Materiały źródłowe

• #1 High blood pressure (hypertension) – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373417

  To diagnose high blood pressure, your health care provider examines you and asks questions about your medical history and any symptoms. Your provider listens to your heart using a device called a stethoscope. […] Blood pressure is checked using a cuff, usually placed around your arm. It’s important that the cuff fits. If it’s too big or too small, blood pressure readings can vary. The cuff is inflated using a small hand pump or a machine. […] High blood pressure (hypertension) is diagnosed if the blood pressure reading is equal to or greater than 130/80 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). A diagnosis of high blood pressure is usually based on the average of two or more readings taken on separate occasions. […] If you are diagnosed with high blood pressure, your provider may recommend tests to check for a cause.

• #2 High Blood Pressure – Diagnosis | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/high-blood-pressure/diagnosis

  Everyone whos age 3 or older should have their blood pressure checked by a healthcare provider at least once a year. Your provider measures your blood pressure to see if its in a healthy range. Regular checks can also show how well treatment for high blood pressure is working. […] Your provider may diagnose high blood pressure if your blood pressure readings are consistently high. You may also need tests to look for medical conditions that cause high blood pressure or to see if high blood pressure has affected your organs. […] You will need two or more blood pressure readings at separate medical appointments to diagnose high blood pressure.

• #3 How to Diagnose High Blood Pressure

  https://www.webmd.com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/whypertension-diagnosing-high-blood-pressure

  Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is often called a „silent disease” because you usually don’t know that you have it. There may be no symptoms or signs. Nonetheless, it damages the body and eventually may cause problems like heart disease. […] Therefore, it’s important to regularly monitor your blood pressure, especially if it has ever been high or above the „normal” range, or if you have a family history of hypertension. The USPSTF recommends that all adults 18 years or older be screened for hypertension. […] Blood pressure may increase or decrease, depending on your age, heart condition, emotions, activity, and the medications you take. One high reading does not mean you have high blood pressure. It is necessary to measure your blood pressure at different times, while you are resting comfortably for at least five minutes. To make the diagnosis of hypertension, at least three readings that are elevated are usually required.

• #4 Diagnosing High Blood Pressure | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/high-blood-pressure/diagnosis

  NYU Langone preventive cardiologists are highly experienced in diagnosing and managing high blood pressure, also known as hypertension. […] A blood pressure reading includes two numbers and is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). The upper number measures the pressure in your arteries when your heart beats, known as systolic pressure. The lower number measures the pressure in your arteries between beats, known as diastolic pressure. […] Hypertension is defined as having a systolic reading of 140 mmHg or higher, a diastolic of 90 mmHg or higher, or both. […] If your doctor suspects that you have high blood pressure, he or she conducts a physical exam to determine your overall health and asks whether you have a family history of the condition, how often you exercise, and what your diet is like. Your doctor may then perform several diagnostic tests.

• #5 Hypertension – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/hypertension/hypertension

  Hypertension is sustained elevation of resting systolic blood pressure (130 mm Hg), diastolic blood pressure (80 mm Hg), or both. Diagnosis is by sphygmomanometry. Tests may be done to determine cause, assess organ damage, and identify other cardiovascular risk factors. […] Hypertension is diagnosed by sphygmomanometry. History, physical examination, and other tests help identify etiology and determine whether target organs are damaged. […] Multiple measurements of BP are needed to confirm hypertension because of the inherent variability of blood pressure. Blood pressure typically fluctuates with time of day; in classic diurnal variation, BP is higher by day (especially in the morning) and lower by night. […] The blood pressure used for formal diagnosis should be an average of 2 or 3 measurements taken in the office at different times under these conditions: Patient seated in a chair (not examination table) for 5 minutes, feet on floor, back supported.

• #6 4 big ways BP measurement goes wrong, and how to tackle them | American Medical Association

  https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/hypertension/4-big-ways-bp-measurement-goes-wrong-and-how-tackle-them

  It is important for the patient to rest comfortably in a quiet environment for five minutes in a chair. […] Inaccuracies in BP measurement can also occur due to errors related to the procedure. […] Errors can also include talking during the measurement procedure, using an incorrect cuff size and failure to take multiple measurements. […] Quality improvement programs that combine use of automated office BP measurement with physician and care team education on proper measurement, as well as advice on clinical workflow enhancement, can also improve readings.

• #7

  https://www.nbcnews.com/health/heart-health/arm-position-blood-pressure-increase-hypertension-check-rcna174245

  Blood pressure readings may not be accurate unless a persons arm is positioned correctly, a new study suggests. […] For an accurate reading, the arm should be resting on a surface or tabletop. […] The American Heart Association recommends that a patients arm should be supported to get an accurate reading. […] Nearly half of U.S. adults have high blood pressure, which occurs when the measured force of blood flowing through blood vessels is higher than what is considered normal: less than 120 systolic pressure and less than 80 diastolic. […] Those differences can lead to more diagnoses of hypertension and patients being prescribed medications they dont need. […] The study provides a piece of evidence that is really critical, said Singer, who was not affiliated with the new research. Until now it hasnt been clear how much arm position changes blood pressure readings.

