wśród kobiet w wieku 40-44 lat85. Główne przyczyny niepłodności kobiecej obejmują zaburzenia owulacji, dysfunkcję jajowodów i nieprawidłowości macicy86. Czynniki ryzyka obejmują infekcje narządów płciowych, palenie tytoniu, otyłość i narażenie środowiskowe87.

Niepłodność ma znaczący wpływ na zdrowie psychiczne, powodując zwiększone ryzyko stresu psychologicznego, lęku i depresji88. Potrzebne są dalsze badania, aby lepiej zrozumieć epidemiologię niepłodności kobiecej, szczególnie w regionach o ograniczonych danych, oraz aby opracować skuteczne strategie profilaktyki i leczenia89.

Przyszłe badania powinny skoncentrować się na badaniu dodatkowych korzyści kompleksowej oceny zdrowia w kontekście niepłodności kobiecej oraz na opracowaniu interwencji ukierunkowanych na modyfikowalne komponenty stylu życia (np. poprawa zdrowia snu i zarządzanie depresją) w celu zmniejszenia obciążenia niepłodnością i promowania ogólnego zdrowia reprodukcyjnego90.

Dalsze badania są niezbędne, aby zrozumieć czynniki przyczyniające się do niepłodności kobiecej w różnych regionach geograficznych i populacjach, a także aby opracować skuteczne strategie profilaktyki i leczenia91. Potrzebne są badania, aby określić przyczyny niepłodności w populacjach o wysokiej częstości występowania i zidentyfikować skuteczne interwencje92.

Kolejne rozdziały

Zapraszamy do dalszego czytania naszego leksykonu.

Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

  1. 09.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1
    https://www.who.int/news/item/04-04-2023-1-in-6-people-globally-affected-by-infertility
    Large numbers of people are affected by infertility in their lifetime, according to a new report published today by WHO. Around 17.5% of the adult population roughly 1 in 6 worldwide experience infertility, showing the urgent need to increase access to affordable, high-quality fertility care for those in need. […] The new estimates show limited variation in the prevalence of infertility between regions. The rates are comparable for high-, middle- and low-income countries, indicating that this is a major health challenge globally. Lifetime prevalence was 17.8% in high-income countries and 16.5% in low- and middle-income countries. […] While the new report shows convincing evidence of the high global prevalence of infertility, it highlights a persistent lack of data in many countries and some regions. It calls for greater availability of national data on infertility disaggregated by age and by cause to help with quantifying infertility, as well as knowing who needs fertility care and how risks can be reduced.
  • #2 The Burden of Infertility: Global Prevalence and Women’s Voices from Around the World – Maternal Health Task Force
    https://www.mhtf.org/2017/01/18/the-burden-of-infertility-global-prevalence-and-womens-voices-from-around-the-world/
    Available data indicate that at least 50 million couples worldwide experience infertility. […] According to a systematic analysis of national health surveys, in 2010, approximately 10.5% of women around the world experienced secondary infertility, and roughly 2% experienced primary infertility. […] The majority of researchers agree that infectious disease, which can lead to fallopian tube blockage, contributes largely to variation among populations and changes over time. […] Relatively little is known about the specific risk factors for and prevalence of male infertility around the world. […] While the majority of research in this area is conducted among women, infertility is not just a womans issue. Currently, the data on global male infertility is lackingboth in terms of prevalence estimates and mens experiences across culturessimultaneously contributing to and reinforcing gender-related stigma. Global infertility represents yet another area of scientific inquiry requiring sex- and gender-based research, an important first step towards developing equitable programs and policies.
  • #3 Female infertility: Causes – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/female-infertility-causes
    In a World Health Organization (WHO) study of 8500 infertile couples, female factor infertility was reported in 37 percent of infertile couples in developed countries, male factor infertility in 8 percent, and both male and female factor infertility in 35 percent. […] The most common identifiable female factors, which accounted for 81 percent of female infertility, were: […] Ovulatory disorders (25 percent).
  • #4
    https://www.who.int/news/item/04-04-2023-1-in-6-people-globally-affected-by-infertility
    Large numbers of people are affected by infertility in their lifetime, according to a new report published today by WHO. Around 17.5% of the adult population roughly 1 in 6 worldwide experience infertility, showing the urgent need to increase access to affordable, high-quality fertility care for those in need. […] The new estimates show limited variation in the prevalence of infertility between regions. The rates are comparable for high-, middle- and low-income countries, indicating that this is a major health challenge globally. Lifetime prevalence was 17.8% in high-income countries and 16.5% in low- and middle-income countries. […] While the new report shows convincing evidence of the high global prevalence of infertility, it highlights a persistent lack of data in many countries and some regions. It calls for greater availability of national data on infertility disaggregated by age and by cause to help with quantifying infertility, as well as knowing who needs fertility care and how risks can be reduced.
  • #5 Female infertility – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_infertility
    Female infertility refers to infertility in women. It affects an estimated 48 million women, with the highest prevalence of infertility affecting women in South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa/Middle East, and Central/Eastern Europe and Central Asia. […] Female infertility varies widely by geographic location around the world. In 2010, there was an estimated 48.5 million infertile couples worldwide, and from 1990 to 2010 there was little change in levels of infertility in most of the world. […] The highest rate regions included Eastern Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, Oceania, and Sub-Saharan Africa. […] Female infertility is prevalent across the globe.
  • #6 The Burden of Infertility: Global Prevalence and Women’s Voices from Around the World – Maternal Health Task Force
    https://www.mhtf.org/2017/01/18/the-burden-of-infertility-global-prevalence-and-womens-voices-from-around-the-world/
    Available data indicate that at least 50 million couples worldwide experience infertility. […] According to a systematic analysis of national health surveys, in 2010, approximately 10.5% of women around the world experienced secondary infertility, and roughly 2% experienced primary infertility. […] The majority of researchers agree that infectious disease, which can lead to fallopian tube blockage, contributes largely to variation among populations and changes over time. […] Relatively little is known about the specific risk factors for and prevalence of male infertility around the world. […] While the majority of research in this area is conducted among women, infertility is not just a womans issue. Currently, the data on global male infertility is lackingboth in terms of prevalence estimates and mens experiences across culturessimultaneously contributing to and reinforcing gender-related stigma. Global infertility represents yet another area of scientific inquiry requiring sex- and gender-based research, an important first step towards developing equitable programs and policies.
  • #7 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/Infertility-Prevalence.aspx
    Infertility is a common problem. In the U.S, 10 to 15% of couples are infertile. […] The number of women aged 15 to 44 years with an impaired ability to conceive or carry a baby to term (fecundity) is 6.7 million, which translates to 10.9%. The number of married women aged 15 to 44 years who are infertile is 1.5 million, or 6.0%, and the number of women aged 15 to 55 years who have used infertility services at some point in their lives is 7.4 million. […] The calculations showed that in 2010, 48.5 million couples globally could not have a child. Of women aged between 20 and 44 who wanted a child, 1.9% had not been able to have their first child after five years of trying, and 10.5% of women who had previously given birth had not been able to have another baby after the same length of time.
  • #8 Prevalence, regional distribution, and determinants of infertility in Uganda between 2006 and 2016: analysis of three Demographic and Health Surveys | Published in Journal of Global Health Reports
    https://www.joghr.org/article/94212-prevalence-regional-distribution-and-determinants-of-infertility-in-uganda-between-2006-and-2016-analysis-of-three-demographic-and-health-surveys
    Low- and middle-income countries, particularly in the African region in-country distribution and determinants of infertility are understudied. […] We aimed to estimate the prevalence, regional distribution, and determinants of infertility in Uganda to inform programming. […] The overall prevalence of infertility (pooled across the three surveys was 6.4%. […] The prevalence of primary infertility was 1.4% (95% Confidence interval, CI=1.0-1.8), 0.7% (95% CI=0.5-1.0) and 0.8% (95% CI=0.6-1.0) in 2006, 2011 and 2016, respectively. […] The prevalence of secondary infertility was 7.4% (95% CI=6.5-8.4), 6.9% (95% CI=5.9-8.0) and 7.1% (95% CI=6.4-7.9) in 2006, 2011, and 2016 respectively. […] Our results suggest that the prevalence of primary infertility is similar across regions, whereas secondary infertility varies by region, with higher prevalence in Central and Northern regions.
  • #9 Worldwide prevalence, risk factors and psychological impact of infertility among women: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMJ Open
    https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/3/e057132
    The impact of infertility may be long-lasting, even beyond the initial period of childlessness has passed. […] Determining the psychological impact of infertility among women worldwide provides a better assessment than discrete primary studies. Identifying this impact helps gain a clear understanding of the issue and serves as a basis for an appropriate preventive strategy. […] The overall pooled prevalence of primary infertility was 51.5% (95% CI 32.74% to 70.26%; I2=100%). […] Smoking is a crucial risk factor for females, and it shows that females who smoke have a 1.8 times higher risk of developing infertility than those who do not. […] Infertility among females has a vast impact on psychological distress. In the current study, females with infertility have a 1.6 times higher risk of being psychologically distressed than those fertile.
  • #10
    https://journals.lww.com/ljms/fulltext/2018/02020/infertility_in_the_middle_east_and_north_africa.2.aspx
    Infertility is a worldwide health issue with high impact on the individuals involved and the society as a whole. Estimates of infertility are very important to inform social and economic policies. […] The aim of this systematic literature review is to estimate the prevalence of primary and secondary infertility in Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region and produce the overall estimate of the different indicators of infertility in MENA region. […] The clinical primary infertility defined as „the failure to become pregnant after 12 months or more of continuous and unprotected sexual intercourse” was estimated in 5 surveys as 3.8% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.7-8.4, effect size = 7.564, P = 0.0001), with the total clinical infertility, both primary and secondary infertility, estimate was 17.2% (95% CI = 10.6-26.7, effect size = 5.5, P = 0.0001).
