Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Diagnosis and Management of Infertility

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9302705/

  Infertility is defined as the failure to achieve pregnancy after 12 months of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. Approximately 85% of infertile couples have an identifiable cause. The most common causes of infertility are ovulatory dysfunction, male factor infertility, and tubal disease. The remaining 15% of infertile couples have unexplained infertility. […] Ovulatory disorders account for approximately 25% of infertility diagnoses; 70% of women with anovulation have polycystic ovary syndrome. Infertility can also be a marker of an underlying chronic disease associated with infertility. […] For individuals presenting with anovulation, ovulation induction with timed intercourse is often the appropriate initial treatment choice. For couples with unexplained infertility, endometriosis, or mild male factor infertility, an initial 3 to 4 cycles of ovarian stimulation may be pursued; IVF should be considered if these approaches do not result in pregnancy.

• #2 Evaluating Infertility | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/evaluating-infertility

  An infertility evaluation includes exams and tests to try to find the reason why you and your partner have not gotten pregnant. If a cause is found, treatment may be possible. In many cases, infertility can be successfully treated even if no cause is found. […] Experts recommend an infertility evaluation if you have not gotten pregnant after 1 year of having regular sexual intercourse without using birth control. If you are older than 35, an evaluation is recommended after 6 months of trying. If you are older than 40, talk with your obstetrician-gynecologist (ob-gyn) now about an evaluation. […] Your ob-gyn usually will do the first assessment. You also may see a reproductive endocrinologist (an ob-gyn with special training in infertility). […] The most common cause of female infertility is a problem with ovulation.

• #3 Diagnosis and Management of Infertility

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9302705/

  Infertility is defined as the failure to achieve pregnancy after 12 months of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. Approximately 85% of infertile couples have an identifiable cause. The most common causes of infertility are ovulatory dysfunction, male factor infertility, and tubal disease. The remaining 15% of infertile couples have unexplained infertility. […] Ovulatory disorders account for approximately 25% of infertility diagnoses; 70% of women with anovulation have polycystic ovary syndrome. Infertility can also be a marker of an underlying chronic disease associated with infertility. […] For individuals presenting with anovulation, ovulation induction with timed intercourse is often the appropriate initial treatment choice. For couples with unexplained infertility, endometriosis, or mild male factor infertility, an initial 3 to 4 cycles of ovarian stimulation may be pursued; IVF should be considered if these approaches do not result in pregnancy.

• #4 Fertility evaluation of infertile women: a committee opinion (2021) | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/fertility-evaluation-of-infertile-women-a-committee-opinion-2021/

  Fertility evaluation of infertile women: a committee opinion (2021) Diagnostic evaluation for infertility in women should be conducted in a systematic, expeditious, and cost-effective manner to identify all the relevant factors with an initial emphasis on the least invasive methods for detecting the most common causes of infertility. […] In the absence of exigent history or physical findings, evaluation should and treatment may be initiated at 12 months in women 35 years of age and at 6 months in women aged 35 years. […] However, diagnostic testing for infertility should be initiated without delay on presentation with a condition known to cause infertility. […] An evaluation may also be indicated in some women who do not have infertility to optimize assisted reproductive technology treatments for other indications, such as recurrent pregnancy loss or genetic carrier status of an individual or couple where preimplantation genetic testing (for aneuploidy, monogenic disorders, and structural chromosomal rearrangements) is warranted.

• #5 Diagnosis and Management of Infertility

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9302705/

  Infertility is defined as the failure to achieve pregnancy after 12 months of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. Approximately 85% of infertile couples have an identifiable cause. The most common causes of infertility are ovulatory dysfunction, male factor infertility, and tubal disease. The remaining 15% of infertile couples have unexplained infertility. […] Ovulatory disorders account for approximately 25% of infertility diagnoses; 70% of women with anovulation have polycystic ovary syndrome. Infertility can also be a marker of an underlying chronic disease associated with infertility. […] For individuals presenting with anovulation, ovulation induction with timed intercourse is often the appropriate initial treatment choice. For couples with unexplained infertility, endometriosis, or mild male factor infertility, an initial 3 to 4 cycles of ovarian stimulation may be pursued; IVF should be considered if these approaches do not result in pregnancy.

• #6 Female infertility – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-infertility/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354313

  If you’ve been unable to conceive within a reasonable period of time, seek help from your doctor for evaluation and treatment of infertility. You and your partner should be evaluated. Your doctor will take a detailed medical history and conduct a physical exam. […] Fertility tests might include: […] Ovulation testing. An at-home, over-the-counter ovulation prediction kit detects the surge in luteinizing hormone (LH) that occurs before ovulation. A blood test for progesterone a hormone produced after ovulation can also document that you’re ovulating. Other hormone levels, such as prolactin, also might be checked. […] Hysterosalpingography. During hysterosalpingography (his-tur-o-sal-ping-GOG-ruh-fee), X-ray contrast is injected into your uterus and an X-ray is taken to check for problems inside the uterus. The test also shows whether the fluid passes out of the uterus and spills out of your fallopian tubes. If any problems are found, you’ll likely need further evaluation.

• #7 Infertility: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16083-infertility

  If youre younger than 35, your healthcare provider may diagnose infertility after one year (12 months) of trying to conceive. Trying to conceive is defined as having regular, unprotected sex. If youre 35 or older, your provider may diagnose infertility after six months of regular, unprotected sex. […] Infertility is more common than you might think. Fortunately, there are many treatment options available for women who wish to begin or expand their family. […] Ovulation disorders are the most common cause of infertility in women. Ovulation is the process in which your ovary releases an egg to meet sperm for fertilization. […] These factors can contribute to female infertility: Endometriosis. Structural abnormalities of your vagina, uterus or fallopian tubes. Autoimmune conditions like celiac disease or lupus. Kidney disease. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Hypothalamic and pituitary gland disorders. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Primary ovarian insufficiency or poor egg quality. Sickle cell anemia. Uterine fibroids or uterine polyps. Thyroid disease. Prior surgical sterilization (tubal ligation or salpingectomy). Genetic or chromosomal disorders. Sexual dysfunction. Surgical or congenital absence of your ovaries. Infrequent or absent menstrual periods.

• #8 Female Infertility: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17774-female-infertility

  Secondary infertility occurs when you can’t get pregnant again after having at least one successful pregnancy and birth. […] Infertility is a common disease. At least 10% of females deal with infertility of some kind. The chances of infertility increase with age. […] The most common sign of infertility is being unable to get pregnant despite having regular, unprotected sex. Other signs may include absent or irregular periods. […] There are many possible causes of infertility. However, it can be difficult to pinpoint the exact cause, and some couples have unexplained infertility. […] Most cases of infertility in people with a uterus involve problems with producing and releasing eggs (ovulation). […] Only a healthcare provider can make an infertility diagnosis. If you’re having difficulties getting pregnant or think you may have infertility, make an appointment with a fertility specialist.

• #9 Female infertility – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-infertility/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354313

  If you’ve been unable to conceive within a reasonable period of time, seek help from your doctor for evaluation and treatment of infertility. You and your partner should be evaluated. Your doctor will take a detailed medical history and conduct a physical exam. […] Fertility tests might include: […] Ovulation testing. An at-home, over-the-counter ovulation prediction kit detects the surge in luteinizing hormone (LH) that occurs before ovulation. A blood test for progesterone a hormone produced after ovulation can also document that you’re ovulating. Other hormone levels, such as prolactin, also might be checked. […] Hysterosalpingography. During hysterosalpingography (his-tur-o-sal-ping-GOG-ruh-fee), X-ray contrast is injected into your uterus and an X-ray is taken to check for problems inside the uterus. The test also shows whether the fluid passes out of the uterus and spills out of your fallopian tubes. If any problems are found, you’ll likely need further evaluation.

