Migrena
Etiologia i przyczyny

Migrena jest złożonym, genetycznie uwarunkowanym zaburzeniem neurologicznym, charakteryzującym się nieprawidłową aktywnością neuronalną, wpływającą na układ trójdzielno-naczyniowy, neuroprzekaźniki (m.in. serotonina, CGRP) oraz funkcjonowanie naczyń mózgowych. Dziedziczenie migreny ma charakter dominujący, z ryzykiem wystąpienia u potomstwa wynoszącym 50% przy jednym chorym rodzicu i 75-90% przy obojgu. Patofizjologia obejmuje cztery fazy: prodromalną, aurę (związaną z korową depresją szerzącą się), ból głowy i postdrom. Kluczową rolę odgrywa uwalnianie neuropeptydów, zwłaszcza CGRP, który powoduje rozszerzenie naczyń, zapalenie opon mózgowych i aktywację receptorów bólowych. Wahania hormonalne, zwłaszcza estrogenów, oraz czynniki środowiskowe (stres, zmiany hormonalne, pomijanie posiłków, zmiany pogody, zaburzenia snu) są istotnymi wyzwalaczami napadów migrenowych. Migrena przewlekła definiowana jest jako ≥15 dni z bólem głowy o cechach migrenowych miesięcznie przez co najmniej 3 miesiące, a nadużywanie leków przeciwbólowych może prowadzić do migreny z odbicia.

Migrena – Etiologia i przyczyny powstawania

Migrena to złożona choroba neurologiczna o podłożu genetycznym, której patomechanizm nie został jeszcze w pełni poznany. Współczesne badania wskazują, że ból głowy w przypadku migreny jest spowodowany nieprawidłową aktywnością mózgu, wpływającą na przekazywanie sygnałów nerwowych, równowagę neuroprzekaźników oraz funkcjonowanie naczyń krwionośnych w mózgu12. W powstawaniu migreny istotną rolę odgrywają czynniki genetyczne oraz środowiskowe, które prawdopodobnie wpływają na wzbudzenie i hamowanie komórek nerwowych3.

Podłoże genetyczne

Migrena ma silny komponent genetyczny. Badania wykazują, że ryzyko wystąpienia migreny u krewnych osób cierpiących na migrenę jest około 3 razy wyższe niż u krewnych osób bez migreny4. Według niektórych danych, jeśli jedno z rodziców cierpi na migrenę, istnieje około 50% szans, że ich dziecko również będzie doświadczać migreny. Jeśli oboje rodzice cierpią na migrenę, szansa ta wzrasta nawet do 75-90%56.

Migrena jest dziedziczona jako cecha dominująca, co oznacza, że jeśli jeden członek rodziny na nią cierpi, potomstwo ma przynajmniej 50% szans na jej wystąpienie7. Genetyczna podstawa migreny jest jednak złożona, obejmuje wiele loci i genów, których specyficzna rola w patogenezie pozostaje niepewna8. Badania bliźniąt wskazują na 34-51% genetyczny wpływ na prawdopodobieństwo rozwoju migreny9.

Istnieją rzadkie zaburzenia genetyczne, które powodują migrenę. Jednym z nich jest rodzinna migrena hemiplegiczna (FHM), typ migreny z aurą, dziedziczony w sposób autosomalny dominujący10. Innym zaburzeniem genetycznym związanym z migreną jest zespół CADASIL (mózgowa autosomalnie dominująca arteriopatia z zawałami podkorowymi i leukoencefalopatią)1112.

Mechanizmy neuronalne i zmiany biochemiczne

Aktualne badania sugerują, że pierwotna dysfunkcja neuronalna prowadzi do sekwencji zmian wewnątrzczaszkowych i zewnątrzczaszkowych, które odpowiadają za migrenę, w tym cztery fazy: objawy prodromalne, aurę, ból głowy i postdrom13. W mózgu osoby z migreną dochodzi do pewnych specyficznych zmian neurochemicznych oraz elektrycznych.

Wcześniej popularna teoria naczyniowa migreny, sugerująca, że ból głowy był spowodowany rozszerzeniem naczyń krwionośnych, a aura migreny wynikała z ich skurczu, nie jest już uważana za zasadną14. Obecne badania wskazują, że napady migreny są prawdopodobnie wynikiem nieprawidłowej aktywności nerwowej wpływającej na uwalnianie neuroprzekaźników.

Układ trójdzielno-naczyniowy odgrywa kluczową rolę w patogenezie migreny. Nerw trójdzielny, który jest głównym nerwem czuciowym głowy i twarzy, oraz jego interakcje z pniem mózgu mogą być zaangażowane w powstawanie migreny15. Jedno z kluczowych zjawisk neurologicznych związanych z migreną to korowa depresja szerząca się (CSD), która jest falą nietypowej aktywności przemieszczającą się po mózgu, zmieniającą funkcje komórek mózgowych i naczyń krwionośnych16.

