Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hypertension – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertension

  Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated. High blood pressure usually does not cause symptoms itself. It is, however, a major risk factor for stroke, coronary artery disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, peripheral arterial disease, vision loss, chronic kidney disease, and dementia. Hypertension is a major cause of premature death worldwide. […] High blood pressure is classified as primary (essential) hypertension or secondary hypertension. About 90-95% of cases are primary, defined as high blood pressure due to nonspecific lifestyle and genetic factors. Lifestyle factors that increase the risk include excess salt in the diet, excess body weight, smoking, physical inactivity and alcohol use. The remaining 5-10% of cases are categorized as secondary hypertension, defined as high blood pressure due to a clearly identifiable cause, such as chronic kidney disease, narrowing of the kidney arteries, an endocrine disorder, or the use of birth control pills.

• #1 Hypertension: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/241381-overview

  Hypertension can be primary, which may develop as a result of environmental or genetic causes, or secondary, which has multiple etiologies, including renal, vascular, and endocrine causes. Primary or essential hypertension accounts for 90-95% of adult cases, and a small percentage of patients (2-10%) have a secondary cause. Hypertensive emergencies are most often precipitated by inadequate medication or poor adherence. […] Hypertension develops secondary to environmental factors, as well as multiple genes, whose inheritance appears to be complex. Furthermore, obesity, diabetes, and heart disease also have genetic components and contribute to hypertension. Epidemiologic studies using twin data and data from Framingham Heart Study families reveal that blood pressure (BP) has a substantial heritable component, ranging from 33% to 57%.

• #1 High Blood Pressure – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/high-blood-pressure/causes

  Many factors raise your risk of high blood pressure. […] Blood pressure tends to rise with age. […] High blood pressure often runs in families. […] Lifestyle habits can increase the risk of high blood pressure, including if you: […] Some medicines can make it harder for your body to control your blood pressure. […] Other medical conditions change the way your body controls fluids, sodium, and hormones in your blood. Other conditions that can cause high blood pressure include: […] High blood pressure is more common in Black adults than in White, Hispanic, or Asian adults. […] Men are more likely than women to develop high blood pressure throughout middle age. […] Research shows that factors such as income, education level, where you live, and the type of job you have, as well as stressors on the job may raise your risk of high blood pressure. […] Experiencing discrimination and poverty has been linked to high blood pressure.

• #1 High Blood Pressure: Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4314-hypertension-high-blood-pressure

  High blood pressure is when the force of blood pushing against your artery walls is consistently too high. This damages your arteries over time and can lead to serious complications like heart attack and stroke. Hypertension is another word for this common condition. […] Primary hypertension doesn’t have a single, clear cause. Usually, many factors come together to cause it. Common causes include: Unhealthy eating patterns (including a diet high in sodium). Lack of physical activity. High consumption of beverages containing alcohol. […] Secondary hypertension has at least one distinct cause that healthcare providers can identify. Common causes of secondary hypertension include: Certain medications, including immunosuppressants, NSAIDs and oral contraceptives (the pill). Kidney disease. Obstructive sleep apnea. Primary aldosteronism (Conns syndrome). Recreational drug use (including amphetamines and cocaine). Renal vascular diseases, which are conditions that affect blood flow in your kidneys arteries and veins. Renal artery stenosis is a common example. Tobacco use (including smoking, vaping and using smokeless tobacco).

• #1 What Are The Causes Of High Blood Pressure ? | Medanta

  https://www.medanta.org/patient-education-blog/what-are-the-causes-of-high-blood-pressure

  Changes in your body can result in high blood pressure. For example, ageing can result in changes to your kidney function, which can further impact your body’s natural balance of salts and fluids. This can directly affect your blood pressure. […] There is a strong link between salt and high blood pressure, to the extent that people who completely avoid salt show no signs of hypertension at all. […] In some instances, people are more likely to develop hypertension as a result of a genetic inheritance from their parents. […] The most common cause of secondary hypertension is kidney disease. It can also be triggered by tumours and other deformities in the adrenal glands, affecting hormone secretion, leading to changes in blood pressure. Furthermore, it has been found that birth control pills, especially the ones containing estrogen can affect blood pressure, as well as medications that constrict the blood vessels. […] Secondary hypertension is caused by a number of underlying conditions or medications, including: […] If you have been suffering from symptoms of hypertension, then speak to your doctor about how to manage this more effectively.

• #1 What is High Blood Pressure? | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/the-facts-about-high-blood-pressure

  High blood pressure is also known as hypertension. It happens when the force of your blood pushing against the walls of your blood vessels is too high. High blood pressure can lead to other serious problems such as heart attack and stroke. […] This blood pressure reading is in the elevated range. Unless steps are taken to control it, elevated blood pressure can turn into high blood pressure. […] It’s important to recheck your blood pressure with your health care team. They can confirm if this reading is within your target blood pressure range and discuss any steps you might need to take to keep it in a healthy range. Lifestyle changes can help. […] This blood pressure reading is in the high blood pressure Stage 1 range. It’s important to recheck your blood pressure with your health care team. If they confirm a diagnosis of high blood pressure Stage 1, they should prescribe lifestyle changes.

• #1

  https://www.prevention.com/health/a30915774/what-causes-high-blood-pressure/

  From an evolutionary standpoint, stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline are released into the blood to help us escape danger (to fight or flee)they increase heart rate, elevate blood pressure, constrict blood vessels, and enlarge our pupils to help us think and move fast, explains Dr. Beniaminovitz. […] You may not necessarily feel stressed when you experience loneliness or social isolation, but these feelingswhen they persistcan trigger the same dangerous release of stress hormones that spike blood pressure, says Dr. Beniaminovitz. […] In general, inadequate sleep may lead to high blood pressure by increasing stress hormones, or by increasing your cravings for junk food and thus contributing to weight gain, says Dr. Beniaminovitz. But the biggest sleep-related cause of hypertension is obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)a disorder that causes someone to stop breathing for brief periods of time while sleeping due to an obstruction of their upper airway.

• #1 Causes of High Blood Pressure – Risk Factors: Weight, Diet, Age, Lifestyle

  https://www.webmd.com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/blood-pressure-causes

  Some causes include: Kidney disease. This is the most common cause of secondary hypertension. […] Hypertension can also be triggered by tumors or other abnormalities of adrenal glands (small structures that sit atop the kidneys). Adrenal tumors or disorders can cause them to release too much of the hormones that elevate blood pressure. […] Too much or too little thyroid hormone can affect your blood pressure. […] Sometimes, hypertension suddenly appears or gets worse during pregnancy. When hypertension develops after 20 weeks of pregnancy, it is called preeclampsia. […] It is normal for your blood pressure to go up and down throughout the day. Many things can temporarily raise blood pressure. […] If you think you are having a hypertensive crisis, call 911 right away. […] There are several risk factors for high blood pressure, including: Smoking. When you smoke, vape, or chew tobacco, your blood pressure temporarily increases.

• #1 Hypertension: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/241381-overview

  Endocrine causes may account for the largest proportion of secondary hypertension (10-20%) and include exogenous or endogenous hormonal imbalances. Exogenous causes include administration of steroids. Primary hyperaldosteronism is the most common endogenous hormone abnormality causing hypertension. […] Another common endocrine cause of hypertension is oral contraceptive use, likely due to activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). This is caused by increased hepatic synthesis of angiotensinogen in response to the estrogen component of oral contraceptives. […] Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common but frequently undiagnosed sleep-related breathing disorder defined as an average of at least five apneic and hypopneic episodes per sleep hour, with associated symptoms, including excessive daytime sleepiness. Multiple studies have shown OSA to be an independent risk factor for the development of primary hypertension, even after adjusting for age, sex, and degree of obesity.

• #1

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/high-blood-pressure-hypertension/causes/

  Medicines that can increase your blood pressure include: the contraceptive pill, steroids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen and naproxen, some pharmacy cough and cold remedies, some herbal remedies particularly those containing liquorice, some recreational drugs such as cocaine and amphetamines, some selective serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SSNRI) antidepressants.

• #1 Elevated blood pressure – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prehypertension/symptoms-causes/syc-20376703

  Elevated blood pressure is blood pressure that is slightly higher than what is considered ideal. […] Elevated blood pressure is considered a category, not an actual health condition like high blood pressure (hypertension). But elevated blood pressure tends to get worse over time unless it’s properly managed. […] Anything that increases pressure on the artery walls can lead to elevated blood pressure. A buildup of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on the artery walls (atherosclerosis) can cause elevated blood pressure. But the opposite is also true. High blood pressure (hypertension) can cause atherosclerosis. […] Conditions and medications that can cause elevated blood pressure include: Adrenal gland disorders, Heart problem affecting blood vessels present at birth (congenital heart defect), Illegal drugs, such as cocaine and amphetamines, Kidney disease, Obstructive sleep apnea, Some medications, including birth control pills, cold and sinus medicines, over-the-counter pain relievers containing caffeine, and some prescription drugs, Thyroid disease.

