Niepłodność kobieca – Etiologia i przyczyny

Niepłodność kobieca
Etiologia i przyczyny

Niepłodność kobieca odpowiada za około jedną trzecią przypadków niepłodności par, z najczęstszą przyczyną stanowiącą zaburzenia owulacji (25%), w tym PCOS, przedwczesną niewydolność jajników oraz zaburzenia hormonalne. Uszkodzenia jajowodów, wynikające głównie z chorób zapalnych miednicy (PID), endometriozy oraz zrostów pooperacyjnych, odpowiadają za 11-12% przypadków. Endometrioza jest obecna u 25-50% niepłodnych kobiet i stanowi około 15% przyczyn niepłodności, wpływając na płodność poprzez bliznowacenie, stan zapalny i zmiany anatomiczne. Problemy z macicą i szyjką, takie jak mięśniaki, polipy, wady wrodzone czy zaburzenia śluzu szyjkowego, również przyczyniają się do niepłodności. Wiek kobiety jest kluczowym czynnikiem, z naturalnym spadkiem płodności po 35. roku życia, gdzie szansa na poczęcie spada z około 20% w wieku 30 lat do 5% po 40. roku życia. Niewydolność pierwotna jajników (POI) dotyczy kobiet poniżej 40 lat i charakteryzuje się przedwczesnym wyczerpaniem puli jajnikowej oraz obniżoną produkcją estrogenów.

Etiologia niepłodności kobiecej

Niepłodność kobieca stanowi około jednej trzeciej wszystkich przypadków niepłodności par, podczas gdy kolejna jedna trzecia przypadków spowodowana jest zarówno czynnikami żeńskimi, jak i męskimi. W pozostałych przypadkach przyczyna jest nieznana lub jest kombinacją czynników męskich i żeńskich. Diagnozowanie przyczyn niepłodności kobiecej może być trudne, jednak istnieje wiele metod leczenia, zależnych od zidentyfikowanej przyczyny. Warto zaznaczyć, że wiele par niepłodnych może z czasem bez leczenia począć dziecko¹.

Zaburzenia owulacji

Zaburzenia owulacji stanowią najczęstszą przyczynę niepłodności kobiecej, odpowiadając za około 25% wszystkich przypadków¹². Rzadka owulacja lub jej brak stanowi większość przypadków niepłodności. Problemy z regulacją hormonów reprodukcyjnych przez podwzgórze lub przysadkę mózgową lub problemy z jajnikiem mogą powodować zaburzenia owulacji¹. Zaburzenia owulacji mogą być spowodowane przez jeden lub więcej z następujących czynników:

Zespół policystycznych jajników (PCOS) – powoduje zaburzenie równowagi hormonalnej, co wpływa na owulację. PCOS jest związany z insulinoopornością i otyłością, nieprawidłowym owłosieniem na twarzy lub ciele oraz trądzikiem. Jest to najczęstsza przyczyna niepłodności kobiecej¹².
Zaburzenia hormonalne – nadmierny stres fizyczny lub emocjonalny, bardzo wysoka lub bardzo niska masa ciała lub niedawny znaczny przyrost lub utrata masy ciała mogą zakłócać produkcję hormonów i wpływać na owulację¹.
Przedwczesna niewydolność jajników – zazwyczaj jest spowodowana reakcją autoimmunologiczną lub przedwczesną utratą komórek jajowych z jajnika, prawdopodobnie w wyniku czynników genetycznych lub chemioterapii. Jajnik przestaje produkować komórki jajowe i zmniejsza produkcję estrogenu u kobiet poniżej 40 roku życia¹.
Problemy z tarczycą – zarówno nadczynność, jak i niedoczynność tarczycy mogą uniemożliwiać owulację¹.
Hiperprolaktynemia – stan, w którym przysadka mózgowa produkuje zbyt dużo prolaktyny, co może prowadzić do zaburzeń owulacji¹².

Uszkodzenia jajowodów

Uszkodzone lub zablokowane jajowody uniemożliwiają plemnikowi dotarcie do komórki jajowej lub blokują przejście zapłodnionej komórki jajowej do macicy¹. Uszkodzenia jajowodów odpowiadają za około 11-12% przypadków niepłodności kobiecej¹. Przyczyny uszkodzeń jajowodów mogą obejmować:

Choroby zapalne miednicy (PID) – najczęstszą przyczyną niepłodności związanej z czynnikiem jajowodowym jest choroba zapalna miednicy¹. Może ona być spowodowana przez zakażenia przenoszone drogą płciową, takie jak chlamydia czy rzeżączka¹.
Endometrioza – gdy tkanka, która normalnie rośnie w macicy, implantuje się i rośnie w innych miejscach, co może powodować bliznowacenie, które blokuje jajowody¹.
Wcześniejsze operacje brzuszne lub miednicy – mogą powodować zrosty i blizny, które blokują jajowody¹.
Wodniaki jajowodów (hydrosalpinx) – są to jajowody rozszerzone przez stan zapalny, który uszkadza ich strukturalną integralność¹.
Przebyta ciąża ektopowa – wcześniejsza ciąża jajowodowa może spowodować uszkodzenie jajowodu¹.

Problemy z macicą i szyjką macicy

Kilka przyczyn związanych z macicą lub szyjką macicy może zakłócać implantację jaja lub zwiększać ryzyko poronienia¹. Te problemy obejmują:

Mięśniaki macicy – łagodne guzy w ścianie macicy, które mogą zakłócać implantację lub zwiększać ryzyko poronienia¹².
Polipy endometrialne – mogą zakłócać implantację lub powodować nieprawidłowe krwawienia¹.
Wady wrodzone macicy – nieprawidłowy kształt macicy może powodować problemy z implantacją lub powodować poronienia¹.
Zwężenie szyjki macicy – może uniemożliwiać plemnikowi dotarcie do komórki jajowej¹.
Problemy ze śluzem szyjkowym – niewłaściwy śluz szyjkowy może uniemożliwiać plemnikowi dotarcie do komórki jajowej lub utrudniać penetrację plemnika¹².
Zrosty wewnątrzmaciczne – blizny wewnątrz jamy macicy mogą zakłócać implantację¹.

Endometrioza

Endometrioza występuje, gdy tkanka podobna do wyściółki macicy rośnie poza macicą¹. Endometrioza odpowiada za około 15% przypadków niepłodności kobiecej¹. Może wpływać na płodność poprzez:

Powodowanie bliznowacenia, które może blokować jajowody¹.
Tworzenie środowiska zapalnego w miednicy¹.
Wpływanie na jakość komórek jajowych¹.
Zmniejszanie receptywności endometrium¹.
Zmienianie struktury anatomicznej miednicy¹.

Badania wykazują, że między 25% a 50% niepłodnych kobiet ma endometriozę, a między 30% a 40% kobiet z endometriozą jest niepłodnych¹.

Czynniki związane z wiekiem

Wiek jest istotnym czynnikiem wpływającym na płodność kobiet. Płodność kobiet naturalnie zmniejsza się wraz z wiekiem, szczególnie po 35 roku życia¹. Z wiekiem:

Liczba i jakość komórek jajowych spada¹.
Zwiększa się ryzyko poronienia¹.
Zwiększa się ryzyko wad wrodzonych¹.
Spada szansa na ciążę z każdym cyklem menstruacyjnym¹.