  • #11 Trends in the burden of female infertility among adults aged 20–49 years during 1990–2019: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 | BMJ Open
    https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/7/e084755
    Objectives The aim of this analysis was to investigate the worldwide distribution and trends in the burden of female infertility (FI). […] The global burden of FI, as measured by DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates among adults aged 2049 years, exhibited an upward trend from 1990 to 2019. […] The GBD Study data on FI among adults aged 2049 years revealed a rising global trend in FI from 1990 to 2019, with notable variations across different regions. […] The findings of this study suggest that the GBD related to FI among adults aged 2049 years has increased from 1990 to 2019. […] The GBD for FI among adults aged 2049 years varied between countries based on their SDI levels from 1990 to 2019. […] Analysis of the global age distribution of the DALY rate for FI in 2019 revealed a trend of increasing rates with age, peaking among adults aged 4044 years, while the rate among those aged 4549 years was comparatively low.
  • #12 Ambient temperature and female infertility prevalence: an ecological study based on the 2019 global burden of disease study | Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology | Full Text
    https://rbej.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12958-025-01365-4
    The impact of climate change on human health is well established; however, its effect on the prevalence of female infertility is poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between ambient temperature changes and the prevalence of female infertility. […] Between 2000 and 2019, a U-shaped relationship was observed between temperature and the ASPR of female infertility, with the lowest ASPR occurring at 15. Increased DPT was associated with an increased ASPR of female infertility, with an adjusted (95% CI) of 78.952 (10.514, 147.710). Future temperature increases will further elevate the ASPR of female infertility. […] Globally, temperature changes may be associated with an increase in the ASPR of female infertility. […] Over the past 30 years, the number of female infertility cases worldwide has increased by 56.71 million, with an average annual growth rate of 7.28%.
  • #13 Female Infertility, Active Component Service Women, U.S. Armed Forces, 2013–2018 | Health.mil
    https://health.mil/News/Articles/2019/06/01/Female-Infertility
    This report presents the incidence and prevalence of diagnosed female infertility among active component service women. During 2013-2018, 8,744 active component women of childbearing potential were diagnosed with infertility for the first time, resulting in an overall incidence of 79.3 cases per 10,000 person-years (p-yrs). […] The incidence of diagnosed female infertility decreased from 85.1 per 10,000 p-yrs in 2013 to 63.6 per 10,000 p-yrs in 2018 despite a concurrent increase in the rate of fertility testing. […] The average annual prevalence of diagnosed female infertility was 1.6%. […] Current findings indicate that the prevalence of diagnosed female infertility among active component service women is lower than estimates of self-reported infertility from surveys of U.S. civilians and service women.
  • #14 Prevalence, regional distribution, and determinants of infertility in Uganda between 2006 and 2016: analysis of three Demographic and Health Surveys | Published in Journal of Global Health Reports
    https://www.joghr.org/article/94212-prevalence-regional-distribution-and-determinants-of-infertility-in-uganda-between-2006-and-2016-analysis-of-three-demographic-and-health-surveys
    Infertility is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) in terms of clinical and epidemiological aspects. […] According to WHO, at least 50 million couples worldwide experienced infertility in 2017. […] A systematic review of 277 health surveys concluded that one in every four couples in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) had been found to be affected by infertility. […] The African region had the highest period prevalence of infertility at 16.4% in 2019, followed by the western Pacific (13%) and European (12.4%) regions. […] The overall prevalence of primary and secondary infertility in the 16 countries was 2% and 19%, respectively. […] Infertility has negative consequences on the social, economic, and psychological well-being of affected individuals, families, and communities.
  • #15 Prevalence and associated factors of infertility among 20–49 year old women in Henan Province, China | springermedizin.de
    https://www.springermedizin.de/prevalence-and-associated-factors-of-infertility-among-20-49-yea/19969984
    Infertility is a reproductive health problem which affects not only individuals, families and social populations. Recently, the infertility rate in China has a trend of increase year by year, and few studies have reported the infertility rate in Henan Province, China. The aim of this study was to investigate the current prevalence and associated factors of infertility among women of childbearing age in Henan Province, China. […] Among all the 765 participants in this study, the prevalence of infertility was 24.58%. The prevalence of primary infertility was 6.54%, and the prevalence of secondary infertility was 18.04%. […] The prevalence of infertility among women aged 2049 was 24.58% and only 61.17% infertile women sought medical help in Henan Province, China. Age, history of gynecological surgeries and DOR may increase the risk of infertility.
  • #16 Infertility Prevalence and Associated Factors among Women in Seoul, South Korea: A Cross-Sectional Study
    https://www.imrpress.com/journal/CEOG/50/3/10.31083/j.ceog5003054/htm
    Infertility is not only a health problem that affects individuals but also a social problem that affects families, societies, and populations. Recently, although infertility rates have been increasing in Korea, there are few studies on this. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of infertility among Korean women attempting to conceive and factors associated with this. […] Among the 2274 women, 443 (19.48%) were infertile. Of these infertile women, 320 (72.2%) had primary infertility and 123 (27.8%) had secondary infertility. […] The average age of non-infertile and infertile women was 31.9 ± 3.2 years and 33.2 ± 3.8 years, respectively, a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). [...] Univariate analysis revealed various risk factors for infertility (educational level, social drinking, insomnia, bulimia, artificial abortion, and spontaneous abortion) that were statistically significant.
  • #17 Female infertility: Causes – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/female-infertility-causes
    In a World Health Organization (WHO) study of 8500 infertile couples, female factor infertility was reported in 37 percent of infertile couples in developed countries, male factor infertility in 8 percent, and both male and female factor infertility in 35 percent. […] The most common identifiable female factors, which accounted for 81 percent of female infertility, were: […] Ovulatory disorders (25 percent).
  • #18 Female Infertility Epidemiology Analysis & Forecast to 2033
    https://www.globaldata.com/store/report/female-infertility-epidemiology-analysis/
    The diagnosed incident and total prevalent cases of female infertility and total prevalent cases of impaired fecundity are further segmented by age (15-24 years, 25-34 years, and 35-44 years). Additionally, this report provides the total prevalent cases of female infertility by major etiological factors (endometriosis, fallopian tube abnormalities, hormonal/metabolic disorders, ovulatory dysfunction disorders, uterine abnormalities, and unexplained factors). […] The diagnosed incident cases of female infertility will register a negative AGR of less than 1% during 2023-2033. […] In 2023, the US accounted for the highest percentage of diagnosed incident cases of female infertility in the 7MM.
  • #19 Female Infertility – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556033/
    Infertility is a medical condition that can cause psychological, physical, mental, spiritual, and medical detriments to the patient. […] This activity reviews the evaluation, management, and treatment of female infertility and highlights the interprofessional healthcare team’s role in improving care for this patient population. […] Identify the epidemiology of female infertility. […] In a study conducted by the National Survey of Family Growth that interviewed 12,000 women in the United States, the prevalence of infertility decreased with the increase in the woman’s age. […] As a woman gets older, her chances of infertility increase. […] In women aged 15 to 34 years, infertility rates ranged from 7.3% to 9.1%. […] In women ages 35 to 39 years old, the infertility rates increased to 25%.
  • #20 Female Infertility – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556033/
    Infertility is a medical condition that can cause psychological, physical, mental, spiritual, and medical detriments to the patient. […] This activity reviews the evaluation, management, and treatment of female infertility and highlights the interprofessional healthcare team’s role in improving care for this patient population. […] Identify the epidemiology of female infertility. […] In a study conducted by the National Survey of Family Growth that interviewed 12,000 women in the United States, the prevalence of infertility decreased with the increase in the woman’s age. […] As a woman gets older, her chances of infertility increase. […] In women aged 15 to 34 years, infertility rates ranged from 7.3% to 9.1%. […] In women ages 35 to 39 years old, the infertility rates increased to 25%.
  • #21 Infertility survey and statistics 2025
    https://www.singlecare.com/blog/news/infertility-statistics/
    Female fertility begins to decline at 30 years of age. […] About 1 in 10 women will get pregnant per menstrual cycle by 40 years of age. […] According to the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), female infertility is often due to menstrual cycle irregularities that may be caused by ovulation disorders. […] Female infertility can also be caused by uterine or cervical abnormalities, fallopian tube damage, uterine fibroids, endometriosis, early menopause, pelvic scar tissue, and even cancer treatment or severe psychological distress. […] The good news is, only 10% of the total infertility cases are incurable; those are the complications that fall under the 10% umbrella of infertility cases due to unknown factors. […] The remaining 90% can be treated and managed thanks to medical advancements in the last 30 years. […] Researchers are continuously looking for new ways to make infertility treatments better.