• #1 High Blood Pressure: Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4314-hypertension-high-blood-pressure

  Researchers believe genes play a role in high blood pressure. If one or more of your close biological family members have high blood pressure, you have an increased risk of developing it, too. […] Risk factors that make you more likely to have high blood pressure include: Having biological family members with high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease or diabetes. Being over age 55. Being Black. Having certain medical conditions, including chronic kidney disease, metabolic syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea or thyroid disease. Having overweight or obesity. Not getting enough exercise. Eating foods high in sodium. Smoking or using tobacco products. Drinking too much. […] Untreated hypertension may lead to serious health problems including: Coronary artery disease (CAD). Stroke. Heart attack. Peripheral artery disease. Kidney disease and kidney failure. Complications during pregnancy. Eye damage. Vascular dementia.

• #1 Know Your Risk Factors for High Blood Pressure | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/know-your-risk-factors-for-high-blood-pressure

  You can change these risk factors to help prevent and manage high blood pressure: Lack of physical activity: Not getting enough physical activity increases your risk of getting high blood pressure. […] An unhealthy diet, especially one high in sodium: You need good nutrition from many sources for good health. […] Being overweight or obese: Too much weight puts an extra strain on your heart and circulatory system. […] Drinking too much alcohol: Regular, heavy use of alcohol can cause many health problems. […] Sleep apnea: Obstructive sleep apnea may increase the risk of developing high blood pressure. […] High cholesterol: More than half of the people with high blood pressure also have high cholesterol. […] Diabetes: Most people with diabetes also develop high blood pressure. […] Smoking and tobacco use: Using tobacco can cause your blood pressure to temporarily increase. […] Stress: Stress is not always bad. […] A small number of high blood pressure cases are secondary hypertension. […] Most of this page and this site refers to primary hypertension.

• #1 High blood pressure: hypertension • Heart Research Institute

  https://www.hri.org.au/health/learn/risk-factors/high-blood-pressure

  Generally there is no single cause of high blood pressure, although there are several linked risk factors. […] High blood pressure can cause damage to important organs in the body, such as the brain and kidneys. […] High blood pressure damages the arteries, which can decrease the amount of blood supplied to the heart. […] High blood pressure places strain on the heart, which over time can cause the heart muscle to weaken and work less effectively. […] High blood pressure can damage the arteries that supply blood and oxygen to the brain. […] Preeclampsia is a serious condition where high blood pressure develops during pregnancy, affecting both the mother and unborn baby. […] If untreated, preeclampsia can lead to serious complications, such as convulsions, kidney or liver failure, and blood clotting problems.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/hypertension

  Hypertension, also known as high or raised blood pressure, is a condition in which the blood vessels have persistently raised pressure. […] Hypertension is a serious medical condition and can increase the risk of heart, brain, kidney and other diseases. […] The burden of hypertension is felt disproportionately in low- and middle-income countries, where two thirds of cases are found, largely due to increased risk factors in those populations in recent decades. […] Hypertension can also cause strokes by blocking or bursting arteries that supply blood and oxygen to the brain, as well as kidney damage, which can lead to kidney failure. High blood pressure causes damage to the heart by hardening arteries and decreasing the flood of blood and oxygen to the heart. […] Reducing modifiable risk factors is the best way to prevent hypertension and associated diseases of the heart, brain, kidney and other organs. These factors include unhealthy diets (excessive salt consumption, a diet high in saturated fat and trans fats, low intake of fruits and vegetables), physical inactivity, consumption of tobacco and alcohol, and being overweight or obese.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/hypertension

  Hypertension, also known as high or raised blood pressure, is a condition in which the blood vessels have persistently raised pressure. […] Hypertension is a serious medical condition and can increase the risk of heart, brain, kidney and other diseases. […] The burden of hypertension is felt disproportionately in low- and middle-income countries, where two thirds of cases are found, largely due to increased risk factors in those populations in recent decades. […] Hypertension can also cause strokes by blocking or bursting arteries that supply blood and oxygen to the brain, as well as kidney damage, which can lead to kidney failure. High blood pressure causes damage to the heart by hardening arteries and decreasing the flood of blood and oxygen to the heart. […] Reducing modifiable risk factors is the best way to prevent hypertension and associated diseases of the heart, brain, kidney and other organs. These factors include unhealthy diets (excessive salt consumption, a diet high in saturated fat and trans fats, low intake of fruits and vegetables), physical inactivity, consumption of tobacco and alcohol, and being overweight or obese.

• #2 High Blood Pressure – Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/high-blood-pressure/high-blood-pressure

  Often no cause for high blood pressure can be identified, but sometimes it occurs as a result of an underlying disorder of the kidneys or a hormonal disorder. […] Obesity, a sedentary lifestyle, stress, smoking, and excessive amounts of alcohol or sodium (salt) in the diet all can play a role in the development of high blood pressure in people who have an inherited tendency to develop it. […] High blood pressure with no known cause is called primary (formerly called essential) hypertension. About 85% of people with high blood pressure have primary hypertension. […] Several changes in the heart and blood vessels probably combine to increase blood pressure. For instance, the amount of blood pumped per minute (cardiac output) may be increased, and the resistance to blood flow may be increased because blood vessels are constricted. Blood volume may be increased also. The reasons for such changes are not fully understood but appear to involve an inherited abnormality affecting the constriction of arterioles, which help control blood pressure.

• #2 Hypertension – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertension

  Primary (also termed essential) hypertension results from a complex interaction of genes and environmental factors. More than 2000 common genetic variants with small effects on blood pressure have been identified in association with high blood pressure, as well as some rare genetic variants with large effects on blood pressure. There is also evidence that DNA methylation at multiple nearby CpG sites may link some sequence variation to blood pressure, possibly via effects on vascular or renal function. […] Secondary hypertension results from an identifiable cause. Kidney disease is the most common secondary cause of hypertension. Hypertension can also be caused by endocrine conditions, such as Cushing’s syndrome, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, acromegaly, Conn’s syndrome or hyperaldosteronism, renal artery stenosis (from atherosclerosis or fibromuscular dysplasia), hyperparathyroidism, and pheochromocytoma. Other causes of secondary hypertension include obesity, sleep apnea, pregnancy, coarctation of the aorta, excessive eating of liquorice, excessive drinking of alcohol, certain prescription medicines, herbal remedies, and stimulants such as cocaine and methamphetamine.

• #2 Hypertension – Causes, Risk Factors, and Treatment – Tetyanna Metyk, MD

  https://drtetyanametyk.com/hypertension-causes-risk-factors-and-treatment/

  The brain also plays an important role in regulating the blood pressure of the body through a specific group of neurons situated in the cardiovascular center in the hindbrain. […] Another major component regulating blood pressure is the blood vessels themselves. […] The heart influences blood pressure through heart rate. An increase in the heart rate due to any cause leads to an increase in the hydrostatic pressure against the blood vessel walls. […] One of the most important risk factors associated with hypertension is the genetic makeup of the individual. […] The blood vessels of an individual lose their elasticity due to age-related changes. […] Tobacco smoke causes hypertension by making the blood vessels narrower (vasoconstriction). […] Obesity is defined as an abnormally increased amount of fat in the body, with an increased number of adipocytes.

• #2 High blood pressure: What is high, symptoms, causes, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/159283

  High blood pressure is more likely during pregnancy due to hormonal changes. Hypertension is also a symptom of preeclampsia, a potentially severe placental disorder. […] Black Americans are 40% more likely to have hypertension and 30% more likely to die of heart disease than white Americans, studies show.

• #2

  https://www.prevention.com/health/a30915774/what-causes-high-blood-pressure/

  Excessive sodium intake has a direct impact on blood pressure. More salt equals more sodium in the blood, which then pulls water from the surrounding tissues into your vessels and increases blood volume, says Dr. Beniaminovitz. More blood volume leads to higher blood pressure. […] Additionally, a diet heavy in processed foods can cause weight gain, and when people are overweight, the body has to pump blood to more tissue, which can increase blood pressure, says Dr. Philips. We see an extremely large amount of high blood pressure in obese patients. […] Being sedentary leads to elevated blood pressure, both indirectly and directly, says Dr. Beniaminovitz. Sedentary people tend to be overweight or obese, and, as mentioned above, weight is one of the main driving causes of high blood pressure.

