Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension

  An estimated 1.28 billion adults aged 30-79 years worldwide have hypertension, most (two-thirds) living in low- and middle-income countries. […] The number of adults with hypertension increased from 594 million in 1975 to 1.13 billion in 2015, with the increase seen largely in low- and middle-income countries. This increase is due mainly to a rise in hypertension risk factors in those populations. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) supports countries to reduce hypertension as a public health problem. […] In 2021, WHO released a new guideline for on the pharmacological treatment of hypertension in adults. The publication provides evidence-based recommendations for the initiation of treatment of hypertension, and recommended intervals for follow-up. […] To support governments in strengthening the prevention and control of cardiovascular disease, WHO and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S. CDC) launched the Global Hearts Initiative in September 2016, which includes the HEARTS technical package. […] Since implementation of the programme in 2017 in 31 countries low- and middle-income countries, 7.5 million people have been put on protocol-based hypertension treatment through person-centred models of care.

• #2 The global epidemiology of hypertension

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7998524/

  Hypertension is the leading cause of cardiovascular disease and premature death worldwide. Owing to widespread use of antihypertensive medications, global mean blood pressure (BP) has remained constant or decreased slightly over the past four decades. By contrast, the prevalence of hypertension has increased, especially in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Estimates suggest that in 2010, 31.1% of adults (1.39 billion) worldwide had hypertension. The prevalence of hypertension among adults was higher in LMICs (31.5%, 1.04 billion people) than in high-income countries (HICs; 28.5%, 349 million people). […] Despite the increasing prevalence, the proportions of hypertension awareness, treatment and BP control are low, particularly in LMICs, and few comprehensive assessments of the economic impact of hypertension exist. Future studies are warranted to test implementation strategies for hypertension prevention and control, especially in low-income populations, and to accurately assess the prevalence and financial burden of hypertension worldwide.

• #3 The global epidemiology of hypertension

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7998524/

  In 2010, 31.1% of the global adult population (1.39 billion people) had hypertension, defined as systolic BP 140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP 90 mmHg. The prevalence of hypertension is rising globally owing to ageing of the population and increases in exposure to lifestyle risk factors including unhealthy diets. […] These disparities in hypertension prevalence trends suggest that health care systems in LMICs could be facing a rapidly increasing burden of hypertension and BP-related cardiovascular diseases, in some cases in addition to a substantial burden of infectious diseases. […] The global age-standardized prevalence of hypertension (defined as systolic BP 140 mm Hg, diastolic BP 90 mm Hg, and/or current use of antihypertensive medication) was 31.1%. The age-standardized prevalence of hypertension was slightly higher in men (31.9%) than in women (30.1%) and was lower in HICs (28.5%) than in LMICs (31.5%).

• #3 The global epidemiology of hypertension

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7998524/

  The Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study found that 40.8% of participants had hypertension with a higher prevalence in men (41.4%) than in women (37.7%). […] We estimated that between 2000 and 2010, the global age-standardized prevalence of hypertension in adults aged 20 years increased by 5.2%. […] Hypertension prevalence was therefore higher in LMICs (31.5%) than in HICs (28.5%) in 2010. […] In 2010, the highest absolute burden of hypertension was in East Asia and the Pacific, which had more individuals with hypertension than all HICs combined. […] The global financial burden of high BP in 2001 was estimated to be around 370 billion US dollars or about 10% of the worlds overall healthcare expenditure. […] The financial implications of hypertension in LICs are of particular concern because of the rapid increase in the prevalence and absolute burden of hypertension and the low current and projected healthcare spending in these regions. […] Without intervention, the prevalence and absolute burden of hypertension is expected to continue to increase, particularly in LMICs.

• #4 Hypertension – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertension

  In 2019, rates of diagnosed hypertension were highest in Africa (30% for both sexes), and lowest in the Americas (18% for both sexes). Rates also vary markedly within regions with country-level rates as low as 22.8% (men) and 18.4% (women) in Peru and as high as 61.6% (men) and 50.9% (women) in Paraguay. […] Rates of high blood pressure in children and adolescents have increased in the last 20 years in the United States. Childhood hypertension, particularly in pre-adolescents, is more often secondary to an underlying disorder than in adults. Kidney disease is the most common secondary cause of hypertension in children and adolescents. Nevertheless, primary or essential hypertension accounts for most cases.