  • #22 Infertility Prevalence and Associated Factors among Women in Seoul, South Korea: A Cross-Sectional Study
    https://www.imrpress.com/journal/CEOG/50/3/10.31083/j.ceog5003054/htm
    However, in the multivariate logistic regression analysis, age ≥35 years, body mass index ≥23, and a history of artificial abortion were significant risk factors for infertility. […] This study identified the prevalence of infertility in Seoul and the associated factors of women’s infertility. Further research is necessary to identify clinical and male-specific variables related to infertility. […] This cross-sectional study demonstrated that the infertility prevalence in a sample of Korean women was about 19.48% and age, low education, social drinking, history of artificial or spontaneous abortion, insomnia, and bulimia are associated factors that may be related to infertility. […] The infertility rate increased with age, with 14.2% under the age of 29, 17.4% between the ages of 30 and 34, 28.8% between the ages of 35 and 39, and 37.9% over the age of 39. […] This study found that infertility was higher in the low-educated group, which has also been reported in previous studies. […] To our knowledge, ours is the first community-based study to analyze infertility risk factors in Seoul, Korea.
  • #23
    https://journals.lww.com/ijcm/fulltext/2024/49050/burden_of_infertility,_its_risk_factors,.5.aspx
    Infertility is globally prevalent and India accounts for 25% of the global burden, but it is still a neglected reproductive health issue. […] The period prevalence of infertility was 7.4%, with the secondary type being more common. […] Understanding the magnitude of infertility, its risk factors, and the treatment-seeking behavior is critical for developing appropriate interventions, ensuring access to quality care, and mitigating risk factors for and consequences of infertility. […] The prevalence of infertility, along with the risk factors of infertility has been extensively studied. […] Infertility is on the increase, more so in urban settings where women either marry late or plan their first child at a later age, which reflects the increasing prevalence of infertility among married (consummated marriage) women above 18 years of age.
  • #24 The Burden of Infertility: Global Prevalence and Women’s Voices from Around the World – Maternal Health Task Force
    https://www.mhtf.org/2017/01/18/the-burden-of-infertility-global-prevalence-and-womens-voices-from-around-the-world/
    Available data indicate that at least 50 million couples worldwide experience infertility. […] According to a systematic analysis of national health surveys, in 2010, approximately 10.5% of women around the world experienced secondary infertility, and roughly 2% experienced primary infertility. […] The majority of researchers agree that infectious disease, which can lead to fallopian tube blockage, contributes largely to variation among populations and changes over time. […] Relatively little is known about the specific risk factors for and prevalence of male infertility around the world. […] While the majority of research in this area is conducted among women, infertility is not just a womans issue. Currently, the data on global male infertility is lackingboth in terms of prevalence estimates and mens experiences across culturessimultaneously contributing to and reinforcing gender-related stigma. Global infertility represents yet another area of scientific inquiry requiring sex- and gender-based research, an important first step towards developing equitable programs and policies.
  • #25 A cross-sectional questionnaire-based landscaping of female infertility reveals genital Infections as a major contributor to reproductive tract anomalies, menstrual disorders, and infertility | medRxiv
    https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.04.23295020v1.full-text
    In tropical countries like India, where tuberculosis (TB) and other infectious diseases are widespread, the role of infectious diseases in causing infertility becomes a prominent consideration as indicated by several studies. Genital infections (sexually transmitted, postpartum, post-abortion infections and secondary infections e.g., TB) may cause a wide spectrum of conditions like vaginitis, cervicitis, dyspareunia and PID, endometriosis and other endometrial disorders, PCOS/PCOD, ovarian atresia or cysts and anovulation. […] Our study provides evidence for usefulness of the questionnaire designed by us as a valuable tool for self or clinical assessment of female reproductive health and may help in timely prognosis/diagnosis of genital infections which may further improve the management of reproductive health and fertility.
  • #26 A cross-sectional questionnaire-based landscaping of female infertility reveals genital Infections as a major contributor to reproductive tract anomalies, menstrual disorders, and infertility | medRxiv
    https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.04.23295020v1.full-text
    In tropical countries like India, where tuberculosis (TB) and other infectious diseases are widespread, the role of infectious diseases in causing infertility becomes a prominent consideration as indicated by several studies. Genital infections (sexually transmitted, postpartum, post-abortion infections and secondary infections e.g., TB) may cause a wide spectrum of conditions like vaginitis, cervicitis, dyspareunia and PID, endometriosis and other endometrial disorders, PCOS/PCOD, ovarian atresia or cysts and anovulation. […] Our study provides evidence for usefulness of the questionnaire designed by us as a valuable tool for self or clinical assessment of female reproductive health and may help in timely prognosis/diagnosis of genital infections which may further improve the management of reproductive health and fertility.
  • #27 A cross-sectional questionnaire-based landscaping of female infertility reveals genital Infections as a major contributor to reproductive tract anomalies, menstrual disorders, and infertility | medRxiv
    https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.04.23295020v1.full-text
    We observe a highly significant and very strong correlation between parameters related to genital infection-associated symptoms (or confirmed diagnosis) and menstrual disorders such as oligomenorrhoea, amenorrhoea, metrorrhagia, and dysmenorrhoea. Further, a very strong and significant correlation was observed between genital infections and perturbations in the female reproductive hormones such as LH. The presence of infection-associated symptoms also is strongly correlated with the occurrence of PCOS and PCOD, uterine and tubal blockage, ovarian cysts, and endometrial disorders. […] Remarkably, our investigation revealed that genital infections are often overlooked during pregnancy or in women of reproductive age, indicating a glaring gap in current healthcare practices and a significant lack of robust point-of-care (POC) diagnostic tools in rural areas for detecting genital infections, including TB. Hence, infertile women are typically treated primarily with hormones (Letrozole or clomiphene) to improve ovulation, hormonal stimulation, and improvement of menstrual health and are not treated for infections unless there are visible signs. […] This suggests a potential link between poor lifestyle habits and these health issues, similar to associations found with diabetes, obesity, and PCOS/PCOD.
  • #28 Prevalence of infertility in women – DataForImpactProject
    https://www.data4impactproject.org/prh/family-planning/fertility/prevalence-of-infertility-in-women/
    There is conclusive evidence that much of the infertility in Africa is attributable to infections that produce irreversible reproductive tract damage in men and women, suggesting a need for public health programs to reduce these causes, including STI control and education programs to raise awareness about the link between high-risk sexual behavior and infertility (Okonofua, 2003). […] Curative treatment of infertility is inaccessible for most couples in developing countries due to its very high cost and low success rate (Dhont, 2010). […] However, if a country-wide program implements a prevention strategy involving the effective control of STIs, appropriate postpartum care, and safe abortion techniques, this indicator may be one way of measuring the long-term impact of such initiatives.
  • #29 Worldwide prevalence, risk factors and psychological impact of infertility among women: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8968640/
    To assess the prevalence, risk factors and psychological impact of infertility among females. This review summarises the available evidence, effect estimates and strength of statistical associations between infertility and its risk factors. […] The findings indicated the overall pooled prevalence to be 46.25% and 51.5% for infertility and primary infertility, respectively. Smoking was significantly related to infertility, with the OR of 1.85 (95% CI 1.08 to 3.14) times higher than females who do not smoke. There was a statistical significance between infertility and psychological distress among females, with the OR of 1.63 (95% CI 1.24 to 2.13). A statistical significance was noted between depression and infertility among females, with the OR of 1.40 (95% CI 1.11 to 1.75) compared with those fertile.
  • #30 Worldwide prevalence, risk factors and psychological impact of infertility among women: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMJ Open
    https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/3/e057132
    The impact of infertility may be long-lasting, even beyond the initial period of childlessness has passed. […] Determining the psychological impact of infertility among women worldwide provides a better assessment than discrete primary studies. Identifying this impact helps gain a clear understanding of the issue and serves as a basis for an appropriate preventive strategy. […] The overall pooled prevalence of primary infertility was 51.5% (95% CI 32.74% to 70.26%; I2=100%). […] Smoking is a crucial risk factor for females, and it shows that females who smoke have a 1.8 times higher risk of developing infertility than those who do not. […] Infertility among females has a vast impact on psychological distress. In the current study, females with infertility have a 1.6 times higher risk of being psychologically distressed than those fertile.
  • #31 Infertility Prevalence and Associated Factors among Women in Seoul, South Korea: A Cross-Sectional Study
    https://www.imrpress.com/journal/CEOG/50/3/10.31083/j.ceog5003054/htm
    However, in the multivariate logistic regression analysis, age ≥35 years, body mass index ≥23, and a history of artificial abortion were significant risk factors for infertility. […] This study identified the prevalence of infertility in Seoul and the associated factors of women’s infertility. Further research is necessary to identify clinical and male-specific variables related to infertility. […] This cross-sectional study demonstrated that the infertility prevalence in a sample of Korean women was about 19.48% and age, low education, social drinking, history of artificial or spontaneous abortion, insomnia, and bulimia are associated factors that may be related to infertility. […] The infertility rate increased with age, with 14.2% under the age of 29, 17.4% between the ages of 30 and 34, 28.8% between the ages of 35 and 39, and 37.9% over the age of 39. […] This study found that infertility was higher in the low-educated group, which has also been reported in previous studies. […] To our knowledge, ours is the first community-based study to analyze infertility risk factors in Seoul, Korea.
  • #32 Prevalence and Risk Factors of Infertility at a Rural Site of Northern China | PLOS One
    https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0155563
    Infertility is defined as the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regularly unprotected sexual intercourse. […] Infertility prevalence in Suizhong County was 13.09% (95% CI, 12.09%-14.1%), of which the primary infertility incidence was 0.99% (95% CI, 0.72%-1.34%), and the secondary infertility incidence was 12.10% (95% CI, 11.13%-13.12%). […] We found significant association between women’s infertility incidence with their BMI, state of exercise, amount of menstrual flow, number of pregnancies and number of abortions. […] The other important risk factor is menstrual blood volume. Therefore we divided the sampled women into three groups: scanty (20 ml), moderate (2080 ml), and excessive (80 ml). Our results showed that the group with moderate menstrual flow exhibited the lowest prevalence of infertility, and both scanty and excessive menstruation led to an increase in the infertility incidence.
