Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Infertility: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16083-infertility

  Infertility is a condition of your reproductive system that causes women to be unable to get pregnant (conceive). […] Infertility affects both men and women. Infertility is very common. In the United States, 1 in 5 women between 15 and 49 years old struggle with primary infertility and about 1 in 20 women struggle with secondary infertility. Approximately 48 million couples live with infertility around the world. […] Ovulation disorders are the most common cause of infertility in women. Ovulation is the process in which your ovary releases an egg to meet sperm for fertilization. […] These factors can contribute to female infertility: Endometriosis. Structural abnormalities of your vagina, uterus or fallopian tubes. Autoimmune conditions like celiac disease or lupus. Kidney disease. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Hypothalamic and pituitary gland disorders. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Primary ovarian insufficiency or poor egg quality. Sickle cell anemia. Uterine fibroids or uterine polyps. Thyroid disease. Prior surgical sterilization (tubal ligation or salpingectomy). Genetic or chromosomal disorders. Sexual dysfunction. Surgical or congenital absence of your ovaries. Infrequent or absent menstrual periods.

• #2 Female Infertility – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556033/

  Infertility is a medical condition that can cause psychological, physical, mental, spiritual, and medical detriments to the patient. […] Although male infertility is an important part of any infertility discussion, this topic reviews the evaluation, management, and treatment of female infertility. […] This activity reviews the evaluation, management, and treatment of female infertility and highlights the interprofessional healthcare team’s role in improving care for this patient population. […] Identify the epidemiology of female infertility. […] Evaluate the most common findings of female infertility. […] Determine how best to manage female infertility. […] Communicate the importance of improving healthcare coordination among the interprofessional team to enhance and improve outcomes for female patients with infertility.

• #3 Female Infertility | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/23502

  Infertility is a medical condition that can cause psychological, physical, mental, spiritual, and medical detriments to the patient. […] Although male infertility is an important part of any infertility discussion, this topic reviews the evaluation, management, and treatment of female infertility. […] The ASRM recommends initiating an evaluation for infertility after failing to achieve pregnancy within 12 months of unprotected intercourse or therapeutic donor insemination in women younger than 35 years or within 6 months in women older than 35. […] In 37% of infertile couples, female infertility was the cause; in 35% of couples, both male and female causes were identified. […] The most common identifiable factors of female infertility are as follows: Ovulatory disorders: 25%, Endometriosis: 15%, Pelvic adhesions: 12%, Tubal blockage: 11%, Other tubal/uterine abnormalities: 11%, Hyperprolactinemia: 7%.

• #4 Infertility, Inequality, and How Lack of Insurance Coverage Compromises Reproductive Autonomy | Journal of Ethics | American Medical Association

  https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/infertility-inequality-and-how-lack-insurance-coverage-compromises-reproductive-autonomy/2018-12

  Infertility has been unequivocally defined as a disease state by the World Health Organization (WHO).1 The WHO recognizes that infertility confers a disability, and it is now fifth on the international list of serious disabilities in women.1 Moreover, it is a disease with billable codes that physicians can use when charging patients and their insurance companies, as determined by the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems.2 Despite the expense associated with infertility treatment, the lack of mandated insurance coverage for this disease implies that infertility is a condition undeserving of financial assistance and minimizes its importance to patients. […] Infertility affects people in a wide variety of ways and can have significant detrimental effects on quality of life. For example, approximately 40% of infertile women suffer from anxiety and depression, about twice the rate seen in fertile women.9 One study of 488 American women found that infertile women had rates of anxiety or depression equivalent to those of patients diagnosed with cancer, hypertension, myocardial infarction, or HIV.10 […] The fundamental right to reproduce is currently under threat, and these disparities will only intensify if the financial barriers to infertility care are not directly and promptly addressed.

• #5 Female Infertility | Fertility Clinic located in Bedford and Fort Worth, TX | CARE Fertility

  https://www.embryo.net/content/female-infertility

  Female infertility is a common problem all over the world. It affects women of all cultures, countries, races, and economic status. […] You are not alone. One in four couples experiences difficulty in starting or expanding their family. In fact, 6 million women in the United States suffer from infertility. […] If you or your partner have a recognized cause for infertility, you should seek attention immediately. […] Many women have no indication they may have difficulty when they try to get pregnant. However, your body may let you know when something is amiss or not quite right. Pay attention to these common female infertility symptoms indications that getting pregnant may be a challenge: Irregular or unpredictable menstrual cycle, No menstrual cycle, Pain during sex, Hormone fluctuations, Underlying medical conditions, Being overweight or underweight, Prior diagnosis of endometriosis, Not getting pregnant after a year of trying (under age 35), or six months of trying (35 or older).

• #6 Female Infertility – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556033/

  The most common identifiable factors of female infertility are as follows: Ovulatory disorders: 25%. […] Endometriosis: 15%. […] Pelvic adhesions: 12%. […] Tubal blockage: 11%. […] Other tubal/uterine abnormalities: 11%. […] Hyperprolactinemia: 7%. […] Infertility evaluation is indicated in women with unsuccessful pregnancies after 12 months of unprotected regular intercourse or 6 months if they are over 35 years old. […] The key aspects of the history of the infertile woman are listed below: Duration of infertility. […] Obstetrical history. […] Menstrual history, including molimina. […] Medical, surgical, and gynecological history to include a history of sexually transmitted infections. […] The physical exam should include the following: Vital signs and body mass index.

• #7 Female Infertility | Fertility Clinic located in Bedford and Fort Worth, TX | CARE Fertility

  https://www.embryo.net/content/female-infertility

  There are any number of reasons why a woman is unable to become pregnant, ranging from physical and hormonal problems to genetic and lifestyle factors. […] Ovulatory dysfunction will be identified in approximately 15% of all infertile couples and accounts for up to 40% of infertility in women. […] Several uterine factors can contribute to difficulty in achieving or sustaining a pregnancy. […] Problems with the fallopian tubes are a common cause of infertility. […] Endometriosis occurs when the tissue that lines the endometrial cavity implants outside the uterus. […] Research consistently shows that lifestyle factors what you eat, how well you sleep, where you live, and other behaviors have profound effects on health and disease. Fertility is no exception. […] If you suspect you might be infertile, the next step is to have your doctor evaluate your medical history and perform a physical exam. Most of the tests and procedures involved relate to ovulatory dysfunction and egg count.

• #8 Patient education: Evaluation of infertility in couples (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-of-infertility-in-couples-beyond-the-basics

  EVALUATION OF FEMALE INFERTILITY […] Although a variety of tests are available for evaluating female infertility (the inability to get pregnant), it may not be necessary to have all of these tests. Health care providers usually begin with a medical history, a thorough physical examination, and some preliminary tests. […] Medical history — The evaluation will involve reviewing past health and medical history. The health care provider will ask about childhood development; sexual development during puberty; sexual history; illnesses and infections, including sexually transmitted infections; surgeries; medications used; exposure to certain environmental agents (such as alcohol, radiation, steroids, chemotherapy, or toxic chemicals); and whether a fertility evaluation has been done before. […] Menstrual history — Ovulation is the time during the menstrual cycle when the ovary releases an egg into the fallopian tube; if the egg is fertilized by a partner’s sperm, this results in pregnancy. In order to get pregnant, a couple needs to have intercourse near the time of ovulation.

• #9 Female infertility | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/female-infertility

  Infertility results from female factors about one-third of the time and both female and male factors about one-third of the time. The cause is either unknown or a combination of male and female factors in the remaining cases. […] Female infertility causes can be difficult to diagnose. There are many treatments, depending on the infertility cause. Many infertile couples will go on to conceive a child without treatment. […] Ovulating infrequently or not at all accounts for most cases of infertility. Problems with the regulation of reproductive hormones by the hypothalamus or the pituitary gland or problems in the ovary can cause ovulation disorders. […] Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) causes a hormone imbalance, which affects ovulation. PCOS is associated with insulin resistance and obesity, abnormal hair growth on the face or body, and acne. It’s the most common cause of female infertility.

• #10 Infertility: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16083-infertility

  Infertility is a condition of your reproductive system that causes women to be unable to get pregnant (conceive). […] Infertility affects both men and women. Infertility is very common. In the United States, 1 in 5 women between 15 and 49 years old struggle with primary infertility and about 1 in 20 women struggle with secondary infertility. Approximately 48 million couples live with infertility around the world. […] Ovulation disorders are the most common cause of infertility in women. Ovulation is the process in which your ovary releases an egg to meet sperm for fertilization. […] These factors can contribute to female infertility: Endometriosis. Structural abnormalities of your vagina, uterus or fallopian tubes. Autoimmune conditions like celiac disease or lupus. Kidney disease. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Hypothalamic and pituitary gland disorders. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Primary ovarian insufficiency or poor egg quality. Sickle cell anemia. Uterine fibroids or uterine polyps. Thyroid disease. Prior surgical sterilization (tubal ligation or salpingectomy). Genetic or chromosomal disorders. Sexual dysfunction. Surgical or congenital absence of your ovaries. Infrequent or absent menstrual periods.

