Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infertility

  Infertility can be primary or secondary. Primary infertility is when a pregnancy has never been achieved by a person, and secondary infertility is when at least one prior pregnancy has been achieved. […] Fertility care encompasses the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infertility. […] Some causes of infertility are preventable. […] Addressing infertility can also mitigate gender inequality. […] Education and awareness-raising interventions to address understanding of the prevalence and determinants of fertility and infertility is essential. […] To effectively address infertility, health policies need to recognize that infertility is a disease that can often be prevented, thereby mitigating the need for costly and poorly accessible treatments. Incorporating fertility awareness in national comprehensive sexuality education programmes, promoting healthy lifestyles to reduce behavioural risks, including prevention, diagnosis and early treatment of STIs, preventing complications of unsafe abortion, postpartum sepsis and abdominal/pelvic surgery, and addressing environmental toxins associated with infertility, are policy and programmatic interventions that all governments can implement. […] WHO is committed to addressing infertility and fertility care by developing guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of male and female infertility, as part of the global norms and standards of quality care related to fertility care.

• #2

  https://journals.lww.com/grh/fulltext/2021/01010/who_fact_sheet_on_infertility.1.aspx

  Infertility can be primary or secondary. Primary infertility is when a pregnancy has never been achieved by a person, and secondary infertility is when at least one prior pregnancy has been achieved. […] Fertility care encompasses the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infertility. Equal and equitable access to fertility care remains a challenge in most countries; particularly in low and middle-income countries. Fertility care is rarely prioritized in national universal health coverage benefit packages. […] To effectively address infertility, health policies need to recognize that infertility is a disease that can often be prevented, thereby mitigating the need for costly and poorly accessible treatments. Incorporating fertility awareness in national comprehensive sexuality education programmes, promoting healthy lifestyles to reduce behavioural risks, including prevention, diagnosis and early treatment of STIs, preventing complications of unsafe abortion, postpartum sepsis and abdominal/pelvic surgery, and addressing environmental toxins associated with infertility, are policy and programmatic interventions that all governments can implement.

• #3 Female Infertility Panel Test – PreventionGenetics

  https://www.preventiongenetics.com/testInfo?val=Female-Infertility-Panel

  This test is recommended for women with genetic infertility. […] Infertility is a disorder of the reproductive system defined by the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. It affects 10-20% of couples worldwide and is generally attributed to males and females equally. […] Genetic abnormalities including both chromosomal and single-gene alterations account for 15-30% of cases of infertility. […] For this reason, genetic testing to detect large cytogenetic events and CNVs is recommended in the case of a female patient with infertility. […] This multi-gene panel analyzes genes involved in both syndromic and non-syndromic female infertility. […] The detection rate of this NGS panel in a large cohort of female patients is unavailable in the literature. However, in patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, 40-50% of patients have pathogenic variants in 28 genes in this panel. For woman with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and especially 46,XX ovarian failure, about 15% of women have pathogenic variants in 14 genes in this panel. […] Sex chromosome aneuploidy, structural abnormality, and Copy Number Variants (CNVs) are common genetic causes of female infertility.

• #4 Male and Female Infertility via the FSHB Gene Test – PreventionGenetics

  https://www.preventiongenetics.com/testInfo?val=Male-and-Female-Infertility-via-the-FSHB-Gene

  Candidates for this test are women with primary or secondary amenorrhea and men with azoospermia. This test may also be considered for the reproductive partners of individuals who carry pathogenic variants in FSHB. […] Infertility affects 10-20% of couples worldwide and is generally attributed to males and females equally (Marchbanks et al. 1989). […] Women with variants in FSHB commonly display symptoms of delayed puberty, partial breast development and primary amenorrhea, while men with variants often undergo normal puberty but have azoospermia (Layman et al. 2002). […] Infertility associated with FSHB variants is most often inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, with the heterozygous family members exhibiting normal fertility (Layman et al. 1997; Phillip et al. 1998). […] In one reported case, the heterozygous mother of a child with primary amenorrhoea and infertility had been amenorrehoeic and infertile for six years prior to the unexpected conception of her child (Matthews et al. 1993), indicating that in some cases, FSHB haploinsufficiency may lead to a mild, subfertility phenotype.

• #5

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infertility

  Infertility can be primary or secondary. Primary infertility is when a pregnancy has never been achieved by a person, and secondary infertility is when at least one prior pregnancy has been achieved. […] Fertility care encompasses the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infertility. […] Some causes of infertility are preventable. […] Addressing infertility can also mitigate gender inequality. […] Education and awareness-raising interventions to address understanding of the prevalence and determinants of fertility and infertility is essential. […] To effectively address infertility, health policies need to recognize that infertility is a disease that can often be prevented, thereby mitigating the need for costly and poorly accessible treatments. Incorporating fertility awareness in national comprehensive sexuality education programmes, promoting healthy lifestyles to reduce behavioural risks, including prevention, diagnosis and early treatment of STIs, preventing complications of unsafe abortion, postpartum sepsis and abdominal/pelvic surgery, and addressing environmental toxins associated with infertility, are policy and programmatic interventions that all governments can implement. […] WHO is committed to addressing infertility and fertility care by developing guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of male and female infertility, as part of the global norms and standards of quality care related to fertility care.

• #6 Female Infertility: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17774-female-infertility

  You cant predict or prevent most types of female infertility. However, you may be able to control some of the risk factors that contribute to infertility with lifestyle modifications. Examples include: […] Its important to regularly visit your healthcare provider and discuss any other risks you may have for infertility. You should also schedule annual checkups with a gynecologist once you begin having sex, so your healthcare provider can better detect conditions that may affect your future fertility.

• #7 Female Infertility: Cause, Diagnosis, Tests & Prevention

  https://www.artfertilityclinics.com/in/en/art-blog/female-infertility-cause-diagnosis-tests-treatments-and-prevention

  In most cases, female infertility cant be prevented. However, there are certain steps that a woman can take to improve the chances of conceiving. For example, lifestyle habits like alcohol use and smoking if eliminated, can improve fertility. Similarly, maintaining a healthy weight and regular physical exercise will also help. Consult your fertility specialist and discuss other risk factors that may affect female fertility.

• #8 Infertility

  https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/infertility

  Most cases of female infertility are caused by problems with ovulation. Without ovulation, there are no eggs to be fertilized. Some signs that a woman is not ovulating normally include irregular or absent menstrual periods. […] Ovulation problems are often caused by polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). PCOS is a hormone imbalance problem which can interfere with normal ovulation. PCOS is the most common cause of female infertility. Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is another cause of ovulation problems. POI occurs when a woman’s ovaries stop working normally before she is 40. POI is not the same as early menopause. […] Many things can change a woman’s ability to have a baby. These include: Age, Smoking, Excess alcohol use, Stress, Poor diet, Athletic training, Being overweight or underweight, Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), Health problems that cause hormonal changes, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome and primary ovarian insufficiency.

• #9 Infertility: Frequently Asked Questions | Reproductive Health | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/reproductive-health/infertility-faq/index.html

  Women need functioning ovaries, fallopian tubes, and a uterus to get pregnant. Conditions affecting any one of these organs can contribute to female infertility. […] Female fertility is known to decline with: Age. Fertility declines with age primarily because egg quality declines over time. Older women also have fewer eggs left, and they are more likely to have health conditions that can cause fertility problems. Aging also increases a woman’s chances of miscarriage and of having a child with a genetic abnormality. […] It is a good idea for couples to talk to a health care provider before trying to get pregnant. Providers can help you get your body ready for a healthy baby. They can also answer questions on fertility and give tips on conceiving. […] There are a variety of treatment options for infertility. The type of treatment offered depends on the cause of infertility, its duration, and your age. Your health care provider may need to perform preliminary testing to determine the best treatment option for you. A couple’s treatment preferences after they have received counseling about success rates, risk factors, and benefits of each option also determine how their infertility is treated. […] Treatment options for infertility may include timed intercourse, medications, intrauterine insemination, surgery, or assisted reproductive technology.

• #10 Reducing Your Risk of Infertility | Patient Education | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/reducing-your-risk-of-infertility

  Maintain a normal body weight. Weighing too much or too little can not only put your health at risk, but also can diminish your fertility. […] Don’t smoke. Smoking lowers your chances for pregnancy and increases the risk of miscarriage. Smokers also tend to go through menopause two years earlier than non-smokers. […] Never have unprotected sex. The sexually transmitted infection that you acquire today can affect your fertility tomorrow. […] When you’re ready to have children, don’t delay. The age of the female partner is the number one determinant of successful fertility treatment for couples. […] A good healthy body is a good reproductive body.

• #11 Infertility

  https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/infertility

  Most cases of female infertility are caused by problems with ovulation. Without ovulation, there are no eggs to be fertilized. Some signs that a woman is not ovulating normally include irregular or absent menstrual periods. […] Ovulation problems are often caused by polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). PCOS is a hormone imbalance problem which can interfere with normal ovulation. PCOS is the most common cause of female infertility. Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is another cause of ovulation problems. POI occurs when a woman’s ovaries stop working normally before she is 40. POI is not the same as early menopause. […] Many things can change a woman’s ability to have a baby. These include: Age, Smoking, Excess alcohol use, Stress, Poor diet, Athletic training, Being overweight or underweight, Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), Health problems that cause hormonal changes, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome and primary ovarian insufficiency.