  • #33 Ambient temperature and female infertility prevalence: an ecological study based on the 2019 global burden of disease study | Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology | Full Text
    https://rbej.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12958-025-01365-4
    Common factors affecting female fertility include lifestyle (such as smoking and excessive drinking) and age. […] However, increasing evidence suggests that environmental factors are closely associated with female infertility. […] Generally, the ambient temperature refers to the actual air temperature of the environment. […] The global average temperature in 2023 was 1.45 C higher than the pre-industrial levels. […] Higher ambient temperature exposure is associated with lower female follicle counts and adverse pregnancy outcomes. […] We hypothesized that long-term temperature changes are associated with an increased risk of female infertility. […] The geographical detector showed that temperature and female infertility ASPR were associated in the spatial dimension, with a q-value of 0.124 (P<0.05).
  • #34 Ambient temperature and female infertility prevalence: an ecological study based on the 2019 global burden of disease study | Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology | Full Text
    https://rbej.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12958-025-01365-4
    Common factors affecting female fertility include lifestyle (such as smoking and excessive drinking) and age. […] However, increasing evidence suggests that environmental factors are closely associated with female infertility. […] Generally, the ambient temperature refers to the actual air temperature of the environment. […] The global average temperature in 2023 was 1.45 C higher than the pre-industrial levels. […] Higher ambient temperature exposure is associated with lower female follicle counts and adverse pregnancy outcomes. […] We hypothesized that long-term temperature changes are associated with an increased risk of female infertility. […] The geographical detector showed that temperature and female infertility ASPR were associated in the spatial dimension, with a q-value of 0.124 (P<0.05).
  • #35 Ambient temperature and female infertility prevalence: an ecological study based on the 2019 global burden of disease study | Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology | Full Text
    https://rbej.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12958-025-01365-4
    The adjusted RCS curves revealed a U-shaped nonlinear relationship between temperature and female infertility ASPR (for nonlinear, P=0.001; overall, P=0.002), with the lowest ASPR observed at a temperature of 15. […] The VIF values of the covariates are shown in Table S3, which show that there is no multicollinearity among the covariates. […] Globally, DPT was associated with increased female infertility ASPR, with an adjusted (95% CI) of 78.952 (10.514, 147.710). […] Our research predicts that future temperature rises will increase the ASPR of female infertility, which is consistent with the prediction of Yu et al. (2023) that the global ASPR of female infertility will continue to rise by 2030. […] In conclusion, an unsuitable ambient temperature may be associated with an increased ASPR of female infertility.
  • #36 Worldwide prevalence, risk factors and psychological impact of infertility among women: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8968640/
    The study results highlight an essential and increasing mental disorder among females associated with infertility and may be overlooked. […] Infertility is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the inability to conceive after 1 year (or longer) of unprotected intercourse. […] The prevalence of infertility is concerned, it is high (up to 21.9%): primary infertility at 3.5% and secondary infertility at 18.4%. […] Infertility is a multidimensional stressor requiring several kinds of emotional adjustments. […] Determining the psychological impact of infertility among women worldwide provides a better assessment than discrete primary studies. […] In this study, psychological impact including distress, depression and anxiety was evaluated. […] The pooled meta-regression analysis showed a statistical significance between infertility and psychological distress among females, with the odds being 1.63 (95% CI 1.24 to 2.13; I2=57%).
  • #37 Worldwide prevalence, risk factors and psychological impact of infertility among women: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8968640/
    The pooled meta-regression analysis showed a statistical significance between depression and infertility among females, with the odds being 1.40 (95% CI 1.11, 1.75; I2=50%) compared with those fertile. […] This study identified that the risk of psychological distress among females with infertility is 60% higher than that among the general population. Furthermore, the risks of anxiety and depression are 60% and 40% times higher, respectively.
  • #38 Worldwide prevalence, risk factors and psychological impact of infertility among women: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8968640/
    The pooled meta-regression analysis showed a statistical significance between depression and infertility among females, with the odds being 1.40 (95% CI 1.11, 1.75; I2=50%) compared with those fertile. […] This study identified that the risk of psychological distress among females with infertility is 60% higher than that among the general population. Furthermore, the risks of anxiety and depression are 60% and 40% times higher, respectively.
  • #39 Worldwide prevalence, risk factors and psychological impact of infertility among women: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMJ Open
    https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/3/e057132
    This study identified that the risk of psychological distress among females with infertility is 60% higher than that among the general population. Furthermore, the risks of anxiety and depression are 60% and 40% times higher, respectively. These results highlight an important and increasing mental disorder among females that may be overlooked.
  • #40 Worldwide prevalence, risk factors and psychological impact of infertility among women: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMJ Open
    https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/3/e057132
    This study identified that the risk of psychological distress among females with infertility is 60% higher than that among the general population. Furthermore, the risks of anxiety and depression are 60% and 40% times higher, respectively. These results highlight an important and increasing mental disorder among females that may be overlooked.
  • #41 Worldwide prevalence, risk factors and psychological impact of infertility among women: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMJ Open
    https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/3/e057132
    The study results highlight an essential and increasing mental disorder among females associated with infertility and may be overlooked. Acknowledging the problem and providing positive, supportive measures to females with infertility ensure more positive outcomes during the therapeutic process. […] Infertility is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the inability to conceive after 1 year (or longer) of unprotected intercourse. […] In 2002, the WHO estimated that infertility affects approximately 80 million people in all parts of the world. […] The prevalence of infertility is concerned, it is high (up to 21.9%): primary infertility at 3.5% and secondary infertility at 18.4%. […] Infertility is a multidimensional stressor requiring several kinds of emotional adjustments.
  • #42 Worldwide prevalence, risk factors and psychological impact of infertility among women: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMJ Open
    https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/3/e057132
    The impact of infertility may be long-lasting, even beyond the initial period of childlessness has passed. […] Determining the psychological impact of infertility among women worldwide provides a better assessment than discrete primary studies. Identifying this impact helps gain a clear understanding of the issue and serves as a basis for an appropriate preventive strategy. […] The overall pooled prevalence of primary infertility was 51.5% (95% CI 32.74% to 70.26%; I2=100%). […] Smoking is a crucial risk factor for females, and it shows that females who smoke have a 1.8 times higher risk of developing infertility than those who do not. […] Infertility among females has a vast impact on psychological distress. In the current study, females with infertility have a 1.6 times higher risk of being psychologically distressed than those fertile.
  • #43 Prevalence, regional distribution, and determinants of infertility in Uganda between 2006 and 2016: analysis of three Demographic and Health Surveys | Published in Journal of Global Health Reports
    https://www.joghr.org/article/94212-prevalence-regional-distribution-and-determinants-of-infertility-in-uganda-between-2006-and-2016-analysis-of-three-demographic-and-health-surveys
    Infertility is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) in terms of clinical and epidemiological aspects. […] According to WHO, at least 50 million couples worldwide experienced infertility in 2017. […] A systematic review of 277 health surveys concluded that one in every four couples in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) had been found to be affected by infertility. […] The African region had the highest period prevalence of infertility at 16.4% in 2019, followed by the western Pacific (13%) and European (12.4%) regions. […] The overall prevalence of primary and secondary infertility in the 16 countries was 2% and 19%, respectively. […] Infertility has negative consequences on the social, economic, and psychological well-being of affected individuals, families, and communities.
  • #44 Prevalence, regional distribution, and determinants of infertility in Uganda between 2006 and 2016: analysis of three Demographic and Health Surveys | Published in Journal of Global Health Reports
    https://www.joghr.org/article/94212-prevalence-regional-distribution-and-determinants-of-infertility-in-uganda-between-2006-and-2016-analysis-of-three-demographic-and-health-surveys
    In LMICs, infertility care has been perceived as suboptimal, as services to prevent and treat infertility are often inaccessible, unaffordable, or non-existent. […] There is an urgent call for the integration of infertility into global reproductive health services and practices to promote safe, effective, dignified fertility care among those in need. […] Recently, there has been growing interest in closely monitoring how health indicators can highlight the needs of vulnerable populations, including individuals and couples with infertility and track how their needs can be addressed through policies and programs. […] However, health systems readiness to track and address infertility in sub-Saharan Africa remains dire. […] Given the high level of individual and local heterogeneity within geographic or administrative units, effective infertility policy designs require a detailed knowledge of the distribution of infertility and its various determinants.
  • #45 Prevalence of infertility in women – DataForImpactProject
    https://www.data4impactproject.org/prh/family-planning/fertility/prevalence-of-infertility-in-women/
    There is conclusive evidence that much of the infertility in Africa is attributable to infections that produce irreversible reproductive tract damage in men and women, suggesting a need for public health programs to reduce these causes, including STI control and education programs to raise awareness about the link between high-risk sexual behavior and infertility (Okonofua, 2003). […] Curative treatment of infertility is inaccessible for most couples in developing countries due to its very high cost and low success rate (Dhont, 2010). […] However, if a country-wide program implements a prevention strategy involving the effective control of STIs, appropriate postpartum care, and safe abortion techniques, this indicator may be one way of measuring the long-term impact of such initiatives.