Badania pokazują, że zdrowa 30-letnia kobieta ma około 20% szans na naturalne poczęcie w każdym miesiącu, podczas gdy kobieta po czterdziestce ma tylko 5% szans¹.

Niewydolność pierwotna jajników

Niewydolność pierwotna jajników (POI), zwana również przedwczesną niewydolnością jajników, występuje, gdy jajniki przestają funkcjonować prawidłowo przed 40 rokiem życia¹. Jest to istotna przyczyna niepłodności kobiecej, charakteryzująca się:

Przedwczesnym wyczerpaniem zapasu komórek jajowych¹.
Obniżoną produkcją estrogenów¹.
Nieregularnymi lub brakującymi miesiączkami¹.
Objawami podobnymi do menopauzy¹.

POI może być spowodowane przez czynniki autoimmunologiczne, genetyczne lub być skutkiem leczenia, takiego jak chemioterapia¹.

Zrosty miedniczne

Zrosty miedniczne to pasma tkanki bliznowatej, które wiążą narządy i mogą tworzyć się po infekcji miednicy, zapaleniu wyrostka robaczkowego, endometriozie lub operacji jamy brzusznej lub miednicy¹. Zrosty miedniczne mogą wpływać na płodność poprzez:

Blokowanie jajowodów¹.
Ograniczanie ruchomości narządów miednicy¹.
Zakłócanie prawidłowej funkcji jajników i/lub macicy¹.

Zrosty miedniczne odpowiadają za około 12% przypadków niepłodności kobiecej¹.

Czynniki stylu życia i środowisko

Oprócz przyczyn medycznych, styl życia i czynniki środowiskowe mogą również wpływać na płodność kobiet. Te czynniki obejmują:

Masa ciała

Zarówno niedowaga (BMI poniżej 19), jak i nadwaga (BMI powyżej 30) odpowiadają za około 12% wszystkich przypadków niepłodności¹. Masa ciała wpływa na płodność poprzez:

Wpływ na regulację cyklu menstruacyjnego¹.
Zaburzenia hormonalne¹.
Wpływ na jakość komórek jajowych¹.

Badanie przeprowadzone w USA wykazało, że około 20% niepłodnych kobiet miało w przeszłości lub obecnie zaburzenia odżywiania, co jest pięć razy wyższym wskaźnikiem niż ogólny wskaźnik rozpowszechnienia w ciągu całego życia¹.

Używki i narkotyki

Używanie różnych substancji może wpływać negatywnie na płodność:

Palenie – może uszkodzić jajniki i przedwcześnie zmniejszyć zapas komórek jajowych¹.
Alkohol – związany jest ze zwiększonym ryzykiem zaburzeń owulacji i endometriozy¹.
Narkotyki – nielegalne narkotyki, takie jak marihuana i kokaina, mogą wpływać na płodność i utrudniać owulację¹.
Niektóre leki – długotrwałe stosowanie leków przeciwbólowych, takich jak ibuprofen czy aspiryna, może wpływać na płodność¹.

Stres

Niekontrolowany stres może odgrywać rolę w niektórych przypadkach niepłodności, choć naukowcy nadal nie są pewni dlaczego¹. Stres może wpływać na płodność poprzez:

Zakłócanie produkcji hormonów¹.
Wpływ na relacje z partnerem i libido¹.
W skrajnych przypadkach wpływ na owulację i produkcję plemników¹.

Narażenie środowiskowe

Narażenie na różne toksyny lub chemikalia w miejscu pracy lub otaczającym środowisku może wpływać na płodność¹. Czynniki te obejmują:

Narażenie na ołów¹.
Powtarzające się narażenie na promieniowanie¹.
Tlenek etylenu używany do sterylizacji narzędzi chirurgicznych i w produkcji niektórych pestycydów¹.
Dibromochloropropan (DBCP) znajdujący się w pestycydach¹.

Choroby wpływające na płodność

Różne choroby mogą wpływać na płodność kobiet, często poprzez zaburzanie równowagi hormonalnej, powodowanie stanów zapalnych lub wpływanie na strukturę narządów rozrodczych. Te choroby obejmują:

Choroby autoimmunologiczne

Choroby autoimmunologiczne, takie jak toczeń, choroba Hashimoto i inne typy zapalenia tarczycy czy reumatoidalne zapalenie stawów, mogą wpływać na płodność¹. Te choroby mogą wpływać na płodność poprzez:

Tworzenie przeciwciał przeciwko własnym tkankom reprodukcyjnym¹.
Powodowanie stanów zapalnych w układzie rozrodczym¹.
Zaburzanie równowagi hormonalnej¹.

Choroby tarczycy

Problemy z tarczycą mogą wpływać na owulację i płodność¹. Zarówno nadczynność, jak i niedoczynność tarczycy mogą:

Zakłócać regularne cykle menstruacyjne¹.
Wpływać na jakość komórek jajowych¹.
Zakłócać równowagę hormonów płciowych¹.

Cukrzyca i inne choroby przewlekłe

Przewlekłe choroby mogą wpływać na płodność kobiet. Badania wykazały, że mimo nowoczesnego leczenia, kobiety z cukrzycą typu 1 są narażone na zwiększone ryzyko niepłodności¹. Inne choroby przewlekłe wpływające na płodność to:

Zespół Cushinga¹.
Niedokrwistość sierpowata¹.
Choroby nerek¹.
Celiakia¹.

Choroby przenoszone drogą płciową

Nieleczone choroby przenoszone drogą płciową (STI) mogą prowadzić do chorób zapalnych miednicy, które mogą powodować bliznowacenie blokujące jajowody¹. Najczęstsze STI wpływające na płodność to:

Chlamydia¹.
Rzeżączka¹.
HIV¹.

Choroby nowotworowe

Pewne nowotwory, zwłaszcza te wpływające na narządy rozrodcze, często zmniejszają płodność kobiet¹. Wpływ na płodność może wynikać z:

Samego nowotworu uszkadzającego tkanki rozrodcze¹.
Leczenia, takiego jak chemioterapia, radioterapia lub terapia hormonalna¹.

Czynniki genetyczne

Istnieje wiele genów, których mutacje powodują niepłodność kobiecą¹. Zaburzenia genetyczne obejmują:

Zespół Turnera – charakteryzuje się brakiem lub nieprawidłowością drugiego chromosomu X¹.
Zespół łamliwego chromosomu X – może prowadzić do przedwczesnej niewydolności jajników¹.
Zespół Kallmanna – wpływa na produkcję hormonów płciowych¹.
Wrodzona hyperplazja nadnerczy – wpływa na produkcję hormonów płciowych¹.
Nieprawidłowości chromosomowe – mogą prowadzić do niepłodności i poronień¹.

Niepłodne kobiety, podobnie jak ich partnerzy, mają wyższą częstość występowania nieprawidłowości kariotypu (chromosomów) niż populacja ogólna¹.

Niepłodność niewyjaśniona

W niektórych przypadkach przyczyna niepłodności nigdy nie zostaje znaleziona. Połączenie kilku drobnych czynników u obojga partnerów może powodować niewyjaśnione problemy z płodnością¹. Niepłodność niewyjaśniona:

Stanowi około 20% przypadków niepłodności par¹.
Nie oznacza braku wyjaśnienia, ale raczej odzwierciedla fakt, że przeprowadzone testy były prawidłowe¹.
Może być związana z dysfunkcją komórek jajowych i plemników¹.
Jest często najbardziej frustrującym, ale też najbardziej podatnym na leczenie typem niepłodności¹.