• #4 Hypertension – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertension

  As of 2019, one in three or 33% of the world population were estimated to have hypertension. Of all people with hypertension, about 46% do not have a diagnosis of hypertension and are unaware that they have the condition. In 1975, almost 600 million people had a diagnosis of hypertension, a number which increased to 1.13 billion by 2015 mostly due to risk factors for hypertension increasing in low- and middle-income countries. […] Hypertension is slightly more frequent in men. In people aged under 50 years, more men than women have hypertension, and in ages above 50 years the prevalence of hypertension is the same in men and women. In ages above 65 years, more women than men have hypertension. Hypertension becomes more common with age. Hypertension is common in high, medium, and low-income countries. It is more common in people of low socioeconomic status. Hypertension is around twice as common in diabetics.

• #5 22% of people in the EU have high blood pressure – Products Eurostat News – Eurostat

  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/edn-20210929-1

  22% of people in the EU have high blood pressure […] In 2019, 22% of people in the EU aged 15 years and over reported having high blood pressure. […] Among the EU countries, the highest shares of high blood pressure were recorded in Croatia (37% of people aged 15 years and over), Latvia and Hungary (both 32%). […] In 2019, the share of women in the EU reporting they had high blood pressure was slightly higher than the share of men (23% vs. 21%). […] The highest shares of women with high blood pressure were recorded in Croatia (38%), Latvia (37%) and Hungary (34%). […] On the other hand, the highest shares of men with high blood pressure were recorded in Croatia (36%), Hungary (29%) and Finland (28%).

• #6 Global report on hypertension: the race against a silent killer – World | ReliefWeb

  https://reliefweb.int/report/world/global-report-hypertension-race-against-silent-killer

  High blood pressure is one of the worlds leading risk factors for death and dis-ability. The number of people living with hypertension (blood pressure of 140 mmHg systolic or 90 mmHg diastolic or on medication) doubled between 1990 and 2019, from 650 million to 1.3 billion (1). […] This common, deadly condition is an important public health problem that leads to stroke, heart attack, heart failure, kidney damage and many other health problems (2, 3). A study of 87 behavioural, environmental, occupational and metabolic risk factors found that high systolic blood pressure (110-115 mmHg) was the single most important risk factor for early death worldwide, leading to an estimated 10.8 million avoidable deaths every year, and a burden of 235 million years of life lost or lived with a disability (disability-adjusted life years, DALYs) annually (3). High blood pressure causes more deaths than other leading risk factors, including tobacco use and high blood sugar.

• #6 Global report on hypertension: the race against a silent killer – World | ReliefWeb

  https://reliefweb.int/report/world/global-report-hypertension-race-against-silent-killer

  Hypertension and its associated complications also have enormous economic costs for patients and their families, health systems and national economies. […] By one estimate, the economic benefits of improved hypertension treatment programmes outweigh the costs by about 18 to one. […] Currently, among adults aged 30-79 years with hypertension, only 54% have been diagnosed with the condition, 42% are being treated for their hypertension, and 21% are considered to have their hypertension controlled (4). […] The World Health Organization (WHO) HEARTS technical package provides cost-effective strategies that can be implemented at the primary health care level to control blood pressure and prevent heart attack, stroke and other complications. […] Although hypertension can be prevented and treated, few countries currently do so effectively. Better hypertension management will save lives. Increasing the percentage of people whose hypertension is under control globally to 50% would prevent 76 million deaths between 2023 and 2050.

• #6 Global report on hypertension: the race against a silent killer – World | ReliefWeb

  https://reliefweb.int/report/world/global-report-hypertension-race-against-silent-killer

  Effective hypertension management will bring health, wellbeing, and economic benefits. It will reduce burdens on acute-care services, increase integration of health care systems and, most importantly, reduce the deaths, suffering and costs arising from complications such as heart attack, stroke and kidney failure.