• #2 Hypertension: What Causes High Blood Pressure and How to Treat It > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/what-causes-high-blood-pressure

  High blood pressure increases in prevalence with age, and genetics also play a role, Dr. Spatz says. […] Other factors that contribute to hypertension include sleep, stress, diet, physical activity, and psychological factors, such as a history of depression or anxiety, loneliness, and discrimination, adds Allison Gaffey, PhD, a Yale Medicine psychologist who specializes in cardiology. […] Over time, chronic stress can elevate your hormone levels, including the hormone cortisol, which raises blood pressure, Gaffey explains.

• #2 12 Surprising Things That Can Raise Blood Pressure

  https://www.aarp.org/health/conditions-treatments/surprising-causes-high-blood-pressure/

  People who watch their blood pressure are generally familiar with the more common factors that can cause their numbers to spike salt and stress, for example. […] But a handful of unsuspected foods, habits and health issues can play a role, too, and sabotage well-intentioned efforts to lower high blood pressure, or hypertension, a condition that affects nearly half of U.S. adults. […] Sleep apnea, a sleep disorder in which a person stops and restarts breathing several times throughout the night, can cause a bump in blood pressure. […] Excess weight is one of the foremost risk factors for developing sleep apnea; age is another big one. […] All the stress and strain drives up blood pressure and not just when we’re asleep, but also when we’re awake for the rest of the day. […] People who don’t get six to eight hours of uninterrupted sleep can have elevated blood pressure.

• #2 Causes of High Blood Pressure (and How to Overcome Them)

  https://www.healthline.com/health/high-blood-pressure-hypertension/causes-of-high-blood-pressure

  Some contributors to high blood pressure, such as your age, genetics, or an underlying condition, may be beyond your control. But there are several factors that you can control. […] Hypertension can be primary or secondary. Most cases of hypertension are primary (essential). That means there’s no specific cause for your hypertension, and it’s likely due to several factors, including genetics, age, lifestyle, and diet. […] About 5% to 10% of people with high blood pressure have secondary hypertension. It’s attributable to a specific cause, such as hypothyroidism. You can often reverse secondary hypertension if you effectively treat the underlying condition. […] While most cases of hypertension are primary (many-faceted), several underlying health conditions can contribute to or cause secondary hypertension. Treating these conditions can often reverse hypertension.

• #2 High Blood Pressure – Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/high-blood-pressure/high-blood-pressure

  High blood pressure with a known cause is called secondary hypertension. About 15% of people with high blood pressure have secondary hypertension. […] In many of these people, high blood pressure results from a kidney disorder. […] Many kidney disorders can cause high blood pressure because the kidneys are important in controlling blood pressure. […] Hormonal disorders that cause high blood pressure include hyperaldosteronism (overproduction of aldosterone, often by a noncancerous tumor in one of the adrenal glands), Cushing syndrome (a disorder characterized by high levels of cortisol), hyperthyroidism (an overactive thyroid gland), and, rarely, a pheochromocytoma (a tumor that is located in an adrenal gland and that produces the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine). […] Arteriosclerosis interferes with the body’s control of blood pressure, increasing the risk of high blood pressure.

• #2 The Hidden Causes of Hypertension | Healthcare2U

  https://healthc2u.com/hidden-causes-of-hypertension/

  High blood pressure, or hypertension, often has no symptoms or warning signs. This silent foe can harm your blood vessels, heart, brain, eyes, and kidneys. An estimated 46 percent of adults in the United States have hidden causes of hypertension. Unhealthy habits like smoking, poor diet, and lack of exercise can combine to contribute to elevated blood pressure. Still, other lesser-known factors can contribute to this condition. […] Hypertension usually stems from arteriosclerosis, the hardening, and stiffening of the arteries, but it can also be a sign of other issues in the body. If you have resistant hypertension, its worth having your doctors check for a secondary cause. […] A commonly overlooked source of high blood pressure is the breath-holding type of snoring known as obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep apnea causes sudden drops in blood oxygen levels that increase blood pressure and strain the whole cardiovascular system.

• #2

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/high-blood-pressure-hypertension/causes/

  Medicines that can increase your blood pressure include: the contraceptive pill, steroids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen and naproxen, some pharmacy cough and cold remedies, some herbal remedies particularly those containing liquorice, some recreational drugs such as cocaine and amphetamines, some selective serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SSNRI) antidepressants.

• #2 Secondary Hypertension: Discovering the Underlying Cause | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1001/p453.html

  Coarctation of the aorta is a common cause of secondary hypertension in children, especially males, but may not be detected until adulthood because it is often asymptomatic. […] Hypothyroidism can cause an elevation in diastolic blood pressure, whereas hyperthyroidism can cause an elevation of systolic blood pressure, leading to a widened pulse pressure. […] Several chemotherapeutic agents can cause secondary hypertension and kidney injury. […] Oral contraceptives can raise blood pressure within the normal range but can also cause secondary hypertension.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/hypertension

  Additionally, prolonged exposure to air pollution increases the risk of hypertension in adults. […] There are also non-modifiable risk factors, including a family history of hypertension, age over 65 years and co-existing diseases such as diabetes or kidney disease. […] Avoiding dietary and behavioural risk factors is doubly important for those with unmodifiable or hereditary risk factors.

• #2 High Blood Pressure (Hypertension): Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/heart/high-blood-pressure-hypertension

  For most adults, hypertension doesnt have a singular cause and develops over the course of many years. However, certain risk factors, many of which are avoidable, increase the likelihood that you will develop high blood pressure. […] Risk factors for hypertension include: […] Age. The risk of hypertension increases as you age. Those over the age of 55 are at higher risk than younger people. […] Poor diet. Consuming too much sodium in your diet can cause fluid retention, which increases blood pressure. Eating too little potassium can increase your risk as well since potassium helps regulate the level of sodium in the body. […] Lack of exercise. Exercise helps improve your cardiovascular health and lower your heart rate. A higher heart rate means the heart is exerting more pressure on your blood vessels.

• #2 High Blood Pressure: Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4314-hypertension-high-blood-pressure

  Researchers believe genes play a role in high blood pressure. If one or more of your close biological family members have high blood pressure, you have an increased risk of developing it, too. […] Risk factors that make you more likely to have high blood pressure include: Having biological family members with high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease or diabetes. Being over age 55. Being Black. Having certain medical conditions, including chronic kidney disease, metabolic syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea or thyroid disease. Having overweight or obesity. Not getting enough exercise. Eating foods high in sodium. Smoking or using tobacco products. Drinking too much. […] Untreated hypertension may lead to serious health problems including: Coronary artery disease (CAD). Stroke. Heart attack. Peripheral artery disease. Kidney disease and kidney failure. Complications during pregnancy. Eye damage. Vascular dementia.

• #3 High Blood Pressure: Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4314-hypertension-high-blood-pressure

  Researchers believe genes play a role in high blood pressure. If one or more of your close biological family members have high blood pressure, you have an increased risk of developing it, too. […] Risk factors that make you more likely to have high blood pressure include: Having biological family members with high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease or diabetes. Being over age 55. Being Black. Having certain medical conditions, including chronic kidney disease, metabolic syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea or thyroid disease. Having overweight or obesity. Not getting enough exercise. Eating foods high in sodium. Smoking or using tobacco products. Drinking too much. […] Untreated hypertension may lead to serious health problems including: Coronary artery disease (CAD). Stroke. Heart attack. Peripheral artery disease. Kidney disease and kidney failure. Complications during pregnancy. Eye damage. Vascular dementia.

• #3 High blood pressure: Why me? – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/high-blood-pressure-why-me-201605029288

  People diagnosed with hypertension are often baffled, and many ask, Why me? […] Last, knowing the cause of disease is helpful. In reality we rarely find just one cause for anyones hypertension. There are almost always multiple factors at work. Some causes cant be prevented, like genetics and age. High blood pressure often runs in families. Genetic risk is complex, probably resulting from a combination of harmful mutations in risk genes and silencing of protective genes. […] With aging comes a universal increase in systolic blood pressure (the top number) and in the risk for heart disease. On the other hand, tackling modifiable risk factors for high blood pressure, for example, losing weight and getting more exercise, often produces great benefits. […] The Framingham Heart Study followed a subset of 1,300 participants ages 55 to 65 who did not have hypertension at baseline. Their remarkable finding: the lifetime risk of developing hypertension was 90%. […] So instead of being surprised if you are diagnosed with hypertension, it is actually more logical to be amazed if you never develop it.

• #3 High Blood Pressure (Hypertension): Causes and Symptoms

  https://www.healthline.com/health/high-blood-pressure-hypertension

  You may be more likely to have high blood pressure due to your genetics, age, and whether you have certain health conditions. […] A combination of factors typically play a role in the development of essential hypertension: […] Some people are genetically predisposed to hypertension. This may be from gene mutations or inherited from your parents. […] People over 65 years old are more at risk for hypertension. […] Black people have a higher incidence of hypertension in the United States. Research suggests that systemic, cultural, and genetic factors contribute to this inequity. […] Living with obesity can lead to a few cardiovascular issues, including hypertension. […] Research shows that even one drink per day can increase your risk of hypertension, with higher alcohol consumption further increasing your risk.