Nawet po pełnej diagnostyce niepłodności, u jednej na pięć par nie można określić dokładnej przyczyny niepłodności¹.

Kategoria przyczyn niepłodności	Procent przypadków niepłodności	Główne jednostki chorobowe
Zaburzenia owulacji	25%	PCOS, niewydolność podwzgórzowa, przedwczesna niewydolność jajników
Endometrioza	15%	Różne stopnie nasilenia endometriozy
Zrosty miedniczne	12%	Pozapalne, pooperacyjne, po endometriozie
Niedrożność jajowodów	11%	PID, wodniaki jajowodów, po operacjach
Inne nieprawidłowości jajowodów/macicy	11%	Mięśniaki, polipy, wady wrodzone
Hiperprolaktynemia	7%	Gruczolaki przysadki, leki, stres
Niewyjaśniona niepłodność	20%	Brak zidentyfikowanej przyczyny mimo badań

Podsumowanie etiologii niepłodności kobiecej

Niepłodność kobieca jest złożonym problemem z wieloma potencjalnymi przyczynami. Zrozumienie tych przyczyn jest kluczowe dla skutecznego leczenia. Najczęstsze przyczyny niepłodności kobiecej obejmują zaburzenia owulacji, uszkodzenia jajowodów, problemy z macicą i szyjką macicy, endometriozę oraz czynniki związane z wiekiem. Styl życia, czynniki środowiskowe, choroby współistniejące i czynniki genetyczne również mogą wpływać na płodność kobiet¹².

W wielu przypadkach u kobiety może występować więcej niż jeden czynnik wpływający na jej płodność, co komplikuje diagnozę i leczenie. Na przykład, kobieta z mięśniakami może również mieć endometriozę¹. Dlatego kompleksowa ocena wszystkich potencjalnych przyczyn jest niezbędna dla skutecznego leczenia niepłodności kobiecej.

Warto zaznaczyć, że mimo trudności diagnostycznych i leczniczych, wiele par z problemami niepłodności ostatecznie może począć dziecko przy odpowiednim leczeniu lub nawet bez niego. Kluczowe jest wczesne poszukiwanie pomocy medycznej i kompleksowe podejście do diagnozy i leczenia¹.