• #8 High blood pressure (hypertension) – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373417

  A blood pressure reading measures the pressure in the arteries when the heart beats (top number, called systolic pressure) and between heartbeats (bottom number, called diastolic pressure). […] The first time your blood pressure is checked, it should be measured in both arms to see if there’s a difference. After that, the arm with the higher reading should be used. […] Blood pressure is grouped according to how high it is. This is called staging. Staging helps guide treatment. […] Sometimes the bottom blood pressure reading is normal (less than 80 mm Hg) but the top number is high. This is called isolated systolic hypertension. It’s a common type of high blood pressure in people older than 65.

• #9 Hypertension – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/hypertension/hypertension

  BP is measured in both arms because BP that is 15 mm Hg higher in one arm than the other requires evaluation of the upper vasculature. […] After hypertension is diagnosed based on blood pressure measurements, testing is needed to detect target-organ damage and identify cardiovascular risk factors.

• #10 High Blood Pressure – What Is High Blood Pressure? | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/high-blood-pressure

  High blood pressure, or hypertension, is a common condition that occurs when your blood pressure—the force of the blood on the walls of your arteries—is often too high. […] Half of all American adults have high blood pressure, also known as hypertension. Many don’t even know it. High blood pressure develops when blood flows through your arteries at higher-than-normal pressures. […] Your blood pressure is high when you have consistent systolic readings of 130 mm Hg or higher, or diastolic readings of 80 mm Hg or higher. […] Symptoms from high blood pressure don’t usually occur until it causes serious health problems. About 1 in 3 U.S. adults with high blood pressure aren’t even aware they have it and are not being treated to control their blood pressure. That’s why it is important to have your blood pressure checked at least once a year. Regular monitoring using home blood pressure is also recommended. […] Your healthcare provider may also recommend medicines to help control your blood pressure. […] Controlling your blood pressure can help prevent or delay serious health problems such as chronic kidney disease, heart attack, heart failure, stroke, and possibly vascular dementia.

• #11 New high blood pressure guidelines: Think your blood pressure is fine? Think again – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/new-high-blood-pressure-guidelines-2017111712756

  The current guidelines from the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association state that normal blood pressure is under 120/80 mm Hg, whereas for decades doctors often accepted less than 140/90 mm Hg as normal. […] Now, elevated blood pressure (without a diagnosis of hypertension) is systolic blood pressure (the top number) between 120 and 129. […] Stage 1 high blood pressure (a diagnosis of hypertension) is now between 130 and 139 systolic or between 80 and 89 diastolic (the bottom number). […] Stage 2 high blood pressure is now over 140 systolic or 90 diastolic. […] The measurements must have been obtained from at least two careful readings on at least two different occasions. […] The guidelines also encourage additional monitoring, using a wearable digital monitor that continually takes blood pressure readings as you go about your life, or checked with your own cuff at home.

• #12 High Blood Pressure Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://ucclincoln.com/services/high-blood-pressure-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  To measure your blood pressure, your doctor or a specialist will usually place an inflatable arm cuff around your arm and measure your blood pressure using a pressure-measuring gauge. […] A blood pressure reading, given in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg), has two numbers. The first, or upper, number measures the pressure in your arteries when your heart beats (systolic pressure). The second, or lower, number measures the pressure in your arteries between beats (diastolic pressure). […] Blood pressure measurements fall into four general categories: Normal blood pressure. Your blood pressure is normal if its below 120/80 mm Hg. Elevated blood pressure. Elevated blood pressure is a systolic pressure ranging from 120 to 129 mm Hg and a diastolic pressure below 80 mm Hg. Elevated blood pressure tends to get worse over time unless steps are taken to control blood pressure.

• #13 Hypertension: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/241381-overview

  The classification of BP (expressed in mm Hg) for adults aged 18 years or older is as follows: Normal: Systolic lower than 120 mm Hg and diastolic lower than 80 mm Hg; Elevated: Systolic 120-129 mm Hg and diastolic lower than 80 mm Hg; Stage 1: Systolic 130-139 mm Hg or diastolic 80-89 mm Hg; Stage 2: Systolic 140 mm Hg or greater or diastolic 90 mm Hg or greater. […] Hypertension may be primary, which may develop as a result of a variety of environmental or genetic causes, or it may be secondary to renal, vascular, and endocrine causes. Primary or essential hypertension accounts for 90-95% of adult cases, and secondary hypertension accounts for 2-10% of adult cases. […] Hypertension is the most important modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease, stroke, congestive heart failure, end-stage renal disease, and peripheral vascular disease. Therefore, healthcare professionals must not only identify and treat patients with hypertension but also promote a healthy lifestyle and preventive strategies to decrease the prevalence of hypertension in the general population. […] The 2017 ACC/AHA guidelines favor CCBs or thiazide diuretics in the absence of other indications as first-line medications in Black hypertensive populations.