• #11 Female Infertility | Reproductive Science Center of New JerseyFemale Infertility | Reproductive Science Center of New Jersey

  https://fertilitynj.com/infertility/female-infertility/

  Infertility in women can be linked to a number of factors. […] Women in their 30s or older who have not been able to conceive for six months should seek a fertility evaluation – as should their male partners. […] While age-related factors are an increasing barrier to female fertility, ovulatory disorders play a significant role as well, accounting for 25 percent of infertility cases. […] Tubal problems are responsible for 35 percent of infertility cases. […] Genetic disorders are the underlying factors causing infertility in women in several ways. […] In addition to age and specific reproductive functions, overall health can greatly affect a woman’s fertility. […] It is important for hopeful parents to practice a healthy lifestyle while trying to conceive. […] When it comes to female fertility, a woman’s weight can greatly impact her hormone production.

• #12 Fertility Health in Kansas City | AdventHealth Shawnee Mission

  https://www.adventhealth.com/hospital/adventhealth-shawnee-mission/our-services/fertility-health-kansas-city

  Several uterine conditions can create barriers to pregnancy, including endometriosis, fibroids, pelvic adhesions and cysts. […] Fallopian tubes that are blocked, damaged or inflamed can prevent sperm from reaching the egg or a fertilized egg from entering the uterus. […] We also treat women suffering from recurrent miscarriage, secondary infertility (the inability to conceive and deliver a child following the birth of one or more biological children) and unexplained infertility. […] Our skilled surgeons and reproductive endocrinologists can correct these issues with in vitro fertilization (IVF), intrauterine insemination (IUI) or minimally invasive fertility surgeries. […] If you’ve tried to get pregnant on your own with no success, it may be time to evaluate your fertility and seek treatment options that can help female infertility.

• #13 Female Infertility, Active Component Service Women, U.S. Armed Forces, 2013–2018 | Health.mil

  https://health.mil/News/Articles/2019/06/01/Female-Infertility

  The prevalence of diagnosed infertility among female active component service members is low compared to estimates of self-reported infertility obtained from U.S. national and military surveys. The incidence of diagnosed female infertility decreased between 2013 and 2018 despite a concurrent increase in the rate of fertility testing. […] The findings of this report show that the incidence of diagnosed female infertility among active component U.S. service members between 2013 and 2018 was 79.3 per 10,000 p-yrs. […] The most common types of diagnoses of infertility due to specific causes were related to anovulation or of tubal origin. […] This report also showed that among women diagnosed with incident infertility, about one-fifth (20.7%) had a live birth within 2 years following the diagnosis.

• #14 Female Infertility Care in the Tampa Bay Area

  https://www.floridafertility.com/fertility-resources/female-infertility

  Women with a history of untreated sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as chlamydia and gonorrhea can sometimes develop pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which can cause damage to the fallopian tubes and prevent eggs from being fertilized. […] The Reproductive Medicine Group has many years of experience diagnosing and treating the full spectrum of female infertility issues in Florida.

• #15 Female infertility | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/female-infertility

  Endometriosis occurs when tissue that typically grows in the uterus implants and grows in other places. This extra tissue growth and the surgical removal of it can cause scarring, which can block fallopian tubes and keep an egg and sperm from uniting. […] Several uterine or cervical causes can interfere with the egg implanting or increase the risk of miscarriage: Benign polyps or tumors (fibroids or myomas) are common in the uterus. Some can block fallopian tubes or interfere with implantation, affecting fertility. However, many women who have fibroids or polyps do become pregnant. […] If you’ve been unable to conceive within a reasonable period of time, seek help from your doctor for evaluation and treatment of infertility. You and your partner should be evaluated. […] Infertility treatment depends on the cause, your age, how long you’ve been infertile and personal preferences. Because infertility is a complex disorder, treatment involves significant financial, physical, psychological and time commitments.

• #16 Female Infertility Care in the Tampa Bay Area

  https://www.floridafertility.com/fertility-resources/female-infertility

  Any disruption in the monthly process of ovulation can result in female infertility. […] PCOS is a common cause of not ovulating regularly, irregular periods, and female factor infertility. […] Endometriosis can cause pain, scar tissue growth, pelvic adhesions, and infertility issues. […] Sometimes, women under the age of 40 will experience a sudden drop in ovarian function. This is referred to as premature ovarian failure or premature ovarian insufficiency. […] Uterine fibroids are benign muscle tumors within the uterus. […] Female infertility can be caused by a variety of factors, including advanced maternal age, ovulation disorders, hormonal imbalances, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, premature ovarian failure, uterine fibroids, and more. […] There are a wide variety of treatment options available for female infertility, the most common being intrauterine insemination (IUI), in vitro fertilization (IVF), egg freezing, and egg donation.

• #17 Female infertility | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/female-infertility

  Endometriosis occurs when tissue that typically grows in the uterus implants and grows in other places. This extra tissue growth and the surgical removal of it can cause scarring, which can block fallopian tubes and keep an egg and sperm from uniting. […] Several uterine or cervical causes can interfere with the egg implanting or increase the risk of miscarriage: Benign polyps or tumors (fibroids or myomas) are common in the uterus. Some can block fallopian tubes or interfere with implantation, affecting fertility. However, many women who have fibroids or polyps do become pregnant. […] If you’ve been unable to conceive within a reasonable period of time, seek help from your doctor for evaluation and treatment of infertility. You and your partner should be evaluated. […] Infertility treatment depends on the cause, your age, how long you’ve been infertile and personal preferences. Because infertility is a complex disorder, treatment involves significant financial, physical, psychological and time commitments.

• #18 Female infertility | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20198834/

  Endometriosis occurs when tissue that typically grows in the uterus implants and grows in other places. This extra tissue growth and the surgical removal of it can cause scarring, which can block fallopian tubes and keep an egg and sperm from uniting. […] Several uterine or cervical causes can interfere with the egg implanting or increase the risk of miscarriage. […] In some cases, the cause of infertility is never found. A combination of several minor factors in both partners could cause unexplained fertility problems. […] Infertility treatment depends on the cause, your age, how long you’ve been infertile and personal preferences. […] Medications that regulate or stimulate ovulation are known as fertility drugs. Fertility drugs are the main treatment for women who are infertile due to ovulation disorders.

• #19 Patient education: Evaluation of infertility in couples (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-of-infertility-in-couples-beyond-the-basics

  Tests to evaluate the uterus and fallopian tubes — Uterine abnormalities that can contribute to infertility include congenital structural abnormalities, such as a uterine septum; fibroids; polyps; and structural abnormalities that can result from gynecologic procedures. […] Hysterosalpingogram — Hysterosalpingogram (HSG) is used to help identify structural abnormalities of the uterus and fallopian tubes. […] Sonohysterogram — A sonohysterogram is a type of pelvic ultrasound that involves inserting sterile fluid through a catheter into the uterus and then looking at the uterus with ultrasound. […] Hysteroscopy — In a hysteroscopy, a small tube containing a light source is inserted through the cervix and into the uterus to directly visualize the lining of the uterus and the openings where the fallopian tubes enter the uterus.

• #20 Female Infertility – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556033/

  Clomiphene treats WHO class 2 anovulation effectively but is ineffective in WHO class 1 and class 3 anovulation. […] In vitro fertilization (IVF) is the first-line treatment for bilateral tubal factor infertility. […] Tubal corrective surgeries have worse pregnancy outcomes and have an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy. […] The most important aspect of fibroids is the location. […] Fibroids that impinge on the endometrium and distort the uterine cavity result in impaired implantation and increased miscarriage rates. […] Women with submucosal or submucosal-intramural fibroids that distort the uterine cavity have been proven to have decreased pregnancy rates. […] The first-line treatment for the removal of the most detrimental fibroids is operative hysteroscopy. […] Women should see their providers for a referral to an infertility subspecialist if they are unable to achieve pregnancy after 1 year of unprotected timed intercourse or if she is older than 35 years of age, 6 months of unprotected timed intercourse.