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Materiały źródłowe

#1 Female infertility – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-infertility/symptoms-causes/syc-20354308
Infertility results from female factors about one-third of the time and both female and male factors about one-third of the time. The cause is either unknown or a combination of male and female factors in the remaining cases. […] Female infertility causes can be difficult to diagnose. There are many treatments, depending on the infertility cause. Many infertile couples will go on to conceive a child without treatment. […] In women, a number of factors can disrupt this process at any step. Female infertility is caused by one or more of the factors below. […] Ovulating infrequently or not at all accounts for most cases of infertility. Problems with the regulation of reproductive hormones by the hypothalamus or the pituitary gland or problems in the ovary can cause ovulation disorders. […] Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) causes a hormone imbalance, which affects ovulation. PCOS is associated with insulin resistance and obesity, abnormal hair growth on the face or body, and acne. It’s the most common cause of female infertility.
#1 Female Infertility – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556033/
Infertility is a medical condition that can cause psychological, physical, mental, spiritual, and medical detriments to the patient. […] Although male infertility is an important part of any infertility discussion, this topic reviews the evaluation, management, and treatment of female infertility. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) performed a large multinational study to determine gender distribution and infertility etiologies. In 37% of infertile couples, female infertility was the cause; in 35% of couples, both male and female causes were identified; in 8%, there was male factor infertility. […] In the same study, the most common identifiable factors of female infertility are as follows: Ovulatory disorders: 25%, Endometriosis: 15%, Pelvic adhesions: 12%, Tubal blockage: 11%, Other tubal/uterine abnormalities: 11%, Hyperprolactinemia: 7%.
#1 Female infertility – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-infertility/symptoms-causes/syc-20354308
Two hormones produced by the pituitary gland are responsible for stimulating ovulation each month follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Excess physical or emotional stress, a very high or very low body weight, or a recent substantial weight gain or loss can disrupt production of these hormones and affect ovulation. […] Also called premature ovarian failure, this is usually caused by an autoimmune response or by premature loss of eggs from your ovary, possibly as a result of genetics or chemotherapy. The ovary no longer produces eggs, and it lowers estrogen production in women under age 40. […] Damaged or blocked fallopian tubes keep sperm from getting to the egg or block the passage of the fertilized egg into the uterus. […] Endometriosis occurs when tissue that typically grows in the uterus implants and grows in other places. This extra tissue growth and the surgical removal of it can cause scarring, which can block fallopian tubes and keep an egg and sperm from uniting. […] Several uterine or cervical causes can interfere with the egg implanting or increase the risk of miscarriage. […] In some cases, the cause of infertility is never found. A combination of several minor factors in both partners could cause unexplained fertility problems.
#1
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/infertility/causes/
Infertility is commonly caused by problems with ovulation (the monthly release of an egg from the ovaries). […] Ovulation problems can be a result of: polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid problems both an overactive thyroid gland and an underactive thyroid gland can prevent ovulation, premature ovarian failure where the ovaries stop working before the age of 40. […] Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the upper female genital tract, which includes the womb, fallopian tubes and ovaries. […] PID can damage and scar the fallopian tubes, making it virtually impossible for an egg to travel down into the womb. […] The side effects of some types of medicines and drugs can affect your fertility. […] Illegal drugs, such as marijuana and cocaine, can affect fertility and make ovulation more difficult.
#1 Hyperprolactinemia | Reproductive Science Center
https://rscbayarea.com/learn/female-infertility/hormonal-causes.html
Hyperprolactinemia is an overabundance of the hormone prolactin. Sub-fertility as a result of this increased level can occur in both men and women, and is found in up to one-third of women experiencing amenorrhea. […] Hyperprolactinemia, a condition characterized by elevated prolactin levels, can impact female fertility by disrupting normal reproductive hormone balance. The effects of hyperprolactinemia on fertility may include: […] Irregular or absent ovulation, making conception more difficult. […] Lower estrogen levels, which can affect egg quality and uterine lining development. […] Disruptions in menstrual cycles, leading to unpredictable fertility windows.
#1 Female Infertility: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17774-female-infertility
Infertility can result from age, hormone conditions, medical conditions, and lifestyle or environmental factors. […] Causes of infertility can be due to either partner. In fact, infertility occurs due to a problem with the male reproductive system just as frequently as it occurs due to a problem with the female reproductive system. […] There are many possible causes of infertility. However, it can be difficult to pinpoint the exact cause, and some couples have unexplained infertility. Some possible causes of female infertility can include: Problems with your uterus: This includes uterine polyps, fibroids or adhesions (scarring) inside the cavity of your uterus. […] Problems with your fallopian tubes: The most common cause of tubal factor infertility is pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).
#1 What are some possible causes of female infertility? | NICHD – Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/infertility/conditioninfo/causes/causes-female
Infections can also cause infertility in men and women. […] Untreated gonorrhea and chlamydia in women can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, which might cause scarring that blocks the fallopian tubes. […] Eggs may not mature properly for a variety of reasons, ranging from conditions such as PCOS, to obesity, to a lack of specific proteins needed for the egg to mature. […] Implantation failure refers to the failure of a fertilized egg to implant in the uterine wall to begin pregnancy. […] Research has found a link between infertility and endometriosis. […] Studies show that between 25% and 50% of infertile woman have endometriosis and between 30% and 40% of women with endometriosis are infertile. […] PCOS is one of the most common causes of female infertility. […] Women with POI often have trouble getting pregnant. […] Fibroids can contribute to infertility and are found in 5% to 10% of infertile women. […] Autoimmune disorders, such as lupus, Hashimoto’s and other types of thyroiditis, or rheumatoid arthritis, may affect fertility.
#1 Infertility: Frequently Asked Questions | Reproductive Health | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/reproductive-health/infertility-faq/index.html
Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is sometimes referred to as premature menopause. It occurs when a woman’s ovaries fail before age 40. […] Risk factors for fallopian tube obstruction include: History of pelvic infection, Ruptured appendix, Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, Endometriosis, Prior abdominal surgery. […] Problems that affect the physical characteristics of the uterus include: Intrauterine adhesions, Endometrial polyps, Adenomyosis, Congenital anomalies of the uterus, Fibroids. […] Female fertility is known to decline with: Age. Fertility declines with age primarily because egg quality declines over time.
#1 Female Infertility – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556033/
Even though these factors are not discussed here, it is important to realize that male factor infertility represents a substantial portion of the identifiable factors causing infertility. […] Endometriosis is known to cause infertility, but the pathophysiology is thought to change according to the stage. […] Endometriosis is categorized into 4 stages, according to the American Society of Reproductive Medicine, with stage I being minimal and stage IV severe. […] Pelvic and tubal adhesions, along with uterine and tubal abnormalities, account for a large portion of female infertility. […] The most common infectious process to affect infertility is pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). […] Hydrosalpinges, are a tubal abnormality caused by acute and chronic inflammation that damages the structural integrity of the fallopian.
#1 What Causes Female Infertility?
http://web.stanford.edu/class/siw198q/websites/reprotech/New%20Ways%20of%20Making%20Babies/Causefem.htm
(2) Abdominal Diseases The most common of these are appendicitis and colitis, causing inflammation of the abdominal cavity which can affect the fallopian tubes and lead to scarring and blockage. […] (3) Previous Surgeries This is an important cause of tubal disease and damage. […] (4) Ectopic Pregnancy This is a pregnancy that occurs in the tube itself and, even if carefully and successfully overcome, may cause tubal damage and is a potentially life-threatening condition. […] (5) Congenital Defects In rare cases, women may be born with tubal abnormalities, usually associated with uterus irregularities. […] Approximately 10% of infertile couples are affected by endometriosis. […] In fact, 30-40% of patients with endometriosis are infertile. […] This condition is characterized by excessive growth of the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium.