Aura migrenowa jest prawdopodobnie spowodowana zjawiskiem korowej depresji szerzącej się, które wiąże się z falą aktywności elektrycznej wpływającej na komórki nerwowe i naczynia krwionośne w mózgu17. To zjawisko prowadzi do uwolnienia dużych ilości neuroprzekaźnika glutaminianu, co przyczynia się do powstawania aury18.

Rola neuroprzekaźników

Badacze analizują rolę serotoniny w migrenie. Poziom serotoniny spada podczas napadów migreny, powodując, że układ trójdzielny uwalnia substancje zwane neuropeptydami, które wywołują ból głowy19. Inne neuroprzekaźniki również odgrywają rolę w bólu migrenowym, w tym peptyd związany z genem kalcytoniny (CGRP)20.

CGRP jest neuropeptydem, który jest uwalniany podczas migren i powoduje rozszerzenie naczyń krwionośnych w mózgu, zapalenie tkanek mózgowych oraz aktywację receptorów czuciowych w oponach mózgowych2122. Jest to kluczowy mediator zapalny, który przyczynia się do bólu migrenowego.

Zaburzenia równowagi neuroprzekaźników, takich jak serotonina, dopamina i CGRP, są związane z migreną23. Obecnie opracowywane są leki, które blokują działanie CGRP, co może być skuteczną metodą w leczeniu migreny24.

Czynniki hormonalne

Wahania poziomu hormonów, szczególnie estrogenu, są istotnym czynnikiem wpływającym na występowanie migreny, zwłaszcza u kobiet25. Zmiany hormonalne przed lub podczas miesiączki, w czasie ciąży czy menopauzy często wyzwalają ból głowy26.

Kobiety są trzy razy bardziej narażone na migreny niż mężczyźni2728. Uważa się, że zmiany hormonalne związane z cyklem miesiączkowym i menopauzą są jedną z głównych przyczyn tej dysproporcji29. Hormony płciowe mają głęboki wpływ na układ nerwowy, co może tłumaczyć dlaczego ciężar migreny jest ponoszony głównie przez kobiety30.

U kobiet z migreną napady bólu mogą rozpocząć się tuż przed lub krótko po wystąpieniu miesiączki. Mogą się również zmieniać w czasie ciąży lub menopauzy31. U wielu kobiet migrena ulega poprawie po menopauzie32, choć u niektórych menopauza może wyzwalać migrenę lub ją pogarszać33.

Czynniki środowiskowe i wyzwalające

Choć genetyczne predyspozycje stanowią podłoże migreny, czynniki środowiskowe mogą wyzwalać napady. Czynniki wyzwalające (tzw. triggery) różnią się między osobami, a znajomość własnych triggerów może pomóc w zmniejszeniu częstotliwości napadów34.

Badania wykazały, że około 76% pacjentów zgłasza występowanie konkretnych czynników wyzwalających35. Do najczęstszych należą:

  • Stres – wpływa na około 80% przypadków3637
  • Zmiany hormonalne – dotyczą około 65% przypadków podczas miesiączki, owulacji i ciąży38
  • Pomijanie posiłków – wpływa na 57% pacjentów39
  • Zmiany pogody – wpływają na 53% osób4041
  • Nadmiar lub niedobór snu – wpływa na 50% pacjentów4243

Inne istotne czynniki wyzwalające obejmują:

  • Silne bodźce sensoryczne – jasne lub migające światła, głośne dźwięki i silne zapachy4445
  • Czynniki dietetyczne – sery dojrzewające, alkohol (szczególnie czerwone wino), czekolada, owoce cytrusowe, żywność przetworzona i słona, oraz dodatki do żywności jak glutaminian monosodowy (MSG) i aspartam4647
  • Nadmierna aktywność fizyczna lub jej brak48
  • Substancje uzależniające jak kofeina czy tytoń49
  • Leki – niektóre środki nasenne, doustne środki antykoncepcyjne, hormonalna terapia zastępcza50

Urazy i schorzenia współistniejące

Urazy mózgu, takie jak te związane ze sportem, służbą wojskową, wypadkami samochodowymi, upadkami czy przemocą domową, mogą prowadzić do bólu głowy pourazowego, który może przekształcić się w migrenę51. Badania sugerują, że migrena może często rozwijać się po łagodnym urazie mózgu52.

Osoby cierpiące na migrenę częściej doświadczają problemów zdrowia psychicznego (takich jak depresja i lęk) oraz zaburzeń snu niż populacja ogólna53. Stres i zmęczenie również mogą wywoływać migrenę54.