• #7 Epidemiology of Hypertension: National Estimates of Hypertension, Worldwide Estimates of Hypertension, Age Distribution for Hypertension

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1928048-overview

  Hypertension is a worldwide epidemic; accordingly, its epidemiology has been well studied in the United States and internationally. […] In 1991, the National High Blood Pressure Education Program (NHBPEP) estimated 43.3 million adults had hypertension in United States. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) equal to or greater than 140 mm Hg and diastolic BP (DBP) as equal or more than 90 mm Hg or defined as those taking medication for hypertension. […] BP awareness, treatment, and control has fluctuated over time. According to data from the National Health Examination Surveys (NHANES), between 1999-2000, 2009-2010, and 2013-2014, BP control among US adults with hypertension rose from 31.8% to 53.0% and then to 53.8%, respectively. It fell thereafter to 48.4% in 2015-2016 and 43.7% in 2017-2018.

• #8 Epidemiology of Hypertension: National Estimates of Hypertension, Worldwide Estimates of Hypertension, Age Distribution for Hypertension

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1928048-overview

  The global coronovirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic exacerbated the decline in hypertension awareness and control in large part to disruptions in routine healthcare. […] NHANES previously noted that the age-adjusted prevalence of hypertension varies from 18% to 32%. The National Center for Health Statistic Surveys (NCHS) reported the awareness for hypertension increased from 53% over 1960-1962 to 89% over 1988-1991. […] Hypertension is a common and manageable chronic condition. Based on 2011-2012 national data, treatment of hypertension exceeded the Healthy People 2020 target goal of 69.5%. However, the control of hypertension neither met the goal of the Healthy People 2020 (61.2% by 2020) nor the Million Hearts Initiative (65% by 2017). […] 2011-2012 NHANES data showed an increase in prevalence in hypertension in all age groups from 23.4% to 29.1% compared to 1991.

• #9 Estimated Hypertension Prevalence, Treatment, and Control Among U.S. Adults | Million Hearts®

  https://millionhearts.hhs.gov/data-reports/hypertension-prevalence.html

  Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, increases the risk for heart disease and stroke, two leading causes of death in the United States. […] Current guidelines issued in 2017 by many organizations including the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and American Heart Association (AHA) define hypertension as blood pressure consistently at or above 130/80 mm Hg. […] Nearly half of adults have hypertension (119.9 million). […] About 1 in 4 adults with hypertension have their hypertension under control (27.0 million). […] Most adults with hypertension (4 in 5) are also recommended by a clinician to take prescription medication(s) (94.9 million). […] Many adults who are already treated with antihypertensive medication(s) may need to have their current medication dosage increased or to be prescribed additional medications to achieve blood pressure control (33.2 million).

• #10 Estimated Hypertension Prevalence, Treatment, and Control Among U.S. Adults | Million Hearts®

  https://millionhearts.hhs.gov/data-reports/hypertension-prevalence.html

  Many adults for whom hypertension medication is recommended by a clinician are untreated (34.8 million). […] 48.1% of adults in the U.S. (119.9 million people) have hypertension (blood pressure 130 over 80 or higher or currently using prescription to lower blood pressure). […] For 20.9% of U.S. adults (25 million people), the recommended intervention is lifestyle modifications only. […] For 79.1% (94.9 million people), the recommended intervention is lifestyle modifications plus medication. […] For 77.5% of U.S. adults (92.9 million people), their blood pressure is uncontrolled. […] For 22.5% (27 million people), their blood pressure is controlled. […] Controlled is defined as having a blood pressure lower than 130 over 80 millimeters of mercury. […] Hypertension cascade data using NHANES 2015-2018.