• #12 Infertility: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/infertility-5223735

  To understand female causes of infertility, knowing how a woman’s body becomes pregnant is helpful. To conceive, a woman’s body must release an egg from one of the ovaries. From there, a man’s sperm must join with the egg to fertilize it. A fertilized egg must travel through the fallopian tube to the uterus, where the embryo attaches or implants to the uterine wall. […] Possible causes of female infertility include: […] Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): A hormonal imbalance that interferes with ovulation. Women with PCOS may have high levels of testosterone. This is the most common cause of female infertility. […] Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI): A condition similar to premature menopause when the ovaries fail before age 40. […] Diminished ovarian reserve (DOR): A condition that causes a woman to have fewer eggs than is typical for her age. The number of eggs naturally declines with age.

• #13 Infertility: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/infertility-5223735

  To understand female causes of infertility, knowing how a woman’s body becomes pregnant is helpful. To conceive, a woman’s body must release an egg from one of the ovaries. From there, a man’s sperm must join with the egg to fertilize it. A fertilized egg must travel through the fallopian tube to the uterus, where the embryo attaches or implants to the uterine wall. […] Possible causes of female infertility include: […] Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): A hormonal imbalance that interferes with ovulation. Women with PCOS may have high levels of testosterone. This is the most common cause of female infertility. […] Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI): A condition similar to premature menopause when the ovaries fail before age 40. […] Diminished ovarian reserve (DOR): A condition that causes a woman to have fewer eggs than is typical for her age. The number of eggs naturally declines with age.

• #14 Infertility: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/infertility-5223735

  Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA): A condition caused by excessive exercise, weight loss, stress, or a combination. It leads to anovulation (when a person with ovaries does not ovulate). […] Improper function of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands: When these structures don’t function properly, the pituitary gland produces too much prolactin (a hormone), which may lead to anovulation. […] Blocked fallopian tubes: Risk factors for a blocked fallopian tube include endometriosis, a history of pelvic infection, a ruptured appendix, a history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and a history of abdominal surgery. […] Uterine conditions: Uterine fibroids, intrauterine adhesions, and endometrial polyps are associated with infertility in women. […] Menopause: Ovarian function naturally declines with age. Menopause usually occurs around age 50, and symptoms include irregular or absent periods, hot flashes, and more.

• #15 Infertility: Frequently Asked Questions | Reproductive Health | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/reproductive-health/infertility-faq/index.html

  Women need functioning ovaries, fallopian tubes, and a uterus to get pregnant. Conditions affecting any one of these organs can contribute to female infertility. […] Female fertility is known to decline with: Age. Fertility declines with age primarily because egg quality declines over time. Older women also have fewer eggs left, and they are more likely to have health conditions that can cause fertility problems. Aging also increases a woman’s chances of miscarriage and of having a child with a genetic abnormality. […] It is a good idea for couples to talk to a health care provider before trying to get pregnant. Providers can help you get your body ready for a healthy baby. They can also answer questions on fertility and give tips on conceiving. […] There are a variety of treatment options for infertility. The type of treatment offered depends on the cause of infertility, its duration, and your age. Your health care provider may need to perform preliminary testing to determine the best treatment option for you. A couple’s treatment preferences after they have received counseling about success rates, risk factors, and benefits of each option also determine how their infertility is treated. […] Treatment options for infertility may include timed intercourse, medications, intrauterine insemination, surgery, or assisted reproductive technology.

• #16 Infertility

  https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/infertility

  Most cases of female infertility are caused by problems with ovulation. Without ovulation, there are no eggs to be fertilized. Some signs that a woman is not ovulating normally include irregular or absent menstrual periods. […] Ovulation problems are often caused by polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). PCOS is a hormone imbalance problem which can interfere with normal ovulation. PCOS is the most common cause of female infertility. Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is another cause of ovulation problems. POI occurs when a woman’s ovaries stop working normally before she is 40. POI is not the same as early menopause. […] Many things can change a woman’s ability to have a baby. These include: Age, Smoking, Excess alcohol use, Stress, Poor diet, Athletic training, Being overweight or underweight, Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), Health problems that cause hormonal changes, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome and primary ovarian insufficiency.

• #17 Female infertility | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/female-infertility?content_id=CON-20198834

  For women thinking about getting pregnant soon or in the future, these tips might help: […] Maintain a healthy weight. Overweight and underweight women are at increased risk of ovulation disorders. If you need to lose weight, exercise moderately. Strenuous, intense exercise of more than five hours a week has been associated with decreased ovulation. […] Quit smoking. Tobacco has multiple negative effects on fertility, as well as your general health and the health of a fetus. If you smoke and are considering pregnancy, quit now. […] Avoid alcohol. Heavy alcohol use may lead to decreased fertility. And any alcohol use can affect the health of a developing fetus. If you’re planning to become pregnant, avoid alcohol, and don’t drink alcohol while pregnant. […] Reduce stress. Some studies have shown that stress can cause couples to have poorer results with infertility treatment. Try to reduce stress in your life before trying to become pregnant.

• #18 Infertility: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/infertility-5223735

  Substance use: Smoking and excessive alcohol use raise the risk of infertility. […] Weight changes: A woman is more likely to experience infertility if her body is categorized as underweight, overweight, or obese. […] Stress: Women undergoing significant emotional or physical stress are at higher risk of amenorrhea.

• #19 Infertility – Treatment and Causes | familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/infertility/

  Can infertility be prevented or avoided? Some causes of infertility can’t be prevented or avoided. But both men and women can take steps to increase their chances of pregnancy. Women should: Quit smoking. Avoid alcohol and street drugs. Exercise moderately, but not so much that it interferes with your periods. Maintain a healthy weight. […] Men should: Avoid tobacco, drugs, and excessive alcohol use. Avoid high temperatures, such as hot tubs or saunas. Avoid industrial or environmental toxins. Exercise regularly. […] Infertility treatment is based on the cause of your infertility. For women, treatment may include medicine or surgery. The most common medicines used to treat female infertility stimulate the ovaries. This helps the ovaries produce more eggs and increases the chances of getting pregnant. Surgery can be done if there are blockages or problems with the fallopian tubes. It also is used to remove areas of endometriosis, fibroids, polyps, or scarring, which all can affect fertility.

• #20 Female infertility | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/female-infertility?content_id=CON-20198834

  For women thinking about getting pregnant soon or in the future, these tips might help: […] Maintain a healthy weight. Overweight and underweight women are at increased risk of ovulation disorders. If you need to lose weight, exercise moderately. Strenuous, intense exercise of more than five hours a week has been associated with decreased ovulation. […] Quit smoking. Tobacco has multiple negative effects on fertility, as well as your general health and the health of a fetus. If you smoke and are considering pregnancy, quit now. […] Avoid alcohol. Heavy alcohol use may lead to decreased fertility. And any alcohol use can affect the health of a developing fetus. If you’re planning to become pregnant, avoid alcohol, and don’t drink alcohol while pregnant. […] Reduce stress. Some studies have shown that stress can cause couples to have poorer results with infertility treatment. Try to reduce stress in your life before trying to become pregnant.

• #21 Infertility – Types, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact N

  https://www.pacehospital.com/infertility-types-causes-symptoms-treatment-prevention

  Infertility is becoming an important concern for many couples, impacting both men and women. Understanding the reasons and addressing potential hazards early can dramatically improve reproductive health outcomes, allowing people to make more informed decisions about their fertility and general well-being. […] There are many ways to reduce the risk of infertility, including: […] Maintaining a healthy weight: Being underweight or overweight can raise the likelihood of ovulation issues. The recommended body mass index (BMI) for healthy adult females is 18.5 to 24.9. […] Exercising: Sedentary lifestyles have been linked to hormonal imbalances, weight gain, and other factors that may affect reproductive health in both men and women; essentially, regular moderate exercise is generally considered beneficial for fertility, whereas a sedentary lifestyle can increase the risk of infertility.

• #22 Reducing Your Risk of Infertility | Patient Education | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/reducing-your-risk-of-infertility

  Maintain a normal body weight. Weighing too much or too little can not only put your health at risk, but also can diminish your fertility. […] Don’t smoke. Smoking lowers your chances for pregnancy and increases the risk of miscarriage. Smokers also tend to go through menopause two years earlier than non-smokers. […] Never have unprotected sex. The sexually transmitted infection that you acquire today can affect your fertility tomorrow. […] When you’re ready to have children, don’t delay. The age of the female partner is the number one determinant of successful fertility treatment for couples. […] A good healthy body is a good reproductive body.