Migreny występują częściej u osób z chorobami mitochondrialnymi, takimi jak MELAS (miopatia mitochondrialna, encefalopatia, kwasica mleczanowa i incydenty udaropodobne)55. Związek migrenowy obserwuje się także u osób z epilepsją, depresją, astmą, lękiem, udarem i niektórymi innymi zaburzeniami neurologicznymi i dziedzicznymi56.

Przyczyny fizjologiczne i neuroanatomiczne

Mózg osoby z migreną jest nadwrażliwy. Nadmiernie reaguje na bodźce, powodując falę aktywności mózgowej, która prowadzi do bólu głowy i innych objawów57. Pień mózgu jest złożonym skrzyżowaniem okablowania układu nerwowego u podstawy naszego mózgu, gdzie informacje zbierane z całego ciała gromadzą się w ważnych skupiskach ciał komórkowych zwanych jądrami58.

Kluczową częścią mózgu zaangażowaną w migreny jest podwzgórze. Badania wykazały, że podwzgórze może działać nieprawidłowo nawet do 48 godzin przed wystąpieniem bólu głowy migrenowego59. Proces powodujący migreny rozpoczyna się od sygnalizacji z podwzgórza do pnia mózgu, a następnie do nerwu czaszkowego piątego, który głównie zaopatruje obszary głowy i twarzy60.

Istnieje koncepcja progu migrenowego, która może pomóc wyjaśnić, dlaczego niektóre rzeczy wydają się wyzwalać atak migreny, ale nie zawsze. Osoby cierpiące na migrenę mają pewien próg neurologiczny, a gdy połączenie czynników wyzwalających przekracza ten próg, dochodzi do ataku6162.

Koncepcja progu migrenowego

Koncepcja progu migrenowego stanowi przydatny model w zrozumieniu, dlaczego u pacjentów z predyspozycją do migreny napady nie zawsze występują w podobnych sytuacjach63. Według tej teorii, każda osoba z migreną ma indywidualny próg wrażliwości, który gdy zostanie przekroczony, prowadzi do napadu migrenowego.

Ten próg może się zmieniać w czasie i zależy od licznych czynników, w tym stanu hormonalnego, poziomu stresu, zmęczenia czy nieprzespanej nocy64. Oznacza to, że pojedynczy czynnik wyzwalający może nie wystarczyć do wywołania migreny, ale kombinacja kilku czynników może przekroczyć indywidualny próg i spowodować atak65.

Na przykład, opuszczenie posiłku i mniej oczywiste czynniki, takie jak migające światło słoneczne lub brak snu, nie zawsze prowadzą do ataku. Jednak jeśli którykolwiek z tych czynników lub wszystkie są połączone z okresem stresu w pracy lub zmianami hormonalnymi, może dojść do ataku66.

Migrena jako choroba przewlekła

Migrena jest chorobą przewlekłą, charakteryzującą się nawracającymi atakami67. Choroba migrenowa może ewoluować od sporadycznych intensywnych zdarzeń do częstych, irytujących, czasami upośledzających objawy. Jednym z wyjaśnień jest to, że z każdym bólem głowy lub zdarzeniem migrenowym dochodzi do reakcji zapalnej68.

Migrena epizodyczna może czasami przekształcić się w migrenę przewlekłą69. Migrena przewlekła jest definiowana jako 15 lub więcej dni z bólem głowy o cechach migrenowych w miesiącu przez co najmniej trzy miesiące70.

Nadużywanie leków przeciwbólowych może prowadzić do migreny z odbicia (rebound migraine), co jest komplikacją migreny prowadzącą do uzależnienia, objawów odstawienia i codziennych przewlekłych migren71. Migreny z odbicia mogą być spowodowane odstawieniem leków, szczególnie tych zawierających kofeinę72.

Wpływ płci i wieku

Migrena może wystąpić u każdego w każdym wieku, od dzieci do dorosłych, jednak kobiety są bardziej narażone na migrenę niż mężczyźni73. Przed okresem dojrzewania chłopcy mają więcej migren niż dziewczęta. Ta proporcja zmienia się w okresie nastoletnim i do wieku 17 lat nawet 8% chłopców i 23% dziewcząt doświadczyło migreny74.

Migreny mogą rozpocząć się w dowolnym wieku, choć pierwsza często występuje w okresie dojrzewania. Migreny mają tendencję do nasilania się w wieku około 30 lat, a następnie stopniowo stają się mniej dotkliwe i mniej częste w kolejnych dekadach75. U około 90% osób z migreną pierwsze napady występują przed 40. rokiem życia76.

Migrena występuje najczęściej u osób w wieku 20-50 lat, choć do 10% dzieci również doświadcza bólów głowy migrenowych77. Szczególnie u kobiet, migrena może się zmieniać wraz z różnymi etapami życia, takimi jak okres dojrzewania, ciąża, czy menopauza78.

