Materiały źródłowe

• #1 About Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono) | EBV and Mono | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/epstein-barr/about/mononucleosis.html

  There is no vaccine to protect against infectious mononucleosis. […] You can help protect yourself by not kissing people who have infectious mononucleosis; or sharing drinks, food, or personal items (like toothbrushes) with them. […] Because your spleen may become enlarged as a result of infectious mononucleosis, you should avoid contact sports until you fully recover. Participating in contact sports can be strenuous and may cause the spleen to rupture.

• #2 Mononucleosis (Infectious): Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/mononucleosis

  There is no vaccine to prevent mono. The best way to prevent mono is to stay away from people who are infected. Avoid kissing anyone with mono or sharing drinks, foods or personal items like toothbrushes. Wash hands well and often. Wash dishes and eating tools separately in hot soapy water or in the dishwasher. The virus can stay in the saliva of an infected person for many months, even after he is well.

• #3 Mononucleosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mononucleosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350328

  Mononucleosis is spread through saliva. If you’re infected, you can help prevent spreading the virus to others by not kissing them and by not sharing food, dishes, glasses and utensils until several days after your fever has improved and even longer, if possible. And remember to wash your hands regularly to prevent spread of the virus. […] The Epstein-Barr virus may persist in your saliva for months after the infection. No vaccine exists to prevent mononucleosis.

• #4 Mononucleosis (Mono) | Student Health and Counseling Services

  https://shcs.ucdavis.edu/health-topic/mononucleosis-mono

  Mono is spread through saliva and is often called „the kissing disease”. Although it is not highly contagious by casual contact, avoid sharing food, dishes, glasses, or utensils. Regular hand washing should also be practiced. […] The virus has been shown to be present in saliva for up to one year. Most cases of infectious mono are without symptoms, with resultant permanent immunity.

• #5 Mononucleosis Prevention: How to Reduce Your Risk | AdventHealth

  https://www.adventhealth.com/blog/mononucleosis-prevention-how-reduce-your-risk

  Mononucleosis, commonly referred to as „mono,” is a contagious viral infection that can be transmitted through close contact with infected people. Taking proactive measures to prevent getting mono is key, especially in high-risk environments such as schools and sports teams. […] By following these strategies, you can reduce the risk of getting mono: […] Practice Good Hygiene: Wash your hands frequently with soap and water, especially after using the bathroom, before meals, and after coming into contact with surfaces that may be contaminated. Avoid sharing drinks, utensils, lip balm and personal items that may come into contact with saliva. […] Promote Respiratory Hygiene: Encourage others to cover their mouths and noses with tissues or their elbows when coughing or sneezing. Properly dispose of used tissues and wash your hands afterward.

• #6 About Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) | EBV and Mono | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/epstein-barr/about/index.html

  There is no vaccine to protect against EBV infection. You can help protect yourself by reducing contact with people who have EBV infection. […] Make sure you avoid: […] Kissing […] Sharing drinks and food […] Using the same personal items that an infected person recently used.

• #7 Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) – Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23469-epstein-barr-virus

  You can take steps to reduce your risk by: […] Not sharing food or drinks with someone who has the virus. […] Not kissing someone who has the virus. […] Not sharing a toothbrush with someone who has the virus. […] Using protection when having sex with someone who has the virus. […] Washing your hands after touching something with saliva on it and not putting your hands near your mouth after touching an object that has saliva or drool on it.

• #8 Infectious Mononucleosis | Mono | Mono Symptoms | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/infectiousmononucleosis.html

  There is no vaccine to protect against mono. To lower your chance of getting or spreading mono: […] Don’t share food, drinks, forks, spoons, or lip balm with anyone, especially if you or the other person has mono. […] Don’t kiss someone if you or the other person has mono. […] Wash your hands often with soap and water.

• #9 Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/epstein-barr-virus

  The virus is very contagious and spreads through your saliva, so you can catch it from kissing someone who’s infected. EBV also spreads easily from person to person through: […] Right now, the best way to avoid the virus is to stay away from anyone who you know is infected, and especially someone who has mono. Try these EBV prevention tips: […] Avoid kissing an infected person. […] Don’t share food or drinks with someone who has the virus. […] Don’t share personal items like glasses, silverware, and toothbrushes with someone who’s infected. […] Use protection if you have sex with someone who has the virus. […] Wash your hands after you touch anything that has contacted the saliva of an infected person.