• #3 Causes of High Blood Pressure (and How to Overcome Them)

  https://www.healthline.com/health/high-blood-pressure-hypertension/causes-of-high-blood-pressure

  A 2020 literature review estimated that obesity accounted for 65% to 78% of cases of primary hypertension. […] Being overweight or having obesity can cause you to develop high blood pressure. It can also worsen hypertension if you already have it. […] Eating less sodium can help you lower your blood pressure. […] Heavy alcohol consumption can harm your overall health, including your cardiovascular health. It can contribute to or worsen hypertension. […] Some medications can increase your blood pressure. […] Hypertension that develops during pregnancy is called gestational hypertension. […] There are several possible causes of high blood pressure during pregnancy. […] High blood pressure typically becomes more of a concern as you age. […] If your parents have high blood pressure, you’re more likely to develop it. Hypertension tends to run in families. This may be due to family members sharing similar habits, like exercise and diet. […] Genetic factors may contribute to 30% to 60% of cases of irregular blood pressure.

• #3

  https://www.prevention.com/health/a30915774/what-causes-high-blood-pressure/

  From an evolutionary standpoint, stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline are released into the blood to help us escape danger (to fight or flee)they increase heart rate, elevate blood pressure, constrict blood vessels, and enlarge our pupils to help us think and move fast, explains Dr. Beniaminovitz. […] You may not necessarily feel stressed when you experience loneliness or social isolation, but these feelingswhen they persistcan trigger the same dangerous release of stress hormones that spike blood pressure, says Dr. Beniaminovitz. […] In general, inadequate sleep may lead to high blood pressure by increasing stress hormones, or by increasing your cravings for junk food and thus contributing to weight gain, says Dr. Beniaminovitz. But the biggest sleep-related cause of hypertension is obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)a disorder that causes someone to stop breathing for brief periods of time while sleeping due to an obstruction of their upper airway.

• #3 High Blood Pressure (Hypertension): Causes and Symptoms

  https://www.healthline.com/health/high-blood-pressure-hypertension

  Sedentary behaviors have links to several cardiovascular issues, including hypertension. […] People diagnosed with either diabetes or metabolic syndrome are at a higher risk of developing hypertension. […] There’s a close link between daily high sodium intake (more than 5 grams a day) and hypertension. […] Secondary hypertension often occurs quickly and can become more severe than primary hypertension. Several conditions that may cause secondary hypertension include: kidney disease, obstructive sleep apnea, structural heart issues present from birth, problems with your thyroid, adrenal gland problems, certain endocrine tumors. […] Secondary hypertension may also be a side effect of certain medications.

• #3 Hypertension: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/241381-overview

  Secondary causes of hypertension related to single genes are very rare. They include Liddle syndrome, glucocorticoid-remediable hyperaldosteronism, 11 beta-hydroxylase and 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiencies, syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess, and pseudohypoaldosteronism type II. […] Renal causes (2.5-6%) of hypertension include the renal parenchymal diseases and renal vascular diseases, as follows: Polycystic kidney disease, Chronic kidney disease, Urinary tract obstruction, Renin-producing tumor, Liddle syndrome, Nephritic syndrome/glomerulonephritis. […] Renovascular hypertension (RVHT) causes 0.2-4% of cases of hypertension. Since the 1934 seminal experiment by Goldblatt et al, RVHT has become increasingly recognized as an important cause of clinically atypical hypertension and chronic kidney disease the latter by virtue of renal ischemia.

• #3 What Causes High Blood Pressure? | University of Utah Health

  https://healthcare.utah.edu/cardiovascular/conditions/hypertension/causes

  Some medications including decongestants, birth control pills, and over-the-counter (OTC) cold medications narrow your blood vessels. Your heart has to pump harder to push blood out to your body. […] Illegal drugs like amphetamines and cocaine narrow the arteries where blood flow to your heart. Your heart has to beat faster to get enough blood, damaging the heart muscle over time. […] These tumors stimulate your body to release more hormones, which disrupt normal kidney and heart function, leading to higher blood pressure. […] When your thyroid releases too many hormones (hyperthyroidism) it causes your heart to beat faster and work harder. When your thyroid releases too few hormones (hypothyroidism) it weakens your heart muscle so it has to work harder to pump blood. Both conditions raise blood pressure. […] Heart conditions present at birth can cause narrowing in the blood vessels, elevated heart rate, or other symptoms that affect blood pressure.

• #3

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/high-blood-pressure-hypertension/causes/

  Medicines that can increase your blood pressure include: the contraceptive pill, steroids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen and naproxen, some pharmacy cough and cold remedies, some herbal remedies particularly those containing liquorice, some recreational drugs such as cocaine and amphetamines, some selective serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SSNRI) antidepressants.

• #3 Elevated blood pressure – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prehypertension/symptoms-causes/syc-20376703

  Elevated blood pressure is blood pressure that is slightly higher than what is considered ideal. […] Elevated blood pressure is considered a category, not an actual health condition like high blood pressure (hypertension). But elevated blood pressure tends to get worse over time unless it’s properly managed. […] Anything that increases pressure on the artery walls can lead to elevated blood pressure. A buildup of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on the artery walls (atherosclerosis) can cause elevated blood pressure. But the opposite is also true. High blood pressure (hypertension) can cause atherosclerosis. […] Conditions and medications that can cause elevated blood pressure include: Adrenal gland disorders, Heart problem affecting blood vessels present at birth (congenital heart defect), Illegal drugs, such as cocaine and amphetamines, Kidney disease, Obstructive sleep apnea, Some medications, including birth control pills, cold and sinus medicines, over-the-counter pain relievers containing caffeine, and some prescription drugs, Thyroid disease.

• #3 High Blood Pressure – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/high-blood-pressure/causes

  Many factors raise your risk of high blood pressure. […] Blood pressure tends to rise with age. […] High blood pressure often runs in families. […] Lifestyle habits can increase the risk of high blood pressure, including if you: […] Some medicines can make it harder for your body to control your blood pressure. […] Other medical conditions change the way your body controls fluids, sodium, and hormones in your blood. Other conditions that can cause high blood pressure include: […] High blood pressure is more common in Black adults than in White, Hispanic, or Asian adults. […] Men are more likely than women to develop high blood pressure throughout middle age. […] Research shows that factors such as income, education level, where you live, and the type of job you have, as well as stressors on the job may raise your risk of high blood pressure. […] Experiencing discrimination and poverty has been linked to high blood pressure.

• #3 Know Your Risk Factors for High Blood Pressure | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/know-your-risk-factors-for-high-blood-pressure

  You can change these risk factors to help prevent and manage high blood pressure: Lack of physical activity: Not getting enough physical activity increases your risk of getting high blood pressure. […] An unhealthy diet, especially one high in sodium: You need good nutrition from many sources for good health. […] Being overweight or obese: Too much weight puts an extra strain on your heart and circulatory system. […] Drinking too much alcohol: Regular, heavy use of alcohol can cause many health problems. […] Sleep apnea: Obstructive sleep apnea may increase the risk of developing high blood pressure. […] High cholesterol: More than half of the people with high blood pressure also have high cholesterol. […] Diabetes: Most people with diabetes also develop high blood pressure. […] Smoking and tobacco use: Using tobacco can cause your blood pressure to temporarily increase. […] Stress: Stress is not always bad. […] A small number of high blood pressure cases are secondary hypertension. […] Most of this page and this site refers to primary hypertension.

• #3

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension

  If hypertension isn’t treated, it can cause other health conditions like kidney disease, heart disease and stroke. […] Hypertension can also burst or block arteries that supply blood and oxygen to the brain, causing a stroke. […] In addition, hypertension can cause kidney damage, leading to kidney failure. […] The number of adults with hypertension increased from 594 million in 1975 to 1.13 billion in 2015, with the increase seen largely in low- and middle-income countries. This increase is due mainly to a rise in hypertension risk factors in those populations.

• #4 Know Your Risk Factors for High Blood Pressure | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/know-your-risk-factors-for-high-blood-pressure

  Many factors can increase your risk of getting high blood pressure. […] A number of factors can put you at a greater risk for getting high blood pressure, also known as hypertension. […] Common inherited and physical risk factors for high blood pressure include: Family history: If your parents or other close blood relatives have high blood pressure, you have an increased chance of getting it, too. […] Age: As you get older, you are more likely to get high blood pressure. […] Gender: Until age 64, men are more likely than women to get high blood pressure. […] Race: Certain racial and ethnic groups, such as Black, Hispanic and Asian adults, particularly males, have higher rates of high blood pressure. […] Chronic kidney disease: High blood pressure may be caused by kidney disease.

