Mononukleoza zakaźna
Etiologia i przyczyny

Mononukleoza zakaźna jest wywoływana głównie przez wirusa Epsteina-Barr (EBV, HHV-4), który odpowiada za ponad 90% przypadków. EBV to dwuniciowy wirus DNA z rodziny herpeswirusów, który po pierwotnym zakażeniu utrzymuje się w organizmie w stanie latentnym w limfocytach B pamięci. Zakażenie przenosi się przede wszystkim przez ślinę (droga oralna), z okresem inkubacji wynoszącym 4-7 tygodni. W przebiegu choroby dochodzi do proliferacji zakażonych limfocytów B, aktywacji limfocytów T CD8+ oraz powstawania atypowych limfocytów, co manifestuje się gorączką, limfadenopatią, zapaleniem gardła i powiększeniem śledziony. Diagnostyka serologiczna opiera się na wykrywaniu przeciwciał heterofilnych oraz swoistych przeciwciał przeciwko antygenowi kapsydu wirusa (VCA-IgM i VCA-IgG). Ryzyko rozwoju objawowej mononukleozy jest największe u nastolatków i młodych dorosłych (15-24 lata), a przebieg choroby może być łagodniejszy u dzieci.

Etiologia mononukleozy zakaźnej

Mononukleoza zakaźna, powszechnie znana również jako „choroba pocałunków”, jest zakażeniem wywoływanym głównie przez wirusa Epsteina-Barr (EBV), należącego do rodziny herpeswirusów, klasyfikowanego jako ludzki herpeswirus typu 4 (HHV-4). EBV jest odpowiedzialny za ponad 90% przypadków mononukleozy zakaźnej.12 Wirus ten jest niezwykle powszechny – około 95% populacji dorosłych na całym świecie zostaje zakażonych tym wirusem do 35. roku życia, jednak nie u wszystkich zakażonych rozwijają się objawy kliniczne choroby.34

Inne czynniki etiologiczne

Choć EBV jest dominującym czynnikiem etiologicznym mononukleozy, inne patogeny również mogą wywoływać podobny zespół objawów chorobowych:56

  • Cytomegalowirus (CMV) – odpowiedzialny za ok. 5-7% przypadków mononukleozy, zwykle powoduje łagodniejszą postać choroby78
  • Toxoplasma gondii – pasożytniczy pierwotniak odpowiedzialny za mniej niż 1% przypadków mononukleozy9
  • Inne wirusy – w rzadkich przypadkach objawy mononukleozy mogą być wywoływane przez: adenowirus, wirusy zapalenia wątroby typu A, B i C, wirusa różyczki, wirusa HIV oraz wirusa opryszczki pospolitej101112

Charakterystyka wirusa Epsteina-Barr

EBV jest dwuniciowym wirusem DNA z rodziny herpeswirusów, który po zakażeniu pozostaje w organizmie na całe życie.13 Wirus ten po pierwotnym zakażeniu wykazuje zdolność do wnikania i replikacji głównie w limfocytach B, choć może również namnażać się w komórkach nabłonkowych gardła i przewodu przyusznego.1415

EBV charakteryzuje się dwufazowym cyklem życiowym, przechodząc między fazą latentną i lityczną. W fazie latentnej genom wirusa utrzymuje się w formie episomalnej w limfocytach B, szczególnie w limfocytach B pamięci, co pozwala mu przetrwać, jednocześnie unikając wykrycia przez układ odpornościowy poprzez tłumienie ekspresji genów wirusowych.16

Mechanizm zakażenia i drogi transmisji

Mononukleoza zakaźna jest chorobą wysoce zakaźną, przenoszoną głównie poprzez bezpośredni kontakt z płynami ustrojowymi osoby zakażonej, szczególnie ze śliną.1718

Główne drogi transmisji

  • Ślina – najczęstsza droga transmisji, stąd potoczna nazwa „choroba pocałunków”; zakażenie może nastąpić poprzez:19
    • Pocałunki z osobą zakażoną
    • Wspólne używanie sztućców, naczyń, szczoteczek do zębów
    • Spożywanie tego samego pokarmu
  • Inne płyny ustrojowe – mniej powszechne drogi zakażenia obejmują:2021
    • Krew (transfuzje krwi, transplantacje narządów)
    • Nasienie (kontakty seksualne)
    • Wydzieliny narządów płciowych

Warto podkreślić, że EBV może być przenoszony także przez osoby bez objawów klinicznych, szczególnie w okresie latencji wirusa, kiedy może następować okresowe jego uwalnianie do śliny.2223

Okres inkubacji

Okres inkubacji mononukleozy zakaźnej wywołanej przez EBV wynosi zazwyczaj od 4 do 7 tygodni.2425 W tym czasie wirus namnaża się i rozprzestrzenia w organizmie, jednak objawy kliniczne jeszcze nie występują. Po zakończeniu okresu inkubacji, u osób wrażliwych, szczególnie u nastolatków i młodych dorosłych, rozwijają się charakterystyczne objawy choroby.26

Patofizjologia zakażenia EBV

Proces zakażenia i rozwoju mononukleozy zakaźnej związanej z EBV przebiega w kilku etapach, które prowadzą do charakterystycznych objawów klinicznych.27

Fazy zakażenia

  1. Pierwotne zakażenie – wirus wnika do organizmu przez błonę śluzową jamy ustnej i gardła, gdzie zakaża komórki nabłonkowe i lokalne limfocyty B28
  2. Namnażanie wirusa – zakażone limfocyty B ulegają proliferacji w tkankach limfatycznych, co prowadzi do ich powiększenia (limfadenopatia)
  3. Odpowiedź immunologiczna – organizm reaguje na zakażenie aktywacją limfocytów T CD8+, które rozpoznają i atakują zakażone komórki, co prowadzi do:
  4. Faza latencji – po ustąpieniu ostrej fazy zakażenia, wirus pozostaje w stanie uśpienia w limfocytach B pamięci:
    • Genom wirusa utrzymuje się w formie episomalnej
    • Ekspresja genów wirusowych jest ograniczona, co pomaga uniknąć wykrycia przez układ odpornościowy
    • Wirus może okresowo ulegać reaktywacji i być wydzielany ze śliną3031

Odpowiedź immunologiczna na zakażenie

W odpowiedzi na zakażenie EBV organizm produkuje specyficzne przeciwciała:32

  • Przeciwciała heterofililne – nieswoiste przeciwciała aglutynujące erytrocyty owcy, wykrywane w teście Monospot
  • Przeciwciała przeciw antygenowi kapsydu wirusa (VCA):
    • VCA-IgM – pojawiają się wcześnie w zakażeniu, wskazują na ostrą infekcję
    • VCA-IgG – utrzymują się przez całe życie, świadczą o przebytym zakażeniu i nabytej odporności

Odporność komórkowa, głównie za pośrednictwem limfocytów T CD8+, jest kluczowa w kontrolowaniu latentnego zakażenia. U osób z prawidłowo funkcjonującym układem immunologicznym wirus pozostaje w stanie uśpienia, natomiast u osób z obniżoną odpornością może dochodzić do reaktywacji wirusa.33

Częstotliwość występowania i czynniki ryzyka

Zakażenie wirusem Epsteina-Barr jest niezwykle powszechne na całym świecie, jednak rozwój objawowej mononukleozy zakaźnej zależy od różnych czynników.34

Występowanie zakażenia EBV

  • Około 90-95% dorosłych na całym świecie jest lub było zakażonych EBV35
  • Większość pierwotnych zakażeń EBV przebiega bezobjawowo, szczególnie u dzieci36
  • Tylko około 25% osób zakażonych EBV rozwija objawy mononukleozy zakaźnej3738