• #23 Female infertility | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/female-infertility?content_id=CON-20198834

  For women thinking about getting pregnant soon or in the future, these tips might help: […] Maintain a healthy weight. Overweight and underweight women are at increased risk of ovulation disorders. If you need to lose weight, exercise moderately. Strenuous, intense exercise of more than five hours a week has been associated with decreased ovulation. […] Quit smoking. Tobacco has multiple negative effects on fertility, as well as your general health and the health of a fetus. If you smoke and are considering pregnancy, quit now. […] Avoid alcohol. Heavy alcohol use may lead to decreased fertility. And any alcohol use can affect the health of a developing fetus. If you’re planning to become pregnant, avoid alcohol, and don’t drink alcohol while pregnant. […] Reduce stress. Some studies have shown that stress can cause couples to have poorer results with infertility treatment. Try to reduce stress in your life before trying to become pregnant.

• #24 Infertility – Types, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact N

  https://www.pacehospital.com/infertility-types-causes-symptoms-treatment-prevention

  Infertility is becoming an important concern for many couples, impacting both men and women. Understanding the reasons and addressing potential hazards early can dramatically improve reproductive health outcomes, allowing people to make more informed decisions about their fertility and general well-being. […] There are many ways to reduce the risk of infertility, including: […] Maintaining a healthy weight: Being underweight or overweight can raise the likelihood of ovulation issues. The recommended body mass index (BMI) for healthy adult females is 18.5 to 24.9. […] Exercising: Sedentary lifestyles have been linked to hormonal imbalances, weight gain, and other factors that may affect reproductive health in both men and women; essentially, regular moderate exercise is generally considered beneficial for fertility, whereas a sedentary lifestyle can increase the risk of infertility.

• #25 Female infertility | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/female-infertility?content_id=CON-20198834

  For women thinking about getting pregnant soon or in the future, these tips might help: […] Maintain a healthy weight. Overweight and underweight women are at increased risk of ovulation disorders. If you need to lose weight, exercise moderately. Strenuous, intense exercise of more than five hours a week has been associated with decreased ovulation. […] Quit smoking. Tobacco has multiple negative effects on fertility, as well as your general health and the health of a fetus. If you smoke and are considering pregnancy, quit now. […] Avoid alcohol. Heavy alcohol use may lead to decreased fertility. And any alcohol use can affect the health of a developing fetus. If you’re planning to become pregnant, avoid alcohol, and don’t drink alcohol while pregnant. […] Reduce stress. Some studies have shown that stress can cause couples to have poorer results with infertility treatment. Try to reduce stress in your life before trying to become pregnant.

• #26 Reducing Your Risk of Infertility | Patient Education | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/reducing-your-risk-of-infertility

  Maintain a normal body weight. Weighing too much or too little can not only put your health at risk, but also can diminish your fertility. […] Don’t smoke. Smoking lowers your chances for pregnancy and increases the risk of miscarriage. Smokers also tend to go through menopause two years earlier than non-smokers. […] Never have unprotected sex. The sexually transmitted infection that you acquire today can affect your fertility tomorrow. […] When you’re ready to have children, don’t delay. The age of the female partner is the number one determinant of successful fertility treatment for couples. […] A good healthy body is a good reproductive body.

• #27 Female infertility | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/female-infertility?content_id=CON-20198834

  For women thinking about getting pregnant soon or in the future, these tips might help: […] Maintain a healthy weight. Overweight and underweight women are at increased risk of ovulation disorders. If you need to lose weight, exercise moderately. Strenuous, intense exercise of more than five hours a week has been associated with decreased ovulation. […] Quit smoking. Tobacco has multiple negative effects on fertility, as well as your general health and the health of a fetus. If you smoke and are considering pregnancy, quit now. […] Avoid alcohol. Heavy alcohol use may lead to decreased fertility. And any alcohol use can affect the health of a developing fetus. If you’re planning to become pregnant, avoid alcohol, and don’t drink alcohol while pregnant. […] Reduce stress. Some studies have shown that stress can cause couples to have poorer results with infertility treatment. Try to reduce stress in your life before trying to become pregnant.

• #28 Infertility – Types, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact N

  https://www.pacehospital.com/infertility-types-causes-symptoms-treatment-prevention

  Avoiding smoking: For both men and women, smoking can have an adverse impact on fertility. […] Avoiding abstinence: Heavy alcohol consumption can reduce fertility and harm the health of a growing baby. […] Stress reduction: Stress may have a negative impact on fertility in both men and women by disturbing hormonal balance, specifically influencing sperm quality in males, and ovulation in females and potentially leading to difficulty conceiving owing to irregular menstrual cycles, diminished egg quality, and decreased sperm motility. While stress alone may not directly cause infertility, chronic high stress levels can significantly decrease the chances of pregnancy. […] Preventing sexually transmitted infections: Preventing sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as gonorrhea and chlamydia can help lower the risk of infertility.

• #29 Infertility: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16083-infertility

  You can take these steps to protect your fertility, especially while trying to conceive: […] Eat a well-balanced diet and maintain a weight that’s healthy for you. […] Don’t smoke, misuse drugs or drink alcohol. […] Get treated for STIs. […] Limit exposure to environmental toxins. […] Stay physically active, but don’t overdo exercise. […] Don’t delay conception until an advanced age. […] Undergo fertility preservation procedures (freezing eggs or sperm).

• #30 Infertility – Treatment and Causes | familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/infertility/

  Can infertility be prevented or avoided? Some causes of infertility can’t be prevented or avoided. But both men and women can take steps to increase their chances of pregnancy. Women should: Quit smoking. Avoid alcohol and street drugs. Exercise moderately, but not so much that it interferes with your periods. Maintain a healthy weight. […] Men should: Avoid tobacco, drugs, and excessive alcohol use. Avoid high temperatures, such as hot tubs or saunas. Avoid industrial or environmental toxins. Exercise regularly. […] Infertility treatment is based on the cause of your infertility. For women, treatment may include medicine or surgery. The most common medicines used to treat female infertility stimulate the ovaries. This helps the ovaries produce more eggs and increases the chances of getting pregnant. Surgery can be done if there are blockages or problems with the fallopian tubes. It also is used to remove areas of endometriosis, fibroids, polyps, or scarring, which all can affect fertility.

• #31

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=hw203714

  Sometimes infertility is related to lifestyle or other health conditions. To help protect your fertility: […] Avoid using tobacco (cigarettes) and cannabis (marijuana). […] Avoid exposure to harmful chemicals. […] Avoid excessive alcohol use. […] Limit sex partners and use condoms to reduce the risk of getting a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Untreated STIs can damage the reproductive system and cause infertility. If you think you may have an STI, get treatment right away to reduce the risk of damage. […] Stay at a body weight that’s close to the ideal for your height. It will reduce the chance of hormone imbalances.

• #32 Reducing Your Risk of Infertility | Patient Education | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/reducing-your-risk-of-infertility

  Maintain a normal body weight. Weighing too much or too little can not only put your health at risk, but also can diminish your fertility. […] Don’t smoke. Smoking lowers your chances for pregnancy and increases the risk of miscarriage. Smokers also tend to go through menopause two years earlier than non-smokers. […] Never have unprotected sex. The sexually transmitted infection that you acquire today can affect your fertility tomorrow. […] When you’re ready to have children, don’t delay. The age of the female partner is the number one determinant of successful fertility treatment for couples. […] A good healthy body is a good reproductive body.

• #33 The 'Silent STI’ Need Not Leave Infertility in its Wake | MedPage Today

  https://www.medpagetoday.com/opinion/second-opinions/113971

  Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) have a major impact on the heath of people every day — from diseases like AIDS and syphilis to drug-resistant gonorrhea and herpes. But few know that chlamydia, one of the most common STIs, is a major cause of infertility when left untreated. Too many people are unaware of the long-term complications of chlamydia and how a simple test and cheap treatment can save fertility. […] We urgently need new federal and state efforts to reduce stigma and provide STI testing and treatment to prevent infertility. Infertility prevention can improve the health of all women and families. […] Chlamydia, however, is easily detectable through testing and can be treated with a single course of antibiotics. What makes treatment challenging is that most women with chlamydia do not know they have it. In 70-75% of cases, the infection in women has no symptoms, which is why it’s known as the „silent STI.” The only way to know if you or your patient has chlamydia is through testing.

• #34 Can Chlamydia Affect Female Fertility? PID, Infertility and Prevention

  https://www.letsgetchecked.com/articles/can-chlamydia-affect-female-fertility/?srsltid=AfmBOopp7K7ueGDszIXwR5v6QWS-3j92hKHlYdctirWWLAwRIMBRczMU

  Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. […] When the infection goes untreated, it can affect fertility and result in Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) which is a common cause of ectopic pregnancy and chronic pelvic pain. […] However, if chlamydia goes unnoticed and untreated, it can lead to infertility and PID. […] CDC roughly estimates that 10-15% of women with chlamydia will develop PID; a common cause of ectopic pregnancy and permanent damage to the fallopian tubes, uterus, and surrounding tissues. […] Both chlamydia and gonorrhea are preventable causes of both PID and infertility. […] If PID is diagnosed early, however, it can be treated. And although treatment can’t undo any damage that has already been done, it can reduce the risk of any further complications.