#1 Infertility – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infertility/symptoms-causes/syc-20354317
Infertility causes can affect one or both partners. In some cases, no cause can be found. […] Causes of female infertility include ovulation disorders, conditions of the uterus, fallopian tube damage or blockage, endometriosis, primary ovarian insufficiency, pelvic adhesions, and cancer and its treatment. […] Ovulation disorders affect the release of eggs from the ovaries. […] Conditions of the uterus include growths called uterine polyps, issues with the shape of the uterus or problems with its lower end, called the cervix. […] Fallopian tube damage or blockage is often caused by swelling of the fallopian tube, called salpingitis. […] Endometriosis is a condition where tissue similar to the inner lining of the uterus grows outside of the uterus. […] Primary ovarian insufficiency happens when the ovaries stop working as they should, and menstrual periods end before age 40. […] Pelvic adhesions are bands of scar tissue that bind organs and can form after a pelvic infection, appendicitis, endometriosis, or surgery of the abdomen or pelvis. […] Certain cancers, especially those affecting the reproductive organs, often reduce female fertility.
#1 Most Common Causes and Reasons for Infertility | CCRM Fertility
https://www.ccrmivf.com/causes-of-infertility/
Infertility due to age is one of the most common causes of female infertility. […] About one quarter of infertility cases are due to ovulation disorders. […] Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common disorders impacting ovulation. […] Other causes of ovulation disorders include ovarian insufficiency and hypothalamic amenorrhea. […] Tubal factor fertility is when there are problems in the fallopian tube(s), which prevents the sperm from fertilizing the egg. […] Endometriosis is when the tissue of the uterine lining grows outside of the uterus. […] Endometrial polyps are growths found in the uterine cavity. […] Fibroids that distort the uterine cavity have an impact on the ability of an embryo to implant and should be removed surgically. […] Even after a full fertility work-up, for one in five couples an exact cause of infertility cannot be determined. Unexplained infertility is not the same thing as having no explanation, but rather reflects the fact that the tests performed have been normal.
#1 Female Infertility – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556033/
Uterine causes of infertility are associated with either space-occupying lesions or reduced endometrial receptivity. […] Congenital uterine abnormalities (CUA), although rare, are also associated with infertility. […] Infertility due to CUA is thought to account for roughly 8% of the female causes of infertility; however, 25% of women with late first-trimester or second-trimester miscarriages are found to have CUAs.
#1 Causes of infertility in women: Your questions answered – Flo
https://flo.health/getting-pregnant/trouble-conceiving/fertility-problems/what-causes-infertility
Unexplained infertility: Sometimes, a cause for infertility might not be found. […] Ovarian cysts: While ovarian cysts don’t technically stop you from getting pregnant, they can be problematic in that they can make it more difficult for you to conceive. […] Certain drugs: Taking certain drugs, such as long-term use of ibuprofen or aspirin or drugs used in chemotherapy, could have a negative impact on your ability to conceive. […] There are also a number of cervical and uterine issues that could cause female infertility. […] Fibroids (non-cancerous growths that develop in or around the womb): These could block the uterine tubes or affect implantation. […] Cervical mucus problems: During ovulation, sperm relies on a thinner consistency of mucus to be able to swim. […] Cervical stenosis: This is a narrowing of the cervix, which could happen due to damage to the cervix or an inherited genetic issue.
#1 Female Infertility: Causes, Tests, Signs, Treatments
https://www.webmd.com/infertility-and-reproduction/female-infertility
There are a number of things that may be keeping you from getting pregnant: […] Damage to your fallopian tubes. These structures carry fertilized eggs from your ovaries to the uterus, where the baby develops. The tubes can get damaged when scars form after pelvic infections, endometriosis, and pelvic surgery. That can prevent sperm from reaching an egg in the tube. The egg and sperm meet in the tube. This is where the egg is fertilized and then moves down to the uterus to implant. […] Hormonal problems. You may not be getting pregnant because your body isn’t going through the usual hormone changes that lead to the release of an egg from the ovary and the thickening of the lining of the uterus. […] Cervical issues. Some women have a condition that prevents sperm from passing through the cervical canal.
#1 Causes of Female Infertility | Pacific Fertility Center Los Angeles
https://www.pfcla.com/causes-of-female-infertility
Adhesions or scar tissue inside the uterine cavity can also interfere with fertility. […] Some women are born with congenital anomalies of the uterus, and this can encompass a variety of abnormalities that range from mild to severe. […] If your doctor performs a complete investigation and no obvious cause of infertility is found, youll be given a diagnosis of exclusion. […] Problems with ovulation are the most common causes of female infertility. […] An individuals body fat percentage plays an important role in the regulation of their menstrual cycle. […] There are certain genetic conditions associated with abnormalities of chromosomes that can result in female infertility due to anovulation. […] PCOS is one of the most common causes of abnormal ovulation and infertility in women.
#1 Female Infertility: Causes, Risk Factors, & Treatment Options
https://www.cnyfertility.com/female-infertility/
Some women are born with congenital anomalies like a misshapen uterus or cervix. […] Uterine fibroids are tumors that can grow in the uterus usually as a result of excess estrogen. […] Endometriosis can obstruct the fallopian tubes and keep egg and sperm from meeting, but it can also affect fertility in less-direct ways, such as damaging the sperm or egg. […] Some women are unable to conceive and deliver a healthy baby due to genetic factors. […] A problem with a woman’s immune system can lead to both a failure to conceive and pregnancy loss after conception has occurred.
#1 Understanding the Causes of Infertility, Risk Factors, and Diagnosis | TechTarget
https://www.techtarget.com/pharmalifesciences/feature/Understanding-the-Causes-of-Infertility-Risk-Factors-and-Diagnosis
According to the Mayo Clinic, ovulation disorders can be caused by hormonal imbalances, including hyperprolactinemia, hyperthyroidism, and hypothyroidism. […] Endometriosis is also a significant cause of female infertility. Approximately half of all individuals with endometriosis will experience infertility. […] Concerning fertility, the early stages of endometriosis are thought to be inflammatory and cause increased production of prostaglandins and cytokines, leading to infertility. […] Another significant contributor to female infertility is pelvic and tubal abnormalities or adhesions. Underlying conditions can cause these factors. Often, these adhesions result from pelvic inflammatory disease, which can result from a history of sexually transmitted infection.
#1 Causes of Sterility in Women â¤ GÃ³mez Roig Gynecological Institute
https://www.gomezroig.com/en/causas-de-la-esterilidad-en-la-mujer/
The tubal factor is present if the fallopian tubes are affected and do not allow the transport of the oocyte and semen through them. […] The uterine factor, or cause of sterility Due to alterations in the uterus, it hinders the implantation of the egg in the uterus after its fertilization in the fallopian tube. […] The endometriosis influences the distortion of the anatomy by creating an inflammatory environment together with adhesions around it. […] The cervical factor related to Congenital malformations and trauma to the cervix (including previous surgery) can lead to stricture and inability to produce normal mucus. […] Among the latests Moravia’s compositions causes of sterility we must also contemplate, although less frequently, some diseases such as those called autoimmune. […] The barren women, as well as their partners, have a higher prevalence of karyotype (chromosome) abnormalities than the general population. […] Another Unknown cause it is inexplicable sterility. This is possible when in couples, after a well-carried out study, nothing is found to explain the cause of sterility.
#1 Female Infertility: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17774-female-infertility
Problems with ovulation: There are many reasons why a person may not ovulate (release an egg) regularly. […] Problems with egg count and quality: Youre born with all the eggs youll ever have, and this supply can run out early, before the natural age of menopause (around 51). […] Most cases of infertility in people with a uterus involve problems with producing and releasing eggs (ovulation). […] Many factors can increase your risk for infertility. General health conditions, genetic (inherited) traits, lifestyle choices and age can all contribute to infertility. […] Your chances of becoming pregnant decrease with age. Research shows that age is becoming a more common factor in infertility because many couples are waiting to have children until their 30s or 40s. […] The outlook for female infertility depends greatly on the individual and the underlying cause of infertility. The outcome is very positive when the cause of infertility is due to ovulatory disorders or structural abnormalities where treatment is possible.
#1 Causes of Female Infertility | Pacific Fertility Center Los Angeles
https://www.pfcla.com/causes-of-female-infertility