Czynniki ryzyka rozwoju objawowej mononukleozy

  • Wiek – najwyższe ryzyko wystąpienia objawowej choroby dotyczy:
    • Nastolatków (15-17 lat)
    • Młodych dorosłych (18-24 lat)3940
  • Pierwotne zakażenie w późniejszym wieku – osoby, które uniknęły zakażenia w dzieciństwie i zostają zakażone jako nastolatki lub młodzi dorośli, mają większe prawdopodobieństwo rozwoju objawowej choroby41
  • Czynniki genetyczne – niektóre predyspozycje genetyczne mogą zwiększać ryzyko rozwoju objawowej mononukleozy lub jej przewlekłej postaci42
  • Stan układu immunologicznego – osoby z osłabionym układem odpornościowym są bardziej narażone na rozwój objawów podczas pierwotnego zakażenia lub reaktywacji wirusa43

Różnice demograficzne

Występowanie mononukleozy zakaźnej wykazuje pewne zróżnicowanie w zależności od regionu geograficznego i populacji:44

  • W krajach rozwiniętych pierwotne zakażenie EBV często następuje w późniejszym wieku, co zwiększa częstość występowania objawowej mononukleozy
  • W krajach rozwijających się większość dzieci ulega zakażeniu przed 5. rokiem życia, zwykle bez objawów klinicznych
  • W Stanach Zjednoczonych mononukleoza występuje częściej u osób rasy białej niż u osób pochodzenia afroamerykańskiego45

Potencjalne konsekwencje zakażenia EBV

Zakażenie wirusem Epsteina-Barr, poza typowym obrazem mononukleozy zakaźnej, jest powiązane z rozwojem szeregu innych schorzeń, zarówno w trakcie ostrej fazy infekcji, jak i w długoterminowej perspektywie.4647

Powikłania ostre

  • Powiększenie śledziony – występuje często podczas ostrej fazy choroby i niesie ryzyko pęknięcia śledziony, szczególnie przy urazach lub wysiłku fizycznym48
  • Zapalenie wątroby – zazwyczaj łagodne i ustępujące samoistnie
  • Neurologiczne – rzadko mogą wystąpić:
    • Zapalenie opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych
    • Zapalenie mózgu
    • Zespół Guillaina-Barrégo
    • Porażenie nerwu twarzowego (zespół Bella)4950
  • Hematologiczneniedokrwistość, małopłytkowość

Związek z chorobami nowotworowymi

EBV jest pierwszym zidentyfikowanym wirusem onkogennym u ludzi i jest powiązany z rozwojem różnych nowotworów złośliwych:5152

  • Chłoniak Burkitta – szczególnie endemiczna postać występująca w Afryce równikowej
  • Rak nosogardła – szczególnie w populacjach Azji Południowo-Wschodniej
  • Chłoniak Hodgkina – niektóre podtypy
  • Nowotwory układu limfatycznego u osób z obniżoną odpornością:
  • Niektóre nowotwory żołądka

Mechanizm onkogenezy związanej z EBV obejmuje integrację wirusa z genomem gospodarza i wpływ na cykl komórkowy, co może prowadzić do transformacji nowotworowej. Badania wykazały, że sekwencje wirusa są silnie zachowane w komórkach nowotworowych, co wskazuje na długotrwałe utrzymywanie się dominujących szczepów.55

Związek z chorobami autoimmunologicznymi

Rosnąca liczba dowodów naukowych wskazuje na związek między zakażeniem EBV a rozwojem chorób autoimmunologicznych:56

  • Stwardnienie rozsiane (SM) – badania z 2022 roku na populacji 10 milionów osób przez okres 20 lat sugerują, że niedawne zakażenie EBV zwiększa 32-krotnie ryzyko rozwoju SM5758
  • Toczeń rumieniowaty układowy – EBV może wpływać na ekspresję genów związanych z rozwojem tocznia
  • Reumatoidalne zapalenie stawów
  • Zespół przewlekłego zmęczenia – choć samo zakażenie EBV nie powoduje tego zespołu, istnieją hipotezy sugerujące powiązanie między przebytą mononukleozą a rozwojem przewlekłego zmęczenia u predysponowanych osób59

Przewlekłe aktywne zakażenie EBV

Przewlekłe aktywne zakażenie wirusem Epsteina-Barr (CAEBV) to rzadkie zaburzenie, w którym organizm nie jest w stanie skutecznie kontrolować zakażenia EBV:6061

  • Charakteryzuje się przewlekłymi lub nawracającymi objawami podobnymi do mononukleozy
  • Może prowadzić do poważnych powikłań, w tym niewydolności narządowej i rozwinięcia się chorób limfoproliferacyjnych
  • Występuje częściej u osób pochodzenia azjatyckiego, południowoamerykańskiego, środkowoamerykańskiego i meksykańskiego62
  • Czynniki genetyczne mogą odgrywać rolę w rozwoju tego schorzenia

Dokładne przyczyny, dlaczego u niektórych osób rozwija się CAEBV, nie są w pełni poznane, ale przypuszcza się, że mutacje w komórkach zakażonych EBV lub czynniki genetyczne związane z odpowiedzią immunologiczną mogą odgrywać kluczową rolę.63

Podsumowanie etiologii mononukleozy zakaźnej

Mononukleoza zakaźna jest przede wszystkim wywoływana przez wirusa Epsteina-Barr, który należy do rodziny herpeswirusów i jest niezwykle rozpowszechniony w populacji światowej. EBV przenosi się głównie przez ślinę, choć możliwe są również inne drogi transmisji. Zakażenie EBV ma charakter dożywotni, z okresową możliwością reaktywacji wirusa i jego wydzielania, nawet przy braku objawów klinicznych.6465

Rozwój objawowej mononukleozy zależy od wieku pierwotnego zakażenia, stanu układu odpornościowego oraz czynników genetycznych. Oprócz typowego obrazu choroby, zakażenie EBV jest powiązane z szeregiem potencjalnych długoterminowych konsekwencji, w tym rozwojem niektórych nowotworów i chorób autoimmunologicznych.66

Zrozumienie złożonej etiologii mononukleozy zakaźnej, mechanizmów patogenezy wirusa oraz jego potencjalnego wpływu na rozwój innych schorzeń ma kluczowe znaczenie dla właściwego rozpoznania, leczenia oraz zapobiegania długoterminowym powikłaniom związanym z zakażeniem EBV.67