• #10 How to Prevent the Transmission of Mononucleosis

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/prevent-mono-5186197

  Since EBV is transmitted through close contact with others, the best way to prevent infection is by doing the following: […] Avoid anyone you know who has mono. […] Don’t kiss if you feel ill. […] If you have penetrative sexual intercourse, use a condom to avoid transmission through semen. […] Don’t share utensils and other items such as cups and glasses, hygiene products, or cosmetics. […] Avoid sharing cigarettes. […] If you care for young children, wash toys that they may have put in their mouths. […] Boosting your immune system by eating a healthy diet and getting regular exercise and enough sleep is a good way to prevent not just mono, but any infection. […] Good handwashing practices are also important and can reduce your risk of infection if you are exposed to the virus. Make sure to use antibacterial soap and wash your hands for at least 20 seconds. If you use hand sanitizer, choose one with at least a 60% alcohol content. […] It’s good to stay healthy and practice good hygiene, including not sharing personal items, to minimize your chances of getting infected.

• #11 Mononucleosis (Kissing Disease): Symptoms, Causes, & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/understanding-mononucleosis-causes

  Theres no vaccine to prevent mono. EBV can stay in your saliva for months after youre infected. So, even if you dont have symptoms or feel sick, you may be able to spread it. […] To lower your chances of getting mono, wash your hands often. Avoid contact with people who are sick and try not to share things such as drinks, silverware, or toothbrushes with others.

• #12 Mononucleosis (Mono) – NYC Health

  https://www.nyc.gov/site/doh/health/health-topics/mononucleosis.page

  You can protect yourself from mono by avoiding the body fluids of someone who has the disease. […] There is no vaccine available to prevent mono.

• #13 Epstein-Barr-Virus: symptoms | transferability | prevention |

  https://prevent-and-protect.com/pathogen/epstein-barr-virus/

  In the event of an EBV infection and the outbreak of glandular fever, standard hygiene measures must be applied in the hospital and in the outpatient area. This includes, among other things, consistent hand hygiene and disinfection of the patient environment, as well as surfaces that have frequent hand and skin contact. Contact between body fluids of the infected person and other patients should be avoided. […] The required spectrum of activity against EBV is: limited virucidal.

• #14 Mononucleosis Prevention: How to Reduce Your Risk | AdventHealth

  https://www.adventhealth.com/blog/mononucleosis-prevention-how-reduce-your-risk

  Maintain a Healthy Lifestyle: Strengthen your immune system by adopting a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, adequate sleep and stress management. A strong immune system can help protect against viral infections, including mono. […] Avoid Risky Behaviors: Educate teens and young adults about the risks associated with activities such as kissing or sharing drinks, which can increase the likelihood of getting mono.

• #15 Epstein-Barr Virus Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/epstein-barr-virus-treatment-5138133

  To avoid catching the Epstein-Barr virus and getting infectious mononucleosis or CAEBV, avoid other people’s bodily fluids (especially saliva). […] If you’re worried about catching infectious mononucleosis, it’s essential to avoid other people’s saliva, as EBV infects the mouth’s cells. A few quick tips: Don’t kiss people who may be sick or exposed to EBV. […] Vitamins and minerals play a role in a healthy immune system and may help to prevent EBV infections and reactivations of the virus. Studies show vitamin D may help boost the immune response to the virus. High-dose vitamin C therapy has also been shown to help clear EBV infections, which may help prevent reactivation.

• #16 Epstein-Barr Virus Infectious Mononucleosis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/1001/p1279.html

  Patients with infectious mononucleosis should be withdrawn from contact or collision sports for at least four weeks after the onset of symptoms. […] Athletes should not compete in contact or collision sports for a minimum of three to four weeks after the onset of symptoms. […] The risk of splenic rupture is estimated at 0.1 percent, based on a retrospective series of 8,116 patients. […] Because an enlarged spleen is at risk for rupture, athletes should not compete in contact or collision sports for a minimum of three to four weeks after the onset of symptoms. […] It seems prudent to obtain a rapid strep test in patients with infectious mononucleosis and to treat them with antibiotics only if the strep test result is positive. Amoxicillin and ampicillin should not be used because they may cause a morbilliform rash in patients with infectious mononucleosis.