Hypothalamic dysfunction is a problem with the part of the brain called the hypothalamus, which controls the pituitary gland and regulates many bodily functions. […] The other cause of infertility related to the egg is the actual number and quality of the eggs present. […] Many women are delaying childbearing into their late 30s and 40s, which has resulted in a significant increase in infertility due to the Age Factor. […] Studies have shown that the chance of a 20-year-old woman conceiving after one month of exposure is at 30%. […] The reason behind this phenomenon lies in the fact that egg quality deteriorates with time, which in turn translates to lower pregnancy rates. […] Many conditions can affect the uterus itself and therefore make it more difficult for implantation of the embryo to occur.
#1 Causes of Female Infertility – Age – Endo – PCOS – Blocked Tubes
https://txfertility.com/female-infertility/causes/
Texas Fertility Center diagnoses and treats the complex causes of female infertility. Experience and compassion come together at our Austin fertility center to help hopeful parents overcome the causes of female infertility. In order to develop the right fertility treatment plan for each hopeful mother, our doctors need to determine which of the causes of female infertility are responsible for her fertility issues. […] Every patient who visits our Austin fertility center is unique, and so are the causes of female infertility. While some women will struggle to conceive due to age-related factors, others may have hormonal or structural problems that are preventing pregnancy. Here is an overview of some of the most common causes for women. […] Maternal age strongly affects female fertility. Because the quality and quantity of a womanâs eggs decline with age, it is more difficult for a woman in her late-30s or early-40s to conceive than it is for a woman in her 20s. Additionally, advanced maternal age can also increase the risk of miscarriage and birth defects.
#1 Causes of Infertility
https://www.fertility.com/en/understanding-fertility/causes-of-infertility.html
Causes of female infertility can include: […] Peak reproductive years are from your late teens to your late 20s. By the age of 30 your ability to become pregnant starts to decline as the number and quality of your eggs naturally starts to drop. Your chances of getting pregnant can drop further as you reach your mid-30s, and by the age of 45 it is unlikely that natural pregnancy will occur as the number and quality of eggs will be very low and your body will be preparing for the menopause. […] A healthy 30-year-old woman has around a 20% chance of conceiving naturally every month, whereas a woman in her early 40s has a 5% chance of conceiving naturally. […] Endometriosis is a long-term condition where tissue that is similar to the lining of the uterus (endometrium) starts to grow in other places, such as the ovaries and fallopian tubes.
#1 Infertility: Frequently Asked Questions | Reproductive Health | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/reproductive-health/infertility-faq/index.html
For couples hoping to become parents, difficulty conceiving a baby can be frustrating and unexpected. […] An important early step is understanding possible causes of infertility. […] Infertility may result from a problem with any or several of these steps. […] Women need functioning ovaries, fallopian tubes, and a uterus to get pregnant. Conditions affecting any one of these organs can contribute to female infertility. […] Disruption in ovarian function may be caused by several conditions and calls for an evaluation by a health care provider. […] Some conditions that may cause issues related to ovarian function include the following: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common cause of infertility. […] Diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) is a condition where there are fewer eggs remaining in the ovaries than expected at a specific age.
#1 What are the causes of female infertility?
https://vardaanmedicalcenter.com/blog/causes-of-female-infertility/
Issues with the menstrual cycle, the procedure that prepares the woman’s body to have a pregnancy, can lead to infertility. This cycle has several phases, and issues at any one of the stages can lead to infertility problems. […] Structural problems can be caused due to the presence of abnormal tissue in the fallopian tubes or uterus. The problem occurs if the fallopian tubes are damaged, egg movement is lost, and there is no connection between the sperm and egg. Structural problems with the uterus can also raise female infertility. […] Infections are also a big reason behind infertility in men and women. Problems like gonorrhea and chlamydia in females can lead to pelvic swelling disease, which might damage the fallopian tubes. […] Eggs may not mature entirely due to various causes like PCOS, obesity, lack of essential proteins needed for the maturity of the egg. An immature egg is not able to be released at the right time or may not be ready to be fertilized.
#1 Causes of Infertility – North Louisana Fertility Clinic – Diagnosis – Treatment
https://www.arklatexfertility.com/causes-of-infertility/
Uterine fibroids. Benign tumors in the wall of the uterus are common in women in their 30s and 40s. Fibroids can interfere with implantation. They may also, on the rare occasion, block fallopian tubes. […] Pelvic adhesions. Scar tissue in the pelvis can impair fertility. This scar tissue may form after a pelvic infection, appendicitis or abdominal or pelvic surgery. […] Early menopause. The absence of menstruation and the early depletion of ovarian follicles sometimes occurs before 40. […] Other infertility causes in women include medications, thyroid disorders, cancer and cancer treatment, and medical conditions, such as Cushingâs disease, sickle cell disease, kidney disease and diabetes. […] The cause of infertility can involve one or both partners. our North Louisiana fertility doctor explains that half of couples diagnosed with infertility will have female infertility causes, and half will have male infertility causes. Some couples experience a combination of male and female factors, or a diagnosis of unexplained infertility. […] Adenomyosis […] Advanced Maternal Age […] Fibroids […] Endometriosis […] Irregular Periods […] Ovarian Cysts […] Pelvic Adhesions […] PCOS â Polycystic Ovary Syndrome […] Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
#1 Know about Causes of Infertility – Indore Infertility Clinic
https://www.indoreinfertilityclinic.com/causes-of-infertility/
Causes of PCOS Thought to be both inherited as well as affected by lifestyle. […] 10% of Normal Female Population and up to 20% of Females with Infertility face this problem […] Causes of Endometriosis Genetic Predisposition, Environmental Toxins like Dioxins, Aging. […] Accounts for 20% of all cases of female infertility. […] The rate of fall accelerates after the age of 32-33 leading to sterility at a mean age of 41. […] Causes of low ovarian reserve Genetic/Familial, Autoimmune, Chemo or Radiotherapy induced. […] Accounts for 35% of causes of infertility amongst women. […] Causes of Ovulation disturbances Hormonal Derangements, Age: increased ovulation abnormalities as age increases. […] Blockage of the Fallopian Tube or severe damage to the inner lining of the Fallopian tube making it nonfunctional. […] Accounts for 30 % of all cases of female infertility. […] Causes of Fallopian Tube Blockage Infections: Genital Tuberculosis, Chlamydia, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Structural: Surgical procedures, endometriosis, tubal ligation etc.
#1 Structural Causes of Infertility – Male and Female Treatments
https://www.dallasfertility.com/structural-causes-for-infertility.html
Problems with the female anatomy are one of the most common causes of infertility in women. […] Ovarian cysts may lead to problems getting pregnant: endometriomas (cysts caused by endometriosis) or cysts resulting from PCOS (polycystic ovarian syndrome). […] Uterine fibroids make it difficult for an embryo to implant and grow. […] Tubal abnormalities can cause the tube to be blocked or swollen, interfering with fertilization and the tube’s ability to transport a fertilized egg to the uterus. […] Pelvic adhesions may form after a pelvic infection, appendicitis or abdominal or pelvic surgery, impairing fertility. […] Poor quality cervical mucus that is not present in adequate quantities or is too sticky to allow sperm to pass may also contribute to infertility. […] Cervical factor infertility can be caused by poor quality cervical mucus that is not present in adequate quantities or is too sticky to allow sperm to pass. […] Another condition causing cervical factor infertility is the presence of antisperm antibodies in the mucus.
#1 Female infertility – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_infertility
A review from 2010 concluded that overweight and obese subfertile women have a reduced probability of successful fertility treatment and their pregnancies are associated with more complications and higher costs. […] Exposure to radiation poses a high risk of infertility, depending on the frequency, power, and exposure duration. […] Chemotherapy poses a high risk of infertility. […] Antisperm antibodies (ASA) have been considered as infertility cause in around 10-30% of infertile couples. […] Adhesions secondary to surgery in the peritoneal cavity is the leading cause of acquired infertility. […] A review of type 1 diabetes came to the result that, despite modern treatment, women with diabetes are at increased risk of female infertility. […] Non-gastrointestinal symptoms of coeliac disease may include disorders of fertility, such as delayed menarche, amenorrea, infertility or early menopause.
#1 Causes of Female Infertility â Infertility Treatment in New Braunfels
https://www.fertility-texas.com/female-infertiliy/