• #4 What Causes High Blood Pressure and How to Know If You Have It

  https://www.businessinsider.com/guides/health/conditions-symptoms/what-causes-high-blood-pressure

  Because secondary hypertension is the result of an underlying cause, it can be treated by addressing that cause, Patel says, while primary hypertension has no cure but can be controlled with lifestyle changes or medication. […] Lifestyle factors often cause primary hypertension, Patel says. […] Family history. If you have a close family member who has high blood pressure before the age of 60, you are two times more likely to develop it. This doesn’t necessarily mean you will have high blood pressure, but it does increase your chances, particularly if combined with other risk factors like lack of physical activity and a poor diet, Patel says. […] Gender. Men younger than 65 years old have consistently higher levels of hypertension when compared with women of the same age group, according to several studies.

• #4 What is High Blood Pressure? Symptoms and Causes | Cigna Healthcare

  https://www.cigna.com/knowledge-center/high-blood-pressure-hypertension

  High blood pressure is also known as hypertension. […] In most cases, doctors cant point to the exact cause of high blood pressure. However, several things are known to raise blood pressure, including: […] The risk for high blood pressure rises as you age. […] The more you weigh, the more blood you need to bring nutrients to your tissues. As the volume of blood goes up, so does the pressure against artery walls. […] Inactive people tend to have faster heart rates. That makes the force of blood against your arteries harder. […] Tobacco use immediately raises your blood pressure on a temporary basis. […] High levels of stress can lead to a temporary, but dramatic, rise in blood pressure. […] Certain chronic conditions: Including high cholesterol, diabetes, kidney disease, and sleep apnea.

• #4 Hypertension: What Causes High Blood Pressure and How to Treat It > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/what-causes-high-blood-pressure

  High blood pressure increases in prevalence with age, and genetics also play a role, Dr. Spatz says. […] Other factors that contribute to hypertension include sleep, stress, diet, physical activity, and psychological factors, such as a history of depression or anxiety, loneliness, and discrimination, adds Allison Gaffey, PhD, a Yale Medicine psychologist who specializes in cardiology. […] Over time, chronic stress can elevate your hormone levels, including the hormone cortisol, which raises blood pressure, Gaffey explains.

• #4 Hypertension: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/241381-overview

  Secondary causes of hypertension related to single genes are very rare. They include Liddle syndrome, glucocorticoid-remediable hyperaldosteronism, 11 beta-hydroxylase and 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiencies, syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess, and pseudohypoaldosteronism type II. […] Renal causes (2.5-6%) of hypertension include the renal parenchymal diseases and renal vascular diseases, as follows: Polycystic kidney disease, Chronic kidney disease, Urinary tract obstruction, Renin-producing tumor, Liddle syndrome, Nephritic syndrome/glomerulonephritis. […] Renovascular hypertension (RVHT) causes 0.2-4% of cases of hypertension. Since the 1934 seminal experiment by Goldblatt et al, RVHT has become increasingly recognized as an important cause of clinically atypical hypertension and chronic kidney disease the latter by virtue of renal ischemia.

• #4 What Causes High Blood Pressure? | University of Utah Health

  https://healthcare.utah.edu/cardiovascular/conditions/hypertension/causes

  Some medications including decongestants, birth control pills, and over-the-counter (OTC) cold medications narrow your blood vessels. Your heart has to pump harder to push blood out to your body. […] Illegal drugs like amphetamines and cocaine narrow the arteries where blood flow to your heart. Your heart has to beat faster to get enough blood, damaging the heart muscle over time. […] These tumors stimulate your body to release more hormones, which disrupt normal kidney and heart function, leading to higher blood pressure. […] When your thyroid releases too many hormones (hyperthyroidism) it causes your heart to beat faster and work harder. When your thyroid releases too few hormones (hypothyroidism) it weakens your heart muscle so it has to work harder to pump blood. Both conditions raise blood pressure. […] Heart conditions present at birth can cause narrowing in the blood vessels, elevated heart rate, or other symptoms that affect blood pressure.

• #4

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/high-blood-pressure-hypertension/causes/

  Medicines that can increase your blood pressure include: the contraceptive pill, steroids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen and naproxen, some pharmacy cough and cold remedies, some herbal remedies particularly those containing liquorice, some recreational drugs such as cocaine and amphetamines, some selective serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SSNRI) antidepressants.

• #4 High blood pressure (Hypertension) – BHF

  https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/risk-factors/high-blood-pressure

  High blood pressure (hypertension) is very common. […] The medical term for high blood pressure is hypertension, and it means your blood pressure is always too high. This means your heart is working harder when pumping blood around your body. […] In most cases, there isn’t a specific reason for the cause of high blood pressure, but most people develop it because of their diet, lifestyle or medical condition. […] For some people, a cause of high blood pressure is found. This is known as secondary hypertension. […] Examples of secondary hypertension include: kidney disease, diabetes, a condition called obstructive sleep apnoea, which can lead to disturbed sleep, some medicines, such as oral contraceptives, some over-the-counter and herbal medicines. […] Around one in ten women develop high blood pressure during pregnancy. This increases the risk of long-term high blood pressure. […] Research funded by the BHF found that lowering the blood pressure of birth mothers within six weeks of giving birth reduced their long-term risk.

• #4 High Blood Pressure: Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4314-hypertension-high-blood-pressure

  Researchers believe genes play a role in high blood pressure. If one or more of your close biological family members have high blood pressure, you have an increased risk of developing it, too. […] Risk factors that make you more likely to have high blood pressure include: Having biological family members with high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease or diabetes. Being over age 55. Being Black. Having certain medical conditions, including chronic kidney disease, metabolic syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea or thyroid disease. Having overweight or obesity. Not getting enough exercise. Eating foods high in sodium. Smoking or using tobacco products. Drinking too much. […] Untreated hypertension may lead to serious health problems including: Coronary artery disease (CAD). Stroke. Heart attack. Peripheral artery disease. Kidney disease and kidney failure. Complications during pregnancy. Eye damage. Vascular dementia.

• #4 High Blood Pressure (Hypertension): Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/heart/high-blood-pressure-hypertension

  For most adults, hypertension doesnt have a singular cause and develops over the course of many years. However, certain risk factors, many of which are avoidable, increase the likelihood that you will develop high blood pressure. […] Risk factors for hypertension include: […] Age. The risk of hypertension increases as you age. Those over the age of 55 are at higher risk than younger people. […] Poor diet. Consuming too much sodium in your diet can cause fluid retention, which increases blood pressure. Eating too little potassium can increase your risk as well since potassium helps regulate the level of sodium in the body. […] Lack of exercise. Exercise helps improve your cardiovascular health and lower your heart rate. A higher heart rate means the heart is exerting more pressure on your blood vessels.

• #4 5 Causes of High Blood Pressure

  https://www.mountelizabeth.com.sg/health-plus/article/5-causes-of-high-blood-pressure

  Kidney diseases are one of the more common causes associated with high blood pressure. […] Diabetes can damage arteries and cause the walls of the blood vessels to harden. That can cause high blood pressure, which if not treated, can increase your chance of developing heart disease, a stroke and other complications. […] Body mass index (BMI) is positively correlated with hypertension, especially if more than 25. […] Consuming processed or pre-packaged foods, or even adding too much salt, will boost your sodium intake. In Singapore, where the average person consumes 60% more sodium than the recommended amount, this should be a cause for concern. […] Sometimes, hypertension runs in the family. […] According to Singapore’s Health Promotion Board, in 95% of cases, hypertension causes are unknown.

• #4

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension

  If hypertension isn’t treated, it can cause other health conditions like kidney disease, heart disease and stroke. […] Hypertension can also burst or block arteries that supply blood and oxygen to the brain, causing a stroke. […] In addition, hypertension can cause kidney damage, leading to kidney failure. […] The number of adults with hypertension increased from 594 million in 1975 to 1.13 billion in 2015, with the increase seen largely in low- and middle-income countries. This increase is due mainly to a rise in hypertension risk factors in those populations.

• #5 Causes of High Blood Pressure (and How to Overcome Them)

  https://www.healthline.com/health/high-blood-pressure-hypertension/causes-of-high-blood-pressure

  A 2020 literature review estimated that obesity accounted for 65% to 78% of cases of primary hypertension. […] Being overweight or having obesity can cause you to develop high blood pressure. It can also worsen hypertension if you already have it. […] Eating less sodium can help you lower your blood pressure. […] Heavy alcohol consumption can harm your overall health, including your cardiovascular health. It can contribute to or worsen hypertension. […] Some medications can increase your blood pressure. […] Hypertension that develops during pregnancy is called gestational hypertension. […] There are several possible causes of high blood pressure during pregnancy. […] High blood pressure typically becomes more of a concern as you age. […] If your parents have high blood pressure, you’re more likely to develop it. Hypertension tends to run in families. This may be due to family members sharing similar habits, like exercise and diet. […] Genetic factors may contribute to 30% to 60% of cases of irregular blood pressure.