• #21 Female Infertility: Symptoms and Causes | Tampa General Hospital

  https://www.tgh.org/institutes-and-services/conditions/female-infertility

  Infertility in women is common, characterized by the inability to get pregnant. […] At least 10% of women deal with infertility and the risk can increase as a woman gets older. […] One of the biggest factors is age, because fertility typically begins to decline after age 32 for women. […] Other risk factors for female infertility include: […] Beyond difficulty conceiving, infertility usually does not cause noticeable symptoms. […] A physical exam, Pap test and pelvic exam may be performed to help diagnose the cause of infertility in women. […] Infertility is common among women and can be treated. […] Some common treatment approaches include: […] At Tampa General Hospital, our multidisciplinary team includes reproductive endocrinologists who specialize in treating infertility.

• #22 Female Infertility – Tennessee Fertility Center – Causes of Infertility

  https://www.nashvillefertility.com/treatment-and-care/female-infertility/

  Because a woman is born with all the eggs she will ever have in her lifetime, her egg supply declines throughout the years and cannot be replenished. While diminished ovarian reserve is a common cause, many other factors may also be at play in female infertility, including ovulation disorders, hormone problems, disease, or structural problems with the fallopian tubes or uterus. In some cases, no cause is discovered, and the reasons behind a couple’s infertility remain unexplained. […] A comprehensive infertility evaluation for both partners is the only way to diagnose both male and female infertility so that your fertility specialist can create an effective treatment plan targeted to your specific reproductive issues. Our Tennessee fertility center recommends fertility testing for all women who are younger than 35 and have been trying to conceive for 12 months, or six months for older women. Testing is also recommended for women who have had repeated miscarriages.

• #23 Infertility: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16083-infertility

  Infertility is a condition of your reproductive system that causes women to be unable to get pregnant (conceive). […] Infertility affects both men and women. Infertility is very common. In the United States, 1 in 5 women between 15 and 49 years old struggle with primary infertility and about 1 in 20 women struggle with secondary infertility. Approximately 48 million couples live with infertility around the world. […] Ovulation disorders are the most common cause of infertility in women. Ovulation is the process in which your ovary releases an egg to meet sperm for fertilization. […] These factors can contribute to female infertility: Endometriosis. Structural abnormalities of your vagina, uterus or fallopian tubes. Autoimmune conditions like celiac disease or lupus. Kidney disease. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Hypothalamic and pituitary gland disorders. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Primary ovarian insufficiency or poor egg quality. Sickle cell anemia. Uterine fibroids or uterine polyps. Thyroid disease. Prior surgical sterilization (tubal ligation or salpingectomy). Genetic or chromosomal disorders. Sexual dysfunction. Surgical or congenital absence of your ovaries. Infrequent or absent menstrual periods.

• #24 Female Infertility | Reproductive Science Center of New JerseyFemale Infertility | Reproductive Science Center of New Jersey

  https://fertilitynj.com/infertility/female-infertility/

  Infertility in women can be linked to a number of factors. […] Women in their 30s or older who have not been able to conceive for six months should seek a fertility evaluation – as should their male partners. […] While age-related factors are an increasing barrier to female fertility, ovulatory disorders play a significant role as well, accounting for 25 percent of infertility cases. […] Tubal problems are responsible for 35 percent of infertility cases. […] Genetic disorders are the underlying factors causing infertility in women in several ways. […] In addition to age and specific reproductive functions, overall health can greatly affect a woman’s fertility. […] It is important for hopeful parents to practice a healthy lifestyle while trying to conceive. […] When it comes to female fertility, a woman’s weight can greatly impact her hormone production.

• #25 Female Infertility | Reproductive Science Center of New JerseyFemale Infertility | Reproductive Science Center of New Jersey

  https://fertilitynj.com/infertility/female-infertility/

  It is important for women to maintain a weight that is considered medically healthy, measured by a body mass index (BMI) calculator. […] Bodies perform best when they are fueled by healthy nutrients, and pregnancy is no exception. […] Effects of STDs, specifically chlamydia and gonorrhea, can lead to infertility in women. […] In addition to other health concerns, smoking ages a woman’s ovaries and depletes her eggs prematurely. […] An increase in ovulation disorders is associated with heavy drinking. […] While exercise and maintaining a healthy weight are important, physical activity should be done in moderation. […] Exposure to toxins can affect hormones and the health of a woman’s eggs.

• #26 A Holistic Approach to Female Infertility | Springer Publishing

  https://connect.springerpub.com/content/sgrcjnpwh/1/1/34

  A holistic approach to infertility treatment is person-centered and considers the individuals overall health rather than focusing only on the disease. […] A holistic approach to care that is evidence-based is essential for women facing infertility before and in tandem with referrals for ART. […] Womens health nurse practitioners in primary care settings can perform a comprehensive medical history and physical examination, order laboratory markers, and interpret initial findings. […] They can assess understanding of menstrual cycles, fertile windows, and fertility awareness methods, and provide education in these areas. […] The nurse practitioner can thoroughly assess behaviors and lifestyle factors that can affect fertility and provide appropriate education, counseling, and referrals. […] Helping women make informed choices regarding their health and fertility can improve outcomes.

• #27 Fertility evaluation of infertile women: a committee opinion (2021) | American Society for Reproductive Medicine | ASRM

  https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/fertility-evaluation-of-infertile-women-a-committee-opinion-2021/

  Fertility evaluation of infertile women: a committee opinion (2021) […] Diagnostic evaluation for infertility in women should be conducted in a systematic, expeditious, and cost-effective manner to identify all the relevant factors with an initial emphasis on the least invasive methods for detecting the most common causes of infertility. […] Infertility is a disease historically defined as the failure to achieve a successful pregnancy after 12 months of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse or because of impairment of the capacity to reproduce either as an individual or with a partner. […] In the absence of exigent history or physical findings, evaluation should and treatment may be initiated at 12 months in women 35 years of age and at 6 months in women aged 35 years. […] In women 40 years of age, more immediate evaluation and treatment may be warranted.

• #28 Female Infertility | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/23502

  Infertility evaluation is indicated in women with unsuccessful pregnancies after 12 months of unprotected regular intercourse or 6 months if they are over 35 years old. […] The key aspects of the history of the infertile woman are listed below: Duration of infertility, Obstetrical history, Menstrual history, including molimina, Medical, surgical, and gynecological history to include a history of sexually transmitted infections, Sexual history to include coital frequency and timing, Social and lifestyle history to include cigarettes, alcohol, and illicit drug use, exercise, and diet, occupation, Family history, screening for genetic issues, history of venous thrombotic events, recurrent pregnancy loss, and infertility. […] Women with extremes in body mass index (BMI) frequently present with infertility and ovulatory dysfunction.

• #29 Female Infertility | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/23502

  Infertility evaluation is indicated in women with unsuccessful pregnancies after 12 months of unprotected regular intercourse or 6 months if they are over 35 years old. […] The key aspects of the history of the infertile woman are listed below: Duration of infertility, Obstetrical history, Menstrual history, including molimina, Medical, surgical, and gynecological history to include a history of sexually transmitted infections, Sexual history to include coital frequency and timing, Social and lifestyle history to include cigarettes, alcohol, and illicit drug use, exercise, and diet, occupation, Family history, screening for genetic issues, history of venous thrombotic events, recurrent pregnancy loss, and infertility. […] Women with extremes in body mass index (BMI) frequently present with infertility and ovulatory dysfunction.

• #30 Female Infertility – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556033/

  Thyroid evaluation. […] Breast exam for galactorrhea. […] Signs of androgen excess: dermatological and external genitalia exam. […] The evaluation and interpretation of a semen analysis are outside the scope of this review; however, the importance of this test as part of the initial evaluation before initiating treatments cannot be reiterated enough. […] Women with extremes in body mass index (BMI) frequently present with infertility and ovulatory dysfunction. […] Women with a BMI of less than 17 kg/m^2 with a history of intense exercise regimens or women with eating disorders are likely to develop hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, which causes decreased pituitary gonadotropin secretions. […] The first-line medication for infertility of unknown origin and the medication most providers use is clomiphene citrate (CC).

• #31

  https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/fulltext/2019/06000/infertility_workup_for_the_women_s_health.47.aspx

  Infertility, defined as failure to achieve pregnancy within 12 months of unprotected intercourse or therapeutic donor insemination in women younger than 35 years or within 6 months in women older than 35 years, affects up to 15% of couples. […] Women older than 35 years should receive an expedited evaluation and undergo treatment after 6 months of failed attempts to become pregnant or earlier, if clinically indicated. […] Essential components of an initial workup include a review of the medical history, physical examination, and additional tests as indicated. For the female partner, tests will focus on ovarian reserve, ovulatory function, and structural abnormalities. […] A targeted physical examination of the female partner should be performed with a focus on vital signs and include a thyroid, breast, and pelvic examination.