• #10 Infertility: Practice Essentials, Overview, Etiology of Infertility

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/274143-overview

  Infertility is a problem that involves both partners. Diagnostic testing is unnecessary if the couple has not attempted to conceive for at least 1 year, unless the woman is age 35 years or older, or if they have a history of a male factor infertility, endometriosis, a tubal factor, diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure, pelvic inflammatory disease, or pelvic surgery. A complete infertility evaluation is performed according to the woman’s menstrual cycle and may take up to 2 menstrual cycles before the etiology is determined. […] Examination for infertility should include the following: Routine records of blood pressure, pulse rate, and temperature (if applicable); Height/weight findings to calculate body mass index; measure arm span when indicated; Head and neck assessment; Breast evaluation; Abdominal evaluation; Thorough gynecologic evaluation; Speculum examination; Bimanual examination; Extremities evaluation; Dermatologic evaluation.

• #11 Diagnosis and Management of Infertility

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9302705/

  According to the World Health Organization, ovulatory disorders account for approximately 25% of infertility diagnoses. […] Anovulation should be suspected when menstrual cycles occur irregularly, in cycles shorter than 21 or longer than 35 days. […] The most common cause of anovulation is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which affects 70% of women with anovulation. […] Patients with eating disorders have anovulatory infertility more often than women without an eating disorder. […] Tubal infertility, defined as either blocked fallopian tubes or inability of the tubes to pick up an oocyte from the ovary due to pelvic adhesions, accounts for between 11% and 67% of infertility diagnoses, depending on the population studied. […] Endometriosis is the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity and affects 25% to 40% of women with infertility.

• #12 Female infertility – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-infertility/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354313

  If you’ve been unable to conceive within a reasonable period of time, seek help from your doctor for evaluation and treatment of infertility. You and your partner should be evaluated. Your doctor will take a detailed medical history and conduct a physical exam. […] Fertility tests might include: […] Ovulation testing. An at-home, over-the-counter ovulation prediction kit detects the surge in luteinizing hormone (LH) that occurs before ovulation. A blood test for progesterone a hormone produced after ovulation can also document that you’re ovulating. Other hormone levels, such as prolactin, also might be checked. […] Hysterosalpingography. During hysterosalpingography (his-tur-o-sal-ping-GOG-ruh-fee), X-ray contrast is injected into your uterus and an X-ray is taken to check for problems inside the uterus. The test also shows whether the fluid passes out of the uterus and spills out of your fallopian tubes. If any problems are found, you’ll likely need further evaluation.

• #13 Evaluation and Treatment of Infertility | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0301/p308.html

  Women in group I typically present with amenorrhea and low gonadotropin levels, most commonly from low body weight or excessive exercise. […] Women with regular menstrual cycles are likely to be ovulating and should be offered serum progesterone testing at day 21 to confirm ovulation. […] If a woman has irregular cycles, the testing should be conducted later in the cycle, starting seven days before presumed onset of menses, and repeated weekly until menses. […] A high serum FSH level (greater than 30 to 40 mIU per mL [30 to 40 IU per L]) with a low estradiol level can distinguish ovarian failure from hypothalamic pituitary failure, which typically reveals a low or normal FSH level (less than 10 mIU per mL [10 IU per L]) and a low estradiol level. […] Women with no clear risk of tubal obstruction should be offered hysterosalpingography to screen for tubal occlusion and structural uterine abnormalities.

• #14 Female infertility – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-infertility/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354313

  If you’ve been unable to conceive within a reasonable period of time, seek help from your doctor for evaluation and treatment of infertility. You and your partner should be evaluated. Your doctor will take a detailed medical history and conduct a physical exam. […] Fertility tests might include: […] Ovulation testing. An at-home, over-the-counter ovulation prediction kit detects the surge in luteinizing hormone (LH) that occurs before ovulation. A blood test for progesterone a hormone produced after ovulation can also document that you’re ovulating. Other hormone levels, such as prolactin, also might be checked. […] Hysterosalpingography. During hysterosalpingography (his-tur-o-sal-ping-GOG-ruh-fee), X-ray contrast is injected into your uterus and an X-ray is taken to check for problems inside the uterus. The test also shows whether the fluid passes out of the uterus and spills out of your fallopian tubes. If any problems are found, you’ll likely need further evaluation.

• #15 Diagnostic methods in female infertility

  https://www.gfmer.ch/Books/Reproductive_health/Diagnostic_methods_female_infertility.htm

  Observation of the cervical mucus. […] Exfoliative vaginal cytology. […] Transvaginal sonography (ovarian follicles). […] Pituitary and ovarian hormones assays. […] Laparoscopy and direct observation of the ovaries. […] Clinical evidence of readiness for uterine implantation […] Basal body temperature. […] Transvaginal sonography (thickness of the endometrium). […] Plasma progesterone assay. […] Endometrial biopsy. […] Hysteroscopy. […] Clinical evidence of normality of the internal genital tract […] Hysterosalpingography. […] Transvaginal sonography. […] Hysteroscopy. […] Laparoscopy. […] A sustained ” plateau ” of 12 to 14 days following ovulation, is indicative of a good progesterone secretion from the corpus luteum, at least of 4 ng/ml in the peripheral blood.

• #16 Diagnostic methods in female infertility

  https://www.gfmer.ch/Books/Reproductive_health/Diagnostic_methods_female_infertility.htm

  Observation of the cervical mucus. […] Exfoliative vaginal cytology. […] Transvaginal sonography (ovarian follicles). […] Pituitary and ovarian hormones assays. […] Laparoscopy and direct observation of the ovaries. […] Clinical evidence of readiness for uterine implantation […] Basal body temperature. […] Transvaginal sonography (thickness of the endometrium). […] Plasma progesterone assay. […] Endometrial biopsy. […] Hysteroscopy. […] Clinical evidence of normality of the internal genital tract […] Hysterosalpingography. […] Transvaginal sonography. […] Hysteroscopy. […] Laparoscopy. […] A sustained ” plateau ” of 12 to 14 days following ovulation, is indicative of a good progesterone secretion from the corpus luteum, at least of 4 ng/ml in the peripheral blood.

• #17 Diagnosis and Management of Infertility

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9302705/

  Immediate IVF may be considered as a first-line treatment strategy in women older than 38 to 40 years. IVF is also indicated in cases of severe male factor infertility or untreated bilateral tubal factor. […] Women who have not achieved pregnancy after 12 months of unprotected intercourse or donor insemination should be offered an infertility evaluation. Earlier evaluation is recommended for women older than 35 years who have failed to conceive for 6 months; for women older than 40 years, immediate evaluation is warranted. […] Infertility is caused by identifiable abnormalities in normal physiology or underlying disease in 85% of infertile couples. […] The most common causes of infertility are ovulatory dysfunction, male factor infertility, and tubal disease. […] A history of regular, cyclic menstrual cycles with premenstrual symptoms (eg, breast tenderness, fluid retention) is adequate to establish ovulation.