• #14 New high blood pressure guidelines: Think your blood pressure is fine? Think again – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/new-high-blood-pressure-guidelines-2017111712756

  For the elevated blood pressure category, medications are actually not recommended; rather, a long list of evidence-based, non-drug interventions are. […] However, if a patient has any kind of cardiovascular disease and stage 1 hypertension (a blood pressure over 130 systolic or 80 diastolic), or no existing cardiovascular disease but a significant risk of developing it (over 10% risk within the next 10 years), then lifestyle changes plus medications are recommended. […] And, even if someone has less than a 10% risk, if their blood pressure is over 140 systolic or 90 diastolic, which is now stage 2 high blood pressure, they ought to be treated with medication as well. […] The authors bring several evidence-based yet progressive concepts into the guidelines, the first of which is that high blood pressure should be treated using a team approach.

• #15 High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) Diagnosis | Temple Health

  https://www.templehealth.org/services/conditions/high-blood-pressure-hypertension/diagnosis

  Hypertension can be easily detected with a simple blood pressure test. The test should be done by a doctor or other health professional to confirm the diagnosis. […] If your blood pressure is greater than 130-139 systolic, and/or 80-89 diastolic, you have Stage 1 hypertension and may need treatment. […] Readings of 140 systolic or higher, and/or diastolic 90 or higher, are considered Stage 2 hypertension and require treatment.

• #16 What is High Blood Pressure? | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/the-facts-about-high-blood-pressure

  This blood pressure reading is in the high blood pressure Stage 1 range. It’s important to recheck your blood pressure with your health care team. If they confirm a diagnosis of high blood pressure Stage 1, they should prescribe lifestyle changes. […] This blood pressure reading is in the high blood pressure Stage 2 range. It’s important to recheck your blood pressure with your health care team. If they confirm a diagnosis of high blood pressure Stage 2, they should prescribe lifestyle changes and medication to lower your blood pressure. […] This blood pressure reading is in the hypertensive crisis range. If your readings are still high, call your health care professional right away.

• #17 What are the Signs and Symptoms of High Blood Pressure? | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/know-your-risk-factors-for-high-blood-pressure/what-are-the-symptoms-of-high-blood-pressure

  If they confirm a diagnosis of high blood pressure Stage 1, they should prescribe lifestyle changes. […] If they confirm a diagnosis of high blood pressure Stage 2, they should prescribe lifestyle changes and medication to lower your blood pressure. […] If your blood pressure readings are suddenly higher than 180/120, wait five minutes and test again. If your readings are still very high, contact your health care professional immediately. You could be having a hypertensive crisis.

• #17 What are the Signs and Symptoms of High Blood Pressure? | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/know-your-risk-factors-for-high-blood-pressure/what-are-the-symptoms-of-high-blood-pressure

  High blood pressure needs to be diagnosed in a health care setting. […] Measuring your blood pressure is the only way to find out if you have high blood pressure. An average based on two or more readings taken on two or more occasions by a health care professional is recommended for a proper diagnosis. […] To diagnose high blood pressure, also known as hypertension, you need to have your blood pressure checked in a health care setting. […] This blood pressure reading is in the elevated range. Unless steps are taken to control it, elevated blood pressure can turn into high blood pressure. […] It’s important to recheck your blood pressure with your health care team. They can confirm if this reading is within your target blood pressure range and discuss any steps you might need to take to keep it in a healthy range. Lifestyle changes can help.

• #18 Options for the diagnosis of high blood pressure in primary care: a systematic review and economic model | Journal of Human Hypertension

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41371-020-0357-x

  Ambulatory BP is the most accurate method to diagnose hypertension, and is generally used as the reference standard when investigating the accuracy of Home BP and Clinic BP. […] Despite Ambulatory BP being the most expensive method, its use is cost-effective due to its diagnostic accuracy. […] Compared with the 2011 hypertension guideline, sensitivity and specificity increased for Home BP, and specificity increased for Clinic BP. […] Ambulatory BP remains the most cost-effective method of diagnosing hypertension in all age and sex subgroups.

• #19 Evaluation of hypertension – Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1071

  The UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence states that a diagnosis of hypertension is confirmed in those with: a clinic blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg, and daytime ambulatory blood pressure monitoring average or home blood pressure monitoring average of 135/85 mmHg. […] Approximately 15% of patients with hypertension have resistant hypertension.

• #20 Hypertension Diagnosis: Testing, Levels, Next Steps

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/all-about-hypertension-diagnosis-1746064

  Hypertension (high blood pressure) is diagnosed when two or more blood pressure readings measure above 129 mmHg systolic or above 79 mmHg diastolic. […] A diagnosis of hypertension usually requires two or more elevated blood pressure readings taken at separate times. […] Hypertension is diagnosed after two or more elevated blood pressure readings taken at least a week apart. […] Elevated readings mean the top number is 130 mmHg or greater, or the bottom number is 80 mmHg or higher. […] The diagnosis of hypertension with ABPM has been well-validated and is more accurate for diagnosing stage 1 hypertension than a single visit to the healthcare providers office. […] Your healthcare provider may also order additional tests, including blood work, a urinalysis, heart monitoring, and imaging studies. […] Hypertension is typically treated with lifestyle changes and medication.