• #11 Global epidemiology, health burden and effective interventions for elevated blood pressure and hypertension | Nature Reviews Cardiology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41569-021-00559-8

  High blood pressure is one of the most important risk factors for ischaemic heart disease, stroke, other cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease and dementia. […] Given these trends, the prevalence of hypertension is now higher in low-income and middle-income countries than in high-income countries. […] In 2015, an estimated 8.5 million deaths were attributable to systolic blood pressure 115mmHg, 88% of which were in low-income and middle-income countries. […] Hypertension is more prevalent in low-income and middle-income countries than in high-income countries. […] In 2015, 8.5 million deaths were associated with high blood pressure, 88% of which were in low-income and middle-income countries. […] Effective use of pharmacological treatment for people with hypertension varies substantially globally and is particularly low in low-income and middle-income countries. […] Scaling up treatment coverage and improving its effectiveness can substantially reduce the health burden of hypertension.

• #12 Blood Pressure Control | Million Hearts®

  https://millionhearts.hhs.gov/about-million-hearts/optimizing-care/bp-control.html

  National surveillance data suggest that millions of people are unaware of their high blood pressure and data from clinical settings reinforce this; there are non-trivial numbers of patients seen in clinical settings who have multiple abnormal blood pressure readings but have not been diagnosed with hypertension. […] The 2017 ACC/AHA blood pressure guideline recommends initial combination therapy with two or more antihypertensive medications for most people with hypertension. Despite this recommendation, surveillance data show that 40% of people with hypertension are on monotherapy. […] Blood pressure control related to the medication class and number of medications taken vary by race. Black persons have lower rates of control than White persons across all medication classes and among those on two, three, or four different classes.

• #13 Hypertension: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/241381-overview

  Of those with elevated BP, 78% were aware they were hypertensive, 68% were being treated with antihypertensive agents, and only 64% of treated individuals had controlled hypertension. […] Hypertension is the most important modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease (the leading cause of death in North America), stroke (the third leading cause), congestive heart failure, end-stage renal disease, and peripheral vascular disease. Therefore, healthcare professionals must not only identify and treat patients with hypertension but also promote a healthy lifestyle and preventive strategies to decrease the prevalence of hypertension in the general population. […] Hypertension is a worldwide epidemic; accordingly, its epidemiology has been well studied. Data from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) spanning 2011-2014 found that of those in the population aged 20 years or older, an estimated 86 million adults had hypertension, with a prevalence of 34%.

• #14 High Blood Pressure Facts | High Blood Pressure | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/high-blood-pressure/data-research/facts-stats/index.html

  Blood pressure is the pressure that occurs when blood pushes against the walls of your arteries. […] Having high blood pressure puts you at risk for heart disease and stroke, which are leading causes of death in the United States. […] In 2022, high blood pressure was a primary or contributing cause of 685,875 deaths in the United States. […] Nearly half of adults have high blood pressure (48.1%, 119.9 million). This is defined as a systolic blood pressure greater than 130 mm Hg or a diastolic blood pressure greater than 80 mm Hg or are taking medication for high blood pressure. […] About half of adults (45%) with uncontrolled high blood pressure have a blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg or higher. This includes 37 million U.S. adults. […] High blood pressure costs the United States about $131 billion each year, averaged over 12 years from 2003 to 2014. […] High blood pressure is more common in some areas of the United States. […] High blood pressure increases the risk for heart disease and stroke, two leading causes of death for Americans.

• #15 High Blood Pressure in Minnesota – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/cardiovascular/data/hypertension.html

  Of Minnesotan adults living in households making less than $35,000 a year, almost 31% reported having high blood pressure, four points higher than Minnesotans overall. […] In the United States, there were over $52 billion in annual medical costs, including procedures, hospitalizations, rehabilitation, and productivity losses due to hypertension during 2019 and 2020. […] Of Minnesota adults who reported having high blood pressure in 2023, approximately 77% reported that they were taking medications prescribed to reduce their blood pressure. […] In 2022, 71% of Minnesotans aged 18-85 in managed care plans who received a diagnosis of hypertension had their blood pressure adequately controlled to 140/90 mm Hg or lower. Blood pressure control declined sharply in 2020 due in large part to the COVID-19 pandemic impacting the ability of many patients to access primary care, their providers, and sometimes their medications. In the years since, blood pressure control has increased and is approaching pre-pandemic levels (74.5% in 2019).