Female infertility contributes to about 40% of infertility cases, and physicians have identified many causes of female infertility over the years. […] A woman’s fertility declines with age. Starting in a woman’s mid-30s, the quality and quantity of her eggs begins to rapidly decline. For some women, this decline may happen earlier. […] An underlying medical condition can also cause fertility issues by interfering with ovulation or implantation. These issues may include damaged or blocked Fallopian tubes, pelvic inflammatory disease, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis and uterine fibroids. […] Being underweight (BMI of less than 19) or overweight (BMI above 30) is responsible for approximately 12% of all infertility cases. […] Smoking can damage a woman’s ovaries and prematurely decrease her egg supply, while drinking alcohol is associated with an increased risk of ovulatory disorders and endometriosis. […] Unmanaged stress may play a role in some cases of infertility, although researchers are still not sure why.
#1 Top Causes of Infertility in Women – HealthyWomen
https://www.healthywomen.org/content/article/top-causes-infertility-women
Endometriosis can make it difficult to get pregnant because the condition can cause blocked fallopian tubes, disrupt implantation, cause inflammation in the pelvis and perhaps impact egg quality. […] Keeping an inactive lifestyle and being overweight or obese can raise your risk of infertility and increase your risk of having miscarriage. […] Damaged or blocked fallopian tubes can prevent sperm from getting to your eggs and prevent the fertilized egg from getting to your uterus. […] Fibroids may interfere with the implantation of the fertilized egg. Fibroids are usually noncancerous masses of muscular tissue and collagen that can develop within the wall of the uterus.
#1 Female infertility – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_infertility
According to the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM), age, smoking, sexually transmitted infections, and being overweight or underweight can all affect fertility. […] In broad sense, acquired factors practically include any factor that is not based on a genetic mutation, including any intrauterine exposure to toxins during fetal development, which may present as infertility many years later as an adult. […] Tobacco smoking is harmful to the ovaries, and the degree of damage is dependent upon the amount and length of time a woman smokes or is exposed to a smoke-filled environment. […] Sexually transmitted infections are a leading cause of infertility. […] Twelve percent of all infertility cases are a result of a woman either being underweight or overweight. […] A study in the US indicated that approximately 20% of infertile women had a past or current eating disorder, which is five times higher than the general lifetime prevalence rate.
#1 Causes of infertility | TFP Fertility UK
https://tfp-fertility.com/en-gb/fertility-guides/causes-of-female-infertility
Long-term or high doses of NSAIDs like ibuprofen and aspirin […] Antipsychotic medicines […] Spironolactone (aka Aldactone), a medicine for fluid retention that can temporarily reduce fertility. […] For 1 in 4 couples, the cause of infertility is unknown. […] Other signs of female infertility can include: No periods […] Irregular or missed periods. […] The most common reasons for missed or stopped periods are: Pregnancy […] Stress […] Sudden weight loss […] Being overweight […] Too much exercise […] Taking the contraceptive pill […] Menopause […] Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). […] Infections known to cause infertility include: Chlamydia […] Gonorrhoea […] HIV […] Pelvic inflammatory disease. […] Genetic conditions known to cause female infertility include: Turner syndrome (rare) […] Fragile X syndrome (uncommon) […] Kallmann syndrome (very rare).
#1
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/infertility/
smoking can affect fertility: smoking (including passive smoking) affects your chance of conceiving and can reduce semen quality […] alcohol the safest approach is not to drink alcohol at all to keep risks to your baby to a minimum. Drinking too much alcohol can also affect the quality of sperm […] environmental factors exposure to certain pesticides, solvents and metals has been shown to affect fertility, particularly in men […] stress can affect your relationship with your partner and cause a loss of sex drive; in severe cases, stress may also affect ovulation and sperm production.
#1 What Causes Female Infertility?
http://web.stanford.edu/class/siw198q/websites/reprotech/New%20Ways%20of%20Making%20Babies/Causefem.htm
Lead Exposure to lead sources has been proven to negatively impact fertility in humans. […] Medical Treatments and Materials Repeated exposure to radiation, ranging from simple x-rays to chemotherapy, has been shown to alter sperm production, as well as contribute to a wide array of ovarian problems. […] Ethylene Oxide A chemical used both in the sterilization of surgical instruments and in the manufacturing of certain pesticides, ethylene oxide may cause birth defects in early pregnancy and has the potential to provoke early miscarriage. […] Dibromochloropropane (DBCP) Handling the chemicals found in pesticides, such as DBCP, can cause ovarian problems, leading to a variety of health conditions, like early menopause, that may directly impact fertility.
#1 Infertility: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16083-infertility
Infertility causes for women include: Ovulation disorders, endometriosis, structural abnormalities of your vagina, uterus or fallopian tubes, autoimmune conditions like celiac disease or lupus, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and prior surgical sterilization (tubal ligation or salpingectomy). […] Endometriosis is a risk factor for infertility. About 30% to 50% of women with endometriosis will experience infertility.
#1
https://www.medichecks.com/blogs/fertility/what-are-the-main-causes-of-female-infertility
Thyroid conditions are common reasons why some women may find it difficult to conceive or maintain a pregnancy. […] Women with a thyroid disorder may find it difficult to conceive as the disruption in hormones can disrupt their menstrual cycle and ovulation. […] PCOS is a common hormonal condition among women of childbearing age and affects up to one in ten women in the UK. […] Women with PCOS may have hormone imbalances which can mean that their eggs don’t mature properly. […] Blocked fallopian tubes are one of the leading causes of infertility, with one in five cases of infertility being put down to having blocked fallopian tubes. […] Endometriosis is a condition where tissue, which is similar to the lining of the womb, starts to grow in other places, such as the ovaries and fallopian tubes.
#1 Causes of infertility | TFP Fertility UK
https://tfp-fertility.com/en-gb/fertility-guides/causes-of-female-infertility
Secondary infertility is more likely to be caused by recent conditions or lifestyle factors, instead of a condition you were born with. […] This is why getting older is the most common reason for female infertility. […] Infertility is often related to ovulation problems, which can be caused by: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) […] Thyroid conditions […] Premature ovarian insufficiency […] Early menopause. […] Conditions that scar or damage the tubes or womb can cause infertility. […] These include: Pelvic or cervical surgery such as a C-section […] Fibroids – non-cancerous growths in the womb […] Endometriosis […] Pelvic inflammatory disease – an infection caused by STIs. […] Medicines and treatments that can affect female fertility include: Chemotherapy or radiotherapy to treat cancer
#1 CAUSES OF FEMALE INFERTILITY – INFO FROM A DENVER FERTILITY CLINIC: Rocky Mountain Fertility Center: Reproductive Endocrinologists
https://www.rockymountainfertility.com/blog/causes-of-female-infertility-info-from-a-denver-fertility-clinic
Pelvic adhesions are bands of scar tissue that may block the way for the sperm to fertilize the egg. […] Endometriosis is a chronic condition that occurs when uterine tissue grows in different places in the pelvis. […] Other conditions, not directly related to reproductive problems, can disrupt and cause problems with fertility. […] Thyroid problems can both disrupt the cycle and cause infertility by simply changing the hormone balance. […] Particular cancers, including those of the female reproductive system, can severely affect the reproductive cycle. […] Amenorrhea, Cushings disease, sickle cell disease, kidney disease, and diabetes can all affect fertility in women. […] There are some medications that can cause infertility. […] If just one of those factors is missing, there can be problems. […] Any disruption of this process can affect conception and pregnancy.
#1 Causes of Infertility
https://www.fertility.com/en/understanding-fertility/causes-of-infertility.html
Around 10% of female infertility cases are caused by abnormalities in the cervix. […] Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as chlamydia or gonorrhoea can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). […] Early menopause affects 1% of women under the age of 40 and could mean the ovaries are not working properly. […] Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy and hormone therapy can affect your fertility by damaging reproductive organs and hormone production.
#1 Female infertility – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_infertility
There are many genes wherein mutation causes female infertility. […] Chromosomal abnormalities causing female infertility include Turner syndrome. […] A major cause of female infertility is premature ovarian insufficiency. […] Some instances of female infertility are caused by DNA repair dysregulation during meiosis.
#1 Female Infertility (Causes and Treatment)
https://patient.info/doctor/infertility-female