• #32 Evaluating Infertility | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/evaluating-infertility

  The most common cause of female infertility is a problem with ovulation. […] In women, several health problems can affect women’s fertility, including: Problems with reproductive organs or hormones, Scarring or blockages of the fallopian tubes (from past sexually transmitted infections [STIs] or endometriosis), Problems with the thyroid gland or pituitary gland. […] Laboratory tests may include blood and urine tests. A urine test can tell when and if you ovulate. Blood tests can measure: Progesterone levels (to see if you have ovulated), Thyroid function (problems with the thyroid may cause infertility), Levels of the hormone prolactin (high levels can disrupt ovulation), Ovarian reserve (egg supply). […] Different imaging tests and procedures are used to look at the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes to find problems. Some procedures also are used to treat certain problems if they are found. Common imaging tests for female infertility include the following: Ultrasound exam, Sonohysterography, Hysterosalpingography, Hysteroscopy, Laparoscopy. […] An infertility evaluation can be finished within a few menstrual cycles in most cases.

• #33 Evaluation and Treatment of Infertility | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0301/p308.html

  A high serum FSH level (greater than 30 to 40 mIU per mL [30 to 40 IU per L]) with a low estradiol level can distinguish ovarian failure from hypothalamic pituitary failure, which typically reveals a low or normal FSH level (less than 10 mIU per mL [10 IU per L]) and a low estradiol level. […] Women with no clear risk of tubal obstruction should be offered hysterosalpingography to screen for tubal occlusion and structural uterine abnormalities. […] Treatment of tubal obstruction generally requires referral for subspecialty care. […] Endometrial biopsy should be performed only in women with suspected pathology (chronic endometritis or neoplasia). […] Women in WHO group II, including those who are overweight and who have polycystic ovary syndrome, can benefit from weight loss, exercise, and lifestyle modifications to restore ovulatory cycles and achieve pregnancy.

• #34 Evaluating Infertility | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/evaluating-infertility

  The most common cause of female infertility is a problem with ovulation. […] In women, several health problems can affect women’s fertility, including: Problems with reproductive organs or hormones, Scarring or blockages of the fallopian tubes (from past sexually transmitted infections [STIs] or endometriosis), Problems with the thyroid gland or pituitary gland. […] Laboratory tests may include blood and urine tests. A urine test can tell when and if you ovulate. Blood tests can measure: Progesterone levels (to see if you have ovulated), Thyroid function (problems with the thyroid may cause infertility), Levels of the hormone prolactin (high levels can disrupt ovulation), Ovarian reserve (egg supply). […] Different imaging tests and procedures are used to look at the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes to find problems. Some procedures also are used to treat certain problems if they are found. Common imaging tests for female infertility include the following: Ultrasound exam, Sonohysterography, Hysterosalpingography, Hysteroscopy, Laparoscopy. […] An infertility evaluation can be finished within a few menstrual cycles in most cases.

• #35 Patient education: Evaluation of infertility in couples (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-of-infertility-in-couples-beyond-the-basics

  Tests to evaluate the uterus and fallopian tubes — Uterine abnormalities that can contribute to infertility include congenital structural abnormalities, such as a uterine septum; fibroids; polyps; and structural abnormalities that can result from gynecologic procedures. […] Hysterosalpingogram — Hysterosalpingogram (HSG) is used to help identify structural abnormalities of the uterus and fallopian tubes. […] Sonohysterogram — A sonohysterogram is a type of pelvic ultrasound that involves inserting sterile fluid through a catheter into the uterus and then looking at the uterus with ultrasound. […] Hysteroscopy — In a hysteroscopy, a small tube containing a light source is inserted through the cervix and into the uterus to directly visualize the lining of the uterus and the openings where the fallopian tubes enter the uterus.

• #36 Patient education: Evaluation of infertility in couples (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-of-infertility-in-couples-beyond-the-basics

  Pelvic ultrasound — In a pelvic (transvaginal) ultrasound, a small ultrasound probe is inserted into the vagina; this provides a clearer image of the uterus and ovaries than ultrasound that is performed through the abdomen. […] Laparoscopy — During laparoscopy, a thin, lighted tube is inserted through a small incision in the abdomen, allowing the physician to view the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes. […] Genetic testing — Genetic testing may be recommended if there is a suspicion that genetic or chromosomal abnormalities are contributing to infertility.

• #37 Fertility Testing & Diagnosis for Women | Women & Infants

  https://fertility.womenandinfants.org/treatment/female-fertility-tests

  Fertility tests for women help identify the cause(s) of infertility so the condition can be properly treated and the couple can have the best chance to conceive. […] Fertility testing to diagnose the cause of infertility in women may involve discussion of medical history, blood tests and minimally invasive procedures. […] The first appointment will provide information for the doctor to determine if further testing should be conducted. […] Blood tests are done at different times during a womans menstrual cycle to measure hormone levels in the blood. […] Testing for ovarian reserve assesses the potential number of eggs a woman has in her ovaries. […] Laparoscopy is a minimally invasive surgery in which the doctor inserts a camera and small surgical instruments into the abdominal cavity through a small incision in the belly button.

• #38 Patient education: Evaluation of infertility in couples (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-of-infertility-in-couples-beyond-the-basics

  Pelvic ultrasound — In a pelvic (transvaginal) ultrasound, a small ultrasound probe is inserted into the vagina; this provides a clearer image of the uterus and ovaries than ultrasound that is performed through the abdomen. […] Laparoscopy — During laparoscopy, a thin, lighted tube is inserted through a small incision in the abdomen, allowing the physician to view the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes. […] Genetic testing — Genetic testing may be recommended if there is a suspicion that genetic or chromosomal abnormalities are contributing to infertility.

• #39 Female infertility | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20198834/

  Endometriosis occurs when tissue that typically grows in the uterus implants and grows in other places. This extra tissue growth and the surgical removal of it can cause scarring, which can block fallopian tubes and keep an egg and sperm from uniting. […] Several uterine or cervical causes can interfere with the egg implanting or increase the risk of miscarriage. […] In some cases, the cause of infertility is never found. A combination of several minor factors in both partners could cause unexplained fertility problems. […] Infertility treatment depends on the cause, your age, how long you’ve been infertile and personal preferences. […] Medications that regulate or stimulate ovulation are known as fertility drugs. Fertility drugs are the main treatment for women who are infertile due to ovulation disorders.

• #40 Infertility: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16083-infertility

  Treatment for infertility depends mostly on the cause and your goals. Your age, how long you’ve been trying to conceive and your personal preferences are factors in deciding on a treatment. […] Treatments for infertility in women include: Lifestyle modification: Gaining or losing weight, stopping smoking or using drugs, and improving other health conditions can improve your chance of pregnancy. Medications: Fertility drugs stimulate your ovaries to ovulate more eggs, which increases your chance of getting pregnant. Surgery: Surgery can open blocked fallopian tubes and remove polyps, fibroids or scar tissue. […] Approximately 9 out of 10 couples get pregnant after undergoing fertility treatments. Success rates vary depending on the cause of infertility, the couples ages and other factors.

• #41 Evaluation and Treatment of Infertility | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0301/p308.html

  A high serum FSH level (greater than 30 to 40 mIU per mL [30 to 40 IU per L]) with a low estradiol level can distinguish ovarian failure from hypothalamic pituitary failure, which typically reveals a low or normal FSH level (less than 10 mIU per mL [10 IU per L]) and a low estradiol level. […] Women with no clear risk of tubal obstruction should be offered hysterosalpingography to screen for tubal occlusion and structural uterine abnormalities. […] Treatment of tubal obstruction generally requires referral for subspecialty care. […] Endometrial biopsy should be performed only in women with suspected pathology (chronic endometritis or neoplasia). […] Women in WHO group II, including those who are overweight and who have polycystic ovary syndrome, can benefit from weight loss, exercise, and lifestyle modifications to restore ovulatory cycles and achieve pregnancy.

• #42 Female infertility | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20198834/

  Endometriosis occurs when tissue that typically grows in the uterus implants and grows in other places. This extra tissue growth and the surgical removal of it can cause scarring, which can block fallopian tubes and keep an egg and sperm from uniting. […] Several uterine or cervical causes can interfere with the egg implanting or increase the risk of miscarriage. […] In some cases, the cause of infertility is never found. A combination of several minor factors in both partners could cause unexplained fertility problems. […] Infertility treatment depends on the cause, your age, how long you’ve been infertile and personal preferences. […] Medications that regulate or stimulate ovulation are known as fertility drugs. Fertility drugs are the main treatment for women who are infertile due to ovulation disorders.