Współczesne rozumienie etiopatogenezy migreny

Obecnie migrena jest postrzegana jako złożone zaburzenie neurologiczne wynikające z wielu czynników. Akceptowana hipoteza sugeruje, że liczne pierwotne upośledzenia neuronalne prowadzą do serii zmian wewnątrzczaszkowych i zewnątrzczaszkowych, uruchamiających kaskadę fizjologiczną, która skutkuje objawami migreny79.

Główne elementy patofizjologii migreny obejmują:

  • Genetyczne predyspozycje, które wpływają na wrażliwość mózgu80
  • Aktywację układu trójdzielno-naczyniowego81
  • Uwalnianie neuroprzekaźników, szczególnie serotoniny i CGRP82
  • Zapalenie i rozszerzenie naczyń krwionośnych w oponach mózgowych83
  • Korową depresję szerzącą się, szczególnie w przypadku migreny z aurą84
  • Zmiany w aktywności elektrycznej mózgu85

Badania nad migreną stale ewoluują, a naukowcy pracują nad lepszym zrozumieniem jej złożonej natury. Identyfikacja genów u osób z migreną ma potencjał do przewidywania ukierunkowanych profilaktycznych metod leczenia86.

Chociaż bezpośrednia przyczyna migreny pozostaje nie do końca poznana, pogłębienie wiedzy na temat jej patofizjologii już doprowadziło do rozwoju nowych, bardziej ukierunkowanych terapii, takich jak przeciwciała monoklonalne przeciwko CGRP, które mogą zrewolucjonizować leczenie tej często wyniszczającej choroby87.