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  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Mononucleosis (Mono or the Kissing Disease)
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/13974-mononucleosis
    Mononucleosis, or infectious mononucleosis (mono), is a very contagious viral infection that most commonly affects teenagers and young adults, but it can affect children, as well. Viruses most often Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and certain infections cause the illness. […] The Epstein-Barr virus causes over 90% of infectious mononucleosis cases. Other viruses and certain infections may also bring on the illness. […] The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) that causes mononucleosis is extremely common. About 95% of Americans get this infection by age 35. But not everyone who has the virus develops mono symptoms some people only carry the virus.
  • #2 Infectious mononucleosis – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_mononucleosis
    Infectious mononucleosis (IM), also known as glandular fever, is an infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). […] About 90% of cases of infectious mononucleosis are caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, a member of the Herpesviridae family of DNA viruses. […] About 57% of cases of infectious mononucleosis is caused by human cytomegalovirus (CMV), another type of herpes virus. […] Toxoplasma gondii, a parasitic protozoon, is responsible for less than 1% of the infectious mononucleosis cases. Viral hepatitis, adenovirus, rubella, and herpes simplex viruses have also been reported as rare causes of infectious mononucleosis. […] Epstein-Barr virus infection is spread via saliva, and has an incubation period of four to seven weeks.
  • #3 Mononucleosis (Mono or the Kissing Disease)
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/13974-mononucleosis
    Mononucleosis, or infectious mononucleosis (mono), is a very contagious viral infection that most commonly affects teenagers and young adults, but it can affect children, as well. Viruses most often Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and certain infections cause the illness. […] The Epstein-Barr virus causes over 90% of infectious mononucleosis cases. Other viruses and certain infections may also bring on the illness. […] The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) that causes mononucleosis is extremely common. About 95% of Americans get this infection by age 35. But not everyone who has the virus develops mono symptoms some people only carry the virus.
  • #4 Chronic Mono: Causes, Treatments, & Risks- K Health
    https://khealth.com/learn/mononucleosis/chronic-mono/
    Infectious mononucleosis is also called mono or the kissing disease because its mainly shared through saliva. […] Mono is an infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). […] The Epstein-Barr virus is responsible for a mono-infection. […] It is a very common virus that 95% of people have in them by the time they are 35. […] An active mono infection is typically seen in teens and college-age people. […] You can get infectious mononucleosis from someone who may have no symptoms of having it themselves. […] CAEBV is caused by the same virus that causes mono, the Epstein-Barr virus. […] However, the reason why a persons body cannot fight it and why the virus stays active in a small number of people is unknown.
  • #5 About Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono) | EBV and Mono | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/epstein-barr/about/mononucleosis.html
    Infectious mononucleosis is a contagious disease most commonly caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Other viruses can also cause this disease. […] EBV is the most common cause of infectious mononucleosis, but other viruses can cause this disease. […] Other infections that can cause infectious mononucleosis include Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Toxoplasmosis, HIV, Rubella, Hepatitis A, B, or C, and Adenovirus.
  • #6 Mononucleosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK470387/
    Mononucleosis classically presents with fever, lymphadenopathy, and tonsillar pharyngitis. […] It was only later that the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was established as the cause of mononucleosis after an exposed healthcare worker developed a positive heterophile test. […] The cause of mononucleosis is the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). EBV is a type of herpesvirus spread by contact, typically with salivary secretions. […] Besides EBV other causes include: CMV, Adenovirus, Hepatitis A, HIV, Toxoplasma, Rubella.
  • #7 Infectious mononucleosis, Epstein Barr virus, glandular fever
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/infectious-mononucleosis
    Infectious mononucleosis is a common infectious disease caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). It is more commonly known as glandular fever. […] Infectious mononucleosis is a contagious viral infection usually caused by EBV (human herpesvirus-4, HHV4), a gamma-herpesviridae DNA virus. EBV is implicated in a wide range of human diseases, many of which have mucocutaneous manifestations that can be acute or chronic. […] Infectious mononucleosis can also be caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV) particularly in an older age group than the EBV-related patients.
  • #8 Infectious Mononucleosis
    https://www.massgeneral.org/condition/infectious-mononucleosis
    Infectious mononucleosis is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). […] A milder form is caused by the cytomegalovirus (CMV). […] Both EBV and CMV are members of the herpes virus family.
  • #9 Infectious mononucleosis – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_mononucleosis
    Infectious mononucleosis (IM), also known as glandular fever, is an infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). […] About 90% of cases of infectious mononucleosis are caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, a member of the Herpesviridae family of DNA viruses. […] About 57% of cases of infectious mononucleosis is caused by human cytomegalovirus (CMV), another type of herpes virus. […] Toxoplasma gondii, a parasitic protozoon, is responsible for less than 1% of the infectious mononucleosis cases. Viral hepatitis, adenovirus, rubella, and herpes simplex viruses have also been reported as rare causes of infectious mononucleosis. […] Epstein-Barr virus infection is spread via saliva, and has an incubation period of four to seven weeks.
  • #10 Mono: Early symptoms, risk factors, and treatment
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/311932
    Mononucleosis, infectious mononucleosis, or mono, refers to a group of symptoms that can occur after infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). […] Infectious mononucleosis, also known as glandular fever, can emerge as a result of infection with EBV, or herpes virus 4. […] Mono refers to the symptoms of infection, and EBV is the most common cause. […] While EBV is the most common cause of mono, other infections can cause mono symptoms. […] These include: cytomegalovirus (CMV), toxoplasmosis, HIV, rubella, or German measles, hepatitis A, B, or C, adenovirus. […] Mono is often called the kissing disease, but it is not only spread by kissing. Sharing drinks, toothbrushes, or a plate of food can spread it. […] The EBV virus, which causes mono, is most often spread through saliva.
  • #11 What Is Mononucleosis? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
    https://www.everydayhealth.com/mononucleosis/guide/
    Mononucleosis (commonly known as mono or the kissing disease) is an illness that may be more prevalent than most people realize. Its usually caused by the extremely widespread Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). (1,2) […] Mono is a contagious illness thats caused primarily by EBV. (1,5) EBV is spread from one person to another through saliva, which is why mono is referred to as the kissing disease. Its spread most efficiently through direct contact, but doctors also advise against sharing cups, utensils, or toothbrushes with anyone who has mono to avoid catching the virus that causes it. (2,3) […] Although EBV causes an estimated 90 percent of mono, the illness can also develop as a result of these other infections: (7,11) Adenovirus, Cytomegalovirus, Hepatitis A, B, or C, Herpes simplex virus, HIV, Rubella, Toxoplasmosis.
  • #12 Mononucleosis – Symptoms | Causes | Diagnosis | Treatment | Complications
    https://www.icliniq.com/articles/infectious-diseases/mononucleosis
    Mononucleosis, otherwise called infectious mononucleosis, mono, glandular fever, or the kissing disease, is a viral infection caused by the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV). […] In the majority of cases, mononucleosis is caused by Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV). EBV is a member of the herpes virus family and one of the most common viruses that cause infections in humans worldwide. […] The other viruses that can result in mono are cytomegalovirus (CMV), toxoplasmosis, HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), rubella, hepatitis A, B, or C, and adenovirus.
  • #13 Epstein–Barr virus – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus
    The EpsteinBarr virus (EBV) is one of the nine known human herpesvirus types in the herpes family, and is one of the most common viruses in humans. EBV is a double-stranded DNA virus and is also called human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4). EpsteinBarr virus (EBV) is the first identified oncogenic virus, or a virus that can cause cancer. EBV establishes permanent infection in humans. It causes infectious mononucleosis and is also tightly linked to many malignant diseases (cancers). […] Infectious mononucleosis („mono” or „glandular fever”), is characterized by extreme fatigue, fever, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes. […] About 200,000 cancer cases globally per year are thought to be attributable to EBV. […] In 2022, a large study (population of 10 million over 20 years) suggested EBV as the leading cause of multiple sclerosis, with a recent EBV infection causing a 32-fold increase in the risk of developing multiple sclerosis.