  • #46 Prevalence of infertility in women – DataForImpactProject
    https://www.data4impactproject.org/prh/family-planning/fertility/prevalence-of-infertility-in-women/
    There is conclusive evidence that much of the infertility in Africa is attributable to infections that produce irreversible reproductive tract damage in men and women, suggesting a need for public health programs to reduce these causes, including STI control and education programs to raise awareness about the link between high-risk sexual behavior and infertility (Okonofua, 2003). […] Curative treatment of infertility is inaccessible for most couples in developing countries due to its very high cost and low success rate (Dhont, 2010). […] However, if a country-wide program implements a prevention strategy involving the effective control of STIs, appropriate postpartum care, and safe abortion techniques, this indicator may be one way of measuring the long-term impact of such initiatives.
  • #47 Prevalence of infertility in women – DataForImpactProject
    https://www.data4impactproject.org/prh/family-planning/fertility/prevalence-of-infertility-in-women/
    In regions where infertility is high, there will be more demand for treatment services, both in the traditional and formal health sectors. […] Until effective fertility treatments become more affordable and accessible, health authorities can in the meantime determine the extent of the problem and invest in improving information, education and counseling on causes and treatments of infertility, which have proven to reduce the stigmatization and suffering of infertile clients (Dhont, 2010).
  • #48 Prevalence of infertility in women – DataForImpactProject
    https://www.data4impactproject.org/prh/family-planning/fertility/prevalence-of-infertility-in-women/
    In regions where infertility is high, there will be more demand for treatment services, both in the traditional and formal health sectors. […] Until effective fertility treatments become more affordable and accessible, health authorities can in the meantime determine the extent of the problem and invest in improving information, education and counseling on causes and treatments of infertility, which have proven to reduce the stigmatization and suffering of infertile clients (Dhont, 2010).
  • #49
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infertility
    Infertility may occur due to male, female or unexplained factors. […] In the female reproductive system, infertility may be caused by a range of abnormalities of the ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, and the endocrine system, among others. […] The relative importance of these causes of female infertility may differ from country to country, for example due to differences in the background prevalence of STIs, or differing ages of populations studied. […] WHO is committed to addressing infertility and fertility care by collaborating with partners to conduct global epidemiological and etiological research into infertility. […] WHO recognizes that the provision of high-quality services for family-planning, including fertility care services, is one of the core elements of reproductive health.
  • #50
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infertility
    Infertility may occur due to male, female or unexplained factors. […] In the female reproductive system, infertility may be caused by a range of abnormalities of the ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, and the endocrine system, among others. […] The relative importance of these causes of female infertility may differ from country to country, for example due to differences in the background prevalence of STIs, or differing ages of populations studied. […] WHO is committed to addressing infertility and fertility care by collaborating with partners to conduct global epidemiological and etiological research into infertility. […] WHO recognizes that the provision of high-quality services for family-planning, including fertility care services, is one of the core elements of reproductive health.
  • #51 Female Infertility: Epidemiology Forecast to 2033
    https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/4829188/female-infertility-epidemiology-forecast-to-2033?srsltid=AfmBOoqxZMdn9UBAUiBzamWdgjQ_gCeVSa3jMTAgZjnscPLLjxALkUJF
    Certain races or ethnicities, socioeconomic status, access to care, and use of infertility services/treatments were also noted as factors tied to a higher prevalence of female infertility (Crawford et al., 2017). […] In the 7MM, the diagnosed incident cases of female infertility are expected to decrease from 420,793 cases in 2023 to 408,771 cases in 2033, at a negative annual growth rate (AGR) of 0.29%. […] In 2033, the US will have the highest number of diagnosed incident cases of female infertility in the 7MM, with 139,027 diagnosed incident cases, whereas Spain will have the fewest diagnosed incident cases with 26,859 cases. […] In the 7MM, the total prevalent cases of female infertility are expected to decrease from 16,732,165 cases in 2023 to 16,053,363 cases in 2033, at a negative AGR of 0.41%.
  • #52 Female Infertility: Epidemiology Forecast to 2033
    https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/4829188/female-infertility-epidemiology-forecast-to-2033?srsltid=AfmBOoqxZMdn9UBAUiBzamWdgjQ_gCeVSa3jMTAgZjnscPLLjxALkUJF
    Certain races or ethnicities, socioeconomic status, access to care, and use of infertility services/treatments were also noted as factors tied to a higher prevalence of female infertility (Crawford et al., 2017). […] In the 7MM, the diagnosed incident cases of female infertility are expected to decrease from 420,793 cases in 2023 to 408,771 cases in 2033, at a negative annual growth rate (AGR) of 0.29%. […] In 2033, the US will have the highest number of diagnosed incident cases of female infertility in the 7MM, with 139,027 diagnosed incident cases, whereas Spain will have the fewest diagnosed incident cases with 26,859 cases. […] In the 7MM, the total prevalent cases of female infertility are expected to decrease from 16,732,165 cases in 2023 to 16,053,363 cases in 2033, at a negative AGR of 0.41%.
  • #53 Female Infertility: Epidemiology Forecast to 2033
    https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/4829188/female-infertility-epidemiology-forecast-to-2033?srsltid=AfmBOoqxZMdn9UBAUiBzamWdgjQ_gCeVSa3jMTAgZjnscPLLjxALkUJF
    Certain races or ethnicities, socioeconomic status, access to care, and use of infertility services/treatments were also noted as factors tied to a higher prevalence of female infertility (Crawford et al., 2017). […] In the 7MM, the diagnosed incident cases of female infertility are expected to decrease from 420,793 cases in 2023 to 408,771 cases in 2033, at a negative annual growth rate (AGR) of 0.29%. […] In 2033, the US will have the highest number of diagnosed incident cases of female infertility in the 7MM, with 139,027 diagnosed incident cases, whereas Spain will have the fewest diagnosed incident cases with 26,859 cases. […] In the 7MM, the total prevalent cases of female infertility are expected to decrease from 16,732,165 cases in 2023 to 16,053,363 cases in 2033, at a negative AGR of 0.41%.
  • #54 Female Infertility: Epidemiology Forecast to 2033
    https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/4829188/female-infertility-epidemiology-forecast-to-2033?srsltid=AfmBOoqxZMdn9UBAUiBzamWdgjQ_gCeVSa3jMTAgZjnscPLLjxALkUJF
    The analyst epidemiologists attribute the changes in the diagnosed incident cases and total prevalent cases to the underlying demographic changes in the respective markets. […] The report includes a 10-year epidemiology forecast for the diagnosed incident cases of female infertility, total prevalent cases of female infertility, and total prevalent cases of impaired fecundity. […] The diagnosed incident and total prevalent cases of female infertility and total prevalent cases of impaired fecundity are further segmented by age (15-24 years, 25-34 years, and 35-44 years). […] This epidemiology forecast for female infertility is supported by historical data obtained from peer-reviewed articles and population-based studies.
  • #55 Life’s crucial 9 is inversely and linearly associated with female infertility prevalence: a cross-sectional analysis from NHANES 2013–2018 | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-99023-7
    Female infertility is a common reproductive condition in which clinical pregnancy is not achieved after 12 months of normal sexual intercourse without contraception. Globally, infertility affects about 15% of couples, with female infertility accounting for about half of the cases. A large global analysis of infertility prevalence surveys showed that in 2010, more than one in seven reproductive-age women who were at risk of pregnancy experienced infertility. The recent report from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 revealed that the global prevalence of female infertility has increased by about 56.71 million cases in the last 30 years and is still expected to keep increasing in the next 10 years. Female infertility reflects damage to reproductive health and may affect family stability and marital harmony and well-being and can cause psychological and emotional stress for women and their families. In addition, growing clinical evidence suggests that female infertility may be associated with the development of other diseases, including a variety of gynecologic cancers, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic disorders. As a major global public health concern, exploring risk factors for female infertility for early prevention and reduction of disease burden has important reproductive health implications.
  • #56 Trends in the burden of female infertility among adults aged 20–49 years during 1990–2019: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 | BMJ Open
    https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/7/e084755
    Objectives The aim of this analysis was to investigate the worldwide distribution and trends in the burden of female infertility (FI). […] The global burden of FI, as measured by DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates among adults aged 2049 years, exhibited an upward trend from 1990 to 2019. […] The GBD Study data on FI among adults aged 2049 years revealed a rising global trend in FI from 1990 to 2019, with notable variations across different regions. […] The findings of this study suggest that the GBD related to FI among adults aged 2049 years has increased from 1990 to 2019. […] The GBD for FI among adults aged 2049 years varied between countries based on their SDI levels from 1990 to 2019. […] Analysis of the global age distribution of the DALY rate for FI in 2019 revealed a trend of increasing rates with age, peaking among adults aged 4044 years, while the rate among those aged 4549 years was comparatively low.
  • #57 Ambient temperature and female infertility prevalence: an ecological study based on the 2019 global burden of disease study | Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology | Full Text
    https://rbej.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12958-025-01365-4
    The impact of climate change on human health is well established; however, its effect on the prevalence of female infertility is poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between ambient temperature changes and the prevalence of female infertility. […] Between 2000 and 2019, a U-shaped relationship was observed between temperature and the ASPR of female infertility, with the lowest ASPR occurring at 15. Increased DPT was associated with an increased ASPR of female infertility, with an adjusted (95% CI) of 78.952 (10.514, 147.710). Future temperature increases will further elevate the ASPR of female infertility. […] Globally, temperature changes may be associated with an increase in the ASPR of female infertility. […] Over the past 30 years, the number of female infertility cases worldwide has increased by 56.71 million, with an average annual growth rate of 7.28%.