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  1. 11.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Migraine – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/symptoms-causes/syc-20360201
    Migraine is a genetic neurologic disease. […] Certainly genetic and environmental factors play a role in the development of migraine disease. […] Though migraine causes aren’t fully understood, genetics and environmental factors appear to play a role. […] Changes in the brainstem and its interactions with the trigeminal nerve, a major pain pathway, might be involved. […] Researchers are studying the role of serotonin in migraines. Other neurotransmitters play a role in the pain of migraine, including calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). […] Hormonal changes in women. Fluctuations in estrogen, such as before or during menstrual periods, pregnancy and menopause, seem to trigger headaches in many women. […] Stress at work or home can cause migraines. […] Bright or flashing lights can induce migraines, as can loud sounds. Strong smells such as perfume, paint thinner, secondhand smoke and others trigger migraines in some people.
  • #2 Migraine | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
    https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/migraine
    Migraine is a health condition that is more than just a bad headache. […] Current research shows that this head pain happens when there is abnormal activity among nerve signals, chemical signals, and blood vessels in the brain. […] Several factors can trigger a migraine attack or increase a person’s risk of having one. These factors vary from person to person, and include: […] Migraine is a genetic disorder, meaning most people with migraine have a family history of the disorder. […] Hormone changes that happen with the menstrual cycle or pregnancy seem to be one important cause of this disparity. […] Other migraine disparities exist. Native Americans are more likely to have migraine than other racial/ethnic groups. […] Living with a chronic medical condition can weigh on a person’s wellbeing and quality of life. People living with migraine more commonly experience mental health concerns (like depression and anxiety) and sleep disorders than the general population.
  • #3 Migraine – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migraine
    Migraine is believed to be caused by a mixture of environmental and genetic factors that influence the excitation and inhibition of nerve cells in the brain. […] The accepted hypothesis suggests that multiple primary neuronal impairments lead to a series of intracranial and extracranial changes, triggering a physiological cascade that leads to migraine symptomatology. […] The underlying cause of migraine is unknown. However, it is believed to be related to a mix of environmental and genetic factors. […] Migraine runs in families in about two-thirds of cases and rarely occur due to a single gene defect. […] Success of the surgical migraine treatment by decompression of extracranial sensory nerves adjacent to vessels suggests that people with migraine may have anatomical predisposition for neurovascular compression that may be caused by both intracranial and extracranial vasodilation due to migraine triggers.
  • #4 Migraine Headache – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560787/
    Understanding the etiology of migraine headaches is crucial for effective diagnosis and treatment. Migraines are believed to result from a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors. Research indicates that these headaches are linked to abnormal brain activity that affects nerve signals, chemicals, and blood vessels within the brain. […] Migraine has a strong genetic component, with the risk of migraines in affected relatives being 3 times greater than in relatives of unaffected individuals, although no specific inheritance pattern has been identified. […] The genetic basis of migraine is complex, involving multiple loci and genes whose specific roles in pathogenesis remain uncertain. […] Identifying these genes in individuals with migraines holds potential for predicting targeted prophylactic treatments.
  • #5 What Causes Migraines? – Migraine Symptoms | familydoctor.org
    https://familydoctor.org/condition/migraine/
    What causes migraines? Researchers do not yet understand all the factors that cause migraines. It appears they may be caused in part by changes in the level of a body chemical called serotonin. Serotonin plays many roles in the body and affects blood vessels. When serotonin levels are high, blood vessels constrict (shrink). When serotonin levels fall, the blood vessels dilate (swell). This swelling can cause pain or other problems. Another cause being studied is that migraine headaches go along with a spreading pattern of electrical activity in the brain. […] Some research suggests there could be a heredity factor for migraines, meaning they may run in families. Researchers have identified some genes associated with migraines. They are unsure why these genes impact some people more than others. The American Migraine Foundation reports that if one of your parents has migraines, there is a 50% chance that you will, too. If both of your parents have migraines, your chances jump up to 75%. Ultimately, migraines seem to be caused by a combination of factors: genetic, environmental, and lifestyle. […] Women are more likely to have chronic migraines (migraines that occur 15 days a month or more). This is likely linked to hormones. Hormones fluctuate each month around the time of your period. They can also fluctuate if you are pregnant or going through menopause.
  • #6
    https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/head-neck-nervous-system/Pages/Migraine-Headaches-in-Children.aspx
    Roughly 39 million people in the United States suffer from migraines. […] Recent research suggests that children who had colic as babies may be more prone to develop migraines. One study found children with migraines were seven times more likely to have been colicky infants. […] Migraines tend to run in families. If one parent has migraines, there is roughly 50% chance that their child will too. If both parents have them, the chance is close to 90%. […] Before puberty, boys have more migraines than girls. That flips in the teen years and by age 17, as many as 8% of boys and 23% of girls have had a migraine. For adults, migraines are more common in women. […] Irregular sleep schedules getting too much or too little sleep can be migraine triggers. So are changes in stress levels. […] Skipping meals and eating certain foods and additives can set off migraines. Common triggers include aged cheeses and meats, chocolate, citrus fruits, red and yellow food dyes, monosodium glutamate (MSG), and the artificial sweetener aspartame.
  • #7 An Expert Deciphers Causes, Triggers, and Risk Factors for Migraine — Migraine Again
    https://www.migraineagain.com/migraine-causes-migraine-triggers/