  • #14 Epstein-Barr Virus Infectious Mononucleosis | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/1001/p1279.html
    Infectious mononucleosis is a clinical syndrome caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) that is particularly common in adolescents and children. […] EBV is a herpes virus that replicates primarily in -lymphocytes but also may replicate in the epithelial cells of the pharynx and parotid duct. […] The infection is spread primarily by saliva, and the incubation period is four to eight weeks. […] In an acute infection, heterophile antibodies that agglutinate sheep erythrocytes are produced. […] Antibodies to viral capsid antigen (i.e., VCA-IgG and VCA-IgM) are produced slightly earlier than the heterophile antibody and are more specific for EBV infection. […] The VCA-IgG antibody persists past the stage of acute infection and signals the development of immunity.
  • #15 Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/222040-overview
    Once EBV infects B lymphocytes, atypical lymphocytes develop, primarily from CD8+ T cells that respond to the viral infection. […] The immune response to EBV infection often results in fever (due to cytokine release), lymphocytosis (caused by EBV-infected B-cell proliferation in the reticuloendothelial system), and pharyngitis (from lymphatic tissue proliferation in the oropharynx). […] EBV exhibits a biphasic lifecycle, alternating between latent and lytic phases. During latency, EBV maintains its genome as an episome within B lymphocytes, particularly memory B cells, allowing it to persist while evading immune detection by suppressing viral gene expression. […] EBV’s ability to evade immune surveillance, transform host cells, and potentially integrate into the genome underpins its association with various malignancies, autoimmune conditions, and chronic diseases like chronic fatigue syndrome.
  • #16 Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/222040-overview
    Once EBV infects B lymphocytes, atypical lymphocytes develop, primarily from CD8+ T cells that respond to the viral infection. […] The immune response to EBV infection often results in fever (due to cytokine release), lymphocytosis (caused by EBV-infected B-cell proliferation in the reticuloendothelial system), and pharyngitis (from lymphatic tissue proliferation in the oropharynx). […] EBV exhibits a biphasic lifecycle, alternating between latent and lytic phases. During latency, EBV maintains its genome as an episome within B lymphocytes, particularly memory B cells, allowing it to persist while evading immune detection by suppressing viral gene expression. […] EBV’s ability to evade immune surveillance, transform host cells, and potentially integrate into the genome underpins its association with various malignancies, autoimmune conditions, and chronic diseases like chronic fatigue syndrome.
  • #17 Mononucleosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mononucleosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350328
    Infectious mononucleosis (mono) is often called the kissing disease. The virus that causes mono (Epstein-Barr virus) is spread through saliva. […] The most common cause of mononucleosis is the Epstein-Barr virus, but other viruses also can cause similar symptoms. This virus is spread through saliva, and you may catch it from kissing or from sharing food or drinks. […] Although the symptoms of mononucleosis are uncomfortable, the infection resolves on its own without long-term effects. Most adults have been exposed to the Epstein-Barr virus and have built up antibodies. This means they’re immune and won’t get mononucleosis.
  • #18 Patient education: Infectious mononucleosis (mono) in adults and adolescents (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/infectious-mononucleosis-mono-in-adults-and-adolescents-beyond-the-basics/print
    Infectious mononucleosis is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). […] EBV can spread through contact with saliva from an infected person; for example, you can get it through kissing, sharing eating utensils with, or drinking from the same glass as someone who is infected with the virus. […] After a person has been exposed, the virus remains in their body for the rest of their life. This condition is called „viral latency,” meaning it is dormant or inactive and does not cause symptoms. […] During viral latency, even though it is not causing symptoms, the infection may continue to spread to others through intermittent shedding of the virus through saliva.
  • #19 Infectious Mononucleosis | Mono | Mono Symptoms | MedlinePlus
    https://medlineplus.gov/infectiousmononucleosis.html
    Infectious mononucleosis (mono) is a disease caused by viruses. The most common cause is the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). […] Mono can be caused by many different viruses. But it is most often caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). EBV is found all over the world. Most people get an EBV infection at some point in their lives, but only some of them will get the symptoms of mono. […] EBV and the other viruses that cause mono are usually spread through body fluids, especially saliva (spit). This means that you can get it through kissing. That’s why mono is sometimes called „the kissing disease.”
  • #20 Mononucleosis (Kissing Disease): Symptoms, Causes, & Treatment
    https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/understanding-mononucleosis-causes
    Mononucleosis is an infectious illness thats usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). […] The Epstein-Barr virus causes the vast majority of mononucleosis cases. But it’s possible to get it from other viruses, including: […] Many people are exposed to EBV as kids. But that doesnt always mean youll get mono. You can carry the virus in your body for your entire life without ever having symptoms of mono. […] EBV spreads through bodily fluids, usually saliva, which is why you can get it through kissing. […] Because the virus that causes mono can be spread through all types of body fluids, it can be a sexually transmitted disease (STD). […] Once you have EBV, the virus stays in your body for life. It can sometimes reactivate and you can spread the virus to others. […] Mononucleosis, also called the kissing disease, is a contagious disease most often caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).
  • #21 Epstein-Barr Virus: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Prognosis
    https://www.emedicinehealth.com/epstein-barr_virus_infection/article_em.htm
    EBV is the cause of infectious mononucleosis (also termed „mono”), an illness associated with symptoms and signs like fever, fatigue, swollen tonsils, headache, and others. […] In 1968, the virus was linked to the disease of infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever). […] Infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is common and usually occurs in childhood or early adulthood. […] EBV is the cause of infectious mononucleosis (also termed „mono”), an illness associated with symptoms and signs like: fever, fatigue, swollen tonsils, headache, and sweats, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes in the neck, and sometimes an enlarged spleen. […] Although EBV can cause mononucleosis, not everyone infected with the virus will get mononucleosis. […] EBV is a contagious virus that is transmitted from person to person and occurs throughout the world.
  • #22 Patient education: Infectious mononucleosis (mono) in adults and adolescents (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/infectious-mononucleosis-mono-in-adults-and-adolescents-beyond-the-basics
    Infectious mononucleosis is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). EBV can spread through contact with saliva from an infected person; for example, you can get it through kissing, sharing eating utensils with, or drinking from the same glass as someone who is infected with the virus. […] After a person has been exposed, the virus remains in their body for the rest of their life. This condition is called „viral latency,” meaning it is dormant or inactive and does not cause symptoms. […] During viral latency, even though it is not causing symptoms, the infection may continue to spread to others through intermittent shedding of the virus through saliva.
  • #23 Mono: Early symptoms, risk factors, and treatment
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/311932
    Many people contract the virus during childhood and never notice any symptoms. […] Once the virus enters the body, it stays there forever, and it can occasionally reactivate at a later time. […] The reactivated virus can spread to others through saliva, so a person can catch mono from someone who has no signs of illness.
  • #24 Infectious mononucleosis – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_mononucleosis
    Infectious mononucleosis (IM), also known as glandular fever, is an infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). […] About 90% of cases of infectious mononucleosis are caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, a member of the Herpesviridae family of DNA viruses. […] About 57% of cases of infectious mononucleosis is caused by human cytomegalovirus (CMV), another type of herpes virus. […] Toxoplasma gondii, a parasitic protozoon, is responsible for less than 1% of the infectious mononucleosis cases. Viral hepatitis, adenovirus, rubella, and herpes simplex viruses have also been reported as rare causes of infectious mononucleosis. […] Epstein-Barr virus infection is spread via saliva, and has an incubation period of four to seven weeks.
  • #25 Epstein-Barr Virus Infectious Mononucleosis | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/1001/p1279.html