• #21 Hypertension – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertension

  Hypertension is diagnosed based on persistently high resting blood pressure. Elevated blood pressure measurements on at least two separate occasions is required for a diagnosis of hypertension. […] For an accurate diagnosis of hypertension to be made, proper blood pressure measurement technique must be used. Improper measurement of blood pressure is common and can change the blood pressure reading by up to 10 mmHg, which can lead to misdiagnosis and misclassification of hypertension. […] Blood pressure is classified by two measurements, the systolic (first number) and diastolic (second number) pressures. For most adults, high blood pressure is present if the resting blood pressure is persistently at or above 130/80 or 140/90 mmHg. […] Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring over a 24-hour period appears more accurate than office-based blood pressure measurement.

• #22 2017 Guideline for High Blood Pressure in Adults

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/ten-points-to-remember/2017/11/09/11/41/2017-Guideline-for-High-Blood-Pressure-in-Adults

  For adults with confirmed hypertension and known CVD or 10-year ASCVD event risk of 10% or higher, a BP target of 130/80 mm Hg is recommended. […] Follow-up: In low-risk adults with elevated BP or stage 1 hypertension with low ASCVD risk, BP should be repeated after 3-6 months of nonpharmacologic therapy. […] For adults with a very high average BP (e.g., 160 mm Hg or DBP 100 mm Hg), prompt evaluation and drug treatment followed by careful monitoring and upward dose adjustment is recommended. […] Every adult with hypertension should have a clear, detailed, and current evidence-based plan of care that ensures the achievement of treatment and self-management goals; effective management of comorbid conditions; timely follow-up with the healthcare team; and adheres to CVD evidence-based guidelines.

• #23 Diagnosing High Blood Pressure | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/high-blood-pressure/diagnosis

  To measure your blood pressure, your doctor places an inflatable cuff around your arm, which measures the systolic pressure and the diastolic pressure. A normal blood pressure reading is 120/80 mmHg or lower. […] High blood pressure is defined as 140/90 mmHg or higher. Severe hypertension is 160/100 mmHg and higher, and may require immediate or emergency treatment. […] Depending on the degree of hypertension and other medical conditions, you may be diagnosed right away if your levels are consistently high. Your doctor may also suggest additional monitoring. […] Your doctor may prescribe a device you can use at home to check your blood pressure, or provide a 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitor that records readings several times an hour. […] Damage to the retina, the light-sensitive tissue that lines the back of the eyes, can be a sign of hypertension, because chronic high blood pressure can increase pressure in the tiny blood vessels behind the eyes.

• #24 Recommendations | Hypertension in adults: diagnosis and management | Guidance | NICE

  https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng136/chapter/recommendations

  If blood pressure measured in the clinic is 140/90 mmHg or higher: Take a second measurement during the consultation. If the second measurement is substantially different from the first, take a third measurement. Record the lower of the last 2 measurements as the clinic blood pressure. […] […] If clinic blood pressure is between 140/90 mmHg and 180/120 mmHg, offer ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) to confirm the diagnosis of hypertension. […] […] If ABPM is unsuitable or the person is unable to tolerate it, offer home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) to confirm the diagnosis of hypertension. […] […] Confirm diagnosis of hypertension in people with a: clinic blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg or higher and ABPM daytime average or HBPM average of 135/85 mmHg or higher. […]

• #25 Diagnosis | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/blood-heart-circulation/high-blood-pressure/diagnosis.html

  In addition to a blood pressure reading, doctors may recommend one or more tests, including: […] As the gold standard in diagnosing hypertension, this test involves a blood pressure cuff that you wear on your arm continuously for 24 to 48 hours. This test can help us determine how high your blood pressure is throughout the day and night. […] We may conduct advanced diagnostic tests and screenings to determine if another underlying condition, such as sleep apnea or kidney disease, is causing the hypertension or to see if the hypertension is affecting certain organs.

• #26 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/16330-24-hour-ambulatory-blood-pressure-monitoring

  Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring is a method to measure your blood pressure on a continuous basis for 24 hours. The results can confirm a high blood pressure diagnosis and guide treatment. […] Healthcare providers use this method for many reasons, including to: Confirm a diagnosis of hypertension. […] Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring can detect abnormal changes in BP that might otherwise go unnoticed. […] Some people who have normal blood pressure at home have elevated blood pressure in a healthcare setting. This is known as white coat hypertension, or white coat syndrome. It can lead to a hypertension diagnosis when your blood pressure is actually normal. […] This refers to BP readings that are elevated whether youre in your providers office or at home. Researchers have linked this condition to an increased risk of heart and kidney damage, as well as stroke.

• #27 Hypertension: New Guidelines from the International Society of Hypertension | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0615/p763.html

  When BP is measured at home, hypertension is diagnosed if readings are consistently 135/85 mm Hg or greater. With 24-hour ambulatory monitoring, hypertension is diagnosed based on one of three criteria: 24-hour average BP of 130/80 mm Hg or greater, daytime average BP of 135/85 mm Hg or greater, or nighttime average BP of 120/70 mm Hg or greater.