  • #58 Ambient temperature and female infertility prevalence: an ecological study based on the 2019 global burden of disease study | Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology | Full Text
    https://rbej.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12958-025-01365-4
    The impact of climate change on human health is well established; however, its effect on the prevalence of female infertility is poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between ambient temperature changes and the prevalence of female infertility. […] Between 2000 and 2019, a U-shaped relationship was observed between temperature and the ASPR of female infertility, with the lowest ASPR occurring at 15. Increased DPT was associated with an increased ASPR of female infertility, with an adjusted (95% CI) of 78.952 (10.514, 147.710). Future temperature increases will further elevate the ASPR of female infertility. […] Globally, temperature changes may be associated with an increase in the ASPR of female infertility. […] Over the past 30 years, the number of female infertility cases worldwide has increased by 56.71 million, with an average annual growth rate of 7.28%.
  • #59 Ambient temperature and female infertility prevalence: an ecological study based on the 2019 global burden of disease study | Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology | Full Text
    https://rbej.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12958-025-01365-4
    The impact of climate change on human health is well established; however, its effect on the prevalence of female infertility is poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between ambient temperature changes and the prevalence of female infertility. […] Between 2000 and 2019, a U-shaped relationship was observed between temperature and the ASPR of female infertility, with the lowest ASPR occurring at 15. Increased DPT was associated with an increased ASPR of female infertility, with an adjusted (95% CI) of 78.952 (10.514, 147.710). Future temperature increases will further elevate the ASPR of female infertility. […] Globally, temperature changes may be associated with an increase in the ASPR of female infertility. […] Over the past 30 years, the number of female infertility cases worldwide has increased by 56.71 million, with an average annual growth rate of 7.28%.
  • #60 Ambient temperature and female infertility prevalence: an ecological study based on the 2019 global burden of disease study | Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology | Full Text
    https://rbej.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12958-025-01365-4
    Common factors affecting female fertility include lifestyle (such as smoking and excessive drinking) and age. […] However, increasing evidence suggests that environmental factors are closely associated with female infertility. […] Generally, the ambient temperature refers to the actual air temperature of the environment. […] The global average temperature in 2023 was 1.45 C higher than the pre-industrial levels. […] Higher ambient temperature exposure is associated with lower female follicle counts and adverse pregnancy outcomes. […] We hypothesized that long-term temperature changes are associated with an increased risk of female infertility. […] The geographical detector showed that temperature and female infertility ASPR were associated in the spatial dimension, with a q-value of 0.124 (P<0.05).
  • #61 Ambient temperature and female infertility prevalence: an ecological study based on the 2019 global burden of disease study | Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology | Full Text
    https://rbej.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12958-025-01365-4
    Common factors affecting female fertility include lifestyle (such as smoking and excessive drinking) and age. […] However, increasing evidence suggests that environmental factors are closely associated with female infertility. […] Generally, the ambient temperature refers to the actual air temperature of the environment. […] The global average temperature in 2023 was 1.45 C higher than the pre-industrial levels. […] Higher ambient temperature exposure is associated with lower female follicle counts and adverse pregnancy outcomes. […] We hypothesized that long-term temperature changes are associated with an increased risk of female infertility. […] The geographical detector showed that temperature and female infertility ASPR were associated in the spatial dimension, with a q-value of 0.124 (P<0.05).
  • #62 Definitions and Epidemiology of Unexplained Female Infertility | SpringerLink
    https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4939-2140-9_4
    There are inherent difficulties in defining infertility and unexplained infertility (UI), and the scientific community is yet to reach a consensus opinion. […] Studying the epidemiology of infertility and UI is complicated by the disparity in defining the disease as well as the heterogeneity of the studies. It is estimated that in about 30 % of infertile couples seeking help of a reproductive specialists, the cause is unexplained. The prevalence of UI around the world does not vary significantly but the aetiologies do. […] Investigating and treating women who suffer from UI is constantly evolving in light of new evidence and technologic advances that allow us to identify potential causes that were previously elusive. Therefore, the definition of the disease and its epidemiology are dynamic and may change in the future.
  • #63 Definitions and Epidemiology of Unexplained Female Infertility | SpringerLink
    https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4939-2140-9_4
    There are inherent difficulties in defining infertility and unexplained infertility (UI), and the scientific community is yet to reach a consensus opinion. […] Studying the epidemiology of infertility and UI is complicated by the disparity in defining the disease as well as the heterogeneity of the studies. It is estimated that in about 30 % of infertile couples seeking help of a reproductive specialists, the cause is unexplained. The prevalence of UI around the world does not vary significantly but the aetiologies do. […] Investigating and treating women who suffer from UI is constantly evolving in light of new evidence and technologic advances that allow us to identify potential causes that were previously elusive. Therefore, the definition of the disease and its epidemiology are dynamic and may change in the future.
  • #64
    https://www.who.int/news/item/04-04-2023-1-in-6-people-globally-affected-by-infertility
    Large numbers of people are affected by infertility in their lifetime, according to a new report published today by WHO. Around 17.5% of the adult population roughly 1 in 6 worldwide experience infertility, showing the urgent need to increase access to affordable, high-quality fertility care for those in need. […] The new estimates show limited variation in the prevalence of infertility between regions. The rates are comparable for high-, middle- and low-income countries, indicating that this is a major health challenge globally. Lifetime prevalence was 17.8% in high-income countries and 16.5% in low- and middle-income countries. […] While the new report shows convincing evidence of the high global prevalence of infertility, it highlights a persistent lack of data in many countries and some regions. It calls for greater availability of national data on infertility disaggregated by age and by cause to help with quantifying infertility, as well as knowing who needs fertility care and how risks can be reduced.
  • #65
    https://www.who.int/news/item/04-04-2023-1-in-6-people-globally-affected-by-infertility
    Large numbers of people are affected by infertility in their lifetime, according to a new report published today by WHO. Around 17.5% of the adult population roughly 1 in 6 worldwide experience infertility, showing the urgent need to increase access to affordable, high-quality fertility care for those in need. […] The new estimates show limited variation in the prevalence of infertility between regions. The rates are comparable for high-, middle- and low-income countries, indicating that this is a major health challenge globally. Lifetime prevalence was 17.8% in high-income countries and 16.5% in low- and middle-income countries. […] While the new report shows convincing evidence of the high global prevalence of infertility, it highlights a persistent lack of data in many countries and some regions. It calls for greater availability of national data on infertility disaggregated by age and by cause to help with quantifying infertility, as well as knowing who needs fertility care and how risks can be reduced.
  • #66
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infertility
    Infertility may occur due to male, female or unexplained factors. […] In the female reproductive system, infertility may be caused by a range of abnormalities of the ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, and the endocrine system, among others. […] The relative importance of these causes of female infertility may differ from country to country, for example due to differences in the background prevalence of STIs, or differing ages of populations studied. […] WHO is committed to addressing infertility and fertility care by collaborating with partners to conduct global epidemiological and etiological research into infertility. […] WHO recognizes that the provision of high-quality services for family-planning, including fertility care services, is one of the core elements of reproductive health.
  • #67 Definitions and Epidemiology of Unexplained Female Infertility | SpringerLink
    https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4939-2140-9_4
    There are inherent difficulties in defining infertility and unexplained infertility (UI), and the scientific community is yet to reach a consensus opinion. […] Studying the epidemiology of infertility and UI is complicated by the disparity in defining the disease as well as the heterogeneity of the studies. It is estimated that in about 30 % of infertile couples seeking help of a reproductive specialists, the cause is unexplained. The prevalence of UI around the world does not vary significantly but the aetiologies do. […] Investigating and treating women who suffer from UI is constantly evolving in light of new evidence and technologic advances that allow us to identify potential causes that were previously elusive. Therefore, the definition of the disease and its epidemiology are dynamic and may change in the future.
  • #68 Definitions and Epidemiology of Unexplained Female Infertility | SpringerLink
    https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4939-2140-9_4
    There are inherent difficulties in defining infertility and unexplained infertility (UI), and the scientific community is yet to reach a consensus opinion. […] Studying the epidemiology of infertility and UI is complicated by the disparity in defining the disease as well as the heterogeneity of the studies. It is estimated that in about 30 % of infertile couples seeking help of a reproductive specialists, the cause is unexplained. The prevalence of UI around the world does not vary significantly but the aetiologies do. […] Investigating and treating women who suffer from UI is constantly evolving in light of new evidence and technologic advances that allow us to identify potential causes that were previously elusive. Therefore, the definition of the disease and its epidemiology are dynamic and may change in the future.
  • #69 The Epidemiology of Infertility | SpringerLink
    https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4471-1962-3_2
    Few countries collect information relevant to the study of the epidemiology of infertility. […] It is in the national interest to have this information both from the point of view of public health, and also in the planning, purchasing and provision of medical services. […] It is, however, clear that infertility is a common problem affecting a large proportion of otherwise healthy individuals, usually in their 20s and 30s. […] This chapter reviews the available information on the epidemiology of infertility and, even though all the current surveys are deficient in one way or another, conclusions are drawn where possible. […] It is hoped that the need for a robust system of national data collection will become apparent.
  • #70 Female Infertility – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556033/
    Infertility is a medical condition that can cause psychological, physical, mental, spiritual, and medical detriments to the patient. […] This activity reviews the evaluation, management, and treatment of female infertility and highlights the interprofessional healthcare team’s role in improving care for this patient population. […] Identify the epidemiology of female infertility. […] In a study conducted by the National Survey of Family Growth that interviewed 12,000 women in the United States, the prevalence of infertility decreased with the increase in the woman’s age. […] As a woman gets older, her chances of infertility increase. […] In women aged 15 to 34 years, infertility rates ranged from 7.3% to 9.1%. […] In women ages 35 to 39 years old, the infertility rates increased to 25%.