    Migraine is genetic: It is in your DNA. […] Migraine is inherited as a dominant trait, where if one family member has it, then there’s at least a 50 percent chance that offspring will have it. […] There is a very clear heritability of migraine that is greater for migraine with aura than for migraine without aura. […] Understanding the causes and triggers of migraine attacks and the difference between the two can make a significant difference in how we perceive and manage this debilitating condition. […] While triggers can vary from person to person, common factors such as changes in environment, hormones, stress levels, and sleep patterns can play a role in triggering migraine attacks. […] It is crucial to remember that migraine is not our fault. It is a genetic condition that we have inherited. […] Blaming ourselves or obsessing over triggers can only add unnecessary anxiety.
  • #8 Migraine Headache – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560787/
    Understanding the etiology of migraine headaches is crucial for effective diagnosis and treatment. Migraines are believed to result from a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors. Research indicates that these headaches are linked to abnormal brain activity that affects nerve signals, chemicals, and blood vessels within the brain. […] Migraine has a strong genetic component, with the risk of migraines in affected relatives being 3 times greater than in relatives of unaffected individuals, although no specific inheritance pattern has been identified. […] The genetic basis of migraine is complex, involving multiple loci and genes whose specific roles in pathogenesis remain uncertain. […] Identifying these genes in individuals with migraines holds potential for predicting targeted prophylactic treatments.
  • #9 Migraine – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migraine
    Studies of twins indicate a 34-51% genetic influence on the likelihood of developing migraine. […] It is clear from family and populations studies that migraine is a complex disorder, where numerous genetic risk variants exist, and where each variant increases the risk of migraine marginally. […] Single gene disorders that result in migraine are rare. […] One of these is known as familial hemiplegic migraine, a type of migraine with aura, which is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. […] Another genetic disorder associated with migraine is CADASIL syndrome or cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy. […] Migraine may be induced by triggers, with some reporting it as an influence in a minority of cases and others the majority.
  • #10 Migraine – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migraine
    Studies of twins indicate a 34-51% genetic influence on the likelihood of developing migraine. […] It is clear from family and populations studies that migraine is a complex disorder, where numerous genetic risk variants exist, and where each variant increases the risk of migraine marginally. […] Single gene disorders that result in migraine are rare. […] One of these is known as familial hemiplegic migraine, a type of migraine with aura, which is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. […] Another genetic disorder associated with migraine is CADASIL syndrome or cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy. […] Migraine may be induced by triggers, with some reporting it as an influence in a minority of cases and others the majority.
  • #11 Migraine – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migraine
    Studies of twins indicate a 34-51% genetic influence on the likelihood of developing migraine. […] It is clear from family and populations studies that migraine is a complex disorder, where numerous genetic risk variants exist, and where each variant increases the risk of migraine marginally. […] Single gene disorders that result in migraine are rare. […] One of these is known as familial hemiplegic migraine, a type of migraine with aura, which is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. […] Another genetic disorder associated with migraine is CADASIL syndrome or cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy. […] Migraine may be induced by triggers, with some reporting it as an influence in a minority of cases and others the majority.
  • #12 Migraine and stroke | Stroke Association
    https://www.stroke.org.uk/stroke/managing-risk/migraines-and-stroke
    Some health conditions are linked to migraine. For example, CADASIL (a rare genetic disorder), and the auto-immune conditions antiphospholipid syndrome and lupus, are linked to a higher risk of stroke, and people with these conditions are also more likely to have migraine. […] Migraine often runs in families, and if one or more close relatives experience migraine, it is more likely that you will too. […] Some people report various triggers that might lead to a migraine attack, including emotional, physical, hormonal, dietary, environmental, and medicines. […] The symptoms of some types of migraine can mimic stroke, such as hemiplegic migraine where there is weakness down one side. […] Migraine can sometimes be mistaken for a stroke caused by bleeding on the brain, called a subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH), which is often characterised by a sudden, very severe headache.
  • #13 Pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of migraine in adults – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathophysiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-migraine-in-adults
    Migraine is an episodic disorder, the centerpiece of which is a severe headache generally associated with nausea and/or light and sound sensitivity. It is one of the most common complaints encountered by neurologists in day-to-day practice. […] The current state of knowledge suggests that a primary neuronal dysfunction leads to a sequence of changes intracranially and extracranially that account for migraine, including the four phases of premonitory symptoms, aura, headache, and postdrome. […] The once-popular vascular theory of migraine, which suggested that migraine headache was caused by the dilatation of blood vessels while the aura of migraine resulted from vasoconstriction, is no longer considered viable. […] Cortical spreading depression — A causal association between migraine aura and headache is supported by evidence that both are linked to the phenomenon known as cortical spreading depression of Leão.
  • #14 Pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of migraine in adults – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathophysiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-migraine-in-adults
    Migraine is an episodic disorder, the centerpiece of which is a severe headache generally associated with nausea and/or light and sound sensitivity. It is one of the most common complaints encountered by neurologists in day-to-day practice. […] The current state of knowledge suggests that a primary neuronal dysfunction leads to a sequence of changes intracranially and extracranially that account for migraine, including the four phases of premonitory symptoms, aura, headache, and postdrome. […] The once-popular vascular theory of migraine, which suggested that migraine headache was caused by the dilatation of blood vessels while the aura of migraine resulted from vasoconstriction, is no longer considered viable. […] Cortical spreading depression — A causal association between migraine aura and headache is supported by evidence that both are linked to the phenomenon known as cortical spreading depression of Leão.
  • #15 Migraine – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/symptoms-causes/syc-20360201