    Infectious mononucleosis is a clinical syndrome caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) that is particularly common in adolescents and children. […] EBV is a herpes virus that replicates primarily in -lymphocytes but also may replicate in the epithelial cells of the pharynx and parotid duct. […] The infection is spread primarily by saliva, and the incubation period is four to eight weeks. […] In an acute infection, heterophile antibodies that agglutinate sheep erythrocytes are produced. […] Antibodies to viral capsid antigen (i.e., VCA-IgG and VCA-IgM) are produced slightly earlier than the heterophile antibody and are more specific for EBV infection. […] The VCA-IgG antibody persists past the stage of acute infection and signals the development of immunity.
  • #26 Mono Signs, Causes, & Duration (for Teens) | Nemours KidsHealth
    https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/mononucleosis.html
    Mononucleosis (pronounced: mah-no-noo-klee-OH-sus), or infectious mononucleosis, is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). […] Most of us are exposed to EBV at some point while we’re growing up. […] Infants and young kids infected with EBV usually have very mild symptoms or none at all. But infected teens and young adults often develop the symptoms that define mono.
  • #27 Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/222040-overview
    Once EBV infects B lymphocytes, atypical lymphocytes develop, primarily from CD8+ T cells that respond to the viral infection. […] The immune response to EBV infection often results in fever (due to cytokine release), lymphocytosis (caused by EBV-infected B-cell proliferation in the reticuloendothelial system), and pharyngitis (from lymphatic tissue proliferation in the oropharynx). […] EBV exhibits a biphasic lifecycle, alternating between latent and lytic phases. During latency, EBV maintains its genome as an episome within B lymphocytes, particularly memory B cells, allowing it to persist while evading immune detection by suppressing viral gene expression. […] EBV’s ability to evade immune surveillance, transform host cells, and potentially integrate into the genome underpins its association with various malignancies, autoimmune conditions, and chronic diseases like chronic fatigue syndrome.
  • #28 Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/222040-overview
    Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), also known as human herpes virus 4, is a widely disseminated double stranded DNA herpesvirus. It is the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis („mono” or „glandular fever”). […] Infectious mononucleosis was first described by Sprunt and Evans in the Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1920. They described the clinical characteristics of EBV infectious mononucleosis. At the time, their article was entitled „Mononuclear leukocytosis in reaction to acute infection (infectious mononucleosis)” because the causative organism, EBV, had yet to be described. […] Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus that causes lifelong infections in humans. It is primarily spread through intimate contact with oropharyngeal secretions, though it can also be transmitted via genital secretions, blood transfusions, and organ transplants.
  • #29 Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/222040-overview
    Once EBV infects B lymphocytes, atypical lymphocytes develop, primarily from CD8+ T cells that respond to the viral infection. […] The immune response to EBV infection often results in fever (due to cytokine release), lymphocytosis (caused by EBV-infected B-cell proliferation in the reticuloendothelial system), and pharyngitis (from lymphatic tissue proliferation in the oropharynx). […] EBV exhibits a biphasic lifecycle, alternating between latent and lytic phases. During latency, EBV maintains its genome as an episome within B lymphocytes, particularly memory B cells, allowing it to persist while evading immune detection by suppressing viral gene expression. […] EBV’s ability to evade immune surveillance, transform host cells, and potentially integrate into the genome underpins its association with various malignancies, autoimmune conditions, and chronic diseases like chronic fatigue syndrome.
  • #30 Infectious Mononucleosis | Saint Luke’s Health System
    https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/infectious-mononucleosis
    Infectious mononucleosis is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). A milder form is caused by the cytomegalovirus (CMV). Both EBV and CMV are members of the herpes virus family. […] In the U.S., most adults have been infected by age 30 with EBV. This is a very common virus. When children are infected with it, they often don’t have any noticeable symptoms. But uninfected teens and young adults who come in contact with the virus may develop infectious mononucleosis. […] Even after the symptoms of infectious mononucleosis have gone away, EBV will stay dormant in the throat and blood cells throughout that person’s life. The virus can reactivate from time to time in the saliva or blood. But it almost always does not cause symptoms.
  • #31 Infectious Mononucleosis | University Hospitals
    https://www.uhhospitals.org/health-information/health-and-wellness-library/article/Diseases-and-Conditions/infectious-mononucleosis
    Infectious mononucleosis is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). […] A milder form is caused by the cytomegalovirus (CMV). […] Both EBV and CMV are members of the herpes virus family. […] In the U.S., most adults have been infected by age 30 with EBV. […] When children are infected with it, they often don’t have any noticeable symptoms. […] But uninfected teens and young adults who come in contact with the virus may develop infectious mononucleosis. […] Even after the symptoms of infectious mononucleosis have gone away, EBV will stay dormant in the throat and blood cells throughout that person’s life. […] The virus can reactivate from time to time in the saliva or blood. […] But it almost always does not cause symptoms.
  • #32 Epstein-Barr Virus Infectious Mononucleosis | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/1001/p1279.html
    Infectious mononucleosis is a clinical syndrome caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) that is particularly common in adolescents and children. […] EBV is a herpes virus that replicates primarily in -lymphocytes but also may replicate in the epithelial cells of the pharynx and parotid duct. […] The infection is spread primarily by saliva, and the incubation period is four to eight weeks. […] In an acute infection, heterophile antibodies that agglutinate sheep erythrocytes are produced. […] Antibodies to viral capsid antigen (i.e., VCA-IgG and VCA-IgM) are produced slightly earlier than the heterophile antibody and are more specific for EBV infection. […] The VCA-IgG antibody persists past the stage of acute infection and signals the development of immunity.
  • #33
    https://step2.medbullets.com/pediatrics/120595/mononucleosis
    Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or human herpesvirus-4 (HHV-4) […] causes mononucleosis […] binds to B-cells via CD21, acting as a B-cell mitogen […] can establish lifelong persistent infection in B-cells […] T-cell-mediated immunity controls the latent infection […] immunocompromised patients are at risk of reactivation.
  • #34 What Is Mononucleosis? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
    https://www.everydayhealth.com/mononucleosis/guide/
    An estimated 90 to 95 percent of adults worldwide are infected with EBV or have been at some point in their lives. (1,5,6) But not everyone who gets EBV will develop symptoms. Only 1 in 4 people who are infected with the virus go on to develop mono. (7) […] Once you get EBV, the virus stays in your body for the rest of your life, though in most cases, it will remain harmless (and dormant, thanks to your immune system). Patients with AIDS and others with weak immune systems are at risk of reactivation of EBV and mono symptoms. Rarely, some patients will have a recurrence of mono symptoms months or years later. (10) […] Infrequently, some people may go on to develop complications related to acute EBV infection and mono, such as anemia, hepatitis, immune disorders (such as MS), or nervous system problems (such as Guillain-Barr syndrome, meningitis, or Bells palsy). (2,7)
  • #35 Mono (Infectious Mononucleosis): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
    https://www.medicinenet.com/infectious_mononucleosis/article.htm
    Cause of Mono An Epstein-Barr virus is the most common cause of infectious mono although there are other illnesses that produce similar symptoms. […] Infectious mononucleosis, „mono,” „kissing disease,” and glandular fever are all terms popularly used for the very common infection typically caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), but other viruses can also cause the disease. […] The EBV that causes mono is found throughout the world. By the time most people reach adulthood, antibodies against EBV can be detected in their blood. […] While there are other illnesses falling under the broad classification of mononucleosis that can cause similar symptoms (cytomegalovirus [CMV] infection is one example) and an increase in blood lymphocytes, the mononucleosis caused by EBV is by far the most common. […] The fact that up to 95% of adults have antibodies to EBV suggests that prevention of the infection is difficult if not impossible.
  • #36 Infectious Mononucleosis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/herpesviruses/infectious-mononucleosis
    Infectious mononucleosis is caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV, human herpesvirus type 4) and is characterized by fatigue, fever, pharyngitis, and lymphadenopathy. […] EBV is a herpesvirus that infects 50% of children before age 5. […] EBV infection is usually asymptomatic. […] EBV is statistically associated with and likely has a causal role in Burkitt lymphoma, certain B-cell tumors in patients who are immunocompromised, certain forms of Hodgkin lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, certain gastric cancers, and multiple sclerosis. […] EBV does not cause chronic fatigue syndrome. However, it rarely causes a syndrome that may include fever, interstitial pneumonitis, pancytopenia, hepatitis, or uveitis (ie, chronic active EBV). […] EBV-specific antibody testing is highly sensitive. The presence of IgM antibodies to the EBV viral capsid antigen (VCA) indicates primary EBV infection.