• #43 Female Infertility – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556033/

  Clomiphene treats WHO class 2 anovulation effectively but is ineffective in WHO class 1 and class 3 anovulation. […] In vitro fertilization (IVF) is the first-line treatment for bilateral tubal factor infertility. […] Tubal corrective surgeries have worse pregnancy outcomes and have an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy. […] The most important aspect of fibroids is the location. […] Fibroids that impinge on the endometrium and distort the uterine cavity result in impaired implantation and increased miscarriage rates. […] Women with submucosal or submucosal-intramural fibroids that distort the uterine cavity have been proven to have decreased pregnancy rates. […] The first-line treatment for the removal of the most detrimental fibroids is operative hysteroscopy. […] Women should see their providers for a referral to an infertility subspecialist if they are unable to achieve pregnancy after 1 year of unprotected timed intercourse or if she is older than 35 years of age, 6 months of unprotected timed intercourse.

• #44 Evaluation and Treatment of Infertility | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0301/p308.html

  Family physicians may choose to attempt ovulation induction in anovulatory women (WHO group II) with clomiphene. […] Couples who have no identified cause of infertility should be counseled on timing of intercourse for the most fertile period (i.e., the six days preceding ovulation). […] Patients should be counseled that 50% of couples who have not conceived in the first year of trying will conceive in the second year. […] All couples should be counseled to abstain from tobacco use, limit alcohol consumption, and aim for a body mass index less than 30 kg per m2 to improve their chances of natural conception or using assisted reproductive technology.

• #45 Subfertility: Nursing Assessment and Management

  https://nurseslabs.com/subfertility/

  To increase sperm count and improve motility, the man must refrain from coitus for 7 to 10 days at a time. […] One of the therapies that is used for the disturbance of ovulation is the administration of GnRH. […] Therapeutic insemination is the instillation of the sperm into the reproductive tract so that the woman can conceive. […] One or more oocytes are aspirated from the woman and are fertilized by a sperm under laboratory conditions but outside the woman’s body.

• #46 Female infertility | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/female-infertility

  Medications that regulate or stimulate ovulation are known as fertility drugs. Fertility drugs are the main treatment for women who are infertile due to ovulation disorders. […] Using fertility drugs carries some risks, such as: Pregnancy with multiples. Oral medications carry a fairly low risk of multiples (less than 10%) and mostly a risk of twins. […] Several surgical procedures can correct problems or otherwise improve female fertility. However, surgical treatments for fertility are rare these days due to the success of other treatments. […] The most commonly used methods of reproductive assistance include: Intrauterine insemination (IUI). During IUI, millions of healthy sperm are placed inside the uterus around the time of ovulation. […] Dealing with infertility can be physically and emotionally exhausting. To cope with the ups and downs of infertility testing and treatment, consider these strategies: Learn all you can. […] For an infertility evaluation, you’ll likely see a doctor who specializes in treating disorders that prevent couples from conceiving (reproductive endocrinologist). Your doctor will likely want to evaluate both you and your partner.

• #47 Female infertility | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20198834/

  Several surgical procedures can correct problems or otherwise improve female fertility. […] The most commonly used methods of reproductive assistance include: Intrauterine insemination (IUI) and Assisted reproductive technology. […] Dealing with infertility can be physically and emotionally exhausting. […] For an infertility evaluation, you’ll likely see a doctor who specializes in treating disorders that prevent couples from conceiving (reproductive endocrinologist). Your doctor will likely want to evaluate both you and your partner. […] To prepare for your appointment: Chart menstrual cycles and associated symptoms for a few months. […] Some potential questions your doctor or other health care provider might ask include: How long have you been trying to become pregnant?

• #48 Female Infertility Care in the Tampa Bay Area

  https://www.floridafertility.com/fertility-resources/female-infertility

  Any disruption in the monthly process of ovulation can result in female infertility. […] PCOS is a common cause of not ovulating regularly, irregular periods, and female factor infertility. […] Endometriosis can cause pain, scar tissue growth, pelvic adhesions, and infertility issues. […] Sometimes, women under the age of 40 will experience a sudden drop in ovarian function. This is referred to as premature ovarian failure or premature ovarian insufficiency. […] Uterine fibroids are benign muscle tumors within the uterus. […] Female infertility can be caused by a variety of factors, including advanced maternal age, ovulation disorders, hormonal imbalances, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, premature ovarian failure, uterine fibroids, and more. […] There are a wide variety of treatment options available for female infertility, the most common being intrauterine insemination (IUI), in vitro fertilization (IVF), egg freezing, and egg donation.

• #49 Female Infertility – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556033/

  Clomiphene treats WHO class 2 anovulation effectively but is ineffective in WHO class 1 and class 3 anovulation. […] In vitro fertilization (IVF) is the first-line treatment for bilateral tubal factor infertility. […] Tubal corrective surgeries have worse pregnancy outcomes and have an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy. […] The most important aspect of fibroids is the location. […] Fibroids that impinge on the endometrium and distort the uterine cavity result in impaired implantation and increased miscarriage rates. […] Women with submucosal or submucosal-intramural fibroids that distort the uterine cavity have been proven to have decreased pregnancy rates. […] The first-line treatment for the removal of the most detrimental fibroids is operative hysteroscopy. […] Women should see their providers for a referral to an infertility subspecialist if they are unable to achieve pregnancy after 1 year of unprotected timed intercourse or if she is older than 35 years of age, 6 months of unprotected timed intercourse.

• #50 Fertility Health in Kansas City | AdventHealth Shawnee Mission

  https://www.adventhealth.com/hospital/adventhealth-shawnee-mission/our-services/fertility-health-kansas-city

  Fertility surgery is a proven choice for addressing problems that interfere with embryo implantation, ruin the endometrial lining or block the fallopian tubes. Female infertility surgery also provides access to the fallopian tubes or uterus to correct anatomical barriers to pregnancy. […] With laparoscopic fertility surgery, two to three tiny keyhole incisions in the abdomen and pelvic area allow us to diagnose and treat causes of female infertility, such as endometriosis, blocked fallopian tubes and fibroids. […] Approximately 42% of women who have fibroid surgery get pregnant without additional fertility treatment. […] Your diagnosis will determine the course of action, but we may recommend fertility surgery to diagnose and repair these causes of female infertility: Blocked fallopian tubes, Ovarian cysts or endometriomas, Endometriosis, Fibroids, Hydrosalpinges (damaged fallopian tubes), Pelvic adhesions, Uterine polyps, Septums and scarring of the uterine cavity.

• #51 Fertility Health in Kansas City | AdventHealth Shawnee Mission

  https://www.adventhealth.com/hospital/adventhealth-shawnee-mission/our-services/fertility-health-kansas-city

  Fertility surgery is a proven choice for addressing problems that interfere with embryo implantation, ruin the endometrial lining or block the fallopian tubes. Female infertility surgery also provides access to the fallopian tubes or uterus to correct anatomical barriers to pregnancy. […] With laparoscopic fertility surgery, two to three tiny keyhole incisions in the abdomen and pelvic area allow us to diagnose and treat causes of female infertility, such as endometriosis, blocked fallopian tubes and fibroids. […] Approximately 42% of women who have fibroid surgery get pregnant without additional fertility treatment. […] Your diagnosis will determine the course of action, but we may recommend fertility surgery to diagnose and repair these causes of female infertility: Blocked fallopian tubes, Ovarian cysts or endometriomas, Endometriosis, Fibroids, Hydrosalpinges (damaged fallopian tubes), Pelvic adhesions, Uterine polyps, Septums and scarring of the uterine cavity.

• #52 Female infertility | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20198834/

  Several surgical procedures can correct problems or otherwise improve female fertility. […] The most commonly used methods of reproductive assistance include: Intrauterine insemination (IUI) and Assisted reproductive technology. […] Dealing with infertility can be physically and emotionally exhausting. […] For an infertility evaluation, you’ll likely see a doctor who specializes in treating disorders that prevent couples from conceiving (reproductive endocrinologist). Your doctor will likely want to evaluate both you and your partner. […] To prepare for your appointment: Chart menstrual cycles and associated symptoms for a few months. […] Some potential questions your doctor or other health care provider might ask include: How long have you been trying to become pregnant?

• #53 Infertility: Frequently Asked Questions | Reproductive Health | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/reproductive-health/infertility-faq/index.html

  Surgical treatments for fertility are rare because of the success of other treatments, such as Intrauterine insemination (IUI) and In vitro fertilization (IVF). […] Assisted reproductive technology (ART) includes all fertility treatments in which either eggs or embryos are handled outside of the body. […] The most common complication of ART is a multiple pregnancy. This can be prevented or minimized by limiting the number of embryos that are transferred back to the uterus.