Group III: ovarian failure. […] As above, PCOS is responsible for the majority of ovulation disorders. […] A number of chromosomal disorders result in inadequate ovarian function and usually primary amenorrhoea: Turner syndrome – there is a loss or abnormality of the second X chromosome in at least one cell line in a phenotypic female. […] Premature ovarian failure or premature menopause (menopause that occurs 40 years, although many gynaecologists use 45 years) causes secondary amenorrhoea. Premature ovarian failure occurs in about 1% of women. […] Sexually transmitted infections may cause female infertility, largely through associated PID. Chlamydia and gonorrhoea are the most important. […] Endometriosis may cause such inflammation, adhesion and distortion in the pelvis that it causes tubal infertility. Even when it is much less severe than that, it is commonly associated with subfertility.
#1 Genetic causes of infertility | Medicover Genetics
https://medicover-genetics.com/genetic-causes-of-infertility/
Genetic causes of infertility in women include premature ovarian failure, leiomyoma, Turner syndrome (monosomy X), Noonan syndrome, sickle cell disease, galactosemia, fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency, Kallman syndrome, and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. […] Infertility Panel offers a female and a male infertility panel. The female infertility panel covers 54 genes, and the male infertility panel covers 39 genes. Structural and numerical abnormalities on sex chromosomes are included in both panels.
#1 Female Infertility: Causes, Tests, Signs, Treatments
https://www.webmd.com/infertility-and-reproduction/female-infertility
Uterine trouble. You may have polyps (a growth or mass) and fibroids that interfere with getting pregnant. Uterine polyps occur when too many cells grow in the endometrium, the lining of the uterus. Fibroids grow in the wall of the uterus. Other abnormalities of the uterus can also interfere, […] „Unexplained” infertility. For about 20% of couples who have infertility problems, the exact causes are never pinpointed.
#1 Common and Uncommon Causes of Infertility | Shady Grove Fertility
https://www.shadygrovefertility.com/article/common-and-uncommon-causes-infertility/
The location of the fibroids is usually the key to whether or not they affect fertility. […] If the fibroid is in the uterine wall or outside the uterus, the impact on a womans fertility is less clear. […] How you treat endometriosis depends on how it is affecting the womans fertility. […] There are surgical options to remove the endometriosis tissue from the ovaries or fallopian tubes and there are medications that shrink endometrial tissue. […] Recurrent miscarriage or recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is characterized by having 2 or more miscarriages. […] A common cause of RPL is aneuploidy or an abnormal number of chromosomes. […] Treatment depends on finding the cause of the miscarriage. […] Approximately 10% of infertility cases are unexplained. […] True unexplained infertility may be related to egg and sperm dysfunction, among other causes.
#1 Causes of Female Infertility – Age – PCOS – Smoking
https://www.dallasfertility.com/causes-of-female-infertility.html
Age can also be a factor of infertility. As our bodies get older (35+), a womens supply of eggs decreases and fertility begins to diminish. […] Pelvic adhesions or scar tissue in the pelvis can impair fertility. This scar tissue may form after a pelvic infection, appendicitis or abdominal or pelvic surgery. […] Some causes of infertility are not as clear cut. Unexplained infertility, where no know reason is found, is the most treatable and the most frustrating type of infertility. Couples also may face secondary infertility, where they have had previous success conceiving children, but there has been a new development that now stands in the way of pregnancy.
#1 Common and Uncommon Causes of Infertility | Shady Grove Fertility
https://www.shadygrovefertility.com/article/common-and-uncommon-causes-infertility/
Female factors account for another 40% of infertility and are present in an additional 10% of couples who have infertility factors in both partners. […] While the causes of female infertility are more numerous and can be more complicated to diagnose, there are effective treatments available for an overwhelming majority of them. […] Dr. Bromer adds that its common for women to have more than one factor affecting their fertility. […] For example, a woman who has fibroids may also have endometriosis. […] Tubal disease or blocked fallopian tubes account for half of all female infertility. […] Conditions that cause scarring in or around the fallopian tubes can cause tubal disease or blocked tubes. […] Endometriosis, Fibroids, and Pelvic Adhesive Disease, which are described below, can cause tubal disease in addition to other issues that affect fertility.
#2 Female infertility: Causes – UpToDate
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/female-infertility-causes
Female infertility: Causes […] The etiologies of female infertility will be reviewed here. […] In a World Health Organization (WHO) study of 8500 infertile couples, female factor infertility was reported in 37 percent of infertile couples in developed countries, male factor infertility in 8 percent, and both male and female factor infertility in 35 percent. […] The most common identifiable female factors, which accounted for 81 percent of female infertility, were: Ovulatory disorders (25 percent).
#2 Causes and Symptoms of Female Infertility | EuroCARE IVF
https://www.eurocareivf.com/fertility-blog/common-causes-and-symptoms-of-female-infertility/
Female fertility is a womans ability to conceive a biological child. Infertility, on the other hand, is the inability to get pregnant with frequent, unprotected sex for at least one year or at least six months if youre older than 35 with no success. […] A number of medical issues can contribute to female infertility, including: […] Ovulation disorders; (irregular/no ovulation; accounts for infertility in approximately 1 in 4 infertile couples. […] Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS); causes a hormone imbalance, which affects ovulation and is the most common cause of female infertility. […] Tubal Infertility; meaning damage to the fallopian tubes can prevent sperm from reaching the egg or block the way of the fertilized egg to the uterus. […] Endometriosis; when tissue that makes up the uterine lining grows outside the uterus. This can cause scarring, which may block fallopian tubes and keep an egg and sperm from meeting. Endometriosis can also affect the lining of the uterus, affecting implantation of the fertilized egg.
#2 Infertility: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment
https://www.verywellhealth.com/infertility-5223735
Diminished ovarian reserve (DOR): A condition that causes a woman to have fewer eggs than is typical for her age. The number of eggs naturally declines with age. […] Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA): A condition caused by excessive exercise, weight loss, stress, or a combination. It leads to anovulation (when a person with ovaries does not ovulate). […] Improper function of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands: When these structures dont function properly, the pituitary gland produces too much prolactin (a hormone), which may lead to anovulation. […] Blocked fallopian tubes: Risk factors for a blocked fallopian tube include endometriosis, a history of pelvic infection, a ruptured appendix, a history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and a history of abdominal surgery.
#2 Causes of Infertility – North Louisana Fertility Clinic – Diagnosis – Treatment
https://www.arklatexfertility.com/causes-of-infertility/
Uterine fibroids. Benign tumors in the wall of the uterus are common in women in their 30s and 40s. Fibroids can interfere with implantation. They may also, on the rare occasion, block fallopian tubes. […] Pelvic adhesions. Scar tissue in the pelvis can impair fertility. This scar tissue may form after a pelvic infection, appendicitis or abdominal or pelvic surgery. […] Early menopause. The absence of menstruation and the early depletion of ovarian follicles sometimes occurs before 40. […] Other infertility causes in women include medications, thyroid disorders, cancer and cancer treatment, and medical conditions, such as Cushingâs disease, sickle cell disease, kidney disease and diabetes. […] The cause of infertility can involve one or both partners. our North Louisiana fertility doctor explains that half of couples diagnosed with infertility will have female infertility causes, and half will have male infertility causes. Some couples experience a combination of male and female factors, or a diagnosis of unexplained infertility. […] Adenomyosis […] Advanced Maternal Age […] Fibroids […] Endometriosis […] Irregular Periods […] Ovarian Cysts […] Pelvic Adhesions […] PCOS â Polycystic Ovary Syndrome […] Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
#2 Infertility in Women | American Pregnancy Association
https://americanpregnancy.org/getting-pregnant/female-infertility/
Damage to the fallopian tubes or uterus can be caused by one or more of the following: Pelvic inflammatory disease, A previous infection, Polyps in the uterus, Endometriosis or fibroids, Scar tissue or adhesions, Chronic medical illness, A previous ectopic (tubal) pregnancy, A birth defect, DES syndrome (The medication DES, given to women to prevent miscarriage or premature birth can result in fertility problems for their children). […] Abnormal cervical mucus can also cause female infertility. Abnormal cervical mucus can prevent the sperm from reaching the egg or make it more difficult for the sperm to penetrate the egg. […] Infertility in women is most often treated by one or more of the following methods: Taking hormones to address a hormone imbalance, endometriosis, or a short menstrual cycle, Taking medications to stimulate ovulation, Using supplements to enhance fertility, Taking antibiotics to remove an infection, Having minor surgery to remove blockage or scar tissues from the fallopian tubes, uterus, or pelvic area.