    Migraine is a genetic neurologic disease. […] Certainly genetic and environmental factors play a role in the development of migraine disease. […] Though migraine causes aren’t fully understood, genetics and environmental factors appear to play a role. […] Changes in the brainstem and its interactions with the trigeminal nerve, a major pain pathway, might be involved. […] Researchers are studying the role of serotonin in migraines. Other neurotransmitters play a role in the pain of migraine, including calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). […] Hormonal changes in women. Fluctuations in estrogen, such as before or during menstrual periods, pregnancy and menopause, seem to trigger headaches in many women. […] Stress at work or home can cause migraines. […] Bright or flashing lights can induce migraines, as can loud sounds. Strong smells such as perfume, paint thinner, secondhand smoke and others trigger migraines in some people.
  • #16 Migraine Relief: Symptoms, Treatments, and Best Medications
    https://headacheaustralia.org.au/migraine/
    The cause of migraine aura, and its role in an attack, is still being researched. Only 25-30% of migraine patients experience aura, so doctors believe that its connection to the overall cause of migraine attacks is minimal. The most commonly accepted explanation of aura is that it occurs due to cortical spreading depression (CSD), which is a wave of atypical activity that moves across the brain, altering the function of brain cells and blood vessels. […] Despite understanding the neuro-chemical processes occurring during a migraine attack, it is unclear why some people experience migraine while others do not. Some risk factors exist, including: Family history. There is often a familial link with migraine, with one study showing that 90% of migraine patients have a family history of the condition.
  • #17 The Cause of Migraine: The Electrical and Chemical Sides of Migraine – Migraine Canada
    https://migrainecanada.org/the-cause-of-migraine-the-electrical-and-chemical-sides-of-migraine/
    Dive into the complex neurological roots of migraine. This article explores the genetic, electrical, and chemical components underlying migraine, illuminating their complex interactions within the brain. Migraine is a neurological disease, and it has many different mechanisms. We cannot just say X is the cause of migraine. We have to look at it like a puzzle with different pieces. Chemicals and proteins can trigger migraine attacks when injected into a person’s blood. For centuries, it was believed migraine was caused by the dilation of blood vessels. Treatments were aimed at constricting blood vessels to ease the migraine pain. Now we know the truth is more complicated. The dilation of the vessels may trigger an attack but may also be the consequence of the attack. CGRP (calcitonin gene related peptide) is one of the inflammatory substances that is involved in the migraine attack. CGRP dilates blood vessels and causes pain. Migraine aura is caused by cortical spreading depression (CSD), an electrical wave that alters neuron and blood vessel activity. Serotonin is low in the migraine brain between attacks, and spikes during the attack. The science of migraine has progressed significantly, uncovering the intricate workings of our brains.
  • #18 Migraine: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/migraine/
    Migraine is a type of headache that typically causes intense, throbbing pain usually in one area of the head. […] Migraines are thought to occur when blood flow in the brain is altered and certain nerves in the brain send abnormal pain signals throughout the head. These signals trigger the release of various brain chemicals (neurotransmitters) in the brain, which leads to inflammation, particularly of blood vessels and the membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord (meninges). This inflammation causes many of the signs and symptoms of a migraine, including the throbbing pain, nausea, and sensory sensitivities. However, it is unclear what leads to the abnormal nerve signaling. […] Auras are thought to be caused by abnormal nerve signaling and associated changes in blood flow that spread across the brain. Additionally, the release of large amounts of the neurotransmitter glutamate is thought to contribute to aura. The causes of these imbalances are unclear.
  • #19 What Is Migraine? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
    https://www.everydayhealth.com/migraine/guide/
    Migraine is not just a headache. Its a neurological disease that can be disabling. […] There are still gaps in doctors understanding of what causes migraine. However, some doctors describe the migraine brain as hyperactive, or supersensitive, by which they mean that the brain of someone with migraine reacts more strongly to environmental stimuli such as stress or sleep disturbance than the brain of someone who doesnt have migraine, resulting in the symptoms known as a migraine attack. […] The exact cause of migraine remains unknown. Research suggests that genetic and environmental factors may play a role. […] Studies have linked changes in the brain stem and the trigeminal nerve, which mediates pain, to migraine. […] Chemical imbalances in the brain may also be involved. […] Research has found that serotonin levels drop during migraine attacks, causing the trigeminal system to release substances called neuropeptides, which cause headache pain.
  • #20 Migraine – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/symptoms-causes/syc-20360201
    Migraine is a genetic neurologic disease. […] Certainly genetic and environmental factors play a role in the development of migraine disease. […] Though migraine causes aren’t fully understood, genetics and environmental factors appear to play a role. […] Changes in the brainstem and its interactions with the trigeminal nerve, a major pain pathway, might be involved. […] Researchers are studying the role of serotonin in migraines. Other neurotransmitters play a role in the pain of migraine, including calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). […] Hormonal changes in women. Fluctuations in estrogen, such as before or during menstrual periods, pregnancy and menopause, seem to trigger headaches in many women. […] Stress at work or home can cause migraines. […] Bright or flashing lights can induce migraines, as can loud sounds. Strong smells such as perfume, paint thinner, secondhand smoke and others trigger migraines in some people.
  • #21 What exactly causes migraines? | Bangkok International Hospital (Brain x Bone)
    https://www.bangkokinternationalhospital.com/health-articles/disease-treatment/what-causes-migraines
    The process causing migraines begins with signaling from the hypothalamus to the brain stem, then to the fifth cranial nerve, which primarily supplies the head and face areas. When these nerve endings are stimulated, substances like CGRP (Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide) and PACAP (Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide) are released around the nerve endings in the brains blood vessels, causing inflammation and dilation of blood vessels, as well as increasing pain signals. […] Migraines are complex and significantly impact the quality of life for patients. Understanding the causes and managing migraine symptoms is crucial to help patients handle this condition effectively.