• #54 Female Infertility – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556033/

  Clomiphene treats WHO class 2 anovulation effectively but is ineffective in WHO class 1 and class 3 anovulation. […] In vitro fertilization (IVF) is the first-line treatment for bilateral tubal factor infertility. […] Tubal corrective surgeries have worse pregnancy outcomes and have an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy. […] The most important aspect of fibroids is the location. […] Fibroids that impinge on the endometrium and distort the uterine cavity result in impaired implantation and increased miscarriage rates. […] Women with submucosal or submucosal-intramural fibroids that distort the uterine cavity have been proven to have decreased pregnancy rates. […] The first-line treatment for the removal of the most detrimental fibroids is operative hysteroscopy. […] Women should see their providers for a referral to an infertility subspecialist if they are unable to achieve pregnancy after 1 year of unprotected timed intercourse or if she is older than 35 years of age, 6 months of unprotected timed intercourse.

• #55 Subfertility: Nursing Assessment and Management

  https://nurseslabs.com/subfertility/

  To increase sperm count and improve motility, the man must refrain from coitus for 7 to 10 days at a time. […] One of the therapies that is used for the disturbance of ovulation is the administration of GnRH. […] Therapeutic insemination is the instillation of the sperm into the reproductive tract so that the woman can conceive. […] One or more oocytes are aspirated from the woman and are fertilized by a sperm under laboratory conditions but outside the woman’s body.

• #56 Patient satisfaction with nursing care in infertility patients: A questionnaire survey

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11043125/

  Infertility remains a persistent global reproductive health challenge, with causative factors encompassing abnormalities in both the male and female reproductive systems. […] Nurses providing preventive care play a crucial role, conducting initial diagnostic assessments, and addressing certain causes of infertility. […] Identifying factors contributing to patient satisfaction with nursing services is crucial, yet research in this area has been limited. […] By understanding patients’ perspectives and experiences, healthcare providers can make necessary adjustments to improve care quality and patient outcomes. […] Therefore, providing professional nursing care is a vital component in addressing the unique requirements of such patients. […] In light of all the complexities that can arise in women’s reproductive health, specialized nurses have a critical function to fulfill in supporting infertility care and management.

• #57 The nursing care of infertility in general practice – Medical Independent

  https://www.medicalindependent.ie/nursing-in-practice-ireland/nipi-clinical/the-nursing-care-of-infertility-in-general-practice/

  Research shows that nurses are an instrumental part of managing infertility within the primary care model. […] The 2023 National Clinical Practice Guideline in Ireland states that women/couples seeking a fertility consultation should initially be reviewed in a primary care setting, and the research strongly suggests that nurses are an instrumental part of managing these patients within the primary care model. […] High-quality care and positive attitudes among nursing staff have also been shown to significantly enhance the compliance of individuals undergoing infertility treatment, improve overall quality-of-care and satisfaction among infertility patients to a significant extent. […] Nursing care of infertility in general practice extends from preventive care and initial assessments to addressing the causes of infertility; providing educational material on fertility treatments and planned investigations/procedures; offering lifestyle advice, nutritional guidance, and emotional support; and advocating that couples receive the appropriate management and referrals throughout the entire process.

• #58 Patient satisfaction with nursing care in infertility patients: A questionnaire survey

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11043125/

  Nurses must possess comprehensive knowledge of the infertility experience, including the various stages of treatment and appropriate avenues for care. […] To develop tailored care plans that suit individual needs, a systematic, step-by-step approach is necessary, allowing healthcare providers to understand each woman’s situation and apply general nursing theory to her specific circumstances. […] Nurses who work with infertility patients must be prepared to conduct comprehensive assessments of patients, assist in reducing discomfort, and provide optimal counselling. […] It is important for nurses to avoid making assumptions based on factors such as occupation, education level, or financial status. […] This article delineates the systematic approach of assessing, planning, implementing, and evaluating the care process for women undergoing infertility assessment and intervention.

• #59 Patient satisfaction with nursing care in infertility patients: A questionnaire survey

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11043125/

  Nurses must possess comprehensive knowledge of the infertility experience, including the various stages of treatment and appropriate avenues for care. […] To develop tailored care plans that suit individual needs, a systematic, step-by-step approach is necessary, allowing healthcare providers to understand each woman’s situation and apply general nursing theory to her specific circumstances. […] Nurses who work with infertility patients must be prepared to conduct comprehensive assessments of patients, assist in reducing discomfort, and provide optimal counselling. […] It is important for nurses to avoid making assumptions based on factors such as occupation, education level, or financial status. […] This article delineates the systematic approach of assessing, planning, implementing, and evaluating the care process for women undergoing infertility assessment and intervention.

• #60 Nursing Interventions for Infertility – Pathophysiology

  https://www.naxlex.com/nursing/study-guides/nursing-interventions-for-infertility-1697193329

  Provide emotional support and counseling to patients and their partners […] Educate patients about healthy lifestyle choices and the impact of factors such as smoking and alcohol consumption on fertility […] Administer medications as prescribed, including fertility medications and hormonal therapies […] Facilitate communication and coordination with fertility specialists and other healthcare providers […] Assist with the administration of ART procedures such as IVF or IUI […] Encourage patients to join support groups or seek professional counseling for emotional support […] Assessing the patient’s menstrual cycle and ovulation patterns is a critical aspect of evaluating infertility […] Understanding the regularity of the patient’s menstrual cycles, the presence of ovulation, and any associated symptoms like pain or heavy bleeding can provide valuable information for diagnosing and addressing infertility

• #61 Patient satisfaction with nursing care in infertility patients: A questionnaire survey

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11043125/

  Nurses must possess comprehensive knowledge of the infertility experience, including the various stages of treatment and appropriate avenues for care. […] To develop tailored care plans that suit individual needs, a systematic, step-by-step approach is necessary, allowing healthcare providers to understand each woman’s situation and apply general nursing theory to her specific circumstances. […] Nurses who work with infertility patients must be prepared to conduct comprehensive assessments of patients, assist in reducing discomfort, and provide optimal counselling. […] It is important for nurses to avoid making assumptions based on factors such as occupation, education level, or financial status. […] This article delineates the systematic approach of assessing, planning, implementing, and evaluating the care process for women undergoing infertility assessment and intervention.

• #62 Nursing Process for a Patient with Infertility Using King’s Goal Attainment Model: A Case Study

  https://brieflands.com/articles/mcj-145004

  Moreover, infertility can precipitate stress, depression, anxiety, and a heightened vulnerability to psychological issues among women experiencing infertility. […] It is imperative to attentively consider the lifestyles of women facing infertility and offer appropriate support and interventions within this domain. […] To ensure favorable outcomes in the nursing process, nursing theories emphasizing client engagement in treatment objectives and self-care, such as Imogen King’s goal achievement theory, can be utilized. […] Understanding her personal system is crucial in creating an appropriate care plan that respects her individual needs and preferences. […] Health care providers should promote a positive self-image and strengthen self-care practices to support a woman’s well-being. […] Supporting a woman’s growth and development includes helping her discover alternative ways to achieve her desired goals and promoting personal growth during this phase of infertility.

• #63 Understanding the Role of Nurses in Fertility Care | Aspire HFI

  https://www.aspirehfi.com/blog/understanding-the-role-of-nurses-in-fertility-care

  Fertility nurses are particularly indispensable in the fertility care process and can be a source of support and guidance for many patients. […] Fertility nurses usually begin their careers working in the labor and delivery or postpartum units of hospitals to gain relevant experience before moving to a position at a fertility clinic or OB-GYN office. […] Fertility nurses provide emotional support, giving patients the encouragement they need to successfully grow their families. […] Fertility nurses dedicate a significant amount of time explaining the intricacies of fertility treatment processes to their patients. […] Their goal is to empower their patients so they can make decisions regarding their fertility care with confidence.

• #64 The nursing care of infertility in general practice – Medical Independent

  https://www.medicalindependent.ie/nursing-in-practice-ireland/nipi-clinical/the-nursing-care-of-infertility-in-general-practice/

  Research shows that nurses are an instrumental part of managing infertility within the primary care model. […] The 2023 National Clinical Practice Guideline in Ireland states that women/couples seeking a fertility consultation should initially be reviewed in a primary care setting, and the research strongly suggests that nurses are an instrumental part of managing these patients within the primary care model. […] High-quality care and positive attitudes among nursing staff have also been shown to significantly enhance the compliance of individuals undergoing infertility treatment, improve overall quality-of-care and satisfaction among infertility patients to a significant extent. […] Nursing care of infertility in general practice extends from preventive care and initial assessments to addressing the causes of infertility; providing educational material on fertility treatments and planned investigations/procedures; offering lifestyle advice, nutritional guidance, and emotional support; and advocating that couples receive the appropriate management and referrals throughout the entire process.