  • #37 Mononucleosis and Epstein-Barr: What’s the connection?
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mononucleosis/expert-answers/mononucleosis/faq-20058444
    Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is one of the most common viruses that people catch. It can cause a disease called mononucleosis, also known as mono. […] In the United States, at least 1 in 4 teenagers and young adults with EBV get mono. […] The disease can cause symptoms such as: Extreme tiredness, Fever, Sore throat, Headaches and body aches, Swollen lymph nodes, Swelling in the liver, spleen or both, Rash.
  • #38 What Is Mononucleosis? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
    https://www.everydayhealth.com/mononucleosis/guide/
    An estimated 90 to 95 percent of adults worldwide are infected with EBV or have been at some point in their lives. (1,5,6) But not everyone who gets EBV will develop symptoms. Only 1 in 4 people who are infected with the virus go on to develop mono. (7) […] Once you get EBV, the virus stays in your body for the rest of your life, though in most cases, it will remain harmless (and dormant, thanks to your immune system). Patients with AIDS and others with weak immune systems are at risk of reactivation of EBV and mono symptoms. Rarely, some patients will have a recurrence of mono symptoms months or years later. (10) […] Infrequently, some people may go on to develop complications related to acute EBV infection and mono, such as anemia, hepatitis, immune disorders (such as MS), or nervous system problems (such as Guillain-Barr syndrome, meningitis, or Bells palsy). (2,7)
  • #39 Glandular fever: Symptoms, treatment, causes, and diagnosis
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/167390
    Glandular fever usually stems from an infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a highly contagious herpes virus. […] Experts believe that more than 90% of people worldwide have EBV infections. However, it does not always cause symptoms or lead to glandular fever. Cytomegalovirus infection and rubella, known as German measles, can also cause glandular fever, while toxoplasmosis, a parasitic infection, can cause similar symptoms. […] Most EBV infections occur during early childhood. When it happens, the immune system produces antibodies to fight the virus. […] Sometimes, however, the virus becomes active again. This can occasionally cause symptoms, especially in a person with a weakened immune system. However, an EBV infection does not always lead to glandular fever or symptoms. […] A person who contracts the infection as a teenager or young adult is more likely to develop glandular fever. It mainly appears in those ages 15-24 years.
  • #40
    https://www.prevention.com/health/health-conditions/a38135679/what-is-mono/
    Infectious mononucleosis, usually referred to as just mono, is a contagious disease thats usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). […] Mono, which is also called the kissing disease, is usually spread through bodily fluids, with saliva being the most common, the CDC says. […] Mono is most common in teens and college students, with at least one in four teens and young adults who get infected with Epstein-Barr virus developing infectious mononucleosis, per the CDC.
  • #41 Infectious Mononucleosis | Saint Luke’s Health System
    https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/infectious-mononucleosis
    Infectious mononucleosis is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). A milder form is caused by the cytomegalovirus (CMV). Both EBV and CMV are members of the herpes virus family. […] In the U.S., most adults have been infected by age 30 with EBV. This is a very common virus. When children are infected with it, they often don’t have any noticeable symptoms. But uninfected teens and young adults who come in contact with the virus may develop infectious mononucleosis. […] Even after the symptoms of infectious mononucleosis have gone away, EBV will stay dormant in the throat and blood cells throughout that person’s life. The virus can reactivate from time to time in the saliva or blood. But it almost always does not cause symptoms.
  • #42 Can You Have Chronic Mono?
    https://www.verywellhealth.com/chronic-mono-5120534
    Infectious mononucleosis, often known simply as mono, is a viral infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). […] CAEBV infection is a rare disorder that occurs when the body cannot control EBV. […] Certain things can make a person more likely to develop a case of CAEBV infection. Ethnicity may play a role. There is an increased risk among people who are Asian, South American, Central American, and Mexican. […] Genetics can also play a role in the development of a CAEBV infection, and research has shown that an inherited immunodeficiency in certain immune cells can be a risk factor. […] According to research, no one genetic defect has been linked to an increased risk of developing the disease, but some believe that specific antigens known as A26 and B52 could play a role in its development.
  • #43 Mononucleosis; Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment | Banner Health
    https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/infectious-disease/treatment/mono
    After youre infected with EBV it stays dormant in your body for the rest of your life. It may sometimes reactivate without causing symptoms. […] You are at higher risk of developing complications if you have a weakened immune system due to HIV/AIDS, organ transplant, immunosuppressive medications, cancer treatment or other causes.
  • #44 Epstein-Barr Virus: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Prognosis
    https://www.emedicinehealth.com/epstein-barr_virus_infection/article_em.htm
    The cause of infection is generally close person-to-person contact through bodily fluids, especially saliva. […] Most people in the U.S. have been infected with EBV, mononucleosis is more common in whites than in the African-American populations. […] Some risk factors associated with acquiring EBV include being female, living in tropical countries, having immunodeficiency, and being sexually active. […] The virus contains double-stranded DNA and multiplies in white blood cells (a certain type of lymphocyte called a B cell) and other cells, such as those lining the mouth, tongue, and nose. […] A few living viruses will persist in a line of lymphocytes for the rest of the person’s life. […] This is known as a „latent” infection (inactive stage). […] Occasionally, the virus may multiply (reactivate), but this does not cause symptoms unless the person’s immune response system is not working properly.
  • #45 Epstein-Barr Virus: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Prognosis
    https://www.emedicinehealth.com/epstein-barr_virus_infection/article_em.htm
    The cause of infection is generally close person-to-person contact through bodily fluids, especially saliva. […] Most people in the U.S. have been infected with EBV, mononucleosis is more common in whites than in the African-American populations. […] Some risk factors associated with acquiring EBV include being female, living in tropical countries, having immunodeficiency, and being sexually active. […] The virus contains double-stranded DNA and multiplies in white blood cells (a certain type of lymphocyte called a B cell) and other cells, such as those lining the mouth, tongue, and nose. […] A few living viruses will persist in a line of lymphocytes for the rest of the person’s life. […] This is known as a „latent” infection (inactive stage). […] Occasionally, the virus may multiply (reactivate), but this does not cause symptoms unless the person’s immune response system is not working properly.
  • #46 Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/222040-overview
    Once EBV infects B lymphocytes, atypical lymphocytes develop, primarily from CD8+ T cells that respond to the viral infection. […] The immune response to EBV infection often results in fever (due to cytokine release), lymphocytosis (caused by EBV-infected B-cell proliferation in the reticuloendothelial system), and pharyngitis (from lymphatic tissue proliferation in the oropharynx). […] EBV exhibits a biphasic lifecycle, alternating between latent and lytic phases. During latency, EBV maintains its genome as an episome within B lymphocytes, particularly memory B cells, allowing it to persist while evading immune detection by suppressing viral gene expression. […] EBV’s ability to evade immune surveillance, transform host cells, and potentially integrate into the genome underpins its association with various malignancies, autoimmune conditions, and chronic diseases like chronic fatigue syndrome.
  • #47 Epstein–Barr virus – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus
    The EpsteinBarr virus (EBV) is one of the nine known human herpesvirus types in the herpes family, and is one of the most common viruses in humans. EBV is a double-stranded DNA virus and is also called human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4). EpsteinBarr virus (EBV) is the first identified oncogenic virus, or a virus that can cause cancer. EBV establishes permanent infection in humans. It causes infectious mononucleosis and is also tightly linked to many malignant diseases (cancers). […] Infectious mononucleosis („mono” or „glandular fever”), is characterized by extreme fatigue, fever, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes. […] About 200,000 cancer cases globally per year are thought to be attributable to EBV. […] In 2022, a large study (population of 10 million over 20 years) suggested EBV as the leading cause of multiple sclerosis, with a recent EBV infection causing a 32-fold increase in the risk of developing multiple sclerosis.