• #35 Can Chlamydia Affect Female Fertility? PID, Infertility and Prevention

  https://www.letsgetchecked.com/articles/can-chlamydia-affect-female-fertility/?srsltid=AfmBOopp7K7ueGDszIXwR5v6QWS-3j92hKHlYdctirWWLAwRIMBRczMU

  Chlamydia and gonorrhea are the two sexually transmitted diseases that can cause infertility or make pregnancy difficult in females. […] Along with potentially causing PID, untreated chlamydia can cause problems during pregnancy, this includes preterm labor, low birth weight, and the passing on of the infection to the newborn. […] As mentioned, if chlamydia is left untreated, the bacteria can spread to the womb, ovaries, or the fallopian tubes, causing PID.

• #36 Infertility: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16083-infertility

  You can take these steps to protect your fertility, especially while trying to conceive: […] Eat a well-balanced diet and maintain a weight that’s healthy for you. […] Don’t smoke, misuse drugs or drink alcohol. […] Get treated for STIs. […] Limit exposure to environmental toxins. […] Stay physically active, but don’t overdo exercise. […] Don’t delay conception until an advanced age. […] Undergo fertility preservation procedures (freezing eggs or sperm).

• #37 Infertility – Types, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact N

  https://www.pacehospital.com/infertility-types-causes-symptoms-treatment-prevention

  Avoiding smoking: For both men and women, smoking can have an adverse impact on fertility. […] Avoiding abstinence: Heavy alcohol consumption can reduce fertility and harm the health of a growing baby. […] Stress reduction: Stress may have a negative impact on fertility in both men and women by disturbing hormonal balance, specifically influencing sperm quality in males, and ovulation in females and potentially leading to difficulty conceiving owing to irregular menstrual cycles, diminished egg quality, and decreased sperm motility. While stress alone may not directly cause infertility, chronic high stress levels can significantly decrease the chances of pregnancy. […] Preventing sexually transmitted infections: Preventing sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as gonorrhea and chlamydia can help lower the risk of infertility.

• #38 Female infertility | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/female-infertility?content_id=CON-20198834

  For women thinking about getting pregnant soon or in the future, these tips might help: […] Maintain a healthy weight. Overweight and underweight women are at increased risk of ovulation disorders. If you need to lose weight, exercise moderately. Strenuous, intense exercise of more than five hours a week has been associated with decreased ovulation. […] Quit smoking. Tobacco has multiple negative effects on fertility, as well as your general health and the health of a fetus. If you smoke and are considering pregnancy, quit now. […] Avoid alcohol. Heavy alcohol use may lead to decreased fertility. And any alcohol use can affect the health of a developing fetus. If you’re planning to become pregnant, avoid alcohol, and don’t drink alcohol while pregnant. […] Reduce stress. Some studies have shown that stress can cause couples to have poorer results with infertility treatment. Try to reduce stress in your life before trying to become pregnant.

• #39 A Holistic Approach to Female Infertility | Springer Publishing

  https://connect.springerpub.com/content/sgrcjnpwh/1/1/34

  A holistic approach to infertility treatment is person-centered and considers the individuals overall health rather than focusing only on the disease. Behavior and lifestyle are essential to consider, including attention to nutrition, avoidance of toxins and pollutants, physical activity, sleep hygiene, stress management, and sexual health. […] The nurse practitioner needs to understand the evidence behind using behavior and lifestyle changes to improve fertility. Person-centered care with a holistic approach requires sharing this information with women and couples so they can make informed decisions and feel supported. […] A holistic approach to stress can address the emotional, mental, psychosocial, and spiritual needs of infertile women and reduce infertility-related stress, anxiety, and depression. Potential strategies include cognitive behavioral therapy, mindbody interventions, stress management skills, and educational interventions.

• #40 Environmental Factors for Female Infertility – Austin Fertility Doctors

  https://txfertility.com/female-infertility/environmental-factors-fertility/

  Protect your fertility by watching for environmental factors for female infertility. […] Your home and work environment can affect your reproductive potential. If you come into contact with certain substances and toxins, they can affect your ability to conceive or lead to issues like miscarriage or birth defects in your child. […] Despite what you may have heard, there is no good evidence that exposure to common sources of electromagnetic field radiation is harmful. As a result, you don’t need to worry about contact with radiation from computer monitors, electric blankets and microwave ovens. […] In addition to the environmental factors for female infertility, it’s important to know about lifestyle factors for infertility. […] Our Austin fertility doctors are experts when it comes to diagnosing and treating the complex causes of infertility. Contact us if you would like to learn more or if you’d like to schedule an appointment to start your journey to parenthood.

• #41 Infertility – Types, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact N

  https://www.pacehospital.com/infertility-types-causes-symptoms-treatment-prevention

  Avoiding hot baths: Frequent hot baths can temporarily impair sperm production and motility. […] Avoiding pollutants and toxins: Pesticides, lead, cadmium, and mercury can impair the body’s ability to produce sperm. […] Limiting certain medicines: Some medications can affect fertility. It’s essential to avoid excessive usage of certain medications, especially those that change hormone levels or reproductive health.

• #42 Infertility: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16083-infertility

  You can take these steps to protect your fertility, especially while trying to conceive: […] Eat a well-balanced diet and maintain a weight that’s healthy for you. […] Don’t smoke, misuse drugs or drink alcohol. […] Get treated for STIs. […] Limit exposure to environmental toxins. […] Stay physically active, but don’t overdo exercise. […] Don’t delay conception until an advanced age. […] Undergo fertility preservation procedures (freezing eggs or sperm).

• #43 Journal of Health Sciences and Medicine » Submission » A comprehensive survey: prevention of female infertility by nutrition

  https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jhsm/issue/79136/1291555

  There is an important relationship between nutrition and infertility in women. Most diseases that cause infertility in women can be prevented and treated with proper nutrition. […] Various studies showed that proper nutrition improves women’s ovulation parameters and pregnancy outcomes. The reviewed studies suggested a balance between protein and carbohydrates, consuming foods with a low glycemic index, high fiber diet, eating five meals a day, daily consumption of essential fatty acids such as omega 3 and 6, use of organic materials, low-fat proteins, complex carbohydrates, folic acid, antioxidants, vitamins, and foods that cause regular ovulation such as cod liver oil, licorice plant, five-finger plant, thistle, and cinnamon. The results of this comprehensive study indicate that proper nutrition through adequate consumption of micronutrients can positively impact women’s fertility. These findings highlight the potential contribution of diet interventions to clinical practice for infertility prevention and management.

• #44 Journal of Health Sciences and Medicine » Submission » A comprehensive survey: prevention of female infertility by nutrition

  https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jhsm/issue/79136/1291555

  There is an important relationship between nutrition and infertility in women. Most diseases that cause infertility in women can be prevented and treated with proper nutrition. […] Various studies showed that proper nutrition improves women’s ovulation parameters and pregnancy outcomes. The reviewed studies suggested a balance between protein and carbohydrates, consuming foods with a low glycemic index, high fiber diet, eating five meals a day, daily consumption of essential fatty acids such as omega 3 and 6, use of organic materials, low-fat proteins, complex carbohydrates, folic acid, antioxidants, vitamins, and foods that cause regular ovulation such as cod liver oil, licorice plant, five-finger plant, thistle, and cinnamon. The results of this comprehensive study indicate that proper nutrition through adequate consumption of micronutrients can positively impact women’s fertility. These findings highlight the potential contribution of diet interventions to clinical practice for infertility prevention and management.

• #45 Female infertility – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_infertility

  Not delaying parenthood. Fertility does not ultimately cease before menopause, but it starts declining after age 27 and drops at a somewhat greater rate after age 35. […] Women whose biological mothers had unusual or abnormal issues related to conceiving may be at particular risk for some conditions, such as premature menopause, that can be mitigated by not delaying parenthood. […] Egg freezing. A woman can freeze her eggs preserve her fertility. By using egg freezing while in the peak reproductive years, a woman’s oocytes are cryogenically frozen and ready for her use later in life, reducing her chances of female infertility.

• #46 Female infertility – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_infertility

  Not delaying parenthood. Fertility does not ultimately cease before menopause, but it starts declining after age 27 and drops at a somewhat greater rate after age 35. […] Women whose biological mothers had unusual or abnormal issues related to conceiving may be at particular risk for some conditions, such as premature menopause, that can be mitigated by not delaying parenthood. […] Egg freezing. A woman can freeze her eggs preserve her fertility. By using egg freezing while in the peak reproductive years, a woman’s oocytes are cryogenically frozen and ready for her use later in life, reducing her chances of female infertility.

• #47 Female infertility – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_infertility

  Not delaying parenthood. Fertility does not ultimately cease before menopause, but it starts declining after age 27 and drops at a somewhat greater rate after age 35. […] Women whose biological mothers had unusual or abnormal issues related to conceiving may be at particular risk for some conditions, such as premature menopause, that can be mitigated by not delaying parenthood. […] Egg freezing. A woman can freeze her eggs preserve her fertility. By using egg freezing while in the peak reproductive years, a woman’s oocytes are cryogenically frozen and ready for her use later in life, reducing her chances of female infertility.