• #28 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/16330-24-hour-ambulatory-blood-pressure-monitoring

  This occurs when your BP reading is normal at your providers office, but elevated when youre at home. […] This means your BP goes up when you sleep. […] Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring can help a wide range of people. Your healthcare provider may recommend ambulatory blood pressure monitoring if you: Have high blood pressure based on readings at your providers office, but you havent yet started treatment. […] Yes. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring is an accurate and effective way to measure your blood pressure. […] Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring is an incredibly useful clinical tool that can help you receive the most appropriate care. […] This method measures your BP throughout the day rather than just at one or two time points. […] If your BP is raised only at your providers office, you have white coat syndrome.

• #29 Elevated blood pressure – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prehypertension/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376708

  A blood pressure test is done to diagnose elevated blood pressure. A blood pressure test may be done as a part of a routine health checkup or as a screening for high blood pressure (hypertension). […] Elevated blood pressure is a measurement of 120 to 129 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) and a bottom number below (not above) 80 mm Hg. […] A diagnosis of elevated blood pressure is based on the average of two or more blood pressure readings. The measurements should be taken on separate occasions in the same way. […] A longer blood pressure monitoring test can be done to check blood pressure at regular times over six or 24 hours. This is called ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. […] Your provider might also suggest that you check your blood pressure at home. Home blood pressure monitors are available at local stores and pharmacies. […] If you have elevated or high blood pressure, your health care provider may do blood and urine tests to check for conditions that can cause it. […] For elevated blood pressure, questions to ask your health care provider include: What tests do I need? […] Don’t hesitate to ask other questions.

• #30 High blood pressure: Diagnosis, treatment and lifestyle changes

  https://www.topdoctors.co.uk/medical-articles/what-to-know-about-high-blood-pressure-diagnosis-treatment-and-lifestyle-changes

  Due to the numerous serious complications associated with high blood pressure (hypertension), routine blood pressure testing is key as many patients do not experience any notable symptoms. […] Normal blood pressure, using a standard doctor’s device, a sphygmomanometer in a clinic, is generally considered to be around 120 / 80 or lower. Elevated blood pressure is over 120 / 80 up to 140 / 90 and high blood pressure or hypertension is 140 / 90 or higher. […] If using an ambulatory blood pressure device or a set of home BP (blood pressure) readings, then high blood pressure is diagnosed if the daytime or home average is 135 / 85 or higher. […] It is also worth stating that in patients with diabetes or kidney disease, lower thresholds are often used and targeted because these patients run a much higher risk of vascular disease and the associated complications such as heart attack, strokes, heart failure and kidney failure.

• #31 How many at-home checks does it take to diagnose high blood pressure? | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/news/2018/10/05/how-many-at-home-checks-does-it-take-to-diagnose-high-blood-pressure

  A routine visit to the doctor’s office typically results in a single blood pressure measurement. […] But for people on the verge of being diagnosed with high blood pressure, or hypertension, visits usually involve several additional checks at the office, along with a recommendation of having more taken at home. […] Home blood pressure monitoring is a common approach after a patient has been screened at a clinic but before the person receives an official hypertension diagnosis. […] „Using the average of morning and evening readings, a minimum of three days are needed to reliably estimate out-of-office blood pressure and confirm a diagnosis of hypertension,” the researchers wrote in their report. […] If they only took one in the morning and one in the evening, the study showed three days was the ideal time frame to help confirm a diagnosis of high blood pressure.

• #32 Home Blood Pressure Monitoring | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/understanding-blood-pressure-readings/monitoring-your-blood-pressure-at-home

  You should monitor your blood pressure at home if you have been diagnosed with high blood pressure. […] Home monitoring can also be used to confirm the diagnosis of high blood pressure. […] Note: Only a doctor or other medical professional can confirm a high blood pressure diagnosis. […] This blood pressure reading is in the elevated range. Unless steps are taken to control it, elevated blood pressure can turn into high blood pressure. […] It’s important to recheck your blood pressure with your health care team. They can confirm if this reading is within your target blood pressure range and discuss any steps you might need to take to keep it in a healthy range. […] A single high reading is not an immediate cause for alarm. […] If your blood pressure readings are suddenly higher than 180/120 mm Hg, wait at least one minute and test again. If your readings are still very high, contact your health care professional immediately. You could be having a hypertensive crisis. […] A record of readings taken over time provides a more complete picture of your blood pressure. This can help you work with your doctor to make sure that your treatments to reduce your blood pressure are working.

• #33 How many at-home checks does it take to diagnose high blood pressure? | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/news/2018/10/05/how-many-at-home-checks-does-it-take-to-diagnose-high-blood-pressure

  The guidelines from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology, which defined hypertension as a measurement of 130/80 rather than the previous 140/90, emphasized having patients monitor their own blood pressure as part of „hypertension diagnosis, treatment and management.” […] „We take terrible measurements of blood pressure. But whether it’s in the office or at home, it can be done well.” […] „Those are the key issues to avoiding predictable errors.” […] Bello said it’s also important that patients use equipment that has been validated for clinical accuracy.