• #16 Blood Pressure UK

  https://www.bloodpressureuk.org/news/media-centre/blood-pressure-facts-and-figures/

  High blood pressure is responsible for more than half of all strokes and heart attacks. High blood pressure is also a risk factor for heart disease, kidney disease and vascular dementia. […] In the UK, high blood pressure is the third biggest risk factor for all disease after smoking and poor diet. […] Around one in three adults in the UK has high blood pressure. In England, 31% of men and 26% of women have high blood pressure. […] Half of people with high blood pressure are not diagnosed or receiving treatment. In England alone, there are more than five million people that are undiagnosed. […] High blood pressure costs the NHS over 2.1 billion every year. […] You have high blood pressure if your readings are consistently above 140/90mmHg. […] High blood pressure is one of the most preventable and treatable health conditions. However, between 50-80% of people with high blood pressure do not take all of their prescribed medication.

• #17 Women and Hypertension: Beyond the 2017 Guideline for Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/Articles/2018/07/27/09/02/Women-and-Hypertension

  Hypertension is a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality both nationally and globally.1 Based on the most recent NHANES survey from 2011-2014, 85.7 million US adults age 20 have hypertension, more than half of whom are women.1 […] Global estimates suggest an approximate 31% prevalence of hypertension in adults with similar age-standardized rates in men and women.21 Hypertension prevalence increases with age in both sexes.5 However, hypertension rates tend to be lower in premenopausal women compared to men of similar age.5 After menopause, which occurs at an average age of 51, a steeper rise in hypertension rates is seen in women. Menopause is associated with a two-fold increase in risk of hypertension, with a prevalence of 75% in postmenopausal women in the US.11 Hypertension rates are higher in women than men over the age of 65.1 In fact, NHANES data (2011-2014) indicates that 81.2% of women age 75 have hypertension versus 73.4% of comparably aged men.1 This difference in hypertension prevalence across age and sex may be partially attributed to true biological differences; however, gender-specific differences in access to care may also partially account for this.22

• #18 Women and Hypertension: Beyond the 2017 Guideline for Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/Articles/2018/07/27/09/02/Women-and-Hypertension

  Although women and men with hypertension have a similar prevalence of CVD, their risk factor profile is different.12 Hypertensive men have more traditional CV risk factors compared to women, primarily due to increased rates of smoking and dyslipidemia.12 In contrast, hypertensive women are older, with more non-traditional risk factors such as abdominal obesity and kidney disease.12 Despite differences in CV risk factor profiles, there are limited data on sex and gender specific screening strategies for hypertension. […] This highlights the need for an exploration of sex-specific diagnostic criteria for hypertension, which in turn may help improve detection, management and, ultimately, prognosis of hypertension among women. Results from the Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists’ Collaboration, which included 87,349 women, suggest a greater percentage of stroke among hypertensive women compared to men, whereas a higher percentage of coronary heart disease and heart failure was observed among men compared to women.26 Comparison of NHANES I and NHANES III data suggest improvement in all-cause mortality rates amongst hypertensive men is much greater than that seen amongst hypertensive women.27 This disparity supports the need for sex/gender specific hypertension management strategies.

• #19 Hypertension: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/241381-overview

  More recently, 2020 data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) spanning 2017-2018 show a 45.4% prevalence of hypertension among those aged 18 and older. […] Globally, an estimated 26% of the world’s population (972 million people) has hypertension, and the prevalence is expected to increase to 29% by 2025, driven largely by increases in economically developing nations. […] The high prevalence of hypertension exacts a tremendous public health burden. For example, as a primary contributor to heart disease and stroke, the first and third leading causes of death worldwide, respectively, high BP was the top modifiable risk factor for disability adjusted life-years lost worldwide in 2013. […] Black adults have among the highest rates of hypertension, with an increasing prevalence, in the United States and globally. Although White adults also have an increasing incidence of high BP, they develop this condition later in life than Black adults and have much lower average BPs.