• #17 Infectious Mononucleosis: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2023/0100/infectious-mononucleosis.html

  Current guidelines recommend that patients with infectious mononucleosis not participate in athletic activity for three weeks from onset of symptoms. […] Individuals with infectious mononucleosis should not participate in athletic activity for three weeks following symptom onset to reduce the risk of splenic rupture, beginning with light, noncontact exercise. […] Current guidelines advise restricting all athletic activity for three weeks following symptom onset to reduce the risk of splenic rupture. Athletes should feel clinically well and be afebrile before returning to sports. Resumption of athletic activity should be gradual, starting with light, noncontact activity.

• #18

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=hw168620

  Don’t play contact sports for 4 weeks. Don’t lift anything heavy. Too much activity increases the chance that your spleen may break open (rupture). […] Try not to spread the virus. Don’t kiss and don’t share dishes, glasses, eating utensils, or toothbrushes for at least a few weeks. […] If you know you have mono, don’t donate blood. There’s a chance of spreading the virus through blood products.

• #19 Mononucleosis: Medical Conditions: Health Answers: Student Health Center: Indiana University Bloomington

  https://healthcenter.indiana.edu/health-answers/medical-conditions/mononucleosis.html

  Since mono is spread in saliva, avoid eating or drinking from the same glasses, dishes, or utensils of friends or strangers. Do not share personal items or smoking/vaping products (we advise everyone not to smoke/vape). Wash hands regularly, especially before eating. Avoid sick people. There is no medication or vaccine to prevent mono. […] Avoid Strenuous Activity People with mono should avoid sports, lifting, exercising, falls, and any potential injury to the abdomen for about 4 weeks. That is because mono affects the spleen to some extent in about 50% to 60% of people with mono. An enlarged spleen is more vulnerable to rupture either spontaneously or from trauma to the abdomen. A ruptured spleen is a medical emergency. Anyone with mono should get medical clearance before resuming physical activities, especially contact sports. […] Abstain From Alcohol Mononucleosis often inflames the liver and alcohol can make this inflammation worse. Mono patients should not use alcohol while they are ill or until a provider tells them it is safe.

• #20 The kissing disease: How contagious is mono, what are the treatments and other common questions | University Health Center | Nebraska

  https://health.unl.edu/kissing-disease-how-contagious-mono-what-are-treatments-and-other-common-questions/

  Yes, the viruses that cause mono are very contagious. They spread by saliva, which is why the infection is often called the kissing disease. However, kissing isnt the only way youll get mono. Things like sharing utensils or drinks and sexual intercourse can spread mono. […] However, that doesnt mean you should abandon all prevention measures. Continue to wash your hands often using soap and warm water, cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze and dont share drinks. This will help prevent other more serious infections from spreading, like influenza, COVID-19 and more. […] Because mono can enlarge the spleen, avoiding contact sports for four weeks is recommended. Additionally, mono affects your liver. Because of this, it is strongly encouraged to avoid alcohol intake for four weeks.

• #21 Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono) in Teens and Young Adults | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/i/infectious-mononucleosis-mono-in-teens-and-young-adults.html

  Mono is most often spread by contact with infected spit (saliva). […] To protect the spleen, your child should not play any contact sports until fully recovered. […] Corticosteroids may be prescribed for certain complications of mono.

• #22 Infectious Mononucleosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4670567/

  Given the disease burden associated with acute and chronic EBV diseases, development of an EBV vaccine has long been a priority for researchers in the field. […] The National Cancer Institute recommended that more clinical trials be conducted to test the safety and efficacy of a vaccine to prevent infectious mononucleosis and cancers caused by EBV. […] Although the first phase 1 trial for a prophylactic EBV vaccine occurred almost twenty years ago, there has been relatively little progress since. […] In total, three prophylactic vaccines have been tested in humans, and although all proved at least moderately immunogenic, none provided sterilizing immunity. […] However, sterilizing immunity is probably not necessary to impact symptomatic disease caused by primary EBV infection. […] For example, a phase 2 trial in Belgium showed that vaccination with a gp350 subunit adjuvanted vaccine could reduce the number of cases of infectious mononucleosis.