• #18 Fertility evaluation of infertile women: a committee opinion (2021) | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/fertility-evaluation-of-infertile-women-a-committee-opinion-2021/

  Once pregnancy has been excluded, other underlying causes for ovulatory dysfunction should be sought because specific treatment may be indicated. […] The most common causes of ovulatory dysfunction include polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), obesity, perimenopause, weight gain or loss, strenuous or excessive exercise, thyroid dysfunction, and hyperprolactinemia. […] A thorough menstrual history may be all that is required. […] A menstrual history is adequate to establish an ovulatory menstrual pattern. Additional ovulation testing is not required when the history is clearly abnormal or normal. […] Ovarian reserve testing should not be used as a screening test for women who do not meet the criteria of infertility, but should serve as an adjunct to the evaluation of infertile women. […] The tests used in the fertility evaluation may be warranted in women presenting for donor sperm treatments, recurrent pregnancy loss, and otherwise fertile women utilizing preimplantation genetic testing.

• #19 Female infertility – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-infertility/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354313

  Ovarian reserve testing. This testing helps determine the quality and quantity of eggs available for ovulation. Women at risk of a depleted egg supply including women older than 35 might have this series of blood and imaging tests. […] Other hormone testing. Other hormone tests check levels of ovulatory hormones as well as thyroid and pituitary hormones that control reproductive processes. […] Imaging tests. A pelvic ultrasound looks for uterine or fallopian tube disease. Sometimes a sonohysterogram, also called a saline infusion sonogram, or a hysteroscopy is used to see details inside the uterus that can’t be seen on a regular ultrasound. […] Depending on your situation, rarely your testing might include: […] Laparoscopy. This minimally invasive surgery involves making a small incision beneath your navel and inserting a thin viewing device to examine your fallopian tubes, ovaries and uterus. A laparoscopy can identify endometriosis, scarring, blockages or irregularities of the fallopian tubes, and problems with the ovaries and uterus. […] Genetic testing. Genetic testing helps determine whether there any changes to your genes that may be causing infertility.

• #20 Female infertility – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-infertility/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354313

  Ovarian reserve testing. This testing helps determine the quality and quantity of eggs available for ovulation. Women at risk of a depleted egg supply including women older than 35 might have this series of blood and imaging tests. […] Other hormone testing. Other hormone tests check levels of ovulatory hormones as well as thyroid and pituitary hormones that control reproductive processes. […] Imaging tests. A pelvic ultrasound looks for uterine or fallopian tube disease. Sometimes a sonohysterogram, also called a saline infusion sonogram, or a hysteroscopy is used to see details inside the uterus that can’t be seen on a regular ultrasound. […] Depending on your situation, rarely your testing might include: […] Laparoscopy. This minimally invasive surgery involves making a small incision beneath your navel and inserting a thin viewing device to examine your fallopian tubes, ovaries and uterus. A laparoscopy can identify endometriosis, scarring, blockages or irregularities of the fallopian tubes, and problems with the ovaries and uterus. […] Genetic testing. Genetic testing helps determine whether there any changes to your genes that may be causing infertility.

• #21 Infertility Evaluation and Diagnosis – Brigham and Women’s Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomens.org/obgyn/infertility-reproductive-surgery/infertility-services/evaluation-and-diagnosis

  The goal of the initial infertility evaluation is to determine the likely cause of infertility, and to determine the best approach to infertility treatment. […] A number of infertility problems are due to health issues in females, however, in 20-25 percent of cases, infertility can be attributed exclusively to male factor problems and an additional 10 percent of couples have male infertility in addition to other factors. A complete evaluation and diagnosis should include testing of both male and female partners. […] There are several baseline tests that are used to evaluate the cause of female infertility. […] Day Three Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) level, Estradiol (E2), Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) This is done by testing the blood for FSH, E2, and AMH on day three of the menstrual cycle.

• #22 Infertility: Testing and diagnosis for the community physician | British Columbia Medical Journal

  https://bcmj.org/articles/infertility-testing-and-diagnosis-community-physician

  Ovarian reserve testing aims to estimate the number of oocytes a woman has remaining. […] Follicle-stimulating hormone measured on day 3 of the menstrual cycle is the most common endocrine ovarian test. […] When FSH is high (above 20 IU/L) it is a reliable indicator of severely diminished ovarian reserve or perimenopause. […] Anti-Mllerian hormone has been called the holy grail of ovarian reserve testing. […] Estimates suggest that tubal and pelvic disease cause 35% of infertility. […] Semen analysis is a fundamental part of the workup because the male factor accounts for at least 35% of infertility. […] The basic workup for infertility includes confirmation of ovulation, measurement of follicle-stimulating hormone level, hysterosalpingography, and semen analysis.

• #23 Diagnosing Infertility in Women | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/infertility-in-women/diagnosis

  A female pelvic and ultrasound exam is commonly performed during the initial consultation. […] Our doctors evaluate the size of the uterus and look for fibroids, scarring and polyps within the endometrial lining, and any uterine anomalies. […] To determine how the ovaries are performing relative to a womans age, doctors assess their size and volume. […] Our doctors are experts in the surgical treatment of benign ovarian processes. […] Measurement of follicle-stimulating hormone, also known as FSH, and anti-Mullerian hormone, also known as AMH, is often done to assess how a womans ovaries are functioning relative to her age. […] A hysterogram, also called a hysterosalpingogram, is an X-ray test that checks whether a womans fallopian tubes are functional and if the uterus is normally shaped and sized.

• #24 Diagnostic Testing for Infertility patient education fact sheet | ReproductiveFacts.org

  https://www.reproductivefacts.org/news-and-publications/fact-sheets-and-infographics/diagnostic-testing-for-infertility/

  The best indicator of egg quality is the age of the ovaries. […] When testing ovarian reserve, the clinician is trying to predict how well the ovaries will respond to a hormone called Follicle Stimulating hormone (FSH). […] Ovarian reserve testing is more important when the patient is 1) over age 35 years; 2) has a family history of early menopause; 3) has a single ovary; 4) has a history of previous ovarian surgery, chemotherapy, or pelvic radiation therapy; 5) has endometriosis or unexplained infertility; or 6) has shown poor response to gonadotropin ovarian stimulation in prior treatment cycles. […] Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin levels are useful in identifying thyroid disorders and hyperprolactinemia, which may cause problems with fertility, menstrual irregularities, and repeated miscarriages.

• #25 Female infertility – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-infertility/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354313

  Ovarian reserve testing. This testing helps determine the quality and quantity of eggs available for ovulation. Women at risk of a depleted egg supply including women older than 35 might have this series of blood and imaging tests. […] Other hormone testing. Other hormone tests check levels of ovulatory hormones as well as thyroid and pituitary hormones that control reproductive processes. […] Imaging tests. A pelvic ultrasound looks for uterine or fallopian tube disease. Sometimes a sonohysterogram, also called a saline infusion sonogram, or a hysteroscopy is used to see details inside the uterus that can’t be seen on a regular ultrasound. […] Depending on your situation, rarely your testing might include: […] Laparoscopy. This minimally invasive surgery involves making a small incision beneath your navel and inserting a thin viewing device to examine your fallopian tubes, ovaries and uterus. A laparoscopy can identify endometriosis, scarring, blockages or irregularities of the fallopian tubes, and problems with the ovaries and uterus. […] Genetic testing. Genetic testing helps determine whether there any changes to your genes that may be causing infertility.

• #26 Testing for Male & Female Infertility | San Francisco Bay Area, CA

  https://www.pacificfertilitycenter.com/fertility-care/infertility-testing

  This is the concept of what is a womans reproductive potential and what are the chances that a woman will be able to conceive a healthy, viable pregnancy with her own eggs? […] Infection, post-surgical scarring or the disease endometriosis can cause fallopian tubes to be blocked, kinked or distorted. […] Fibroids, polyps, intra-uterine scarring from prior surgery are some of the things that can cause the uterus and its lining to be abnormal and to cause an embryo to fail to implant. […] Some patients carry genetic diseases that can cause infertility, such as Fragile X syndrome. […] This is one example of a disease of the female reproductive years that is strongly associated with infertility. […] Many couples failing to conceive after 1-2 years of trying, with all the usual tests coming up normal, may actually have age-related sub-fertility or endometriosis.