• #34 Diagnosing High Blood Pressure | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/high-blood-pressure/diagnosis

  Your doctor conducts blood tests to look for evidence of underlying conditions that are related to high blood pressure. […] Your NYU Langone doctor may recommend an echocardiogram. This ultrasound test uses sound waves to produce images of your heart. It enables your doctor to see how your heart is working as it fills with blood and pumps it to the rest of the body.

• #35 High Blood Pressure (Hypertension): Causes and Symptoms

  https://www.healthline.com/health/high-blood-pressure-hypertension

  If your blood pressure remains high, a doctor will likely conduct more tests to rule out underlying conditions. These tests can include: cholesterol screening and other blood tests, test of your hearts electrical activity with an electrocardiogram (EKG, sometimes referred to as an ECG), ultrasound of your heart or kidneys, home blood pressure monitor to monitor your blood pressure over a 24-hour period at home.

• #36 High Blood Pressure Testing: Blood Pressure Numbers and Other Exams

  https://www.webmd.com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/high-blood-pressure-tests

  High blood pressure usually has no symptoms. The only sure way to tell that you have it is to measure it with a device called a sphygmomanometer. It has a gauge and a rubber cuff that’s placed around your arm or leg and inflated. […] Your doctor or nurse will use a stethoscope to listen for the appearance and disappearance of sound produced by the pulse in your elbow region. That’s how the systolic and diastolic blood pressures are determined. […] Tests may be ordered by your health care provider to check for causes of high blood pressure and to assess any organ damage from high blood pressure or its treatment. These tests may include the following: […] Any of the following may be performed to detect damage to the heart or blood vessels: Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a noninvasive test that detects the electrical activity of the heart and records it on paper. ECG is helpful for evaluating for damage of the heart muscle, such as heart attack, and/or thickening/hypertrophy of the heart wall/muscle, common complications of high blood pressure.

• #37 High Blood Pressure (Hypertension): Diagnosis & Treatment | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/heart/high-blood-pressure-hypertension/treatment

  How is High Blood Pressure Diagnosed? Diagnosis After asking questions about your medical history, your doctor will measure your blood pressure with a cuff. They will inflate an inflatable cuff around your arm until it fits tightly. Then, they will be able to use a pressure-measuring gauge to measure your blood pressure. […] Your doctor may perform additional tests to confirm a hypertension diagnosis and investigate possible underlying causes for the condition. […] These tests for hypertension diagnosis include: […] Lab tests. Cholesterol tests and urinalysis can help diagnose underlying causes of hypertension. […] Ambulatory monitoring. Your doctor will have you wear a device for 24 hours, and it will measure your blood pressure at regular intervals. This can give more insight into changes in blood pressure throughout the day and during sleep. […] Electrocardiogram (ECG). In a short test in which a technician places nodes on the chest, an ECG uses electrical signals to provide an image of the heart.

• #38 Recommendations | Hypertension in adults: diagnosis and management | Guidance | NICE

  https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng136/chapter/recommendations

  For all people with hypertension offer to: test for the presence of protein in the urine by sending a urine sample for estimation of the albumin:creatinine ratio and test for haematuria using a reagent strip. […] […] Use clinic blood pressure measurements to monitor the response to lifestyle changes or drug treatment in people with hypertension. […] […] Check for postural hypotension in people with hypertension and: type 2 diabetes or symptoms of postural hypotension or aged 80 and over. In people with a significant postural drop or symptoms of postural hypotension, treat to a blood pressure target based on standing blood pressure. […] […] For adults with hypertension aged under 80, reduce clinic blood pressure to below 140/90 mmHg and ensure that it is maintained below that level. […]

• #39 High Blood Pressure Testing: Blood Pressure Numbers and Other Exams

  https://www.webmd.com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/high-blood-pressure-tests

  Echocardiogram is an ultrasound examination of the heart taken through the chest. Sound waves take a picture of the heart as it beats and relaxes and then transmits these images to a video monitor. The echocardiogram can detect problems with the heart such as enlargement, abnormalities in motion of the heart wall, blood clots, and heart valve abnormalities. It also gives a good measurement of the strength of the heart muscle (ejection fraction). The echocardiogram is more comprehensive than an ECG, but also more expensive. […] Doppler ultrasound is used to check blood flow through arteries at pulse points in your arms, legs, hands, and feet. This is an accurate way to detect peripheral vascular disease, a common finding in people with high blood pressure. It also can depict the arteries to both kidneys and sometimes depicts narrowings that can lead to high BP in a minority of patients.

• #40 Diagnosing Hypertension in Children | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/hypertension-in-children/diagnosis

  If your childs blood pressure is higher than normal during more than one checkup, the doctor may recommend using an ambulatory blood pressure monitor. […] A urinalysis test can help to identify kidney conditions that can increase blood pressure and monitor the kidneys in children with severe hypertension. […] The doctor may suggest blood tests to look for signs of conditions that can cause hypertension, such as type 2 diabetes and Graves disease, an autoimmune condition that increases the production of thyroid hormones. […] A doctor may want to take a picture of a childs kidneys to see if they are enlarged or have any blockages or other structural problems that may lead to hypertension. […] An echocardiogram is an imaging test that may be used to look for signs of congenital heart conditions such as coarctation of the arteries, which means a portion of the main artery in the heart has narrowed.