• #5 High blood pressure | Heart and Stroke Foundation

  https://www.heartandstroke.ca/heart-disease/risk-and-prevention/condition-risk-factors/high-blood-pressure

  High blood pressure can be caused by many factors. […] Other factors, such as diet, exercise and smoking can be addressed through lifestyle changes to reduce your risk for high blood pressure. […] After 65, women are more likely than men to get high blood pressure. Throughout a womans life, factors like pregnancy, birth control and menopause can increase the risk of developing high blood pressure.

• #5 What is High Blood Pressure? Symptoms and Causes | Cigna Healthcare

  https://www.cigna.com/knowledge-center/high-blood-pressure-hypertension

  High blood pressure is also known as hypertension. […] In most cases, doctors cant point to the exact cause of high blood pressure. However, several things are known to raise blood pressure, including: […] The risk for high blood pressure rises as you age. […] The more you weigh, the more blood you need to bring nutrients to your tissues. As the volume of blood goes up, so does the pressure against artery walls. […] Inactive people tend to have faster heart rates. That makes the force of blood against your arteries harder. […] Tobacco use immediately raises your blood pressure on a temporary basis. […] High levels of stress can lead to a temporary, but dramatic, rise in blood pressure. […] Certain chronic conditions: Including high cholesterol, diabetes, kidney disease, and sleep apnea.

• #5

  https://www.prevention.com/health/a30915774/what-causes-high-blood-pressure/

  From an evolutionary standpoint, stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline are released into the blood to help us escape danger (to fight or flee)they increase heart rate, elevate blood pressure, constrict blood vessels, and enlarge our pupils to help us think and move fast, explains Dr. Beniaminovitz. […] You may not necessarily feel stressed when you experience loneliness or social isolation, but these feelingswhen they persistcan trigger the same dangerous release of stress hormones that spike blood pressure, says Dr. Beniaminovitz. […] In general, inadequate sleep may lead to high blood pressure by increasing stress hormones, or by increasing your cravings for junk food and thus contributing to weight gain, says Dr. Beniaminovitz. But the biggest sleep-related cause of hypertension is obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)a disorder that causes someone to stop breathing for brief periods of time while sleeping due to an obstruction of their upper airway.

• #5

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/high-blood-pressure-hypertension/causes/

  Medicines that can increase your blood pressure include: the contraceptive pill, steroids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen and naproxen, some pharmacy cough and cold remedies, some herbal remedies particularly those containing liquorice, some recreational drugs such as cocaine and amphetamines, some selective serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SSNRI) antidepressants.

• #5 Causes of High Blood Pressure – Risk Factors: Weight, Diet, Age, Lifestyle

  https://www.webmd.com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/blood-pressure-causes

  Some causes include: Kidney disease. This is the most common cause of secondary hypertension. […] Hypertension can also be triggered by tumors or other abnormalities of adrenal glands (small structures that sit atop the kidneys). Adrenal tumors or disorders can cause them to release too much of the hormones that elevate blood pressure. […] Too much or too little thyroid hormone can affect your blood pressure. […] Sometimes, hypertension suddenly appears or gets worse during pregnancy. When hypertension develops after 20 weeks of pregnancy, it is called preeclampsia. […] It is normal for your blood pressure to go up and down throughout the day. Many things can temporarily raise blood pressure. […] If you think you are having a hypertensive crisis, call 911 right away. […] There are several risk factors for high blood pressure, including: Smoking. When you smoke, vape, or chew tobacco, your blood pressure temporarily increases.

• #5 High Blood Pressure – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/high-blood-pressure/causes

  Many factors raise your risk of high blood pressure. […] Blood pressure tends to rise with age. […] High blood pressure often runs in families. […] Lifestyle habits can increase the risk of high blood pressure, including if you: […] Some medicines can make it harder for your body to control your blood pressure. […] Other medical conditions change the way your body controls fluids, sodium, and hormones in your blood. Other conditions that can cause high blood pressure include: […] High blood pressure is more common in Black adults than in White, Hispanic, or Asian adults. […] Men are more likely than women to develop high blood pressure throughout middle age. […] Research shows that factors such as income, education level, where you live, and the type of job you have, as well as stressors on the job may raise your risk of high blood pressure. […] Experiencing discrimination and poverty has been linked to high blood pressure.

• #5 Know Your Risk Factors for High Blood Pressure | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/know-your-risk-factors-for-high-blood-pressure

  You can change these risk factors to help prevent and manage high blood pressure: Lack of physical activity: Not getting enough physical activity increases your risk of getting high blood pressure. […] An unhealthy diet, especially one high in sodium: You need good nutrition from many sources for good health. […] Being overweight or obese: Too much weight puts an extra strain on your heart and circulatory system. […] Drinking too much alcohol: Regular, heavy use of alcohol can cause many health problems. […] Sleep apnea: Obstructive sleep apnea may increase the risk of developing high blood pressure. […] High cholesterol: More than half of the people with high blood pressure also have high cholesterol. […] Diabetes: Most people with diabetes also develop high blood pressure. […] Smoking and tobacco use: Using tobacco can cause your blood pressure to temporarily increase. […] Stress: Stress is not always bad. […] A small number of high blood pressure cases are secondary hypertension. […] Most of this page and this site refers to primary hypertension.

• #5 High Blood Pressure: Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4314-hypertension-high-blood-pressure

  Researchers believe genes play a role in high blood pressure. If one or more of your close biological family members have high blood pressure, you have an increased risk of developing it, too. […] Risk factors that make you more likely to have high blood pressure include: Having biological family members with high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease or diabetes. Being over age 55. Being Black. Having certain medical conditions, including chronic kidney disease, metabolic syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea or thyroid disease. Having overweight or obesity. Not getting enough exercise. Eating foods high in sodium. Smoking or using tobacco products. Drinking too much. […] Untreated hypertension may lead to serious health problems including: Coronary artery disease (CAD). Stroke. Heart attack. Peripheral artery disease. Kidney disease and kidney failure. Complications during pregnancy. Eye damage. Vascular dementia.

• #6

  https://www.prevention.com/health/a30915774/what-causes-high-blood-pressure/

  Excessive sodium intake has a direct impact on blood pressure. More salt equals more sodium in the blood, which then pulls water from the surrounding tissues into your vessels and increases blood volume, says Dr. Beniaminovitz. More blood volume leads to higher blood pressure. […] Additionally, a diet heavy in processed foods can cause weight gain, and when people are overweight, the body has to pump blood to more tissue, which can increase blood pressure, says Dr. Philips. We see an extremely large amount of high blood pressure in obese patients. […] Being sedentary leads to elevated blood pressure, both indirectly and directly, says Dr. Beniaminovitz. Sedentary people tend to be overweight or obese, and, as mentioned above, weight is one of the main driving causes of high blood pressure.

• #6 High Blood Pressure: Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4314-hypertension-high-blood-pressure

  High blood pressure is when the force of blood pushing against your artery walls is consistently too high. This damages your arteries over time and can lead to serious complications like heart attack and stroke. Hypertension is another word for this common condition. […] Primary hypertension doesn’t have a single, clear cause. Usually, many factors come together to cause it. Common causes include: Unhealthy eating patterns (including a diet high in sodium). Lack of physical activity. High consumption of beverages containing alcohol. […] Secondary hypertension has at least one distinct cause that healthcare providers can identify. Common causes of secondary hypertension include: Certain medications, including immunosuppressants, NSAIDs and oral contraceptives (the pill). Kidney disease. Obstructive sleep apnea. Primary aldosteronism (Conns syndrome). Recreational drug use (including amphetamines and cocaine). Renal vascular diseases, which are conditions that affect blood flow in your kidneys arteries and veins. Renal artery stenosis is a common example. Tobacco use (including smoking, vaping and using smokeless tobacco).

• #6 High blood pressure: What is high, symptoms, causes, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/159283

  High blood pressure is more likely during pregnancy due to hormonal changes. Hypertension is also a symptom of preeclampsia, a potentially severe placental disorder. […] Black Americans are 40% more likely to have hypertension and 30% more likely to die of heart disease than white Americans, studies show.