  • #71
    https://journals.lww.com/ijcm/fulltext/2024/49050/burden_of_infertility,_its_risk_factors,.5.aspx
    Infertility is globally prevalent and India accounts for 25% of the global burden, but it is still a neglected reproductive health issue. […] The period prevalence of infertility was 7.4%, with the secondary type being more common. […] Understanding the magnitude of infertility, its risk factors, and the treatment-seeking behavior is critical for developing appropriate interventions, ensuring access to quality care, and mitigating risk factors for and consequences of infertility. […] The prevalence of infertility, along with the risk factors of infertility has been extensively studied. […] Infertility is on the increase, more so in urban settings where women either marry late or plan their first child at a later age, which reflects the increasing prevalence of infertility among married (consummated marriage) women above 18 years of age.
  • #72 Infertility – A Modern Disease | Article | GLOWM
    https://www.glowm.com/article/heading/vol-15–reproductive-medicine-for-the-obstetrician-and-gynecologist–infertility-ndash-a-modern-disease/id/421063
    Access to basic ART is variable and, in many parts of the globe, insufficient to meet need. […] WHO has defined infertility as a disease causing impairment, its diagnosis and management is a reproductive health right for all and infertility services are supported by two of the WHO Sustainable Development Goals.
  • #73 Prevalence, regional distribution, and determinants of infertility in Uganda between 2006 and 2016: analysis of three Demographic and Health Surveys | Published in Journal of Global Health Reports
    https://www.joghr.org/article/94212-prevalence-regional-distribution-and-determinants-of-infertility-in-uganda-between-2006-and-2016-analysis-of-three-demographic-and-health-surveys
    In LMICs, infertility care has been perceived as suboptimal, as services to prevent and treat infertility are often inaccessible, unaffordable, or non-existent. […] There is an urgent call for the integration of infertility into global reproductive health services and practices to promote safe, effective, dignified fertility care among those in need. […] Recently, there has been growing interest in closely monitoring how health indicators can highlight the needs of vulnerable populations, including individuals and couples with infertility and track how their needs can be addressed through policies and programs. […] However, health systems readiness to track and address infertility in sub-Saharan Africa remains dire. […] Given the high level of individual and local heterogeneity within geographic or administrative units, effective infertility policy designs require a detailed knowledge of the distribution of infertility and its various determinants.
  • #74 Prevalence, regional distribution, and determinants of infertility in Uganda between 2006 and 2016: analysis of three Demographic and Health Surveys | Published in Journal of Global Health Reports
    https://www.joghr.org/article/94212-prevalence-regional-distribution-and-determinants-of-infertility-in-uganda-between-2006-and-2016-analysis-of-three-demographic-and-health-surveys
    In LMICs, infertility care has been perceived as suboptimal, as services to prevent and treat infertility are often inaccessible, unaffordable, or non-existent. […] There is an urgent call for the integration of infertility into global reproductive health services and practices to promote safe, effective, dignified fertility care among those in need. […] Recently, there has been growing interest in closely monitoring how health indicators can highlight the needs of vulnerable populations, including individuals and couples with infertility and track how their needs can be addressed through policies and programs. […] However, health systems readiness to track and address infertility in sub-Saharan Africa remains dire. […] Given the high level of individual and local heterogeneity within geographic or administrative units, effective infertility policy designs require a detailed knowledge of the distribution of infertility and its various determinants.
  • #75 Prevalence of infertility in women – DataForImpactProject
    https://www.data4impactproject.org/prh/family-planning/fertility/prevalence-of-infertility-in-women/
    Prevalence of infertility in women […] The prevalence of infertility as a measure of reproductive morbidity is a useful marker of progress towards improved reproductive health, defined by the ICPD as the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so. […] Current estimates of infertility in developing countries are primarily based on Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) birth history data and do not include the self reported time to pregnancy question. […] However, these estimates show that primary infertility, or childlessness, remains relatively rare, with rates between 1-10% in women aged 25-49. […] In contrast, the percentage of women experiencing secondary infertility, or an inability to produce a live birth after at least one previous birth, ranges from 9-38% (Rutstein and Shah, 2004).
  • #76
    https://journals.lww.com/ijcm/fulltext/2024/49050/burden_of_infertility,_its_risk_factors,.5.aspx
    Infertility is globally prevalent and India accounts for 25% of the global burden, but it is still a neglected reproductive health issue. […] The period prevalence of infertility was 7.4%, with the secondary type being more common. […] Understanding the magnitude of infertility, its risk factors, and the treatment-seeking behavior is critical for developing appropriate interventions, ensuring access to quality care, and mitigating risk factors for and consequences of infertility. […] The prevalence of infertility, along with the risk factors of infertility has been extensively studied. […] Infertility is on the increase, more so in urban settings where women either marry late or plan their first child at a later age, which reflects the increasing prevalence of infertility among married (consummated marriage) women above 18 years of age.
  • #77
    https://journals.lww.com/ijcm/fulltext/2024/49050/burden_of_infertility,_its_risk_factors,.5.aspx
    Despite this, infertility is a neglected reproductive health issue in our country, as no governmental program focuses on detection/management of infertility. […] The present study showed a strong and significant association of RTI/STI with infertility. […] Currently, no national program in our country neither records nor addresses this problem of infertility. […] Period prevalence of infertility was 7.4%, and the secondary type was more common. […] There should be a provision for screening of reproductive health and mental health.
  • #78 Prevalence, regional distribution, and determinants of infertility in Uganda between 2006 and 2016: analysis of three Demographic and Health Surveys | Published in Journal of Global Health Reports
    https://www.joghr.org/article/94212-prevalence-regional-distribution-and-determinants-of-infertility-in-uganda-between-2006-and-2016-analysis-of-three-demographic-and-health-surveys
    In LMICs, infertility care has been perceived as suboptimal, as services to prevent and treat infertility are often inaccessible, unaffordable, or non-existent. […] There is an urgent call for the integration of infertility into global reproductive health services and practices to promote safe, effective, dignified fertility care among those in need. […] Recently, there has been growing interest in closely monitoring how health indicators can highlight the needs of vulnerable populations, including individuals and couples with infertility and track how their needs can be addressed through policies and programs. […] However, health systems readiness to track and address infertility in sub-Saharan Africa remains dire. […] Given the high level of individual and local heterogeneity within geographic or administrative units, effective infertility policy designs require a detailed knowledge of the distribution of infertility and its various determinants.
  • #79 Prevalence, regional distribution, and determinants of infertility in Uganda between 2006 and 2016: analysis of three Demographic and Health Surveys | Published in Journal of Global Health Reports
    https://www.joghr.org/article/94212-prevalence-regional-distribution-and-determinants-of-infertility-in-uganda-between-2006-and-2016-analysis-of-three-demographic-and-health-surveys
    In LMICs, infertility care has been perceived as suboptimal, as services to prevent and treat infertility are often inaccessible, unaffordable, or non-existent. […] There is an urgent call for the integration of infertility into global reproductive health services and practices to promote safe, effective, dignified fertility care among those in need. […] Recently, there has been growing interest in closely monitoring how health indicators can highlight the needs of vulnerable populations, including individuals and couples with infertility and track how their needs can be addressed through policies and programs. […] However, health systems readiness to track and address infertility in sub-Saharan Africa remains dire. […] Given the high level of individual and local heterogeneity within geographic or administrative units, effective infertility policy designs require a detailed knowledge of the distribution of infertility and its various determinants.
  • #80 A cross-sectional questionnaire-based landscaping of female infertility reveals genital Infections as a major contributor to reproductive tract anomalies, menstrual disorders, and infertility | medRxiv
    https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.04.23295020v1.full-text
    We observe a highly significant and very strong correlation between parameters related to genital infection-associated symptoms (or confirmed diagnosis) and menstrual disorders such as oligomenorrhoea, amenorrhoea, metrorrhagia, and dysmenorrhoea. Further, a very strong and significant correlation was observed between genital infections and perturbations in the female reproductive hormones such as LH. The presence of infection-associated symptoms also is strongly correlated with the occurrence of PCOS and PCOD, uterine and tubal blockage, ovarian cysts, and endometrial disorders. […] Remarkably, our investigation revealed that genital infections are often overlooked during pregnancy or in women of reproductive age, indicating a glaring gap in current healthcare practices and a significant lack of robust point-of-care (POC) diagnostic tools in rural areas for detecting genital infections, including TB. Hence, infertile women are typically treated primarily with hormones (Letrozole or clomiphene) to improve ovulation, hormonal stimulation, and improvement of menstrual health and are not treated for infections unless there are visible signs. […] This suggests a potential link between poor lifestyle habits and these health issues, similar to associations found with diabetes, obesity, and PCOS/PCOD.