• #41 What causes high diastolic pressure? Symptoms and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/high-diastolic-pressure

  High diastolic blood pressure is a type of hypertension. Doctors define isolated diastolic hypertension (IDH), or high diastolic blood pressure, as above 80 mm Hg in individuals with normal systolic blood pressure. […] IDH is uncommon and accounts for less than 20% of hypertension cases. […] Common causes of IDH include endocrine disorders, renovascular disorders, and sleep apnea. […] Doctors usually associate hypertension with obesity. However, they also link having overweight or obesity to IDH. […] Some studies show that alcohol consumption contributes to IDH. […] Research associates smoking with IDH. […] Elevated triglycerides, or blood fats, are another potential cause of IDH that doctors also link to other health risks. […] IDH increases an individual’s risk of various health conditions, including heart disease, heart attack, heart failure, aneurysm, atrial fibrillation, and peripheral arterial disease.

• #42 High Blood Pressure Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://ucclincoln.com/services/high-blood-pressure-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Your doctor will likely take two to three blood pressure readings each at three or more separate appointments before diagnosing you with high blood pressure. […] Your doctor may suggest a 24-hour blood pressure monitoring test called ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. […] If you have any type of high blood pressure, your doctor will review your medical history and conduct a physical examination. […] An important way to check if your blood pressure treatment is working, or to diagnose worsening high blood pressure, is to monitor your blood pressure at home. […] If your blood pressure remains stubbornly high despite taking at least three different types of high blood pressure drugs, one of which usually should be a diuretic, you may have resistant hypertension. […] Your doctor or hypertension specialist can evaluate whether the medications and doses youre taking for your high blood pressure are appropriate. […] If you think you may have high blood pressure, make an appointment with your family doctor or health care provider to have your blood pressure checked.

• #43 High Blood Pressure | Hypertension | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/highbloodpressure.html

  High blood pressure usually has no symptoms. So the only way to find out if you have it is to get regular blood pressure checks from your health care provider. Your provider will use a gauge, a stethoscope or electronic sensor, and a blood pressure cuff. They will take two or more readings at separate appointments before making a diagnosis. […] For children and teens, the health care provider compares the blood pressure reading to what is normal for other kids who are the same age, height, and sex.

• #44 Diagnosing Hypertension in Children | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/hypertension-in-children/diagnosis

  Specialists at Hassenfeld Childrens Hospital at NYU Langone are experienced in diagnosing children with hypertension, or chronic high blood pressure. […] A child has prehypertension when a blood pressure reading is above the 90th percentile compared with other children of the same age, sex, and height. That means that 90 percent of comparable children have a lower blood pressure. Children with a blood pressure reading equal to or above the 95th percentile have hypertension. […] Our doctors may recommend measuring your childs blood pressure during well visits, particularly if your child has risk factors for hypertension. If your child has hypertension, our doctors use additional tests to monitor the condition during treatment and to identify underlying conditions. […] Blood pressure readings that are higher than the 95th percentile for children of the same age, sex, and height during several different appointments confirm a diagnosis of hypertension.

• #45 Preeclampsia and High Blood Pressure During Pregnancy | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/preeclampsia-and-high-blood-pressure-during-pregnancy

  High blood pressure (also called hypertension) can lead to health problems at any time in life. High blood pressure usually does not cause symptoms. During pregnancy, severe or uncontrolled high blood pressure can cause problems for you and your fetus. […] A serious high blood pressure disorder called preeclampsia can also happen during pregnancy or soon after childbirth. […] A high blood pressure reading may be the first sign of preeclampsia. If your blood pressure reading is high, it may be checked again to confirm the results. You may have a urine test to check for protein. You may also have tests to check how your liver and kidneys are working and to measure the number of platelets in your blood. […] Women who have had preeclampsiaespecially those whose babies were born pretermhave an increased risk later in life of kidney disease, heart attack, stroke, and high blood pressure. Also, having preeclampsia once increases the risk of having it again in a future pregnancy.

• #46 Blood pressure patterns during early pregnancy tied to hypertension diagnosis up to 14 years after delivery – Kaiser Permanente Division of Research

  https://divisionofresearch.kaiserpermanente.org/blood-pressure-pregnancy-future-hypertension/

  Routine blood pressure measurements taken during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy can be separated into 6 distinct patterns that reveal an increasing gradient of risk for developing hypertension up to 14 years after giving birth, a new Kaiser Permanente prospective study found. […] Moreover, the early pregnancy blood pressure patterns identified increasing levels of risk of post-pregnancy hypertension regardless of whether a woman developed a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, such as preeclampsia or gestational hypertension. […] These 6 blood pressure patterns not only distinguished levels of risk of hypertension after pregnancy among patients who developed hypertensive disorders during pregnancy but identified patients at higher risk even among those unaffected by these disorders of pregnancy.