• #27 Female Infertility Tests – Ovarian Reserve Testing – Indiana Fertility Center

  https://midwest-fertility.brain.do/female-infertility/tests/

  A transvaginal ultrasound allows our doctors to visualize the ovaries and the uterus. While viewing the ovaries, our team can perform an antral follicle count. Our doctors can also assess the uterus for any structural abnormalities. […] Hysterosalpingogram (HSG) is a nonsurgical procedure that can identify whether a woman has a blockage in her fallopian tubes. This test involves inserting dye into the uterus through the vagina and then taking x-ray images to see how the dye moves through the reproductive system. […] Once the team at our Indiana fertility center has the results of the female infertility tests, they can review them with the patient. The doctor will explain what the results reveal, make a diagnosis and work with the patient to make a customized treatment plan. […] The infertility diagnosis will determine which treatments will be appropriate. Our center always strives to start with basic options. However, our doctors sometimes need to recommend more advanced treatments like in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) to make pregnancy possible. Patients can feel confident that our doctors will recommend the best treatment plan for their unique needs and goals. […] Getting female infertility testing is the first step to overcome fertility struggles.

• #28 Diagnostic methods in female infertility

  https://www.gfmer.ch/Books/Reproductive_health/Diagnostic_methods_female_infertility.htm

  With the use of a vaginal sound, we can now easily measure the size of the uterus, and observe the structure of the endometrium and of the myometrium. Polyps, myomas, internal synechiae and congenital malformations are well documented in specialized text books. Ovarian cysts and sactosalpinx can also be easily recognized with transvaginal sonography. […] Trans- or paraumbilical laparoscopy remains the most complete method to explore the anatomical situation of both fallopian tubes and their relation with the adjacent ovaries. By means of direct optical observation, one can detect unsuspected peritubal and periovarian adhesions, or asymptomatic endometriosis, or agglutination of the fimbriae of the distal portion of the tubes.

• #29 Female infertility – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-infertility/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354313

  If you’ve been unable to conceive within a reasonable period of time, seek help from your doctor for evaluation and treatment of infertility. You and your partner should be evaluated. Your doctor will take a detailed medical history and conduct a physical exam. […] Fertility tests might include: […] Ovulation testing. An at-home, over-the-counter ovulation prediction kit detects the surge in luteinizing hormone (LH) that occurs before ovulation. A blood test for progesterone a hormone produced after ovulation can also document that you’re ovulating. Other hormone levels, such as prolactin, also might be checked. […] Hysterosalpingography. During hysterosalpingography (his-tur-o-sal-ping-GOG-ruh-fee), X-ray contrast is injected into your uterus and an X-ray is taken to check for problems inside the uterus. The test also shows whether the fluid passes out of the uterus and spills out of your fallopian tubes. If any problems are found, you’ll likely need further evaluation.

• #30

• #31 Female Infertility Tests – Ovarian Reserve Testing – Indiana Fertility Center

  https://midwest-fertility.brain.do/female-infertility/tests/

  A transvaginal ultrasound allows our doctors to visualize the ovaries and the uterus. While viewing the ovaries, our team can perform an antral follicle count. Our doctors can also assess the uterus for any structural abnormalities. […] Hysterosalpingogram (HSG) is a nonsurgical procedure that can identify whether a woman has a blockage in her fallopian tubes. This test involves inserting dye into the uterus through the vagina and then taking x-ray images to see how the dye moves through the reproductive system. […] Once the team at our Indiana fertility center has the results of the female infertility tests, they can review them with the patient. The doctor will explain what the results reveal, make a diagnosis and work with the patient to make a customized treatment plan. […] The infertility diagnosis will determine which treatments will be appropriate. Our center always strives to start with basic options. However, our doctors sometimes need to recommend more advanced treatments like in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) to make pregnancy possible. Patients can feel confident that our doctors will recommend the best treatment plan for their unique needs and goals. […] Getting female infertility testing is the first step to overcome fertility struggles.

• #32 Evaluation and Treatment of Infertility | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0301/p308.html

  As opposed to laparoscopy or hysteroscopy, hysterosalpingography is a minimally invasive procedure with potentially therapeutic effects and should be considered before more invasive methods of assessing tubal patency. […] Women with risk factors for tubal obstruction, such as endometriosis, previous pelvic infections, or ectopic pregnancy, should instead be offered hysteroscopy or laparoscopy with dye to assess for other pelvic pathology. […] Endometrial biopsy should be performed only in women with suspected pathology (chronic endometritis or neoplasia). […] Histologic endometrial dating is not considered reliable nor is it predictive of fertility.

• #33 Infertility: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16083-infertility

  First, your healthcare provider will get your full medical and sexual history. […] Fertility testing involves detecting an issue with any of these processes. […] These tests can also help diagnose or rule out problems: Pelvic exam: Your provider will perform a pelvic exam to check for structural problems or signs of disease. Blood test: A blood test can check hormone levels to see if hormonal imbalance is a factor or if youre ovulating. Transvaginal ultrasound: Your provider inserts an ultrasound wand into your vagina to look for issues with your reproductive system. Hysteroscopy: Your provider inserts a thin, lighted tube (hysteroscope) into your vagina to examine your uterus. Saline sonohysterogram (SIS): Your provider fills your uterus with saline (sterilized salt water) and conducts a transvaginal ultrasound. Sono hysterosalpingogram (HSG): Your provider fills your fallopian tubes with saline and air bubbles during an SIS procedure to check for tubal blockages. X-ray hysterosalpingogram (HSG): X-rays capture an injectable dye as it travels through your fallopian tubes. This test looks for blockages. Laparoscopy: Your provider inserts a laparoscope (thin tube with a camera) into a small abdominal incision. It helps identify problems like endometriosis, uterine fibroids and scar tissue.

• #34 Fertility Testing & Diagnosis for Women | Women & Infants

  https://fertility.womenandinfants.org/treatment/female-fertility-tests

  The first appointment will provide information for the doctor to determine if further testing should be conducted. […] The pelvic ultrasound can diagnose such problems as an abnormally shaped uterus or cysts in the ovaries. […] Blood tests are done at different times during a womans menstrual cycle to measure hormone levels in the blood. […] An evaluation for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels drawn on cycle day three (three days after a womans period starts) is a common test for women. […] Testing for ovarian reserve assesses the potential number of eggs a woman has in her ovaries. […] Laparoscopy is a minimally invasive surgery in which the doctor inserts a camera and small surgical instruments into the abdominal cavity through a small incision in the belly button. […] Sonohysterogram uses a saline solution to fill the uterine cavity and a transvaginal ultrasound to create a clear image of the uterus.

• #35 Infertility: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16083-infertility

  First, your healthcare provider will get your full medical and sexual history. […] Fertility testing involves detecting an issue with any of these processes. […] These tests can also help diagnose or rule out problems: Pelvic exam: Your provider will perform a pelvic exam to check for structural problems or signs of disease. Blood test: A blood test can check hormone levels to see if hormonal imbalance is a factor or if youre ovulating. Transvaginal ultrasound: Your provider inserts an ultrasound wand into your vagina to look for issues with your reproductive system. Hysteroscopy: Your provider inserts a thin, lighted tube (hysteroscope) into your vagina to examine your uterus. Saline sonohysterogram (SIS): Your provider fills your uterus with saline (sterilized salt water) and conducts a transvaginal ultrasound. Sono hysterosalpingogram (HSG): Your provider fills your fallopian tubes with saline and air bubbles during an SIS procedure to check for tubal blockages. X-ray hysterosalpingogram (HSG): X-rays capture an injectable dye as it travels through your fallopian tubes. This test looks for blockages. Laparoscopy: Your provider inserts a laparoscope (thin tube with a camera) into a small abdominal incision. It helps identify problems like endometriosis, uterine fibroids and scar tissue.