• #23 Prophylactic and therapeutic strategies for Epstein-Barr virus-associated diseases: emerging strategies for clinical development – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30987475/

  Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects more than 95% of the world’s population and is associated with infectious mononucleosis as well as a number of cancers in various geographical locations. […] Despite its significant health burden, no licenced prophylactic or therapeutic vaccines are available. […] In this review, we evaluate the prophylactic and therapeutic vaccine approaches against EBV and various immunotherapeutic strategies against a number of EBV-associated malignancies. […] It is anticipated that these emerging strategies will provide answers for the major challenges in EBV vaccine development and help improve the efficacy of novel therapeutic strategies.

• #24 Infectious Mononucleosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4670567/

  Whether or not a vaccine exclusively targeting gp350 is sufficient to prevent EBV related disease, however, is unknown. […] In the case of epithelial neoplasia, it seems less convincing on the grounds that gp350 is not strictly required for viral entry into epithelial cells and can be achieved via the viral proteins gH and gL, albeit less efficiently. […] Increasing the range of the vaccine to include other proteins necessary for this entry such as the aforementioned gH or gL, especially given what is known concerning the switch tropism of EBV between B cells and epithelial cells, might greatly improve the efficacy of a vaccine with the goal of preventing EBV positive lymphomas and carcinomas.

• #25 Pediatric Mononucleosis and Epstein-Barr Virus Infection Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/963894-treatment

  The first EBV vaccine trial in humans used live recombinant vaccinia virus expressing gp350. A monomeric EBV gp350 vaccine in a phase 2 trial was shown to reduce the incidence of infectious mononucleosis, but not the rate of EBV infection; hence, newer formulations of gp350 including multimeric forms, virus-like particles, and nanoparticles may be more effective.

• #26 Mononucleosis; Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment | Banner Health

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/infectious-disease/treatment/mono

  Mono is often transmitted in schools, colleges and social gatherings. It spreads through: […] If you’re infected, you can reduce the risk of spread by not kissing others, washing your hands regularly and keeping things like drinks, utensils, lip balm and toothbrushes to yourself. […] There’s no vaccine to protect against mono and no cure for mono. It can take a while to recover and return to your normal activities. Treating it focuses on relieving symptoms and helping your body heal with: […] If you have mono, you should avoid contact sports, strenuous exercise, heavy lifting and other activities that could cause trauma to your abdomen for at least a month after your symptoms clear up. That’s because when you have an enlarged spleen, which is a common complication of mono, it’s more likely to rupture. A ruptured spleen is a serious issue that could need emergency surgery. […] Choosing a healthy diet, getting enough rest and avoiding alcohol and strenuous activities can help you recover more quickly.

• #27 Glandular fever | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/glandular-fever

  Glandular fever spreads through close, personal contact and is transmitted by saliva. […] To prevent the spread of glandular fever: Make sure you use proper hygiene, including handwashing. Avoid sharing drink containers. Disinfect articles soiled with nose and throat discharges, for example, handkerchiefs. […] Excluding children from childcare is generally not advised because: most people are infected by asymptomatic carriers (people who have no symptoms) it would be impractical, as the virus is excreted for many months after the initial illness.

• #28 Mono Signs, Causes, & Duration (for Teens) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/mononucleosis.html

  There is no vaccine to protect against the Epstein-Barr virus. But you can help protect yourself by avoiding close contact with anyone who has it. […] If you have mono, don’t share the virus with your friends and family as you recover. Wash your hands well and often, sneeze or cough into a tissue or your elbow (not your hands), and keep your drinks and eating utensils to yourself. This is one time when your friends and family will thank you for being selfish.

• #29 Glandular fever – symptoms, causes and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/glandular-fever

  Can glandular fever be prevented? […] The virus that causes glandular fever is spread from person-to-person through contact with saliva. […] Spread of the virus can be prevented through: carefully washing your hands, avoiding contact with saliva, avoiding sharing cups, glasses and utensils. […] Rest at home while you are sick to prevent the spread of infection.

• #30 Pediatric Mononucleosis and Epstein-Barr Virus Infection Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/963894-treatment

  Patients with primary infectious mononucleosis do not require any isolation. Epstein-Barr virus has low transmissibility and cannot be acquired from environmental surfaces or fomites. […] Avoid contact with saliva. Epstein-Barr virus is present in throat washings of individuals with acute infectious mononucleosis. Virus can be cultured from the oropharynx for up to 18 months. It can be recovered from the oropharynx of 10-20% of healthy adults. Epstein-Barr virus infection is usually acquired through contact between a susceptible individual and the saliva of an asymptomatic individual who is shedding Epstein-Barr virus. In young children, saliva is spread by drooling and hand-to-mouth behaviors. In adolescents, infected saliva may be transferred by kissing, hence the label „kissing disease.”