• #6 What Causes High Blood Pressure? | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/what-causes-high-blood-pressure

  High blood pressure affects many adults and can go unnoticed. Causes include smoking, being overweight, and inactivity. […] The exact causes of high blood pressure are not known. However, some things may play a role in its development, including: […] Smoking […] Being overweight […] Lack of physical activity […] Too much salt in the diet […] Drinking too much alcohol (more than 1 to 2 drinks per day) […] Older age […] Family history of high blood pressure (heredity) […] Race (African Americans have high blood pressure more often and more severely than White Americans) […] Having chronic kidney disease.

• #6 High Blood Pressure (Hypertension): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis And Treatment | TheEMTSpot

  https://www.theemtspot.org/blood-pressure/hypertension/

  High cholesterol leads to atherosclerosis, a condition that narrows and hardens arteries, increasing blood pressure. […] Diabetes can damage arteries, making them targets for hypertension. […] Sleep apnea is marked by interruptions in breathing while asleep, has the potential to cause elevated blood pressure. […] Imbalances in hormones, particularly those involved in fluid regulation and blood pressure control like aldosterone, can contribute to hypertension. […] Having multiple health conditions, like diabetes and high cholesterol, can worsen hypertension or make it more difficult to manage. […] Certain medications, including some over-the-counter drugs and prescriptions like corticosteroids or birth control pills, can raise blood pressure. […] Some dietary supplements, especially those containing licorice root, ephedra, or bitter orange, can elevate blood pressure.

• #6 High blood pressure – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/high-blood-pressure/

  High blood pressure (also called hypertension) can lead to serious problems like heart attacks or strokes. […] Things that increase your chances of having high blood pressure include: […] your age you’re more likely to get high blood pressure as you get older […] having close relatives with high blood pressure […] your ethnicity you’re at higher risk if you have a Black African, Black Caribbean or South Asian ethnic background […] having an unhealthy diet especially a diet that’s high in salt […] being overweight […] smoking […] drinking too much alcohol […] feeling stressed over a long period. […] If your blood pressure is too high, it puts extra strain on your blood vessels, heart and other organs, such as your brain, kidneys and eyes. […] If it’s not treated, it can increase your risk of serious conditions such as:

• #7 Know Your Risk Factors for High Blood Pressure | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/know-your-risk-factors-for-high-blood-pressure

  You can change these risk factors to help prevent and manage high blood pressure: Lack of physical activity: Not getting enough physical activity increases your risk of getting high blood pressure. […] An unhealthy diet, especially one high in sodium: You need good nutrition from many sources for good health. […] Being overweight or obese: Too much weight puts an extra strain on your heart and circulatory system. […] Drinking too much alcohol: Regular, heavy use of alcohol can cause many health problems. […] Sleep apnea: Obstructive sleep apnea may increase the risk of developing high blood pressure. […] High cholesterol: More than half of the people with high blood pressure also have high cholesterol. […] Diabetes: Most people with diabetes also develop high blood pressure. […] Smoking and tobacco use: Using tobacco can cause your blood pressure to temporarily increase. […] Stress: Stress is not always bad. […] A small number of high blood pressure cases are secondary hypertension. […] Most of this page and this site refers to primary hypertension.

• #7 High Blood Pressure – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/high-blood-pressure/causes

  Many factors raise your risk of high blood pressure. […] Blood pressure tends to rise with age. […] High blood pressure often runs in families. […] Lifestyle habits can increase the risk of high blood pressure, including if you: […] Some medicines can make it harder for your body to control your blood pressure. […] Other medical conditions change the way your body controls fluids, sodium, and hormones in your blood. Other conditions that can cause high blood pressure include: […] High blood pressure is more common in Black adults than in White, Hispanic, or Asian adults. […] Men are more likely than women to develop high blood pressure throughout middle age. […] Research shows that factors such as income, education level, where you live, and the type of job you have, as well as stressors on the job may raise your risk of high blood pressure. […] Experiencing discrimination and poverty has been linked to high blood pressure.

• #7 Causes of High Blood Pressure (and How to Overcome Them)

  https://www.healthline.com/health/high-blood-pressure-hypertension/causes-of-high-blood-pressure

  A 2020 literature review estimated that obesity accounted for 65% to 78% of cases of primary hypertension. […] Being overweight or having obesity can cause you to develop high blood pressure. It can also worsen hypertension if you already have it. […] Eating less sodium can help you lower your blood pressure. […] Heavy alcohol consumption can harm your overall health, including your cardiovascular health. It can contribute to or worsen hypertension. […] Some medications can increase your blood pressure. […] Hypertension that develops during pregnancy is called gestational hypertension. […] There are several possible causes of high blood pressure during pregnancy. […] High blood pressure typically becomes more of a concern as you age. […] If your parents have high blood pressure, you’re more likely to develop it. Hypertension tends to run in families. This may be due to family members sharing similar habits, like exercise and diet. […] Genetic factors may contribute to 30% to 60% of cases of irregular blood pressure.

• #7 Know Your Risk Factors for High Blood Pressure | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/know-your-risk-factors-for-high-blood-pressure

  Many factors can increase your risk of getting high blood pressure. […] A number of factors can put you at a greater risk for getting high blood pressure, also known as hypertension. […] Common inherited and physical risk factors for high blood pressure include: Family history: If your parents or other close blood relatives have high blood pressure, you have an increased chance of getting it, too. […] Age: As you get older, you are more likely to get high blood pressure. […] Gender: Until age 64, men are more likely than women to get high blood pressure. […] Race: Certain racial and ethnic groups, such as Black, Hispanic and Asian adults, particularly males, have higher rates of high blood pressure. […] Chronic kidney disease: High blood pressure may be caused by kidney disease.

• #8 High Blood Pressure (Hypertension): Causes and Symptoms

  https://www.healthline.com/health/high-blood-pressure-hypertension

  You may be more likely to have high blood pressure due to your genetics, age, and whether you have certain health conditions. […] A combination of factors typically play a role in the development of essential hypertension: […] Some people are genetically predisposed to hypertension. This may be from gene mutations or inherited from your parents. […] People over 65 years old are more at risk for hypertension. […] Black people have a higher incidence of hypertension in the United States. Research suggests that systemic, cultural, and genetic factors contribute to this inequity. […] Living with obesity can lead to a few cardiovascular issues, including hypertension. […] Research shows that even one drink per day can increase your risk of hypertension, with higher alcohol consumption further increasing your risk.

• #8 High blood pressure | Heart and Stroke Foundation

  https://www.heartandstroke.ca/heart-disease/risk-and-prevention/condition-risk-factors/high-blood-pressure

  High blood pressure can be caused by many factors. […] Other factors, such as diet, exercise and smoking can be addressed through lifestyle changes to reduce your risk for high blood pressure. […] After 65, women are more likely than men to get high blood pressure. Throughout a womans life, factors like pregnancy, birth control and menopause can increase the risk of developing high blood pressure.

• #8 Know Your Risk Factors for High Blood Pressure | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/know-your-risk-factors-for-high-blood-pressure

  You can change these risk factors to help prevent and manage high blood pressure: Lack of physical activity: Not getting enough physical activity increases your risk of getting high blood pressure. […] An unhealthy diet, especially one high in sodium: You need good nutrition from many sources for good health. […] Being overweight or obese: Too much weight puts an extra strain on your heart and circulatory system. […] Drinking too much alcohol: Regular, heavy use of alcohol can cause many health problems. […] Sleep apnea: Obstructive sleep apnea may increase the risk of developing high blood pressure. […] High cholesterol: More than half of the people with high blood pressure also have high cholesterol. […] Diabetes: Most people with diabetes also develop high blood pressure. […] Smoking and tobacco use: Using tobacco can cause your blood pressure to temporarily increase. […] Stress: Stress is not always bad. […] A small number of high blood pressure cases are secondary hypertension. […] Most of this page and this site refers to primary hypertension.

• #8 Top 10 Causes for Blood Pressure Spikes – Durham Nephrology Associates, PA

  https://www.durhamnephrology.com/top-ten-common-causes-for-sudden-blood-pressure-spikes/

  Stress is a common, and often unavoidable cause of temporary blood pressure spikes. […] When anxiety causes a spike in blood pressure in the doctors office, its likely that it will cause an increase in blood pressure in other situations as well, so its a good idea to talk to your doctor about possible treatment options to avoid a more sustained version of high blood pressure. […] Overactive adrenal glands produce excessive amounts of certain hormones that help the body manage sodium and water and can lead to increases in blood pressure. […] A sharp rise in blood pressure is one of the short-term physiological side effects of cocaine use, but it can lead to some of the more severe medical complications including disturbances in heart rhythm and heart attacks. […] Certain medical conditions such as collagen vascular disorder, scleroderma, and thyroid issues all can cause sudden blood pressure spikes. […] Because of the key role the kidneys play in regulating your blood pressure, chronic kidney disease can lead to higher blood pressure levels.