• #65 Nursing Interventions for Infertility – Pathophysiology

  https://www.naxlex.com/nursing/study-guides/nursing-interventions-for-infertility-1697193329

  Provide emotional support and counseling to patients and their partners […] Educate patients about healthy lifestyle choices and the impact of factors such as smoking and alcohol consumption on fertility […] Administer medications as prescribed, including fertility medications and hormonal therapies […] Facilitate communication and coordination with fertility specialists and other healthcare providers […] Assist with the administration of ART procedures such as IVF or IUI […] Encourage patients to join support groups or seek professional counseling for emotional support […] Assessing the patient’s menstrual cycle and ovulation patterns is a critical aspect of evaluating infertility […] Understanding the regularity of the patient’s menstrual cycles, the presence of ovulation, and any associated symptoms like pain or heavy bleeding can provide valuable information for diagnosing and addressing infertility

• #66 The nursing care of infertility in general practice – Medical Independent

  https://www.medicalindependent.ie/nursing-in-practice-ireland/nipi-clinical/the-nursing-care-of-infertility-in-general-practice/

  GPNs play a large role in managing the emotional and psychological stressors many couples face while trying to conceive, which in themselves represent a significant barrier to achieving pregnancy. […] Rates of sexual dissatisfaction, depression, anxiety, marital discord, and stigma are significantly high among couples struggling to conceive. […] GPNs should advise women to aim for a BMI less than 30kg per m2 and explain that overweight and obesity not only reduces fertility, but also raises the risk of several pregnancy problems, such as high blood pressure, blood clots, miscarriage, and gestational diabetes. […] All women who are planning to become pregnant should be advised to take a 400mcg supplement of folic acid every day before conception (ideally for three months), and continue 400mcg of folic acid for the duration of pregnancy if they do conceive to prevent neural tube defects such as spina bifida.

• #67 The nursing care of infertility in general practice – Medical Independent

  https://www.medicalindependent.ie/nursing-in-practice-ireland/nipi-clinical/the-nursing-care-of-infertility-in-general-practice/

  GPNs play a large role in managing the emotional and psychological stressors many couples face while trying to conceive, which in themselves represent a significant barrier to achieving pregnancy. […] Rates of sexual dissatisfaction, depression, anxiety, marital discord, and stigma are significantly high among couples struggling to conceive. […] GPNs should advise women to aim for a BMI less than 30kg per m2 and explain that overweight and obesity not only reduces fertility, but also raises the risk of several pregnancy problems, such as high blood pressure, blood clots, miscarriage, and gestational diabetes. […] All women who are planning to become pregnant should be advised to take a 400mcg supplement of folic acid every day before conception (ideally for three months), and continue 400mcg of folic acid for the duration of pregnancy if they do conceive to prevent neural tube defects such as spina bifida.

• #68 Understanding the Role of Nurses in Fertility Care | Aspire HFI

  https://www.aspirehfi.com/blog/understanding-the-role-of-nurses-in-fertility-care

  Fertility nurses are particularly indispensable in the fertility care process and can be a source of support and guidance for many patients. […] Fertility nurses usually begin their careers working in the labor and delivery or postpartum units of hospitals to gain relevant experience before moving to a position at a fertility clinic or OB-GYN office. […] Fertility nurses provide emotional support, giving patients the encouragement they need to successfully grow their families. […] Fertility nurses dedicate a significant amount of time explaining the intricacies of fertility treatment processes to their patients. […] Their goal is to empower their patients so they can make decisions regarding their fertility care with confidence.

• #69 The nursing care of infertility in general practice – Medical Independent

  https://www.medicalindependent.ie/nursing-in-practice-ireland/nipi-clinical/the-nursing-care-of-infertility-in-general-practice/

  GPNs play a large role in managing the emotional and psychological stressors many couples face while trying to conceive, which in themselves represent a significant barrier to achieving pregnancy. […] Rates of sexual dissatisfaction, depression, anxiety, marital discord, and stigma are significantly high among couples struggling to conceive. […] GPNs should advise women to aim for a BMI less than 30kg per m2 and explain that overweight and obesity not only reduces fertility, but also raises the risk of several pregnancy problems, such as high blood pressure, blood clots, miscarriage, and gestational diabetes. […] All women who are planning to become pregnant should be advised to take a 400mcg supplement of folic acid every day before conception (ideally for three months), and continue 400mcg of folic acid for the duration of pregnancy if they do conceive to prevent neural tube defects such as spina bifida.

• #70 The nursing care of infertility in general practice – Medical Independent

  https://www.medicalindependent.ie/nursing-in-practice-ireland/nipi-clinical/the-nursing-care-of-infertility-in-general-practice/

  GPNs play a large role in managing the emotional and psychological stressors many couples face while trying to conceive, which in themselves represent a significant barrier to achieving pregnancy. […] Rates of sexual dissatisfaction, depression, anxiety, marital discord, and stigma are significantly high among couples struggling to conceive. […] GPNs should advise women to aim for a BMI less than 30kg per m2 and explain that overweight and obesity not only reduces fertility, but also raises the risk of several pregnancy problems, such as high blood pressure, blood clots, miscarriage, and gestational diabetes. […] All women who are planning to become pregnant should be advised to take a 400mcg supplement of folic acid every day before conception (ideally for three months), and continue 400mcg of folic acid for the duration of pregnancy if they do conceive to prevent neural tube defects such as spina bifida.

• #71 Nursing Interventions for Infertility – Pathophysiology

  https://www.naxlex.com/nursing/study-guides/nursing-interventions-for-infertility-1697193329

  This response is appropriate because it acknowledges the patient’s symptoms and the need for further discussion to understand their menstrual history […] Exploring the timing, frequency, and severity of menstrual symptoms can help the nurse and healthcare provider identify potential underlying causes of infertility and develop an appropriate treatment plan […] It’s common for infertility to affect sexual desire […] Infertility often has a significant emotional and psychological impact on individuals and couples […] It can lead to feelings of sadness, stress, anxiety, and depression […] Fertility medications or procedures may have adverse effects […] Educating individuals about the benefits of these lifestyle changes is essential […] Treatment options may include lifestyle modifications and counseling […] Emotionally supporting the couple should be prioritized before and during any surgical procedures to ensure they are mentally prepared for the process.

• #72 Infertility, Inequality, and How Lack of Insurance Coverage Compromises Reproductive Autonomy | Journal of Ethics | American Medical Association

  https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/infertility-inequality-and-how-lack-insurance-coverage-compromises-reproductive-autonomy/2018-12

  Infertility has been unequivocally defined as a disease state by the World Health Organization (WHO).1 The WHO recognizes that infertility confers a disability, and it is now fifth on the international list of serious disabilities in women.1 Moreover, it is a disease with billable codes that physicians can use when charging patients and their insurance companies, as determined by the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems.2 Despite the expense associated with infertility treatment, the lack of mandated insurance coverage for this disease implies that infertility is a condition undeserving of financial assistance and minimizes its importance to patients. […] Infertility affects people in a wide variety of ways and can have significant detrimental effects on quality of life. For example, approximately 40% of infertile women suffer from anxiety and depression, about twice the rate seen in fertile women.9 One study of 488 American women found that infertile women had rates of anxiety or depression equivalent to those of patients diagnosed with cancer, hypertension, myocardial infarction, or HIV.10 […] The fundamental right to reproduce is currently under threat, and these disparities will only intensify if the financial barriers to infertility care are not directly and promptly addressed.

• #73 Nursing Interventions for Infertility – Pathophysiology

  https://www.naxlex.com/nursing/study-guides/nursing-interventions-for-infertility-1697193329

  This response is appropriate because it acknowledges the patient’s symptoms and the need for further discussion to understand their menstrual history […] Exploring the timing, frequency, and severity of menstrual symptoms can help the nurse and healthcare provider identify potential underlying causes of infertility and develop an appropriate treatment plan […] It’s common for infertility to affect sexual desire […] Infertility often has a significant emotional and psychological impact on individuals and couples […] It can lead to feelings of sadness, stress, anxiety, and depression […] Fertility medications or procedures may have adverse effects […] Educating individuals about the benefits of these lifestyle changes is essential […] Treatment options may include lifestyle modifications and counseling […] Emotionally supporting the couple should be prioritized before and during any surgical procedures to ensure they are mentally prepared for the process.