• #36 Female infertility – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-infertility/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354313

  Ovarian reserve testing. This testing helps determine the quality and quantity of eggs available for ovulation. Women at risk of a depleted egg supply including women older than 35 might have this series of blood and imaging tests. […] Other hormone testing. Other hormone tests check levels of ovulatory hormones as well as thyroid and pituitary hormones that control reproductive processes. […] Imaging tests. A pelvic ultrasound looks for uterine or fallopian tube disease. Sometimes a sonohysterogram, also called a saline infusion sonogram, or a hysteroscopy is used to see details inside the uterus that can’t be seen on a regular ultrasound. […] Depending on your situation, rarely your testing might include: […] Laparoscopy. This minimally invasive surgery involves making a small incision beneath your navel and inserting a thin viewing device to examine your fallopian tubes, ovaries and uterus. A laparoscopy can identify endometriosis, scarring, blockages or irregularities of the fallopian tubes, and problems with the ovaries and uterus. […] Genetic testing. Genetic testing helps determine whether there any changes to your genes that may be causing infertility.

• #37 Fertility Testing & Diagnosis for Women | Women & Infants

  https://fertility.womenandinfants.org/treatment/female-fertility-tests

  A hysterosalpingogram is a procedure using an X-ray image of a womans fallopian tubes and uterus. […] Hysteroscopy can also be used to repair abnormalities in the uterine cavity, such as polyps, fibroids, uterine septa (divided uterus), and scar tissue inside the uterine cavity. […] A noninvasive way to examine a womans reproductive system, an ultrasound helps diagnose anatomic problems such as uterine fibroids and ovarian cysts.

• #38 Infertility Evaluation and Diagnosis – Brigham and Women’s Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomens.org/obgyn/infertility-reproductive-surgery/infertility-services/evaluation-and-diagnosis

  Progesterone level Serum progesterone level can be measured in the second half of the cycle (day 20-22 in a 28-day cycle). […] An oral medication, clomiphene citrate (Clomid), is taken on days five to nine of the menstrual cycle. A blood test is performed on day three and day 10 to measure FSH and E2 levels. […] Additional testing that may be ordered by a gynecologist or a fertility specialist: […] Hysterosalpingogram (HSG, or tubogram) This is a test to assess if the Fallopian tubes (the tubes connecting the ovaries to the uterus) are open. […] Laparoscopy This is an outpatient surgery in which a magnifying scope is used to look inside the abdominal and pelvic cavity. […] Hysteroscopy In this procedure, a small scope is inserted into the uterus through the vagina and cervix to look at the inside of the uterus. […] Pelvic ultrasound An ultrasound may be ordered if enlarged uterine size or ovarian masses are noted on an exam.

• #39 Female infertility Diagnostics

  https://intersono-ivf.com/about-infertility/female-infertility-diagnostics

  Hysterosalpingogram this procedure allows us to examine permeability of tubes by injecting contrast fluid into the uterus under the control of X-rays or ultrasound. It allows us to determine if there are tube blockages which may stop sperm-egg interaction in normal conditions. […] Hysteroscopy allows us to diagnose the inner part of uterus with a thin, flexible tube with a camera which is placed into uterus through the cervix. The doctor can see problems with the uterus, and take tissue samples if needed. […] Laparocopy – Small cuts are made in the abdomen and tools including a camera are inserted into the belly. This surgery can evaluate the entire pelvis and potentially correct problems, such as endometriosis.

• #40 Female infertility – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-infertility/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354313

  Ovarian reserve testing. This testing helps determine the quality and quantity of eggs available for ovulation. Women at risk of a depleted egg supply including women older than 35 might have this series of blood and imaging tests. […] Other hormone testing. Other hormone tests check levels of ovulatory hormones as well as thyroid and pituitary hormones that control reproductive processes. […] Imaging tests. A pelvic ultrasound looks for uterine or fallopian tube disease. Sometimes a sonohysterogram, also called a saline infusion sonogram, or a hysteroscopy is used to see details inside the uterus that can’t be seen on a regular ultrasound. […] Depending on your situation, rarely your testing might include: […] Laparoscopy. This minimally invasive surgery involves making a small incision beneath your navel and inserting a thin viewing device to examine your fallopian tubes, ovaries and uterus. A laparoscopy can identify endometriosis, scarring, blockages or irregularities of the fallopian tubes, and problems with the ovaries and uterus. […] Genetic testing. Genetic testing helps determine whether there any changes to your genes that may be causing infertility.

• #41

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/infertility/diagnosis/

  Certain conditions that can affect the womb, such as endometriosis and fibroids, can prevent pregnancy. […] A hysterosalpingogram is an X-ray of your womb and fallopian tubes after a special dye has been injected. […] Laparoscopy (keyhole surgery) involves making a small cut in your lower tummy so a thin tube with a camera at the end (a laparoscope) can be inserted to examine your womb, fallopian tubes and ovaries.

• #42 Female infertility Diagnostics

  https://intersono-ivf.com/about-infertility/female-infertility-diagnostics

  Hysterosalpingogram this procedure allows us to examine permeability of tubes by injecting contrast fluid into the uterus under the control of X-rays or ultrasound. It allows us to determine if there are tube blockages which may stop sperm-egg interaction in normal conditions. […] Hysteroscopy allows us to diagnose the inner part of uterus with a thin, flexible tube with a camera which is placed into uterus through the cervix. The doctor can see problems with the uterus, and take tissue samples if needed. […] Laparocopy – Small cuts are made in the abdomen and tools including a camera are inserted into the belly. This surgery can evaluate the entire pelvis and potentially correct problems, such as endometriosis.

• #43 Fertility evaluation of infertile women: a committee opinion (2021) | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/fertility-evaluation-of-infertile-women-a-committee-opinion-2021/

  Couples with known genetic carrier status or the need for preimplantation genetic testing may warrant a fertility evaluation before treatment. […] Laparoscopy, advanced sperm function testing, postcoital testing, thrombophilia testing, immunologic testing, karyotype, endometrial biopsy, and serum prolactin are not recommended as part of the routine infertility evaluation without other clinical indications.

• #44 Infertility Evaluation and Diagnosis – Brigham and Women’s Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomens.org/obgyn/infertility-reproductive-surgery/infertility-services/evaluation-and-diagnosis

  The goal of the initial infertility evaluation is to determine the likely cause of infertility, and to determine the best approach to infertility treatment. […] A number of infertility problems are due to health issues in females, however, in 20-25 percent of cases, infertility can be attributed exclusively to male factor problems and an additional 10 percent of couples have male infertility in addition to other factors. A complete evaluation and diagnosis should include testing of both male and female partners. […] There are several baseline tests that are used to evaluate the cause of female infertility. […] Day Three Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) level, Estradiol (E2), Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) This is done by testing the blood for FSH, E2, and AMH on day three of the menstrual cycle.