• #31 Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/784513-treatment

  Although no vaccine exists, the risk can be lowered by doing the following: […] Avoiding sharing food, drinks, or personal items […] Practicing good hand hygiene […] Avoid physical activities or contact sports for at least 3-4 weeks or until cleared by your doctor. This helps prevent a rare but serious complication: a ruptured spleen. […] Teach children not to share personal items like utensils or cups, even with seemingly healthy individuals, as many carriers are asymptomatic. […] Ensure frequent handwashing to reduce the risk of spreading the virus. […] Restrict children from contact sports, rough play, and heavy lifting for at least a month after symptoms resolve. Consult your doctor before resuming activities.

• #32 Mononucleosis (Mono) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/mono.html

  There is no vaccine to protect against the Epstein-Barr virus. But you can help protect your kids from mono by making sure that they avoid close contact with anyone who has it. […] Many people who have mono won’t have symptoms, but they can still pass it to others. So kids should wash their hands well and often, and not share drinks or eating utensils with others, even people who seem healthy.

• #33 Pediatric Mononucleosis and Epstein-Barr Virus Infection Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/963894-treatment

  Use good hand washing techniques with adequate soap and water. […] Do not kiss children on the mouth. […] Maintain clean conditions, especially when young children are present (eg, in daycare), and avoid children sharing the toys. […] Epstein-Barr virus can be transmitted by blood transfusion and by bone marrow transplantation. However, because the organism is so common, no procedures are in place to prevent this. […] An effective vaccine against EBV is currently unavailable. Vaccine development is proceeding, although the role of a vaccine is unclear. […] The high prevalence of EBV infection and the fact that EBV acts as cofactor for development of several epithelial and lymphoid cell malignancies, makes an effective vaccine very desirable even though the feasibility seems difficult now.

• #34 Mono: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/mononucleosis

  Mono prevention is almost impossible. This is because healthy people who have been infected with EBV in the past can carry and spread the infection periodically for the rest of their lives. […] Almost all adults have been infected with EBV and have built up antibodies to fight the infection. People normally get mono only once in their lives.

• #35 Mono (Infectious Mononucleosis): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/infectious_mononucleosis/article.htm

  Is it possible to prevent mono? […] Since mono is spread from person to person, avoiding close personal contact with infected individuals and practicing excellent hygienic practices can help prevent transmission of the virus. This includes avoiding sharing contaminated utensils like toothbrushes and drinking glasses. However, since periodic reactivation of the virus infection seems to occur in healthy individuals and because many infected people who may transmit the virus to others will not have symptoms of the condition, prevention is extremely difficult. In fact, these individuals without symptoms are believed to be the primary source of transmission of the virus. […] The fact that up to 95% of adults have antibodies to EBV suggests that prevention of the infection is difficult if not impossible. It is not known why some people develop the symptoms of mono while others appear to acquire the EBV infection without having symptoms. It is possible that many infections occur and produce mild symptoms and are not recognized as mono, while other infections may not produce symptoms at all.

• #36 Mono: Early symptoms, risk factors, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/311932

  There is no proven way to prevent mono, but a few simple tips can help avoid it: washing hands after using the bathroom and before eating […] avoiding people who have mono or symptoms of mono until they recover […] staying home from work or school if you have symptoms […] not sharing objects that come into contact with the mouth.

• #37 Mononucleosis – How to treat mono | familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/mononucleosis/

  There is no vaccine to prevent mono. The best thing you can do to avoid it is to stay away from anyone you know who has it. Don’t kiss or share utensils or other personal items with someone who is sick (or has symptoms).

• #38 Mononucleosis (mono) treatment available online today

  https://plushcare.com/mono-treatment/

  There is no vaccine to protect against infectious mononucleosis. However, it’s possible to protect yourself by taking some precautionary measures: […] Taking care of your overall health is also important. When your body has the resilience it needs to fight off viruses, you’ll be better prepared to cope with illness when exposed.

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