• #48 Female Infertility: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17774-female-infertility

  You cant predict or prevent most types of female infertility. However, you may be able to control some of the risk factors that contribute to infertility with lifestyle modifications. Examples include: […] Its important to regularly visit your healthcare provider and discuss any other risks you may have for infertility. You should also schedule annual checkups with a gynecologist once you begin having sex, so your healthcare provider can better detect conditions that may affect your future fertility.

• #49 Secondary Infertility: Causes, Prevention and Treatment Solutions

  https://www.onefertilitykitchenerwaterloo.com/factors-affecting-secondary-fertility/

  One of the most significant contributors to secondary infertility is age. Fertility naturally declines as people grow older, especially for women, impacting egg quality and overall chances of getting pregnant. […] Choices surrounding health and daily habits play a pivotal role in fertility. Some are linked directly to egg and sperm health, while others influence overall reproductive hormones. […] Addressing risk factors and prioritizing early detection can improve success rates for secondary infertility. […] Regular gynecological check-ups enable early detection of conditions like PCOS, endometriosis, and thyroid disorders, preventing long-term complications. […] Maintaining a healthy lifestyle: Following a balanced diet and a regular exercise routine can address any infertility issues linked to lifestyle choices. […] Addressing medical conditions promptly: Seeking treatment for reproductive health issues when they arise ensures better long-term outcomes.

• #50 Infertility in Women | American Pregnancy Association

  https://americanpregnancy.org/getting-pregnant/female-infertility/

  There is usually nothing that can be done to prevent female infertility caused by genetic problems or illness. However, there are several things that women can do to decrease the possibility of infertility: […] Take steps to prevent sexually transmitted diseases […] Avoid illicit drugs […] Avoid heavy or frequent alcohol use […] Adopt good personal hygiene and health practices […] Have annual check-ups with your GYN once you are sexually active.

• #51 The role of the GP in managing female infertility | Medicine Today

  https://medicinetoday.com.au/mt/2011/may/feature-article/role-gp-managing-female-infertility

  Female infertility is a common problem and GPs should be able to elucidate potential causes by efficient history taking and performing initial investigations as appropriate. […] Preconceptual advice for females includes lifestyle advice, such as maintaining a normal body mass index, and a discussion on the detrimental effect of female age on fertility. […] A preconception blood screen should be performed in all women who want to conceive. This includes a full blood count, blood group, thyroid function tests, rubella, varicella, hepatitis B and C, and HIV serology. […] Couples should be tested and referred after 12 months of trying to conceive if the female is younger than 35 years of age, and after six months if the female is older than 35 years.

• #52 The role of the GP in managing female infertility | Medicine Today

  https://medicinetoday.com.au/mt/2011/may/feature-article/role-gp-managing-female-infertility

  Female infertility is a common problem and GPs should be able to elucidate potential causes by efficient history taking and performing initial investigations as appropriate. […] Preconceptual advice for females includes lifestyle advice, such as maintaining a normal body mass index, and a discussion on the detrimental effect of female age on fertility. […] A preconception blood screen should be performed in all women who want to conceive. This includes a full blood count, blood group, thyroid function tests, rubella, varicella, hepatitis B and C, and HIV serology. […] Couples should be tested and referred after 12 months of trying to conceive if the female is younger than 35 years of age, and after six months if the female is older than 35 years.

• #53 Female Fertility | Women & Infants Fertility Center

  https://fertility.womenandinfants.org/services/women

  Female infertility occurs if a woman lacks the ability to get pregnant after regularly having unprotected intercourse for 12 months, or six months for women older than 35. […] The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found that infertility affects nearly 11 percent of reproductive-age women in the United States. […] A fertility specialist will conduct tests to help evaluate symptoms and determine a cause for infertility in a woman struggling to conceive. […] Common causes of infertility in women include ovulatory dysfunction, imbalance of hormones, and structural issues of the reproductive system. […] Treatments available for infertility in women include fertility drugs, reproductive surgery, intrauterine insemination (IUI), and in vitro fertilization (IVF). […] ASRM reports that 85 percent of female infertility cases under medical attention are treated with either fertility drugs or surgery.

• #54 A Holistic Approach to Female Infertility | Springer Publishing

  https://connect.springerpub.com/content/sgrcjnpwh/1/1/34

  Fertility issues are common, and potential causes of female infertility can be multifactorial. […] A holistic approach to infertility treatment is one that is person-centered and considers the individuals overall health rather than focusing only on the disease. This approach can help women improve their fertility before or in tandem with assisted reproductive technologies. This article provides the nurse practitioner with an overview of holistic lifestyle choices that can potentially improve fertility. […] Using a holistic approach, the nurse practitioner can provide an initial assessment that includes looking at behavior and lifestyle factors. In this article, the author describes a holistic approach to care for women with infertility issues before and in tandem with referrals to fertility specialty care. Current evidence for behavior and lifestyle changes that may influence infertility is provided.

• #55

  https://journals.salviapub.com/index.php/gmj/article/view/3534

  Infertility is a growing public health concern, affecting millions of individuals and couples worldwide. […] Despite advancements in medical treatments, prevention remains a critical strategy for reducing the burden of infertility. […] Nurses, as frontline healthcare providers, play a pivotal role in infertility prevention and health promotion, particularly through public health initiatives. […] Emphasis is placed on the role of nurses in health education, screening, early detection, and community-based interventions, which are essential in reducing infertility rates. […] Evidence suggests that nurses are well-positioned to lead public health campaigns, conduct reproductive health counseling, and advocate for policy reforms to improve infertility prevention. […] This study underscores the critical role of nurses in promoting reproductive health and preventing infertility, advocating for their inclusion in comprehensive public health strategies aimed at addressing infertility on a global scale.

• #56

  https://journals.salviapub.com/index.php/gmj/article/view/3534

  Infertility is a growing public health concern, affecting millions of individuals and couples worldwide. […] Despite advancements in medical treatments, prevention remains a critical strategy for reducing the burden of infertility. […] Nurses, as frontline healthcare providers, play a pivotal role in infertility prevention and health promotion, particularly through public health initiatives. […] Emphasis is placed on the role of nurses in health education, screening, early detection, and community-based interventions, which are essential in reducing infertility rates. […] Evidence suggests that nurses are well-positioned to lead public health campaigns, conduct reproductive health counseling, and advocate for policy reforms to improve infertility prevention. […] This study underscores the critical role of nurses in promoting reproductive health and preventing infertility, advocating for their inclusion in comprehensive public health strategies aimed at addressing infertility on a global scale.

• #57 Infertility Services in Family Planning Care Toolkit | Reproductive Health National Training Center

  https://rhntc.org/resources/infertility-services-family-planning-care-toolkit

  Basic infertility services are a core component of family planning services, the Title X Program, and the Quality Family Planning Recommendations (QFP). […] Family planning providers can support reproductive well-being, fertility, and fertility preservation by focusing on infertility prevention through: screening for and treating conditions that may influence fertility; and providing quality preconception health services. […] Integrate infertility prevention and education into client care for all. […] Counsel on proactively supporting fertility and achieving healthy pregnancy, as appropriate. […] Screen for chlamydia and gonorrhea according to guidelines to prevent tubal infertility. […] Provide information to clients on supporting fertility and fertility preservation, when relevant.

• #58 A Holistic Approach to Female Infertility | Springer Publishing

  https://connect.springerpub.com/content/sgrcjnpwh/1/1/34

  A holistic approach to care that is evidence-based is essential for women facing infertility before and in tandem with referrals for ART. Womens health nurse practitioners in primary care settings can perform a comprehensive medical history and physical examination, order laboratory markers, and interpret initial findings. They can assess understanding of menstrual cycles, fertile windows, and fertility awareness methods, and provide education in these areas.

• #59

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infertility

  Infertility can be primary or secondary. Primary infertility is when a pregnancy has never been achieved by a person, and secondary infertility is when at least one prior pregnancy has been achieved. […] Fertility care encompasses the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infertility. […] Some causes of infertility are preventable. […] Addressing infertility can also mitigate gender inequality. […] Education and awareness-raising interventions to address understanding of the prevalence and determinants of fertility and infertility is essential. […] To effectively address infertility, health policies need to recognize that infertility is a disease that can often be prevented, thereby mitigating the need for costly and poorly accessible treatments. Incorporating fertility awareness in national comprehensive sexuality education programmes, promoting healthy lifestyles to reduce behavioural risks, including prevention, diagnosis and early treatment of STIs, preventing complications of unsafe abortion, postpartum sepsis and abdominal/pelvic surgery, and addressing environmental toxins associated with infertility, are policy and programmatic interventions that all governments can implement. […] WHO is committed to addressing infertility and fertility care by developing guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of male and female infertility, as part of the global norms and standards of quality care related to fertility care.