• #45 Diagnostic Testing for Infertility patient education fact sheet | ReproductiveFacts.org

  https://www.reproductivefacts.org/news-and-publications/fact-sheets-and-infographics/diagnostic-testing-for-infertility/

  The best indicator of egg quality is the age of the ovaries. […] When testing ovarian reserve, the clinician is trying to predict how well the ovaries will respond to a hormone called Follicle Stimulating hormone (FSH). […] Ovarian reserve testing is more important when the patient is 1) over age 35 years; 2) has a family history of early menopause; 3) has a single ovary; 4) has a history of previous ovarian surgery, chemotherapy, or pelvic radiation therapy; 5) has endometriosis or unexplained infertility; or 6) has shown poor response to gonadotropin ovarian stimulation in prior treatment cycles. […] Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin levels are useful in identifying thyroid disorders and hyperprolactinemia, which may cause problems with fertility, menstrual irregularities, and repeated miscarriages.

• #46 Evaluating Infertility | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/evaluating-infertility

  In women, several health problems can affect women’s fertility, including problems with reproductive organs or hormones, scarring or blockages of the fallopian tubes (from past sexually transmitted infections [STIs] or endometriosis), and problems with the thyroid gland or pituitary gland. […] The first visit with a fertility specialist usually involves a detailed medical history and a physical exam. […] Tests for infertility include laboratory tests, imaging tests, and certain procedures. […] Laboratory tests may include blood and urine tests. A urine test can tell when and if you ovulate. Blood tests can measure progesterone levels (to see if you have ovulated), thyroid function (problems with the thyroid may cause infertility), levels of the hormone prolactin (high levels can disrupt ovulation), and ovarian reserve (egg supply). […] Different imaging tests and procedures are used to look at the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes to find problems. […] An infertility evaluation can be finished within a few menstrual cycles in most cases. […] Some insurance companies may cover the cost of an infertility evaluation.

• #47 Blood Tests for Infertility | Progyny

  https://progyny.com/education/fertility-testing/blood-tests-infertility/

  If youre a woman who is 35 years old or younger and have been unable to conceive after one year of unprotected intercourse, or after six months if youre over 35, you and your partner should have a full physical and medical evaluation with a Reproductive Endocrinologist, a doctor who specializes in infertility diagnosis and treatment. […] Several blood tests are available to determine if you, your partner, or both of you have a problem that is causing infertility. […] A luteinizing hormone test performed at the beginning of your cycle may help diagnosis hormonal imbalances, like PCOS. […] AMH has quickly become the gold standard in fertility blood tests. […] Testing AMH gives a physician a good understanding of your ovarian function and egg reserve. […] A serum progesterone test is used to determine if ovulation is occurring. […] In women, a prolactin test may be performed in the evaluation of infertility. […] In women, an androgen test is used in the evaluation of conditions including polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).

• #48 Evaluation and Treatment of Infertility | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0301/p308.html

  Women in group I typically present with amenorrhea and low gonadotropin levels, most commonly from low body weight or excessive exercise. […] Women with regular menstrual cycles are likely to be ovulating and should be offered serum progesterone testing at day 21 to confirm ovulation. […] If a woman has irregular cycles, the testing should be conducted later in the cycle, starting seven days before presumed onset of menses, and repeated weekly until menses. […] A high serum FSH level (greater than 30 to 40 mIU per mL [30 to 40 IU per L]) with a low estradiol level can distinguish ovarian failure from hypothalamic pituitary failure, which typically reveals a low or normal FSH level (less than 10 mIU per mL [10 IU per L]) and a low estradiol level. […] Women with no clear risk of tubal obstruction should be offered hysterosalpingography to screen for tubal occlusion and structural uterine abnormalities.

• #49 Infertility Evaluation and Diagnosis – Brigham and Women’s Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomens.org/obgyn/infertility-reproductive-surgery/infertility-services/evaluation-and-diagnosis

  Progesterone level Serum progesterone level can be measured in the second half of the cycle (day 20-22 in a 28-day cycle). […] An oral medication, clomiphene citrate (Clomid), is taken on days five to nine of the menstrual cycle. A blood test is performed on day three and day 10 to measure FSH and E2 levels. […] Additional testing that may be ordered by a gynecologist or a fertility specialist: […] Hysterosalpingogram (HSG, or tubogram) This is a test to assess if the Fallopian tubes (the tubes connecting the ovaries to the uterus) are open. […] Laparoscopy This is an outpatient surgery in which a magnifying scope is used to look inside the abdominal and pelvic cavity. […] Hysteroscopy In this procedure, a small scope is inserted into the uterus through the vagina and cervix to look at the inside of the uterus. […] Pelvic ultrasound An ultrasound may be ordered if enlarged uterine size or ovarian masses are noted on an exam.

• #50 Female Infertility: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17774-female-infertility

  Secondary infertility occurs when you can’t get pregnant again after having at least one successful pregnancy and birth. […] Infertility is a common disease. At least 10% of females deal with infertility of some kind. The chances of infertility increase with age. […] The most common sign of infertility is being unable to get pregnant despite having regular, unprotected sex. Other signs may include absent or irregular periods. […] There are many possible causes of infertility. However, it can be difficult to pinpoint the exact cause, and some couples have unexplained infertility. […] Most cases of infertility in people with a uterus involve problems with producing and releasing eggs (ovulation). […] Only a healthcare provider can make an infertility diagnosis. If you’re having difficulties getting pregnant or think you may have infertility, make an appointment with a fertility specialist.

• #51

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/infertility/diagnosis/

  Fertility tests can take time and female fertility decreases with age, so it’s best to make an appointment early. […] If you’re a woman, the GP will discuss any previous births and any complications with previous pregnancies. […] If you’re a woman, the GP may ask if you have regular periods and whether you experience any bleeding between periods or after sex. […] Tests to find out the cause of infertility in women include: […] Samples of your blood can be tested for a hormone called progesterone to check whether you’re ovulating. […] If you have irregular periods, you’ll be offered a test to measure hormones called gonadotrophins, which stimulate the ovaries to produce eggs. […] Chlamydia is an STI that can affect fertility. […] An ultrasound scan can be used to check your ovaries, womb (uterus) and fallopian tubes.

• #52 Diagnosing Infertility in Women | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/infertility-in-women/diagnosis

  If a woman has a male sexual partner, a semen analysis is performed on a collected semen sample. […] To help prevent the potentially harmful transmission of hereditary conditions, gene-carrier testing for diseases is recommended to identify whether a woman or couple is at risk of passing on certain illnesses. […] To ensure the health of women and any resulting pregnancies, our doctors perform testing for STIs, including chlamydia, gonorrhea, hepatitis B and C, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human T-cell lymphocyte virus types 1 and 2, and syphilis.

• #53 Female infertility – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-infertility/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354313

  Ovarian reserve testing. This testing helps determine the quality and quantity of eggs available for ovulation. Women at risk of a depleted egg supply including women older than 35 might have this series of blood and imaging tests. […] Other hormone testing. Other hormone tests check levels of ovulatory hormones as well as thyroid and pituitary hormones that control reproductive processes. […] Imaging tests. A pelvic ultrasound looks for uterine or fallopian tube disease. Sometimes a sonohysterogram, also called a saline infusion sonogram, or a hysteroscopy is used to see details inside the uterus that can’t be seen on a regular ultrasound. […] Depending on your situation, rarely your testing might include: […] Laparoscopy. This minimally invasive surgery involves making a small incision beneath your navel and inserting a thin viewing device to examine your fallopian tubes, ovaries and uterus. A laparoscopy can identify endometriosis, scarring, blockages or irregularities of the fallopian tubes, and problems with the ovaries and uterus. […] Genetic testing. Genetic testing helps determine whether there any changes to your genes that may be causing infertility.