  • #81 A cross-sectional questionnaire-based landscaping of female infertility reveals genital Infections as a major contributor to reproductive tract anomalies, menstrual disorders, and infertility | medRxiv
    https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.04.23295020v1.full-text
    We observe a highly significant and very strong correlation between parameters related to genital infection-associated symptoms (or confirmed diagnosis) and menstrual disorders such as oligomenorrhoea, amenorrhoea, metrorrhagia, and dysmenorrhoea. Further, a very strong and significant correlation was observed between genital infections and perturbations in the female reproductive hormones such as LH. The presence of infection-associated symptoms also is strongly correlated with the occurrence of PCOS and PCOD, uterine and tubal blockage, ovarian cysts, and endometrial disorders. […] Remarkably, our investigation revealed that genital infections are often overlooked during pregnancy or in women of reproductive age, indicating a glaring gap in current healthcare practices and a significant lack of robust point-of-care (POC) diagnostic tools in rural areas for detecting genital infections, including TB. Hence, infertile women are typically treated primarily with hormones (Letrozole or clomiphene) to improve ovulation, hormonal stimulation, and improvement of menstrual health and are not treated for infections unless there are visible signs. […] This suggests a potential link between poor lifestyle habits and these health issues, similar to associations found with diabetes, obesity, and PCOS/PCOD.
  • #82 Prevalence of infertility in women – DataForImpactProject
    https://www.data4impactproject.org/prh/family-planning/fertility/prevalence-of-infertility-in-women/
    In regions where infertility is high, there will be more demand for treatment services, both in the traditional and formal health sectors. […] Until effective fertility treatments become more affordable and accessible, health authorities can in the meantime determine the extent of the problem and invest in improving information, education and counseling on causes and treatments of infertility, which have proven to reduce the stigmatization and suffering of infertile clients (Dhont, 2010).
  • #83 Prevalence of infertility in women – DataForImpactProject
    https://www.data4impactproject.org/prh/family-planning/fertility/prevalence-of-infertility-in-women/
    In regions where infertility is high, there will be more demand for treatment services, both in the traditional and formal health sectors. […] Until effective fertility treatments become more affordable and accessible, health authorities can in the meantime determine the extent of the problem and invest in improving information, education and counseling on causes and treatments of infertility, which have proven to reduce the stigmatization and suffering of infertile clients (Dhont, 2010).
  • #84
    https://www.who.int/news/item/04-04-2023-1-in-6-people-globally-affected-by-infertility
    Large numbers of people are affected by infertility in their lifetime, according to a new report published today by WHO. Around 17.5% of the adult population roughly 1 in 6 worldwide experience infertility, showing the urgent need to increase access to affordable, high-quality fertility care for those in need. […] The new estimates show limited variation in the prevalence of infertility between regions. The rates are comparable for high-, middle- and low-income countries, indicating that this is a major health challenge globally. Lifetime prevalence was 17.8% in high-income countries and 16.5% in low- and middle-income countries. […] While the new report shows convincing evidence of the high global prevalence of infertility, it highlights a persistent lack of data in many countries and some regions. It calls for greater availability of national data on infertility disaggregated by age and by cause to help with quantifying infertility, as well as knowing who needs fertility care and how risks can be reduced.
  • #85 Female Infertility – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556033/
    Infertility is a medical condition that can cause psychological, physical, mental, spiritual, and medical detriments to the patient. […] This activity reviews the evaluation, management, and treatment of female infertility and highlights the interprofessional healthcare team’s role in improving care for this patient population. […] Identify the epidemiology of female infertility. […] In a study conducted by the National Survey of Family Growth that interviewed 12,000 women in the United States, the prevalence of infertility decreased with the increase in the woman’s age. […] As a woman gets older, her chances of infertility increase. […] In women aged 15 to 34 years, infertility rates ranged from 7.3% to 9.1%. […] In women ages 35 to 39 years old, the infertility rates increased to 25%.
  • #86 Female infertility: Causes – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/female-infertility-causes
    In a World Health Organization (WHO) study of 8500 infertile couples, female factor infertility was reported in 37 percent of infertile couples in developed countries, male factor infertility in 8 percent, and both male and female factor infertility in 35 percent. […] The most common identifiable female factors, which accounted for 81 percent of female infertility, were: […] Ovulatory disorders (25 percent).
  • #87 Worldwide prevalence, risk factors and psychological impact of infertility among women: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMJ Open
    https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/3/e057132
    The impact of infertility may be long-lasting, even beyond the initial period of childlessness has passed. […] Determining the psychological impact of infertility among women worldwide provides a better assessment than discrete primary studies. Identifying this impact helps gain a clear understanding of the issue and serves as a basis for an appropriate preventive strategy. […] The overall pooled prevalence of primary infertility was 51.5% (95% CI 32.74% to 70.26%; I2=100%). […] Smoking is a crucial risk factor for females, and it shows that females who smoke have a 1.8 times higher risk of developing infertility than those who do not. […] Infertility among females has a vast impact on psychological distress. In the current study, females with infertility have a 1.6 times higher risk of being psychologically distressed than those fertile.
  • #88 Worldwide prevalence, risk factors and psychological impact of infertility among women: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8968640/
    The pooled meta-regression analysis showed a statistical significance between depression and infertility among females, with the odds being 1.40 (95% CI 1.11, 1.75; I2=50%) compared with those fertile. […] This study identified that the risk of psychological distress among females with infertility is 60% higher than that among the general population. Furthermore, the risks of anxiety and depression are 60% and 40% times higher, respectively.
  • #89
    https://www.who.int/news/item/04-04-2023-1-in-6-people-globally-affected-by-infertility
    Large numbers of people are affected by infertility in their lifetime, according to a new report published today by WHO. Around 17.5% of the adult population roughly 1 in 6 worldwide experience infertility, showing the urgent need to increase access to affordable, high-quality fertility care for those in need. […] The new estimates show limited variation in the prevalence of infertility between regions. The rates are comparable for high-, middle- and low-income countries, indicating that this is a major health challenge globally. Lifetime prevalence was 17.8% in high-income countries and 16.5% in low- and middle-income countries. […] While the new report shows convincing evidence of the high global prevalence of infertility, it highlights a persistent lack of data in many countries and some regions. It calls for greater availability of national data on infertility disaggregated by age and by cause to help with quantifying infertility, as well as knowing who needs fertility care and how risks can be reduced.
  • #90 Life’s crucial 9 is inversely and linearly associated with female infertility prevalence: a cross-sectional analysis from NHANES 2013–2018 | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-99023-7
    Using national data from NHANES, our findings showed that both LC9 and LE8 were inversely and linearly associated with the odds of female infertility. Sleep health score, BMI score, blood glucose score, and depression score were all negatively associated with female infertility. Age and race/ethnicity influenced the association between LC9 and female infertility. However, the LC9 did not significantly improve the predictive ability of female infertility compared to the LE8. […] The LC9 was found to have a negative and linear relationship with the incidence of female infertility, while sleep health, BMI, blood glucose, and depression scores were found to be significantly associated with the incidence of female infertility. However, the LC9 did not demonstrate a significant edge over the LE8 in terms of predicting female infertility. These findings imply that incorporating a depression assessment into the current LE8 may not be essential for predicting female infertility. Future research should explore the additional benefits of LC9 in other health domains or specific populations and explore interventions that target modifiable components of LC9 (e.g., improving sleep health and managing depression) to reduce the burden of female infertility and promote overall reproductive health.
  • #91
    https://www.ijrcog.org/index.php/ijrcog/article/view/13614
    Infertility is a global health concern affecting millions of couples worldwide, with a significant impact on physical health and societal disparities. […] This study investigates female infertility in a specific population in India. […] Of the infertile women, 57.33% experienced primary infertility, and 42.66% had secondary infertility, with the 26-30 age group being the most affected. […] The study revealed the complexity of female infertility, with factors such as pelvic inflammatory disease, polycystic ovarian syndrome, myoma of the uterus, uterine anomalies, endometriosis, and tubal pathology playing crucial roles. […] This study provides valuable insights into the multifaceted nature of female infertility. […] The findings challenge assumptions about the correlation between demographic factors, such as religion, education, and occupation, and infertility outcomes. […] Male factors, particularly addictive habits, are also significant contributors to infertility. […] Further research is needed to gain a broader understanding of infertility factors in diverse populations.
  • #92 RRH: Rural and Remote Health article: 456 – Prevalence of female infertility and its socio-economic factors in Tribal communities of Central India
    https://www.rrh.org.au/journal/article/456/
    The Khairwar tribe of India is dwindling due to infertility and migration. The study investigates an extensive infertility problem among Khairwar and non-Khairwar tribes in the same geographical area. The objective of the study was to determine for the first time the prevalence of infertility in these two tribal groups. The prevalence of infertility of the study population was 33 (14.2%) out of 232 women. In the Khairwars, infertility was found in 23 (17.2%) significantly higher than in non-Khairwars – 10 (10%). The prevalence of infertility is higher in the Khairwars compared with non-Khairwars. Infertility is a global health issue, affecting approximately 8-10% of couples worldwide. The 1981 census of India estimated infertility to be in the range of 4-6%. The observed infertility among Khairwar women was 7.2%, a higher incidence than among non-Khairwar women. Social, cultural and economic factors continue to inhibit tribal women from gaining adequate access to the health delivery system. Further study is needed to determine the causes of tribal infertility and to identify interventions.

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infekcja narządów płciowych klomifen DALY niepłodność kobieca zaburzenia owulacji zespół policystycznych jajników zakażenie przenoszone drogą płciową gruźlica narządów płciowych choroba zapalna miednicy nieprawidłowe krwawienie bolesne miesiączkowanie zaburzenia miesiączkowania torbiel jajnika zapalenie pochwy zapalenie szyjki macicy niepłodność pierwotna niepłodność wtórna brak owulacji zaburzenia hormonalne letrozol brak miesiączki endometrioza skąpe miesiączkowanie dyspareunia