• #60

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infertility

  Infertility can be primary or secondary. Primary infertility is when a pregnancy has never been achieved by a person, and secondary infertility is when at least one prior pregnancy has been achieved. […] Fertility care encompasses the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infertility. […] Some causes of infertility are preventable. […] Addressing infertility can also mitigate gender inequality. […] Education and awareness-raising interventions to address understanding of the prevalence and determinants of fertility and infertility is essential. […] To effectively address infertility, health policies need to recognize that infertility is a disease that can often be prevented, thereby mitigating the need for costly and poorly accessible treatments. Incorporating fertility awareness in national comprehensive sexuality education programmes, promoting healthy lifestyles to reduce behavioural risks, including prevention, diagnosis and early treatment of STIs, preventing complications of unsafe abortion, postpartum sepsis and abdominal/pelvic surgery, and addressing environmental toxins associated with infertility, are policy and programmatic interventions that all governments can implement. […] WHO is committed to addressing infertility and fertility care by developing guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of male and female infertility, as part of the global norms and standards of quality care related to fertility care.

• #61

  https://journals.lww.com/grh/fulltext/2021/01010/who_fact_sheet_on_infertility.1.aspx

  Infertility can be primary or secondary. Primary infertility is when a pregnancy has never been achieved by a person, and secondary infertility is when at least one prior pregnancy has been achieved. […] Fertility care encompasses the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infertility. Equal and equitable access to fertility care remains a challenge in most countries; particularly in low and middle-income countries. Fertility care is rarely prioritized in national universal health coverage benefit packages. […] To effectively address infertility, health policies need to recognize that infertility is a disease that can often be prevented, thereby mitigating the need for costly and poorly accessible treatments. Incorporating fertility awareness in national comprehensive sexuality education programmes, promoting healthy lifestyles to reduce behavioural risks, including prevention, diagnosis and early treatment of STIs, preventing complications of unsafe abortion, postpartum sepsis and abdominal/pelvic surgery, and addressing environmental toxins associated with infertility, are policy and programmatic interventions that all governments can implement.

• #62

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infertility

  Infertility can be primary or secondary. Primary infertility is when a pregnancy has never been achieved by a person, and secondary infertility is when at least one prior pregnancy has been achieved. […] Fertility care encompasses the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infertility. […] Some causes of infertility are preventable. […] Addressing infertility can also mitigate gender inequality. […] Education and awareness-raising interventions to address understanding of the prevalence and determinants of fertility and infertility is essential. […] To effectively address infertility, health policies need to recognize that infertility is a disease that can often be prevented, thereby mitigating the need for costly and poorly accessible treatments. Incorporating fertility awareness in national comprehensive sexuality education programmes, promoting healthy lifestyles to reduce behavioural risks, including prevention, diagnosis and early treatment of STIs, preventing complications of unsafe abortion, postpartum sepsis and abdominal/pelvic surgery, and addressing environmental toxins associated with infertility, are policy and programmatic interventions that all governments can implement. […] WHO is committed to addressing infertility and fertility care by developing guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of male and female infertility, as part of the global norms and standards of quality care related to fertility care.

• #63 A Holistic Approach to Female Infertility | Springer Publishing

  https://connect.springerpub.com/content/sgrcjnpwh/1/1/34

  A holistic approach to infertility treatment is person-centered and considers the individuals overall health rather than focusing only on the disease. Behavior and lifestyle are essential to consider, including attention to nutrition, avoidance of toxins and pollutants, physical activity, sleep hygiene, stress management, and sexual health. […] The nurse practitioner needs to understand the evidence behind using behavior and lifestyle changes to improve fertility. Person-centered care with a holistic approach requires sharing this information with women and couples so they can make informed decisions and feel supported. […] A holistic approach to stress can address the emotional, mental, psychosocial, and spiritual needs of infertile women and reduce infertility-related stress, anxiety, and depression. Potential strategies include cognitive behavioral therapy, mindbody interventions, stress management skills, and educational interventions.

• #64 Infertility Services in Family Planning Care Toolkit | Reproductive Health National Training Center

  https://rhntc.org/resources/infertility-services-family-planning-care-toolkit

  Provide counseling and education on fertility and fertility awareness-based methods (FABMs) to achieve pregnancy. […] By understanding each clients unique circumstances and family building goals, family planning staff can provide appropriate clinical services, non-clinical resources, and referrals to support clients experiencing infertility or clients who are interested in fertility preservation options. […] Strengthen your agencys referral system. […] Refer clients experiencing infertility or infertility factors for additional assessment, treatment, counseling, and/or social, emotional, or spiritual support services.

• #65 Treating Infertility | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/treating-infertility

  The most common cause of female infertility is a problem with ovulation. […] Women who are underweight, overweight, or exercise too much may have a harder time getting pregnant. In women, smoking and drinking alcohol at moderate or heavy levels may reduce fertility. […] In women, several health problems can affect fertility, including: Problems with the reproductive organs or hormones, Scarring or blockages of the fallopian tubes (from past sexually transmitted infections [STIs] or endometriosis), Problems with the thyroid gland or pituitary gland. […] Staying at a healthy weight and eating a healthy diet can be helpful for both men and women with infertility. If you and your male partner smoke, use drugs, or drink alcohol, you should stop. […] In women, surgery may be used to: Repair blocked or damaged fallopian tubes, Treat endometriosis, which is commonly associated with infertility, Remove polyps or fibroids in the uterus.

• #66 Female infertility – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_infertility

  Acquired female infertility may be prevented through identified interventions: […] Maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Excessive exercise, consumption of caffeine and alcohol, and smoking have all been associated with decreased fertility. Eating a well-balanced, nutritious diet, with plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables, and maintaining a normal weight, on the other hand, have been associated with better fertility prospects. […] Treating or preventing existing diseases. Identifying and controlling chronic diseases such as diabetes and hypothyroidism increases fertility prospects. Lifelong practice of safer sex reduces the likelihood that sexually transmitted infections will impair fertility; obtaining prompt treatment for sexually transmitted infections reduces the likelihood that such infections will do significant damage. Regular physical examinations (including pap smears) help detect early signs of infections or abnormalities.

• #67 Female infertility – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_infertility

  Acquired female infertility may be prevented through identified interventions: […] Maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Excessive exercise, consumption of caffeine and alcohol, and smoking have all been associated with decreased fertility. Eating a well-balanced, nutritious diet, with plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables, and maintaining a normal weight, on the other hand, have been associated with better fertility prospects. […] Treating or preventing existing diseases. Identifying and controlling chronic diseases such as diabetes and hypothyroidism increases fertility prospects. Lifelong practice of safer sex reduces the likelihood that sexually transmitted infections will impair fertility; obtaining prompt treatment for sexually transmitted infections reduces the likelihood that such infections will do significant damage. Regular physical examinations (including pap smears) help detect early signs of infections or abnormalities.

• #68 How Cancer and Cancer Treatment Can Affect Fertility in Women | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/managing-cancer/side-effects/fertility-and-sexual-side-effects/fertility-and-women-with-cancer/how-cancer-treatments-affect-fertility.html

  Some cancers, and some cancer treatments, can cause infertility. […] If you want to have children after cancer treatment, now is the time to talk to your doctor or cancer care team. Ask them how treatment might affect your fertility and if there is anything you can do to preserve it. […] It is best to have these discussions before starting treatment. […] Talk to your doctor and cancer care team about your risk for infertility. If possible, do this before you start cancer treatment. There are steps that can be taken to try and preserve your fertility. It’s best if these are started before treatment begins. […] If you have trouble getting pregnant after cancer treatment, think about meeting with a reproductive endocrinologist. This is a doctor who specializes in fertility issues. Some reproductive endocrinologists specialize in cancer-related fertility. […] Cancer and cancer treatment could affect your fertility. But there may be ways to improve your chances of having children in the future.

• #69 How Cancer and Cancer Treatment Can Affect Fertility in Women | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/managing-cancer/side-effects/fertility-and-sexual-side-effects/fertility-and-women-with-cancer/how-cancer-treatments-affect-fertility.html

  Some cancers, and some cancer treatments, can cause infertility. […] If you want to have children after cancer treatment, now is the time to talk to your doctor or cancer care team. Ask them how treatment might affect your fertility and if there is anything you can do to preserve it. […] It is best to have these discussions before starting treatment. […] Talk to your doctor and cancer care team about your risk for infertility. If possible, do this before you start cancer treatment. There are steps that can be taken to try and preserve your fertility. It’s best if these are started before treatment begins. […] If you have trouble getting pregnant after cancer treatment, think about meeting with a reproductive endocrinologist. This is a doctor who specializes in fertility issues. Some reproductive endocrinologists specialize in cancer-related fertility. […] Cancer and cancer treatment could affect your fertility. But there may be ways to improve your chances of having children in the future.

• #70 How Cancer and Cancer Treatment Can Affect Fertility in Women | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/managing-cancer/side-effects/fertility-and-sexual-side-effects/fertility-and-women-with-cancer/how-cancer-treatments-affect-fertility.html

  Some cancers, and some cancer treatments, can cause infertility. […] If you want to have children after cancer treatment, now is the time to talk to your doctor or cancer care team. Ask them how treatment might affect your fertility and if there is anything you can do to preserve it. […] It is best to have these discussions before starting treatment. […] Talk to your doctor and cancer care team about your risk for infertility. If possible, do this before you start cancer treatment. There are steps that can be taken to try and preserve your fertility. It’s best if these are started before treatment begins. […] If you have trouble getting pregnant after cancer treatment, think about meeting with a reproductive endocrinologist. This is a doctor who specializes in fertility issues. Some reproductive endocrinologists specialize in cancer-related fertility. […] Cancer and cancer treatment could affect your fertility. But there may be ways to improve your chances of having children in the future.