  • #48
    https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=bu1309
    Mononucleosis (mono) is an infection. It’s usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. People get it through contact with saliva and with mucus from the nose and throat. A child can get mono from kissing an infected person. Or a child may get it after sharing a glass, fork, or spoon with someone who has mono. […] Sometimes the virus causes the spleen to swell. […] Do not let your child play contact sports or lift anything heavy for 4 weeks. These activities can increase the chance that the spleen may rupture.
  • #49 What Is Mononucleosis? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
    https://www.everydayhealth.com/mononucleosis/guide/
    An estimated 90 to 95 percent of adults worldwide are infected with EBV or have been at some point in their lives. (1,5,6) But not everyone who gets EBV will develop symptoms. Only 1 in 4 people who are infected with the virus go on to develop mono. (7) […] Once you get EBV, the virus stays in your body for the rest of your life, though in most cases, it will remain harmless (and dormant, thanks to your immune system). Patients with AIDS and others with weak immune systems are at risk of reactivation of EBV and mono symptoms. Rarely, some patients will have a recurrence of mono symptoms months or years later. (10) […] Infrequently, some people may go on to develop complications related to acute EBV infection and mono, such as anemia, hepatitis, immune disorders (such as MS), or nervous system problems (such as Guillain-Barr syndrome, meningitis, or Bells palsy). (2,7)
  • #50 Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/222040-overview
    Once EBV infects B lymphocytes, atypical lymphocytes develop, primarily from CD8+ T cells that respond to the viral infection. […] The immune response to EBV infection often results in fever (due to cytokine release), lymphocytosis (caused by EBV-infected B-cell proliferation in the reticuloendothelial system), and pharyngitis (from lymphatic tissue proliferation in the oropharynx). […] EBV exhibits a biphasic lifecycle, alternating between latent and lytic phases. During latency, EBV maintains its genome as an episome within B lymphocytes, particularly memory B cells, allowing it to persist while evading immune detection by suppressing viral gene expression. […] EBV’s ability to evade immune surveillance, transform host cells, and potentially integrate into the genome underpins its association with various malignancies, autoimmune conditions, and chronic diseases like chronic fatigue syndrome.
  • #51 Epstein–Barr virus – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus
    The EpsteinBarr virus (EBV) is one of the nine known human herpesvirus types in the herpes family, and is one of the most common viruses in humans. EBV is a double-stranded DNA virus and is also called human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4). EpsteinBarr virus (EBV) is the first identified oncogenic virus, or a virus that can cause cancer. EBV establishes permanent infection in humans. It causes infectious mononucleosis and is also tightly linked to many malignant diseases (cancers). […] Infectious mononucleosis („mono” or „glandular fever”), is characterized by extreme fatigue, fever, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes. […] About 200,000 cancer cases globally per year are thought to be attributable to EBV. […] In 2022, a large study (population of 10 million over 20 years) suggested EBV as the leading cause of multiple sclerosis, with a recent EBV infection causing a 32-fold increase in the risk of developing multiple sclerosis.
  • #52 What Is Epstein-Barr Virus and How Can It Impact Cancer Risk? | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/latest-news/what-is-epstein-barr-virus-and-how-can-it-impact-cancer-risk.html
    Most people around the world have had the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) at some point in their lives. […] Infectious mononucleosis is also called “mono” or “the kissing disease.” […] Mononucleosis, or mono, is an illness that is most often caused by Epstein-Barr virus. […] Epstein-Barr virus, which causes mono, is an oncovirus. This means that having mono or another infection caused by EBV may put you at a higher risk of some types of cancer. […] EBV infection increases a person’s risk of getting nasopharyngeal cancer, a type of cancer that affects the nasopharynx, or upper part of the throat. […] Certain types of lymphoma and stomach cancer have also been linked to EBV. […] It is important to remember that most people who have had mono will not develop a cancer related to Epstein-Barr virus. […] New research has shown that screening or testing for past Epstein-Barr virus infections can help find people at a higher risk of developing nasopharyngeal cancer.
  • #53 Epstein–Barr virus – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus
    EBV has also been implicated in several other diseases, including Burkitt’s lymphoma, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, stomach cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, multiple sclerosis, and lymphomatoid granulomatosis. […] The complexities of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) persistence and its integration into host genomes have been explored. Research involving tissue samples from individuals with various conditions revealed that viral sequences were highly conserved, indicating long-term persistence from dominant strains. Notably, EBV was found to integrate into the host genome in cases of malignancies, including mantle cell lymphoma, where a significant integration event was observed involving the EBV LMP-1 gene and chromosome 17. This integration likely occurred via microhomology-mediated end joining, suggesting a potential mechanism through which EBV may influence tumorigenesis.
  • #54 Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/222040-overview
    Once EBV infects B lymphocytes, atypical lymphocytes develop, primarily from CD8+ T cells that respond to the viral infection. […] The immune response to EBV infection often results in fever (due to cytokine release), lymphocytosis (caused by EBV-infected B-cell proliferation in the reticuloendothelial system), and pharyngitis (from lymphatic tissue proliferation in the oropharynx). […] EBV exhibits a biphasic lifecycle, alternating between latent and lytic phases. During latency, EBV maintains its genome as an episome within B lymphocytes, particularly memory B cells, allowing it to persist while evading immune detection by suppressing viral gene expression. […] EBV’s ability to evade immune surveillance, transform host cells, and potentially integrate into the genome underpins its association with various malignancies, autoimmune conditions, and chronic diseases like chronic fatigue syndrome.
  • #55 Epstein–Barr virus – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus
    EBV has also been implicated in several other diseases, including Burkitt’s lymphoma, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, stomach cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, multiple sclerosis, and lymphomatoid granulomatosis. […] The complexities of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) persistence and its integration into host genomes have been explored. Research involving tissue samples from individuals with various conditions revealed that viral sequences were highly conserved, indicating long-term persistence from dominant strains. Notably, EBV was found to integrate into the host genome in cases of malignancies, including mantle cell lymphoma, where a significant integration event was observed involving the EBV LMP-1 gene and chromosome 17. This integration likely occurred via microhomology-mediated end joining, suggesting a potential mechanism through which EBV may influence tumorigenesis.
  • #56 Epstein-Barr Virus: What to Know, From Mono to Cancer
    https://www.healthline.com/health/epstein-barr-virus
    EBV infection is very common and is spread by coming into contact with bodily fluids of people who are sick with it. […] The condition that you may associate EBV infection with is infectious mononucleosis, or mono. […] EBV infection can increase the risk of developing certain rare cancers. This is because mutations in cells infected with EBV can lead to cancerous changes. […] EBV may also play a role in the development of other health conditions, including autoimmune disorders and schizophrenia. […] EBV has long been thought to be linked to autoimmune disorders, such as lupus. Experts believe that EBV may cause changes in the way some genes are expressed. […] They suggest that EBV may activate certain genes that can affect your risk for developing autoimmune disease in combination with other factors. […] In very rare cases, EBV infection can lead to a chronic condition called chronic active EBV (CAEBV). […] Experts arent sure why some people develop CAEBV. But they believe genetic factors or mutations in EBV-infected cells may play a role.
  • #57 Epstein–Barr virus – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus
    The EpsteinBarr virus (EBV) is one of the nine known human herpesvirus types in the herpes family, and is one of the most common viruses in humans. EBV is a double-stranded DNA virus and is also called human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4). EpsteinBarr virus (EBV) is the first identified oncogenic virus, or a virus that can cause cancer. EBV establishes permanent infection in humans. It causes infectious mononucleosis and is also tightly linked to many malignant diseases (cancers). […] Infectious mononucleosis („mono” or „glandular fever”), is characterized by extreme fatigue, fever, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes. […] About 200,000 cancer cases globally per year are thought to be attributable to EBV. […] In 2022, a large study (population of 10 million over 20 years) suggested EBV as the leading cause of multiple sclerosis, with a recent EBV infection causing a 32-fold increase in the risk of developing multiple sclerosis.