• #47 4 big ways BP measurement goes wrong, and how to tackle them | American Medical Association

  https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/hypertension/4-big-ways-bp-measurement-goes-wrong-and-how-tackle-them

  Accurate and reliable blood pressure measurement is critical for the proper diagnosis and management of hypertension. So much so that a 5 mm Hg BP measurement error can lead to incorrect hypertension classification in 84 million individuals worldwide, according to a consensus document published in the Journal of Hypertension. Understanding the ways BP measurement goes wrong, and how to tackle them, can improve diagnosis and management of hypertension. […] Unfortunately, BP measurement is often suboptimally performed in clinical practice, which can lead to errors that inappropriately alter management decisions in 20% to 45% of cases. […] Many measurement errors can be minimized by appropriate patient preparation and standardized techniques. […] The consensus document cites multiple causes of inaccuracy in measurement.

• #48 New research identifies flaws in hypertension diagnoses | KPWHRI

  https://kpwashingtonresearch.org/index.php/news-and-events/recent-news/news-2020/new-research-identifies-flaws-hypertension-diagnoses

  The survey also shows that some health care professionals are not following evidence-based guidelines, potentially leading to under and overdiagnosis of hypertension. […] Most physicians and advanced practitioners thought the threshold for high blood pressure for 24-hour ambulatory or home blood pressure monitoring was >140/90 mm Hg, which does not reflect the updated new ACC/AHA (issued in 2017) or prior hypertension guidelines. […] According to the guidelines, hypertension should be defined as ≥130/80 mm Hg. […] In a second study, Dr. Green and colleagues examined how different protocols for using an automated office blood pressure (AOBP) monitor affected the ability to diagnose hypertension. […] These findings indicate AOBP readings might not be the optimal way to rule in or rule out a new diagnosis of hypertension.

• #49 2017 Guideline for High Blood Pressure in Adults

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/ten-points-to-remember/2017/11/09/11/41/2017-Guideline-for-High-Blood-Pressure-in-Adults

  The following are key points to remember from the 2017 Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: […] It is critical that health care providers follow the standards for accurate BP measurement. BP should be categorized as normal, elevated, or stages 1 or 2 hypertension to prevent and treat high BP. […] Prior to labeling a person with hypertension, it is important to use an average based on 2 readings obtained on 2 occasions to estimate the individuals level of BP. Out-of-office and self-monitoring of BP measurements are recommended to confirm the diagnosis of hypertension and for titration of BP-lowering medication, in conjunction with clinical interventions and telehealth counseling. […] Screening for secondary causes of hypertension is necessary for new-onset or uncontrolled hypertension in adults including drug-resistant (3 drugs), abrupt onset, age 30 years, excessive target organ damage

• #50 Recommendation: Hypertension in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/hypertension-in-adults-screening

  Recommendations made by the USPSTF are independent of the U.S. government. They should not be construed as an official position of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The USPSTF recommends screening for hypertension in adults 18 years or older with office blood pressure measurement (OBPM). The USPSTF recommends obtaining blood pressure measurements outside of the clinical setting for diagnostic confirmation before starting treatment. […] This recommendation applies to adults 18 years or older without known hypertension. […] Initial screening for hypertension should be performed with office blood pressure measurement (OBPM). […] Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) with validated and accurate devices should be used outside of a clinical setting to confirm a diagnosis of hypertension before starting treatment. […] The benefits of treatment of hypertension in preventing important health outcomes such as stroke, heart failure, and coronary heart disease events are well documented. […] The USPSTF concludes with high certainty that screening for hypertension in adults has substantial net benefit.

• #51 About High Blood Pressure | High Blood Pressure | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/high-blood-pressure/about/index.html

  High blood pressure (hypertension) is consistently at or above 130/80 mm Hg. […] High blood pressure is consistently at or above 130/80 mm Hg. […] Having blood pressure consistently above normal may result in a diagnosis of high blood pressure. […] Your health care team can diagnose high blood pressure. They can also make treatment decisions by reviewing your systolic (first number) and diastolic (second number) blood pressure levels and comparing them to guidelines. […] If a health care professional diagnoses you with high blood pressure, talk with your health care team about your blood pressure levels and how they affect your treatment plan. […] Measuring your blood pressure is the only way to know whether you have high blood pressure.

• #52 New guidelines for high blood pressure diagnosis and treatment – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/new-guidelines-for-high-blood-pressure-diagnosis-and-treatment

  If you haven’t talked to your doctor lately about your blood pressure, it may be time for a check-up. The definition of high blood pressure (hypertension) changed in November 2017, when the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association released new guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of the condition. High blood pressure used to be diagnosed at a measurement of 140/90 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) or higher. Now these authorities state that if your blood pressure is 130/80 mm Hg or higher, you have hypertension. A normal blood pressure measurement is the same as it was before: less than 120/80 mm Hg. What if your blood pressure is in between normal and the new hypertension threshold? That’s considered „elevated,” something that should be watched and addressed with exercise, a healthy diet low in salt, limited alcohol intake (no more than one drink per day for women, one or two drinks per day for men), and weight loss as needed. The new guidelines are based on evidence that having a systolic (top) measurement from 130 to 139 and a diastolic (bottom) measurement from 80 to 89 doubles the risk for having a heart attack, stroke, or other complications.

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