• #54 Female Infertility | PCOS | Miscarriage | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/femaleinfertility.html

  Diagnosis and Tests […] Anti-Mllerian Hormone Test From the National Institutes of Health (National Library of Medicine) Also in Spanish […] Estrogen Levels Test From the National Institutes of Health (National Library of Medicine) Also in Spanish […] Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Levels Test From the National Institutes of Health (National Library of Medicine) Also in Spanish […] Hysterosalpingogram (HSG) (American Society for Reproductive Medicine) […] Hysteroscopy From the National Institutes of Health (National Library of Medicine) Also in Spanish […] Karyotype Genetic Test From the National Institutes of Health (National Library of Medicine) Also in Spanish […] Laparoscopy From the National Institutes of Health (National Library of Medicine) Also in Spanish […] Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Levels Test From the National Institutes of Health (National Library of Medicine) Also in Spanish

• #55 Testing for Male & Female Infertility | San Francisco Bay Area, CA

  https://www.pacificfertilitycenter.com/fertility-care/infertility-testing

  This is the concept of what is a womans reproductive potential and what are the chances that a woman will be able to conceive a healthy, viable pregnancy with her own eggs? […] Infection, post-surgical scarring or the disease endometriosis can cause fallopian tubes to be blocked, kinked or distorted. […] Fibroids, polyps, intra-uterine scarring from prior surgery are some of the things that can cause the uterus and its lining to be abnormal and to cause an embryo to fail to implant. […] Some patients carry genetic diseases that can cause infertility, such as Fragile X syndrome. […] This is one example of a disease of the female reproductive years that is strongly associated with infertility. […] Many couples failing to conceive after 1-2 years of trying, with all the usual tests coming up normal, may actually have age-related sub-fertility or endometriosis.

• #56 Diagnosing Infertility in Women | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/infertility-in-women/diagnosis

  If a woman has a male sexual partner, a semen analysis is performed on a collected semen sample. […] To help prevent the potentially harmful transmission of hereditary conditions, gene-carrier testing for diseases is recommended to identify whether a woman or couple is at risk of passing on certain illnesses. […] To ensure the health of women and any resulting pregnancies, our doctors perform testing for STIs, including chlamydia, gonorrhea, hepatitis B and C, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human T-cell lymphocyte virus types 1 and 2, and syphilis.

• #57 Fertility Testing & Diagnosis for Women | Women & Infants

  https://fertility.womenandinfants.org/treatment/female-fertility-tests

  A woman should consider fertility testing if she has been actively trying to get pregnant, by having unprotected intercourse on a regular basis with her partner, for more than one year. […] If a woman is age 35 or older, she should consider fertility testing after six months of trying to get pregnant. […] Fertility tests for women help identify the cause(s) of infertility so the condition can be properly treated and the couple can have the best chance to conceive. […] Fertility testing to diagnose the cause of infertility in women may involve discussion of medical history, blood tests and minimally invasive procedures. […] When testing fails to identify a specific cause, the diagnosis is unexplained infertility, which affects approximately 15 to 30 percent of infertile couples, according to the National Institutes of Health.

• #58 Unexplained Infertility: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Outlook

  https://www.healthline.com/health/infertility/unexplained-infertility

  Infertility is unexplained when exams and testing dont identify a clear cause. […] Doctors use a variety of tests to determine the root cause of infertility. Testing is suggested when you have been trying for a year without conceiving sooner if you or your partner are over age 35. […] Fertility testing for females may include: a physical exam, blood testing to measure things like luteinizing hormone (LH) and anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing, an ultrasound, an X-ray (hysterosalpingography), laparoscopy. […] Unexplained infertility is a diagnosis of exclusion. This means that if fertility testing doesnt find a clear reason for infertility, a doctor may diagnose unexplained infertility. […] IUI with ovulation induction is considered a first-line treatment for unexplained infertility.

• #59 Female Infertility Diagnoses | Most Common Conditions | Mid-Iowa

  https://midiowafertility.com/infertility-testing/female-fertility-diagnosis/

  Endometriosis is endometrial tissue that adheres to places outside the uterus such as the ovaries, fallopian tubes, or pelvic cavity. […] Surgery is the only way to make a definitive diagnosis. […] Fibroids can cause irregular bleeding, heavy bleeding with longer periods, anemia, pressure, pain, and miscarriage. […] Treatment of fibroids will depend on symptoms, size, and location of the fibroid. […] Polyps may cause irregular periods, heavy menstrual periods, spotting after menopause, and infertility. […] Diagnosis of a polyp is done by a sonohysterogram. […] Adhesions can from on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, or anywhere in the pelvic cavity. […] Adhesions may be removed by performing a Laparoscopy. […] This is the diagnosis given when all the other tests come back normal. […] There may be other diagnoses or medical conditions that we have just not come to understand yet.

• #60 Female Infertility | Labcorp Women’s Health

  https://womenshealth.labcorp.com/patients/fertility/female-infertility

  Individual lifestyle choices or circumstances can play a role in female infertility. Key considerations vary but may include: Age, Smoking, Excess use of alcohol, Stress, Unhealthy dietary habits, Athletic training, Being overweight or underweight, STIs, Hormonal changes due to health problems. […] There are many reproductive issues that can lead to infertility. See below for a list of some of the most common causes of infertility in women: Dysfunctional ovulation, PCOS, Endometriosis, Abnormalities, Infections, Autoimmune. […] Occurring in about 40% of cases of female infertility, dysfunctional ovulation includes both irregularities in ovulation and the failure to ovulate. In typical ovulation, one ovary releases an egg every month, so if you experience fewer than nine menstrual cycles in a year, you may have dysfunctional ovulation.

• #61 Female Infertility | Labcorp Women’s Health

  https://womenshealth.labcorp.com/patients/fertility/female-infertility

  Autoimmune disorders cause the body’s immune system to attack normal body tissues. Examples of autoimmune disorders that may affect fertility include: Lupus, Hashimoto’s and other types of thyroiditis, Crohn’s disease, Rheumatoid arthritis. […] You should talk to a care provider about infertility if any of the following applies to you: You are 35 or older and have been trying to conceive for six months or longer, You are experiencing irregular or absent periods, You have had previous fertility issues in the past, You have been diagnosed with endometriosis or pelvic inflammatory disease, You have had multiple miscarriages.

• #62 Infertility Diagnosis – Austin Fertility Clinic – Diagnosing Infertility

  https://txfertility.com/infertility-diagnosis/

  Understanding an infertility diagnosis for women and men having difficulty conceiving is a crucial step on their path to parenthood at our Austin fertility clinic. Our first priority is ensuring women and men facing fertility challenges receive the right diagnosis. Our fertility specialists perform comprehensive fertility evaluations for hopeful parents and take great care in analyzing the results of the following tests. […] […] Female fertility evaluation includes a transvaginal ultrasound, which helps our fertility specialists determine whether she has uterine abnormalities. In addition, this ultrasound helps us assess her ovaries. […] […] Common fertility treatments include ovulation induction, intrauterine insemination (IUI), in vitro fertilization (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and egg or sperm donation. […] […] Female Fertility Evaluation includes Ovarian Reserve Testing, AMH Testing for Ovarian Reserve, Ultrasound Examination, Hysterosalpingogram (HSG), Sonohysterogram, Endometrial Receptivity Testing, and Surgical Evaluation of Infertility.