• #71 VA Fertility & Family-building Services – Women Veterans Health Care

  https://www.womenshealth.va.gov/topics/fertility-services.asp

  VA covers a wide range of fertility treatments, procedures, and services. […] Fertility evaluation and some treatments are covered for all Veterans who use VA health care under the Medical Benefits Package regardless of service connection, relationship, or marital status. […] Fertility preservation is a preventive measure that is performed before medical treatments that could cause infertility. […] VA covers this if a necessary medical treatment is likely to prevent a Veteran from using their own eggs or sperm in the future. […] Veterans who are eligible for VA ART/IVF benefits are also eligible to receive an adoption reimbursement benefit.

• #72 Military Women: On the Hook for Infertility? – Center for Reproductive Medicine

  https://ivfminnesota.com/military-women/

  The results of a survey show that, shockingly, nearly 40 percent of active-duty women report fertility problems. This is a significantly higher rate than expected for any demographic, considering that the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Preventions National Survey of Family Growth shows that 1 in 8 couples have trouble conceiving (approximately 13 percent). […] According to the report Access To Reproductive Health Care: The Experiences of Military Women 37 percent of active duty women polled said they had chronic problems in conceiving or carrying a baby to term, while 30 percent of female veterans said they experienced infertility while trying to get pregnant., as reported by Military.com. […] Such a drastic gap between female active duty personnel and the general public (24 percent) has raised concerns that the fertility issues could be service-related. In response, the Department of Defense is sponsoring a study of military womens health to be undertaken by the RAND Corporation. Results are expected later this year.

• #73 Military Women: On the Hook for Infertility? – Center for Reproductive Medicine

  https://ivfminnesota.com/military-women/

  As of now the causes of high rates of infertility among active-duty women are unclear, but some military women have come forward with ideas of their own, such as ill-fitting body armor that is designed with the male physique in mind, contaminated water and air in war zones, and harsh cleaning and stripping agents. […] The military has insisted that it does provide coverage for infertility, but TRICARE the militarys health care provider does not cover in-vitro fertilization, perhaps the most common fertility treatment available to women and couples who wish to conceive. […] Whether someone is active duty military, a reservist, retired, or making a living in a non-military career, the first step remains the same when dealing with infertility: seek the advice of an experienced physician with a proven track record providing fertility treatments. […] Fertility treatment options like IVF are more effective and accessible than ever. Simply learning more about the treatments that may be right for you can provide some peace of mind and allow you to focus your energy on preparing for the next step in your fertility journey.

• #74 Military Women: On the Hook for Infertility? – Center for Reproductive Medicine

  https://ivfminnesota.com/military-women/

  As of now the causes of high rates of infertility among active-duty women are unclear, but some military women have come forward with ideas of their own, such as ill-fitting body armor that is designed with the male physique in mind, contaminated water and air in war zones, and harsh cleaning and stripping agents. […] The military has insisted that it does provide coverage for infertility, but TRICARE the militarys health care provider does not cover in-vitro fertilization, perhaps the most common fertility treatment available to women and couples who wish to conceive. […] Whether someone is active duty military, a reservist, retired, or making a living in a non-military career, the first step remains the same when dealing with infertility: seek the advice of an experienced physician with a proven track record providing fertility treatments. […] Fertility treatment options like IVF are more effective and accessible than ever. Simply learning more about the treatments that may be right for you can provide some peace of mind and allow you to focus your energy on preparing for the next step in your fertility journey.

• #75 Female Infertility Panel Test – PreventionGenetics

  https://www.preventiongenetics.com/testInfo?val=Female-Infertility-Panel

  This test is recommended for women with genetic infertility. […] Infertility is a disorder of the reproductive system defined by the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. It affects 10-20% of couples worldwide and is generally attributed to males and females equally. […] Genetic abnormalities including both chromosomal and single-gene alterations account for 15-30% of cases of infertility. […] For this reason, genetic testing to detect large cytogenetic events and CNVs is recommended in the case of a female patient with infertility. […] This multi-gene panel analyzes genes involved in both syndromic and non-syndromic female infertility. […] The detection rate of this NGS panel in a large cohort of female patients is unavailable in the literature. However, in patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, 40-50% of patients have pathogenic variants in 28 genes in this panel. For woman with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and especially 46,XX ovarian failure, about 15% of women have pathogenic variants in 14 genes in this panel. […] Sex chromosome aneuploidy, structural abnormality, and Copy Number Variants (CNVs) are common genetic causes of female infertility.

• #76 Female Infertility Panel Test – PreventionGenetics

  https://www.preventiongenetics.com/testInfo?val=Female-Infertility-Panel

  This test is recommended for women with genetic infertility. […] Infertility is a disorder of the reproductive system defined by the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. It affects 10-20% of couples worldwide and is generally attributed to males and females equally. […] Genetic abnormalities including both chromosomal and single-gene alterations account for 15-30% of cases of infertility. […] For this reason, genetic testing to detect large cytogenetic events and CNVs is recommended in the case of a female patient with infertility. […] This multi-gene panel analyzes genes involved in both syndromic and non-syndromic female infertility. […] The detection rate of this NGS panel in a large cohort of female patients is unavailable in the literature. However, in patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, 40-50% of patients have pathogenic variants in 28 genes in this panel. For woman with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and especially 46,XX ovarian failure, about 15% of women have pathogenic variants in 14 genes in this panel. […] Sex chromosome aneuploidy, structural abnormality, and Copy Number Variants (CNVs) are common genetic causes of female infertility.

• #77 Female Infertility Panel Test – PreventionGenetics

  https://www.preventiongenetics.com/testInfo?val=Female-Infertility-Panel

  This test is recommended for women with genetic infertility. […] Infertility is a disorder of the reproductive system defined by the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. It affects 10-20% of couples worldwide and is generally attributed to males and females equally. […] Genetic abnormalities including both chromosomal and single-gene alterations account for 15-30% of cases of infertility. […] For this reason, genetic testing to detect large cytogenetic events and CNVs is recommended in the case of a female patient with infertility. […] This multi-gene panel analyzes genes involved in both syndromic and non-syndromic female infertility. […] The detection rate of this NGS panel in a large cohort of female patients is unavailable in the literature. However, in patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, 40-50% of patients have pathogenic variants in 28 genes in this panel. For woman with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and especially 46,XX ovarian failure, about 15% of women have pathogenic variants in 14 genes in this panel. […] Sex chromosome aneuploidy, structural abnormality, and Copy Number Variants (CNVs) are common genetic causes of female infertility.

• #78 Life’s crucial 9 is inversely and linearly associated with female infertility prevalence: a cross-sectional analysis from NHANES 2013–2018 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-99023-7

  Cardiovascular health (CVH) and depression may be associated with female infertility. […] In the fully adjusted model, higher LC9 scores were associated with reduced odds of female infertility. […] The components of LC9 that were found to be inversely associated with infertility included sleep health, body mass index, blood glucose, and depression. […] This study indicates that LC9 is associated with a decreased likelihood of female infertility, suggesting its potential as a comprehensive cardiovascular health metric in this context. […] However, the study also found that LC9 did not significantly enhance the predictive ability for female infertility when compared to the established LE8 framework. […] These findings suggest that the inclusion of depression assessment in LE8 may not be essential for the prediction and prevention of female infertility, despite the observed association between depression and infertility.

• #79 Life’s crucial 9 is inversely and linearly associated with female infertility prevalence: a cross-sectional analysis from NHANES 2013–2018 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-99023-7

  Cardiovascular health (CVH) and depression may be associated with female infertility. […] In the fully adjusted model, higher LC9 scores were associated with reduced odds of female infertility. […] The components of LC9 that were found to be inversely associated with infertility included sleep health, body mass index, blood glucose, and depression. […] This study indicates that LC9 is associated with a decreased likelihood of female infertility, suggesting its potential as a comprehensive cardiovascular health metric in this context. […] However, the study also found that LC9 did not significantly enhance the predictive ability for female infertility when compared to the established LE8 framework. […] These findings suggest that the inclusion of depression assessment in LE8 may not be essential for the prediction and prevention of female infertility, despite the observed association between depression and infertility.

• #80 Life’s crucial 9 is inversely and linearly associated with female infertility prevalence: a cross-sectional analysis from NHANES 2013–2018 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-99023-7

  The necessity for future prospective studies is twofold: firstly, to validate the predictive value of LC9 in female infertility, and secondly, to explore this predictive value. […] The identification of women with low LC9 scores would allow targeted interventions to be implemented earlier, with the potential to improve their cardiovascular health and, consequently, their fertility outcomes. […] Future research should explore the additional benefits of LC9 in other health domains or specific populations and explore interventions that target modifiable components of LC9 (e.g., improving sleep health and managing depression) to reduce the burden of female infertility and promote overall reproductive health.