• #74 Nursing Interventions for Infertility – Pathophysiology

  https://www.naxlex.com/nursing/study-guides/nursing-interventions-for-infertility-1697193329

  Provide emotional support and counseling to patients and their partners […] Educate patients about healthy lifestyle choices and the impact of factors such as smoking and alcohol consumption on fertility […] Administer medications as prescribed, including fertility medications and hormonal therapies […] Facilitate communication and coordination with fertility specialists and other healthcare providers […] Assist with the administration of ART procedures such as IVF or IUI […] Encourage patients to join support groups or seek professional counseling for emotional support […] Assessing the patient’s menstrual cycle and ovulation patterns is a critical aspect of evaluating infertility […] Understanding the regularity of the patient’s menstrual cycles, the presence of ovulation, and any associated symptoms like pain or heavy bleeding can provide valuable information for diagnosing and addressing infertility

• #75 Nursing Interventions for Infertility – Pathophysiology

  https://www.naxlex.com/nursing/study-guides/nursing-interventions-for-infertility-1697193329

  Provide emotional support and counseling to patients and their partners […] Educate patients about healthy lifestyle choices and the impact of factors such as smoking and alcohol consumption on fertility […] Administer medications as prescribed, including fertility medications and hormonal therapies […] Facilitate communication and coordination with fertility specialists and other healthcare providers […] Assist with the administration of ART procedures such as IVF or IUI […] Encourage patients to join support groups or seek professional counseling for emotional support […] Assessing the patient’s menstrual cycle and ovulation patterns is a critical aspect of evaluating infertility […] Understanding the regularity of the patient’s menstrual cycles, the presence of ovulation, and any associated symptoms like pain or heavy bleeding can provide valuable information for diagnosing and addressing infertility

• #76

  https://journals.lww.com/tnpj/fulltext/2020/05000/infertility_management_in_primary_care.11.aspx

  Infertility is a growing issue for couples. Primary care NPs can manage initial treatment as well as address the emotional and financial burdens of patients experiencing infertility. NPs can provide timely access to investigations and treatment, helping patients achieve their goal of pregnancy sooner. […] Continuity of care in fertility treatment is key, especially in this vulnerable population that wants to feel supported and understood, which includes ongoing communication between patient and provider. NPs are in a position to support continuity of care for patients seeking fertility assistance and play an essential role in the health history, physical exams, and lab investigations of both partners. Primary care NPs can initiate timely pharmacologic infertility management. Assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of fertility issues within primary care can effectively reduce the emotional and financial burden on couples, helping some avoid lengthy wait times and achieve pregnancy sooner.

• #77

  https://journals.lww.com/tnpj/fulltext/2020/05000/infertility_management_in_primary_care.11.aspx

  Discussions about fertility should occur as part of a larger conversation about reproductive health issues, including contraception and sexual health practices prior to conception planning. […] NPs can address and support patients with emotional or psychological hurdles who require counseling, coping strategies, and couple-based interventions, again illustrating the significance of continuity of care and close follow-up prior to and after referral to specialists. […] Couples’ emotional health is often overlooked in primary care settings and needs to be included in fertility assessments. Rates of sexual dissatisfaction, depression, anxiety, and marital discord are staggeringly high among couples faced with a diagnosis of infertility. […] NPs provide continuity of care within the primary care model allowing ongoing patient communication and timely follow-up, which were identified as barriers in the literature when accessing specialist care. Assessments and treatments within the primary care setting should not negate a referral to a fertility specialist, who can offer more comprehensive consultation and treatment options. Primary care NPs are in an ideal position to identify clients at risk and initiate early investigations and treatments with the goal of optimizing patients’ fertility outcomes and quality of life.

• #78 Understanding the Role of Nurses in Fertility Care | Aspire HFI

  https://www.aspirehfi.com/blog/understanding-the-role-of-nurses-in-fertility-care

  Fertility nurses are particularly indispensable in the fertility care process and can be a source of support and guidance for many patients. […] Fertility nurses usually begin their careers working in the labor and delivery or postpartum units of hospitals to gain relevant experience before moving to a position at a fertility clinic or OB-GYN office. […] Fertility nurses provide emotional support, giving patients the encouragement they need to successfully grow their families. […] Fertility nurses dedicate a significant amount of time explaining the intricacies of fertility treatment processes to their patients. […] Their goal is to empower their patients so they can make decisions regarding their fertility care with confidence.

• #79 Patient satisfaction with nursing care in infertility patients: A questionnaire survey

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11043125/

  Nurses must possess comprehensive knowledge of the infertility experience, including the various stages of treatment and appropriate avenues for care. […] To develop tailored care plans that suit individual needs, a systematic, step-by-step approach is necessary, allowing healthcare providers to understand each woman’s situation and apply general nursing theory to her specific circumstances. […] Nurses who work with infertility patients must be prepared to conduct comprehensive assessments of patients, assist in reducing discomfort, and provide optimal counselling. […] It is important for nurses to avoid making assumptions based on factors such as occupation, education level, or financial status. […] This article delineates the systematic approach of assessing, planning, implementing, and evaluating the care process for women undergoing infertility assessment and intervention.

• #80 The nursing care of infertility in general practice – Medical Independent

  https://www.medicalindependent.ie/nursing-in-practice-ireland/nipi-clinical/the-nursing-care-of-infertility-in-general-practice/

  Assessments and treatments within the primary care setting should not negate a referral to a fertility specialist, who can offer more comprehensive consultation and treatment options. For GPNs, the nursing care of infertility encompasses the physical, psychological, and emotional aspects of managing these patients in general practice.

• #81 Patient satisfaction with nursing care in infertility patients: A questionnaire survey

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11043125/

  They can provide educational material on fertility treatment, help with treatment manipulation, and offer emotional support throughout the process. […] This study’s findings show that high-quality care and positive attitudes among nursing staff can notably enhance the compliance of individuals undergoing infertility treatment. […] Consequently, hospital management should prioritize rigorous training and assessments of nursing staff to augment their professional skills and service quality, thereby boosting patient compliance and treatment effectiveness.

• #82 Patient satisfaction with nursing care in infertility patients: A questionnaire survey

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11043125/

  They can provide educational material on fertility treatment, help with treatment manipulation, and offer emotional support throughout the process. […] This study’s findings show that high-quality care and positive attitudes among nursing staff can notably enhance the compliance of individuals undergoing infertility treatment. […] Consequently, hospital management should prioritize rigorous training and assessments of nursing staff to augment their professional skills and service quality, thereby boosting patient compliance and treatment effectiveness.

• #83 Infertility: Disparities and Access to Services | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-statement/articles/2025/01/infertility-disparities-and-access-to-services

  Obstetriciangynecologists and other health care professionals should collaborate with local and national agencies to provide support for individuals diagnosed with infertility. […] Obstetriciangynecologists and other health care professionals should advocate for insurance coverage for infertility services, including assisted reproductive technology, policy changes that promote comprehensive reproductive health, and evidence-based lower cost treatment options. […] Obstetriciangynecologists and other health care professionals should intentionally provide patient education about fertility and infertility. […] Continued research is needed to identify strategies to improve outcomes for individuals with infertility, especially in communities with barriers to access to infertility services.

• #84 Emotional Support for Infertility Patients: Integrating Mental Health Professionals in the Fertility Care Team

  https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4184/2/1/8

  Greater awareness of the mental health needs of patients and the role of mental health professionals in patient-centered fertility care has resulted in calls to screen patients seeking fertility care for psychological distress. […] The benefits of such screening include the identification of patients with the greatest need for additional psychological support, earlier connection with an MHP, increased patient insight into emotional well-being and needs, staff awareness of patient needs, and the provision of patient-centered care. […] An alarming finding of this landmark study was that patients with severe or prolonged emotional distress symptoms were no more likely to receive information or support to access mental health services than those who did not identify as emotionally distressed.

• #85 Bridging the Infertility Care Gap – Society for Women’s Health Research

  https://swhr.org/bridging-the-infertility-care-gap/

  Understanding and closing these fertility care gaps are crucial to make reproductive health care accessible for everyone, regardless of race, ethnicity, age, location, education, or income level. […] There is often stigma surrounding female infertility, including ideas that the inability to have children is shameful and that women are lacking if they are facing infertility. These detrimental thoughts and expectations from society can create stress, low self-esteem, anxiety, and depression for those dealing with infertility. Up to 60% of women that struggle with infertility have had challenges with their mental health. […] No matter ones race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, location, job, education, or income level, everyone is deserving of access to high quality fertility care.

• #86 Bridging the Infertility Care Gap – Society for Women’s Health Research

  https://swhr.org/bridging-the-infertility-care-gap/

  Understanding and closing these fertility care gaps are crucial to make reproductive health care accessible for everyone, regardless of race, ethnicity, age, location, education, or income level. […] There is often stigma surrounding female infertility, including ideas that the inability to have children is shameful and that women are lacking if they are facing infertility. These detrimental thoughts and expectations from society can create stress, low self-esteem, anxiety, and depression for those dealing with infertility. Up to 60% of women that struggle with infertility have had challenges with their mental health. […] No matter ones race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, location, job, education, or income level, everyone is deserving of access to high quality fertility care.

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