• #63 Infertility: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16083-infertility

  Treatment for infertility depends mostly on the cause and your goals. Your age, how long youve been trying to conceive and your personal preferences are factors in deciding on a treatment. […] In most cases, women and couples with infertility have a high chance of pregnancy. Things like medication, surgery or assisted reproductive technology (ART) can help. […] Treatments for infertility in women include: Lifestyle modification: Gaining or losing weight, stopping smoking or using drugs, and improving other health conditions can improve your chance of pregnancy. Medications: Fertility drugs stimulate your ovaries to ovulate more eggs, which increases your chance of getting pregnant. Surgery: Surgery can open blocked fallopian tubes and remove polyps, fibroids or scar tissue. […] Yes, but it depends on the cause. In 85% to 90% of cases, lifestyle modification, medication, ART or surgery can treat infertility and allow a woman to conceive.

• #64 Unexplained Infertility: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Outlook

  https://www.healthline.com/health/infertility/unexplained-infertility

  Infertility is unexplained when exams and testing dont identify a clear cause. […] Doctors use a variety of tests to determine the root cause of infertility. Testing is suggested when you have been trying for a year without conceiving sooner if you or your partner are over age 35. […] Fertility testing for females may include: a physical exam, blood testing to measure things like luteinizing hormone (LH) and anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing, an ultrasound, an X-ray (hysterosalpingography), laparoscopy. […] Unexplained infertility is a diagnosis of exclusion. This means that if fertility testing doesnt find a clear reason for infertility, a doctor may diagnose unexplained infertility. […] IUI with ovulation induction is considered a first-line treatment for unexplained infertility.

• #65 Unexplained Infertility: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Outlook

  https://www.healthline.com/health/infertility/unexplained-infertility

  The diagnosis of unexplained infertility means that doctors do not know the cause. Its not a condition that has a prescribed cure. However, fertility treatments can help couples overcome infertility. […] Couples may use fertility procedures like ovulation induction, IUI, IVF, or a combination of these to become pregnant. Some couples may get pregnant after making lifestyle changes or timing intercourse. […] It may. Clomid is a drug used to stimulate the ovaries to produce mature eggs. It may help couples with unexplained infertility, mainly when used along with IUI. […] Unexplained infertility can be a difficult diagnosis, but there are many ways doctors can help you conceive.

• #66 Fertility evaluation of infertile women: a committee opinion (2021) | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/fertility-evaluation-of-infertile-women-a-committee-opinion-2021/

  Fertility evaluation of infertile women: a committee opinion (2021) Diagnostic evaluation for infertility in women should be conducted in a systematic, expeditious, and cost-effective manner to identify all the relevant factors with an initial emphasis on the least invasive methods for detecting the most common causes of infertility. […] In the absence of exigent history or physical findings, evaluation should and treatment may be initiated at 12 months in women 35 years of age and at 6 months in women aged 35 years. […] However, diagnostic testing for infertility should be initiated without delay on presentation with a condition known to cause infertility. […] An evaluation may also be indicated in some women who do not have infertility to optimize assisted reproductive technology treatments for other indications, such as recurrent pregnancy loss or genetic carrier status of an individual or couple where preimplantation genetic testing (for aneuploidy, monogenic disorders, and structural chromosomal rearrangements) is warranted.

• #67 Infertility: Testing and diagnosis for the community physician | British Columbia Medical Journal

  https://bcmj.org/articles/infertility-testing-and-diagnosis-community-physician

  Ovarian reserve testing aims to estimate the number of oocytes a woman has remaining. […] Follicle-stimulating hormone measured on day 3 of the menstrual cycle is the most common endocrine ovarian test. […] When FSH is high (above 20 IU/L) it is a reliable indicator of severely diminished ovarian reserve or perimenopause. […] Anti-Mllerian hormone has been called the holy grail of ovarian reserve testing. […] Estimates suggest that tubal and pelvic disease cause 35% of infertility. […] Semen analysis is a fundamental part of the workup because the male factor accounts for at least 35% of infertility. […] The basic workup for infertility includes confirmation of ovulation, measurement of follicle-stimulating hormone level, hysterosalpingography, and semen analysis.

• #68 Infertility Evaluation and Diagnosis – Brigham and Women’s Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomens.org/obgyn/infertility-reproductive-surgery/infertility-services/evaluation-and-diagnosis

  The goal of the initial infertility evaluation is to determine the likely cause of infertility, and to determine the best approach to infertility treatment. […] A number of infertility problems are due to health issues in females, however, in 20-25 percent of cases, infertility can be attributed exclusively to male factor problems and an additional 10 percent of couples have male infertility in addition to other factors. A complete evaluation and diagnosis should include testing of both male and female partners. […] There are several baseline tests that are used to evaluate the cause of female infertility. […] Day Three Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) level, Estradiol (E2), Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) This is done by testing the blood for FSH, E2, and AMH on day three of the menstrual cycle.

• #69 Evaluating Infertility | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/evaluating-infertility

  In women, several health problems can affect women’s fertility, including problems with reproductive organs or hormones, scarring or blockages of the fallopian tubes (from past sexually transmitted infections [STIs] or endometriosis), and problems with the thyroid gland or pituitary gland. […] The first visit with a fertility specialist usually involves a detailed medical history and a physical exam. […] Tests for infertility include laboratory tests, imaging tests, and certain procedures. […] Laboratory tests may include blood and urine tests. A urine test can tell when and if you ovulate. Blood tests can measure progesterone levels (to see if you have ovulated), thyroid function (problems with the thyroid may cause infertility), levels of the hormone prolactin (high levels can disrupt ovulation), and ovarian reserve (egg supply). […] Different imaging tests and procedures are used to look at the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes to find problems. […] An infertility evaluation can be finished within a few menstrual cycles in most cases. […] Some insurance companies may cover the cost of an infertility evaluation.

• #70 Diagnosis and Management of Infertility

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9302705/

  Commonly used infertility treatments include ovulation induction, which refers to the use of pharmacologic treatments to induce ovulation, and ovarian stimulation, which is performed with the goal of inducing multiple mature ovarian follicles. […] For individuals presenting with anovulation, ovulation induction with timed intercourse is often the appropriate initial treatment choice. […] For couples with unexplained infertility, the American Society for Reproductive Medicine recommends an initial 3 to 4 cycles of ovarian stimulation with intrauterine insemination. […] Age is another consideration that should guide decision-making. Success rates for fertility treatment decline with age.

• #71 Infertility: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16083-infertility

  Treatment for infertility depends mostly on the cause and your goals. Your age, how long youve been trying to conceive and your personal preferences are factors in deciding on a treatment. […] In most cases, women and couples with infertility have a high chance of pregnancy. Things like medication, surgery or assisted reproductive technology (ART) can help. […] Treatments for infertility in women include: Lifestyle modification: Gaining or losing weight, stopping smoking or using drugs, and improving other health conditions can improve your chance of pregnancy. Medications: Fertility drugs stimulate your ovaries to ovulate more eggs, which increases your chance of getting pregnant. Surgery: Surgery can open blocked fallopian tubes and remove polyps, fibroids or scar tissue. […] Yes, but it depends on the cause. In 85% to 90% of cases, lifestyle modification, medication, ART or surgery can treat infertility and allow a woman to conceive.

• #72 Diagnosis and Management of Infertility

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9302705/

  Commonly used infertility treatments include ovulation induction, which refers to the use of pharmacologic treatments to induce ovulation, and ovarian stimulation, which is performed with the goal of inducing multiple mature ovarian follicles. […] For individuals presenting with anovulation, ovulation induction with timed intercourse is often the appropriate initial treatment choice. […] For couples with unexplained infertility, the American Society for Reproductive Medicine recommends an initial 3 to 4 cycles of ovarian stimulation with intrauterine insemination. […] Age is another consideration that should guide decision-making. Success rates for fertility treatment decline with age.

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