• #20 Blood Pressure Control | Million Hearts®

  https://millionhearts.hhs.gov/about-million-hearts/optimizing-care/bp-control.html

  High blood pressure, also known as hypertension, affects men and women of all races, ethnicities, and age groups throughout the U.S.. An estimated 47% of U.S. adults (116 million) have high blood pressure, using criteria from the 2017 clinical guideline from the American College of Cardiology (ACC), the American Heart Association (AHA), and other organizations, which defines high blood pressure as systolic blood pressure 130 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure 80 mmHg. […] Of people with high blood pressure who are recommended to be on antihypertensive medications and make lifestyle modifications, 74% (68 million) do not have their blood pressure under control. Uncontrolled blood pressure is a leading cause of heart attack, stroke, heart failure, dementia, and kidney disease. […] The prevalence of hypertension is higher in non-Hispanic Black persons than non-Hispanic White persons or persons of Hispanic origin. Moreover, non-Hispanic Black persons develop hypertension at younger ages than non-Hispanic White persons. Death rates from CVD linked to high blood pressure are increasing for people aged 35-64 in the majority of U.S. counties, and are highest among non-Hispanic Black persons.

• #21 Epidemiology of Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease in Children and Adolescents | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-31420-4_60-1

  Following decades of marked increases in the prevalence of hypertension in children and adolescents, in recent years prevalence rates have stabilized, if not declined. […] Furthermore, estimates of the prevalence of elevated blood pressure and hypertension in children and adolescents are impacted by the hypertension definitions applied, setting and approach to blood pressure measurement, and population evaluated. […] Overall, the prevalence of hypertension in children is estimated to be between 1% and 4%, with rates higher in adolescents as compared to younger children. Elevated blood pressure is more common, occurring in 10% to 20% of children and adolescents. […] Across studies, the most important risk factor for developing hypertension in childhood and adolescence is obesity. […] Hypertension presenting in adolescence tracks moderately well into adulthood and is a known risk for target organ damage, including left ventricular hypertrophy and subclinical atherosclerosis.

• #22 Secondary Hypertension: Discovering the Underlying Cause | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1001/p453.html

  Most patients with hypertension have no clear etiology and are classified as having primary hypertension. However, 5% to 10% of these patients may have secondary hypertension, which indicates an underlying and potentially reversible cause. The prevalence and potential etiologies of secondary hypertension vary by age. The most common causes in children are renal parenchymal disease and coarctation of the aorta. In adults 65 years and older, atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis, renal failure, and hypothyroidism are common causes. Secondary hypertension should be considered in the presence of suggestive symptoms and signs, such as severe or resistant hypertension, age of onset younger than 30 years (especially before puberty), malignant or accelerated hypertension, and an acute rise in blood pressure from previously stable readings.

• #23 Secondary Hypertension: Discovering the Underlying Cause | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1001/p453.html

  Across all adult ages, renovascular hypertension, renal disease, aldosteronism, and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) represent the most common causes of secondary hypertension. […] Renovascular hypertension is a common, potentially reversible cause of secondary hypertension. Although it may contribute to only 1% of mild hypertension cases, it accounts for 10% to 45% of severe or malignant hypertension cases in white patients. […] Hypertension can be a major cause of renal failure in older adults, which in turn leads to worsening hypertension. Secondary hypertension in these cases is suggested by an elevated serum creatinine level or proteinuria on urinalysis. […] Once thought to be rare, primary hyperaldosteronism is now considered one of the more common causes of secondary hypertension. […] OSA is a leading treatable cause of secondary hypertension.

• #24 Blood Pressure Control | Million Hearts®

  https://millionhearts.hhs.gov/about-million-hearts/optimizing-care/bp-control.html

  Another evidence-based strategy that has been shown to lower blood pressure and improve control in persons with hypertension is self-measured blood pressure monitoring (SMBP). When combined with additional clinical support, SMBP may also reduce therapeutic inertia and improve medication adherence. SMBP is also recommended to confirm new hypertension diagnoses, and many resources exist to support its use.