  • #58 Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/222040-overview
    Once EBV infects B lymphocytes, atypical lymphocytes develop, primarily from CD8+ T cells that respond to the viral infection. […] The immune response to EBV infection often results in fever (due to cytokine release), lymphocytosis (caused by EBV-infected B-cell proliferation in the reticuloendothelial system), and pharyngitis (from lymphatic tissue proliferation in the oropharynx). […] EBV exhibits a biphasic lifecycle, alternating between latent and lytic phases. During latency, EBV maintains its genome as an episome within B lymphocytes, particularly memory B cells, allowing it to persist while evading immune detection by suppressing viral gene expression. […] EBV’s ability to evade immune surveillance, transform host cells, and potentially integrate into the genome underpins its association with various malignancies, autoimmune conditions, and chronic diseases like chronic fatigue syndrome.
  • #59 ME/CFS and Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) – some facts
    https://www.meresearch.org.uk/me-cfs-and-epstein-barr-virus-ebv-some-facts/
    Many individuals with ME/CFS state that an episode of infectious mononucleosis, i.e. glandular fever, preceded the development of their ME/CFS. […] Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), the virus that causes infectious mononucleosis, has generated much interest in ME/CFS research. […] Infection with EBV is incredibly common with most people (over 90% globally) being infected at some point in their life. However, only a subset of people infected will develop symptoms of infectious mononucleosis (e.g. fever, fatigue, sore throat, swollen glands), and symptoms varying in severity. Furthermore, an even smaller subset will develop chronic illness, including ME/CFS, following EBV infection. […] Whilst EBV is not the only virus that has been linked with ME/CFS, there are several theories as to how EBV could be involved in the disease mechanisms of ME/CFS. These include: Immune Dysfunction An EBV infection could lead to chronic immune activation or autoimmune responses contributing to the symptoms associated with ME/CFS. […] Viral reactivation In individuals with ME/CFS, EBV may periodically reactivate leading to ongoing symptoms […] Genetic predisposition Some individuals may have certain genetic variations related to immune pathways which increase the likelihood of developing ME/CFS following an EBV infection.
  • #60 Chronic Mono: Causes, Treatments, & Risks- K Health
    https://khealth.com/learn/mononucleosis/chronic-mono/
    Infectious mononucleosis is also called mono or the kissing disease because its mainly shared through saliva. […] Mono is an infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). […] The Epstein-Barr virus is responsible for a mono-infection. […] It is a very common virus that 95% of people have in them by the time they are 35. […] An active mono infection is typically seen in teens and college-age people. […] You can get infectious mononucleosis from someone who may have no symptoms of having it themselves. […] CAEBV is caused by the same virus that causes mono, the Epstein-Barr virus. […] However, the reason why a persons body cannot fight it and why the virus stays active in a small number of people is unknown.
  • #61 Infectious Mononucleosis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/herpesviruses/infectious-mononucleosis
    Infectious mononucleosis is caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV, human herpesvirus type 4) and is characterized by fatigue, fever, pharyngitis, and lymphadenopathy. […] EBV is a herpesvirus that infects 50% of children before age 5. […] EBV infection is usually asymptomatic. […] EBV is statistically associated with and likely has a causal role in Burkitt lymphoma, certain B-cell tumors in patients who are immunocompromised, certain forms of Hodgkin lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, certain gastric cancers, and multiple sclerosis. […] EBV does not cause chronic fatigue syndrome. However, it rarely causes a syndrome that may include fever, interstitial pneumonitis, pancytopenia, hepatitis, or uveitis (ie, chronic active EBV). […] EBV-specific antibody testing is highly sensitive. The presence of IgM antibodies to the EBV viral capsid antigen (VCA) indicates primary EBV infection.
  • #62 Can You Have Chronic Mono?
    https://www.verywellhealth.com/chronic-mono-5120534
    Infectious mononucleosis, often known simply as mono, is a viral infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). […] CAEBV infection is a rare disorder that occurs when the body cannot control EBV. […] Certain things can make a person more likely to develop a case of CAEBV infection. Ethnicity may play a role. There is an increased risk among people who are Asian, South American, Central American, and Mexican. […] Genetics can also play a role in the development of a CAEBV infection, and research has shown that an inherited immunodeficiency in certain immune cells can be a risk factor. […] According to research, no one genetic defect has been linked to an increased risk of developing the disease, but some believe that specific antigens known as A26 and B52 could play a role in its development.
  • #63 Epstein-Barr Virus: What to Know, From Mono to Cancer
    https://www.healthline.com/health/epstein-barr-virus
    EBV infection is very common and is spread by coming into contact with bodily fluids of people who are sick with it. […] The condition that you may associate EBV infection with is infectious mononucleosis, or mono. […] EBV infection can increase the risk of developing certain rare cancers. This is because mutations in cells infected with EBV can lead to cancerous changes. […] EBV may also play a role in the development of other health conditions, including autoimmune disorders and schizophrenia. […] EBV has long been thought to be linked to autoimmune disorders, such as lupus. Experts believe that EBV may cause changes in the way some genes are expressed. […] They suggest that EBV may activate certain genes that can affect your risk for developing autoimmune disease in combination with other factors. […] In very rare cases, EBV infection can lead to a chronic condition called chronic active EBV (CAEBV). […] Experts arent sure why some people develop CAEBV. But they believe genetic factors or mutations in EBV-infected cells may play a role.
  • #64 Patient education: Infectious mononucleosis (mono) in adults and adolescents (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/infectious-mononucleosis-mono-in-adults-and-adolescents-beyond-the-basics
    Infectious mononucleosis is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). EBV can spread through contact with saliva from an infected person; for example, you can get it through kissing, sharing eating utensils with, or drinking from the same glass as someone who is infected with the virus. […] After a person has been exposed, the virus remains in their body for the rest of their life. This condition is called „viral latency,” meaning it is dormant or inactive and does not cause symptoms. […] During viral latency, even though it is not causing symptoms, the infection may continue to spread to others through intermittent shedding of the virus through saliva.
  • #65 Glandular fever – symptoms, causes and treatment | healthdirect
    https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/glandular-fever
    Glandular fever is a viral infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. […] Glandular fever is usually caused by infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). […] Most people have been infected with EBV at some time in their lives, even if they have not had symptoms. Once you catch EBV, it is believed that the virus remains in your body for life. […] The virus can be passed from person to person through the saliva by: kissing, coughing and sneezing, which spreads the virus in airborne droplets, sharing utensils and drinking containers. […] Glandular fever – caused by the Epstein Barr virus (EBV) – spread from person-to-person by saliva and stays for life usually with no further illness.
  • #66 Mono Explained: Causes, Symptoms, And Treatments
    https://www.healthdigest.com/974495/mono-explained-causes-symptoms-and-treatments/
    As described by the Cleveland Clinic, mononucleosis, also called mono or „the kissing disease,” is a contagious illness caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a type of herpes virus. […] The vast majority of mono cases are caused by EBV. The virus is most commonly spread through saliva, though EBV may also be transmitted via breast milk, blood, or semen. […] According to the professional edition of the Merck Manual, infection with EBV that causes mono is highly prevalent. EBV infects half of all children under 5 years of age, while more than 90% of adults have serum antibodies for EBV, indicating past infection. […] The cause of mono, EBV, may increase the risk of developing some cancers, autoimmune disorders, schizophrenia, long Covid, and other health conditions (via Healthline).
  • #67 Researchers describe a key protein for Epstein-Barr virus infection, which causes mononucleosis and cancer | IRB Barcelona
    https://www.irbbarcelona.org/en/news/researchers-describe-a-key-protein-for-epstein-barr-virus-infection-which-causes-mononucleosis
    Researchers describe a key protein for Epstein-Barr virus infection, which causes mononucleosis and cancer. […] No treatment is currently available for the infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, which, in addition to causing mononucleosis, leads to various types of cancer. […] The Epstein-Barr virus, which belongs to the herpesvirus family, is one of the most widespread human viruses and the main cause of infectious mononucleosis (also known as glandular fever). In addition, it causes several kinds of cancer, including Burkitt and Hodgkins lymphoma, stomach cancer and nasopharyngeal cancer, as well as several autoimmune diseases. There is currently no treatment for infections caused by this virus.