• #9 Know Your Risk Factors for High Blood Pressure | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/know-your-risk-factors-for-high-blood-pressure

  You can change these risk factors to help prevent and manage high blood pressure: Lack of physical activity: Not getting enough physical activity increases your risk of getting high blood pressure. […] An unhealthy diet, especially one high in sodium: You need good nutrition from many sources for good health. […] Being overweight or obese: Too much weight puts an extra strain on your heart and circulatory system. […] Drinking too much alcohol: Regular, heavy use of alcohol can cause many health problems. […] Sleep apnea: Obstructive sleep apnea may increase the risk of developing high blood pressure. […] High cholesterol: More than half of the people with high blood pressure also have high cholesterol. […] Diabetes: Most people with diabetes also develop high blood pressure. […] Smoking and tobacco use: Using tobacco can cause your blood pressure to temporarily increase. […] Stress: Stress is not always bad. […] A small number of high blood pressure cases are secondary hypertension. […] Most of this page and this site refers to primary hypertension.

• #9 High Blood Pressure (Hypertension): Causes and Symptoms

  https://www.healthline.com/health/high-blood-pressure-hypertension

  You may be more likely to have high blood pressure due to your genetics, age, and whether you have certain health conditions. […] A combination of factors typically play a role in the development of essential hypertension: […] Some people are genetically predisposed to hypertension. This may be from gene mutations or inherited from your parents. […] People over 65 years old are more at risk for hypertension. […] Black people have a higher incidence of hypertension in the United States. Research suggests that systemic, cultural, and genetic factors contribute to this inequity. […] Living with obesity can lead to a few cardiovascular issues, including hypertension. […] Research shows that even one drink per day can increase your risk of hypertension, with higher alcohol consumption further increasing your risk.

• #9 High Blood Pressure (Hypertension): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis And Treatment | TheEMTSpot

  https://www.theemtspot.org/blood-pressure/hypertension/

  High cholesterol leads to atherosclerosis, a condition that narrows and hardens arteries, increasing blood pressure. […] Diabetes can damage arteries, making them targets for hypertension. […] Sleep apnea is marked by interruptions in breathing while asleep, has the potential to cause elevated blood pressure. […] Imbalances in hormones, particularly those involved in fluid regulation and blood pressure control like aldosterone, can contribute to hypertension. […] Having multiple health conditions, like diabetes and high cholesterol, can worsen hypertension or make it more difficult to manage. […] Certain medications, including some over-the-counter drugs and prescriptions like corticosteroids or birth control pills, can raise blood pressure. […] Some dietary supplements, especially those containing licorice root, ephedra, or bitter orange, can elevate blood pressure.

• #10 Hypertension – Causes, Risk Factors, and Treatment – Tetyanna Metyk, MD

  https://drtetyanametyk.com/hypertension-causes-risk-factors-and-treatment/

  The brain also plays an important role in regulating the blood pressure of the body through a specific group of neurons situated in the cardiovascular center in the hindbrain. […] Another major component regulating blood pressure is the blood vessels themselves. […] The heart influences blood pressure through heart rate. An increase in the heart rate due to any cause leads to an increase in the hydrostatic pressure against the blood vessel walls. […] One of the most important risk factors associated with hypertension is the genetic makeup of the individual. […] The blood vessels of an individual lose their elasticity due to age-related changes. […] Tobacco smoke causes hypertension by making the blood vessels narrower (vasoconstriction). […] Obesity is defined as an abnormally increased amount of fat in the body, with an increased number of adipocytes.

• #10 Know Your Risk Factors for High Blood Pressure | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/know-your-risk-factors-for-high-blood-pressure

  You can change these risk factors to help prevent and manage high blood pressure: Lack of physical activity: Not getting enough physical activity increases your risk of getting high blood pressure. […] An unhealthy diet, especially one high in sodium: You need good nutrition from many sources for good health. […] Being overweight or obese: Too much weight puts an extra strain on your heart and circulatory system. […] Drinking too much alcohol: Regular, heavy use of alcohol can cause many health problems. […] Sleep apnea: Obstructive sleep apnea may increase the risk of developing high blood pressure. […] High cholesterol: More than half of the people with high blood pressure also have high cholesterol. […] Diabetes: Most people with diabetes also develop high blood pressure. […] Smoking and tobacco use: Using tobacco can cause your blood pressure to temporarily increase. […] Stress: Stress is not always bad. […] A small number of high blood pressure cases are secondary hypertension. […] Most of this page and this site refers to primary hypertension.

• #10 Causes of High Blood Pressure – Risk Factors: Weight, Diet, Age, Lifestyle

  https://www.webmd.com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/blood-pressure-causes

  Some causes include: Kidney disease. This is the most common cause of secondary hypertension. […] Hypertension can also be triggered by tumors or other abnormalities of adrenal glands (small structures that sit atop the kidneys). Adrenal tumors or disorders can cause them to release too much of the hormones that elevate blood pressure. […] Too much or too little thyroid hormone can affect your blood pressure. […] Sometimes, hypertension suddenly appears or gets worse during pregnancy. When hypertension develops after 20 weeks of pregnancy, it is called preeclampsia. […] It is normal for your blood pressure to go up and down throughout the day. Many things can temporarily raise blood pressure. […] If you think you are having a hypertensive crisis, call 911 right away. […] There are several risk factors for high blood pressure, including: Smoking. When you smoke, vape, or chew tobacco, your blood pressure temporarily increases.

• #11 High Blood Pressure (Hypertension): Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/heart/high-blood-pressure-hypertension

  Obesity. Being overweight increases the amount of blood you need, which in turn increases the pressure on your blood vessels. […] Race. People of African heritage are more likely to develop hypertension than people of other races. […] Heavy drinking. Excessive alcohol consumption can damage the heart. Having more than one drink a day for women and two drinks a day for men can increase your blood pressure. […] Tobacco use. Using tobacco temporarily raises your blood pressure, and the chemicals found in tobacco can cause your blood vessel walls to narrow. […] High-stress level. When youre feeling stressed, your body releases hormones that cause your heart to beat faster and your blood vessels to narrow, which leads to higher blood pressure.

• #12 What is High Blood Pressure? | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/the-facts-about-high-blood-pressure

  High blood pressure is also known as hypertension. It happens when the force of your blood pushing against the walls of your blood vessels is too high. High blood pressure can lead to other serious problems such as heart attack and stroke. […] This blood pressure reading is in the elevated range. Unless steps are taken to control it, elevated blood pressure can turn into high blood pressure. […] It’s important to recheck your blood pressure with your health care team. They can confirm if this reading is within your target blood pressure range and discuss any steps you might need to take to keep it in a healthy range. Lifestyle changes can help. […] This blood pressure reading is in the high blood pressure Stage 1 range. It’s important to recheck your blood pressure with your health care team. If they confirm a diagnosis of high blood pressure Stage 1, they should prescribe lifestyle changes.

• #13 High Blood Pressure (Hypertension): Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/heart/high-blood-pressure-hypertension

  Obesity. Being overweight increases the amount of blood you need, which in turn increases the pressure on your blood vessels. […] Race. People of African heritage are more likely to develop hypertension than people of other races. […] Heavy drinking. Excessive alcohol consumption can damage the heart. Having more than one drink a day for women and two drinks a day for men can increase your blood pressure. […] Tobacco use. Using tobacco temporarily raises your blood pressure, and the chemicals found in tobacco can cause your blood vessel walls to narrow. […] High-stress level. When youre feeling stressed, your body releases hormones that cause your heart to beat faster and your blood vessels to narrow, which leads to higher blood pressure.

• #14 12 Surprising Things That Can Raise Blood Pressure

  https://www.aarp.org/health/conditions-treatments/surprising-causes-high-blood-pressure/

  A full bladder raises blood pressure about 10 to 15 points. […] Nearly 40 percent of Americans live in places with unhealthy levels of air pollution, a 2024 report from the American Lung Association finds and that’s bad news for our blood pressure. […] Research reveals that exposure to both fine particulate matter air pollution and coarse particulate matter air pollution can boost blood pressure in adults. […] The candy contains the compound glycyrrhizin, derived from the licorice root, which can cause the body to hold on to lots of salt and water, thereby driving blood pressure up. […] Alcohol can send blood pressure soaring, both in the short and long term. […] Heavy drinkers who cut back to moderate drinking can lower the top number in their blood pressure reading by about 5.5 mm Hg and their bottom number by about 4 mm Hg.

• #15

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/hypertension

  Additionally, prolonged exposure to air pollution increases the risk of hypertension in adults. […] There are also non-modifiable risk factors, including a family history of hypertension, age over 65 years and co-existing diseases such as diabetes or kidney disease. […] Avoiding dietary and behavioural risk factors is doubly important for those with unmodifiable or hereditary risk factors.

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