• #25

  https://www.who.int/news/item/25-08-2021-more-than-700-million-people-with-untreated-hypertension

  The WHO Guideline for the pharmacological treatment of hypertension in adults, also released today, provides new recommendations to help countries improve the management of hypertension. […] The need to better manage hypertension cannot be exaggerated. By following the recommendations in this new guideline, increasing and improving access to blood pressure medication, identifying and treating comorbidities such as diabetes and pre-existing heart disease, promoting healthier diets and regular physical activity, and more strictly controlling tobacco products, countries will be able to save lives and reduce public health expenditures.

• #26 Hypertension | Description, Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/hypertension

  Elevated arterial pressure is one of the most important public health problems in developed countries. In the United States, for instance, nearly 30 percent of the adult population is hypertensive. […] Hypertension has been called the silent killer because it usually produces no symptoms. It is important, therefore, for anyone with risk factors to have their blood pressure checked regularly and to make appropriate lifestyle changes.

• #27 Explore High Blood Pressure in Indiana | AHR

  https://www.americashealthrankings.org/explore/measures/Hypertension/IN

  Percentage of adults who reported being told by a health professional that they had high blood pressure. […] High blood pressure (or hypertension) is a major risk factor for heart disease and stroke, which are the leading and fifth-leading causes of death in the United States, respectively. In 2022, nearly 690,000 deaths in the U.S. were caused by complications of hypertension. […] According to Americas Health Rankings analysis, the prevalence of diagnosed high blood pressure is higher among: Men compared with women. […] Adults age 65 and older compared with younger adults. […] Adults with less than a college degree; college graduates have the lowest prevalence of high blood pressure. […] Adults with an annual household income less than $25,000 compared with those with higher levels of income.

• #28 Blood Pressure UK

  https://www.bloodpressureuk.org/news/media-centre/blood-pressure-facts-and-figures/

  Each 2mmHg rise in systolic blood pressure is associated with a 7% increased risk of death from coronary heart disease and a 10% increased risk of death from stroke. […] High blood pressure was responsible for approximately 75,000 deaths in the UK in 2015. […] High blood pressure accounts for 12% of all GP appointments in England.

• #29 Women and Hypertension: Beyond the 2017 Guideline for Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/Articles/2018/07/27/09/02/Women-and-Hypertension

  Current guidelines recommend more intensive treatment of hypertension to a goal SBP 130 based on large trials such as SPRINT (Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial).4,29 SPRINT enrolled 3332 women (~36%) out of 9361 participants. Given the large female subgroup in SPRINT, the benefit of intensive therapy applies to both sexes.29 Therefore, the same blood pressure goals should be applied for men and women based on SPRINT and the meta-analysis data.29 […] The larger issue of societal gender differences in how women and men approach preventive strategies for hypertension needs to be addressed in this era of personalized medicine. The intersection of sex, gender and culture also warrants further exploration. For example, NCHS data examining hypertension prevalence and control among US adults between 2011-2014 showed higher prevalence but lower control rates amongst non-Hispanic black women compared to non-Hispanic white women.37 Culture-specific barriers to health care access and aggressive therapy may account for this. These areas lack data but may have significant implications for patient care. Social and environmental factors that influence behaviours and impact risk for CVD are different in women.22 Community characteristics, including lack of access to timely and quality health care, low education and income levels and poor social support all impact women’s health and have implications for screening and treatment of hypertension.22 Greater understanding of how sex and gender influence the prevalence, diagnosis and management of hypertension is needed given that the health impact and economic burden of hypertension among women is only expected to increase as the population ages.

• #30 Blood pressure and hypertension

  https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-003-x/2019002/article/00002-eng.htm

  This study found that just over 4 out of 5 people with hypertension140/90 were aware of their condition. […] This analysis highlighted that younger males are less likely to be aware of their hypertension140/90 and less likely to be treated and controlled. […] Ongoing surveillance of blood pressure in Canada is necessary to accurately quantify the population burden of hypertension and to identify population groups that may be at higher risk of adverse outcomes.

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