• #81 Life’s crucial 9 is inversely and linearly associated with female infertility prevalence: a cross-sectional analysis from NHANES 2013–2018 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-99023-7

  The necessity for future prospective studies is twofold: firstly, to validate the predictive value of LC9 in female infertility, and secondly, to explore this predictive value. […] The identification of women with low LC9 scores would allow targeted interventions to be implemented earlier, with the potential to improve their cardiovascular health and, consequently, their fertility outcomes. […] Future research should explore the additional benefits of LC9 in other health domains or specific populations and explore interventions that target modifiable components of LC9 (e.g., improving sleep health and managing depression) to reduce the burden of female infertility and promote overall reproductive health.

• #82 Life’s crucial 9 is inversely and linearly associated with female infertility prevalence: a cross-sectional analysis from NHANES 2013–2018 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-99023-7

  The necessity for future prospective studies is twofold: firstly, to validate the predictive value of LC9 in female infertility, and secondly, to explore this predictive value. […] The identification of women with low LC9 scores would allow targeted interventions to be implemented earlier, with the potential to improve their cardiovascular health and, consequently, their fertility outcomes. […] Future research should explore the additional benefits of LC9 in other health domains or specific populations and explore interventions that target modifiable components of LC9 (e.g., improving sleep health and managing depression) to reduce the burden of female infertility and promote overall reproductive health.

• #83 Fertility trends and comparisons in a historical cohort of US women with primary infertility | Reproductive Health | Full Text

  https://reproductive-health-journal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12978-021-01313-6

  The primary goal of this initial analysis of the cohort is to describe demographic and treatment trends. […] Importantly, future use of this cohort will allow for better understanding of long-term outcomes of women with primary infertility and infertility treatment and provide an example from which other population-based infertility cohorts may be modeled and compared.

• #84

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infertility

  Infertility can be primary or secondary. Primary infertility is when a pregnancy has never been achieved by a person, and secondary infertility is when at least one prior pregnancy has been achieved. […] Fertility care encompasses the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infertility. […] Some causes of infertility are preventable. […] Addressing infertility can also mitigate gender inequality. […] Education and awareness-raising interventions to address understanding of the prevalence and determinants of fertility and infertility is essential. […] To effectively address infertility, health policies need to recognize that infertility is a disease that can often be prevented, thereby mitigating the need for costly and poorly accessible treatments. Incorporating fertility awareness in national comprehensive sexuality education programmes, promoting healthy lifestyles to reduce behavioural risks, including prevention, diagnosis and early treatment of STIs, preventing complications of unsafe abortion, postpartum sepsis and abdominal/pelvic surgery, and addressing environmental toxins associated with infertility, are policy and programmatic interventions that all governments can implement. […] WHO is committed to addressing infertility and fertility care by developing guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of male and female infertility, as part of the global norms and standards of quality care related to fertility care.

• #85 Female infertility: Treatments – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/female-infertility-treatments

  Infertility is a complex disorder with significant medical, psychosocial, and economic aspects. Great strides have been achieved in infertility therapy, particularly the development of assisted reproductive technology (ART). […] Once the cause of infertility is identified, therapy aimed at correcting reversible etiologies and overcoming irreversible factors can be implemented. The couple is also counseled on lifestyle modifications to improve fertility, such as smoking cessation, reducing excessive caffeine and alcohol consumption, and appropriate frequency of coitus (every one to two days around the expected time of ovulation) (table 1). […] The patient should be involved in fertility treatment choices. These choices involve four major factors: effectiveness (eg, live birth rate), burden of treatment (eg, frequency of injections and office visits), safety (eg, risk of ovarian hyperstimulation and multiple gestation), and financial costs.

• #86 Infertility Services in Family Planning Care Toolkit | Reproductive Health National Training Center

  https://rhntc.org/resources/infertility-services-family-planning-care-toolkit

  Basic infertility services are a core component of family planning services, the Title X Program, and the Quality Family Planning Recommendations (QFP). […] Family planning providers can support reproductive well-being, fertility, and fertility preservation by focusing on infertility prevention through: screening for and treating conditions that may influence fertility; and providing quality preconception health services. […] Integrate infertility prevention and education into client care for all. […] Counsel on proactively supporting fertility and achieving healthy pregnancy, as appropriate. […] Screen for chlamydia and gonorrhea according to guidelines to prevent tubal infertility. […] Provide information to clients on supporting fertility and fertility preservation, when relevant.

• #87 A Holistic Approach to Female Infertility | Springer Publishing

  https://connect.springerpub.com/content/sgrcjnpwh/1/1/34

  A holistic approach to infertility treatment is person-centered and considers the individuals overall health rather than focusing only on the disease. Behavior and lifestyle are essential to consider, including attention to nutrition, avoidance of toxins and pollutants, physical activity, sleep hygiene, stress management, and sexual health. […] The nurse practitioner needs to understand the evidence behind using behavior and lifestyle changes to improve fertility. Person-centered care with a holistic approach requires sharing this information with women and couples so they can make informed decisions and feel supported. […] A holistic approach to stress can address the emotional, mental, psychosocial, and spiritual needs of infertile women and reduce infertility-related stress, anxiety, and depression. Potential strategies include cognitive behavioral therapy, mindbody interventions, stress management skills, and educational interventions.

• #88

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infertility

  Infertility can be primary or secondary. Primary infertility is when a pregnancy has never been achieved by a person, and secondary infertility is when at least one prior pregnancy has been achieved. […] Fertility care encompasses the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infertility. […] Some causes of infertility are preventable. […] Addressing infertility can also mitigate gender inequality. […] Education and awareness-raising interventions to address understanding of the prevalence and determinants of fertility and infertility is essential. […] To effectively address infertility, health policies need to recognize that infertility is a disease that can often be prevented, thereby mitigating the need for costly and poorly accessible treatments. Incorporating fertility awareness in national comprehensive sexuality education programmes, promoting healthy lifestyles to reduce behavioural risks, including prevention, diagnosis and early treatment of STIs, preventing complications of unsafe abortion, postpartum sepsis and abdominal/pelvic surgery, and addressing environmental toxins associated with infertility, are policy and programmatic interventions that all governments can implement. […] WHO is committed to addressing infertility and fertility care by developing guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of male and female infertility, as part of the global norms and standards of quality care related to fertility care.

• #89

  https://journals.lww.com/grh/fulltext/2021/01010/who_fact_sheet_on_infertility.1.aspx

  Infertility can be primary or secondary. Primary infertility is when a pregnancy has never been achieved by a person, and secondary infertility is when at least one prior pregnancy has been achieved. […] Fertility care encompasses the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infertility. Equal and equitable access to fertility care remains a challenge in most countries; particularly in low and middle-income countries. Fertility care is rarely prioritized in national universal health coverage benefit packages. […] To effectively address infertility, health policies need to recognize that infertility is a disease that can often be prevented, thereby mitigating the need for costly and poorly accessible treatments. Incorporating fertility awareness in national comprehensive sexuality education programmes, promoting healthy lifestyles to reduce behavioural risks, including prevention, diagnosis and early treatment of STIs, preventing complications of unsafe abortion, postpartum sepsis and abdominal/pelvic surgery, and addressing environmental toxins associated with infertility, are policy and programmatic interventions that all governments can implement.

• #90

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infertility

  Infertility can be primary or secondary. Primary infertility is when a pregnancy has never been achieved by a person, and secondary infertility is when at least one prior pregnancy has been achieved. […] Fertility care encompasses the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infertility. […] Some causes of infertility are preventable. […] Addressing infertility can also mitigate gender inequality. […] Education and awareness-raising interventions to address understanding of the prevalence and determinants of fertility and infertility is essential. […] To effectively address infertility, health policies need to recognize that infertility is a disease that can often be prevented, thereby mitigating the need for costly and poorly accessible treatments. Incorporating fertility awareness in national comprehensive sexuality education programmes, promoting healthy lifestyles to reduce behavioural risks, including prevention, diagnosis and early treatment of STIs, preventing complications of unsafe abortion, postpartum sepsis and abdominal/pelvic surgery, and addressing environmental toxins associated with infertility, are policy and programmatic interventions that all governments can implement. […] WHO is committed to addressing infertility and fertility care by developing guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of male and female infertility, as part of the global norms and standards of quality care related to fertility care.

• #91 Infertility

  https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/infertility

  Most experts suggest at least one year. Women 35 or older should see their doctors after six months of trying. A woman’s chances of having a baby decrease rapidly every year after the age of 30. […] It is a good idea for any woman to talk to a doctor before trying to get pregnant. Doctors can help you get your body ready for a healthy baby. They can also answer questions on fertility and give tips on conceiving. […] A number of fertility medicines are used to treat women with ovulation problems. It is important to talk with your doctor about the pros and cons of these medicines. You should understand the possible dangers, benefits, and side effects. […] Some common medicines used to treat infertility in women include: Clomiphene citrate (Clomid), Human menopausal gonadotropin or hMG (Repronex, Pergonal), follicle-stimulating hormone or FSH (Gonal-F, Follistim), Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) analog, Metformin (Glucophage), Bromocriptine (Parlodel).

Zobacz więcej