  • #22 Migraine: Medications, Symptoms, Types, Treatment & Causes
    https://www.medicinenet.com/migraine/article.htm
    Migraine headache is a result of specific changes within the brain. It causes severe head pain that is often accompanied by sensitivity to light, sound, or smells. […] While the specific cause of migraines is not known, changes in neurotransmitter levels within the brain are thought to influence migraine pain. Over the past several years, the impact of CGRP, or calcitonin gene-related protein, has been recognized. Although located throughout the body, this neuropeptide is involved in the dilation of the blood vessels of the brain, inflammation of brain tissues, and trigger of sensory receptors in the meninges (covering of the brain) during a migraine attack. […] The specific cause of migraines is not known, but there may be fluctuations in certain neurotransmitters, which are chemicals that send messages between brain cells. These changes may predispose some people to develop migraine headaches.
  • #23 What Causes Migraines? | Carolina Brain Center
    https://www.carolinabraincenter.com/what-causes-migraines-understanding-the-migraine-brain-connection/
    Imbalances in neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) have been associated with migraines. […] One significant aspect of migraines involves the trigeminal nerve, a cranial nerve responsible for transmitting sensory information from the face to the brain. […] Another key neurological phenomenon implicated in migraines is cortical spreading depression (CSD). […] This classification of migraines underscores the need for specialized neurological approaches in their management and treatment.
  • #24 Migraine | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
    https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/migraine
    Several medicines used to treat migraine target a chemical called serotonin in the brain. Serotonin has been shown to be lower in people with migraine. […] Medicines may also target a protein called calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), which plays a role in how people feel pain. […] Scientists funded by NINDS are identifying and testing new medicines and other treatment options. This includes potential medicines that block the action of the kappa opioid receptor in the brain, which is linked to stress—a trigger of migraine attacks. […] Other NIH-funded research investigates how to relieve migraine headache without medicines.
  • #25 Migraine – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/symptoms-causes/syc-20360201
    Migraine is a genetic neurologic disease. […] Certainly genetic and environmental factors play a role in the development of migraine disease. […] Though migraine causes aren’t fully understood, genetics and environmental factors appear to play a role. […] Changes in the brainstem and its interactions with the trigeminal nerve, a major pain pathway, might be involved. […] Researchers are studying the role of serotonin in migraines. Other neurotransmitters play a role in the pain of migraine, including calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). […] Hormonal changes in women. Fluctuations in estrogen, such as before or during menstrual periods, pregnancy and menopause, seem to trigger headaches in many women. […] Stress at work or home can cause migraines. […] Bright or flashing lights can induce migraines, as can loud sounds. Strong smells such as perfume, paint thinner, secondhand smoke and others trigger migraines in some people.
  • #26 Migraine – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/symptoms-causes/syc-20360201
    Migraine is a genetic neurologic disease. […] Certainly genetic and environmental factors play a role in the development of migraine disease. […] Though migraine causes aren’t fully understood, genetics and environmental factors appear to play a role. […] Changes in the brainstem and its interactions with the trigeminal nerve, a major pain pathway, might be involved. […] Researchers are studying the role of serotonin in migraines. Other neurotransmitters play a role in the pain of migraine, including calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). […] Hormonal changes in women. Fluctuations in estrogen, such as before or during menstrual periods, pregnancy and menopause, seem to trigger headaches in many women. […] Stress at work or home can cause migraines. […] Bright or flashing lights can induce migraines, as can loud sounds. Strong smells such as perfume, paint thinner, secondhand smoke and others trigger migraines in some people.
  • #27 Migraine – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/symptoms-causes/syc-20360201
    A change of weather or barometric pressure can prompt a migraine. […] Aged cheeses and salty and processed foods might trigger migraines. So might skipping meals. […] If you have a family member with migraines, then you have a good chance of developing them too. […] Migraines can begin at any age, though the first often occurs during adolescence. Migraines tend to peak during your 30s, and gradually become less severe and less frequent in the following decades. […] Women are three times more likely than men to have migraines. […] For women who have migraines, headaches might begin just before or shortly after onset of menstruation. They might also change during pregnancy or menopause. Migraines generally improve after menopause.
  • #28 Migraine: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Triggers, and More
    https://www.healthline.com/health/migraine
    Migraine is a neurological condition that typically causes painful headache attacks that occur with additional symptoms, such as sensitivity to light, sound, smell, or touch. […] Researchers haven’t identified a definitive cause for migraine. But experts believe a combination of genetics, hormones, and irregular brain activity all play a role. These factors likely contribute to affecting nerve signaling, chemicals, and blood vessels in the brain. […] Migraine affects about 14% to 15% of the global population and can affect anyone. However, because of the role of genetics and hormones, some people are more at risk. […] For example, migraine tends to run in families. […] Women are also three to four times more likely than men to experience migraine. […] Migraine most commonly affects people between the ages of 20 and 50, though up to 10% of children experience migraine headaches as well.
  • #29 Migraine | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
    https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/migraine
    Migraine is a health condition that is more than just a bad headache. […] Current research shows that this head pain happens when there is abnormal activity among nerve signals, chemical signals, and blood vessels in the brain. […] Several factors can trigger a migraine attack or increase a person’s risk of having one. These factors vary from person to person, and include: […] Migraine is a genetic disorder, meaning most people with migraine have a family history of the disorder. […] Hormone changes that happen with the menstrual cycle or pregnancy seem to be one important cause of this disparity. […] Other migraine disparities exist. Native Americans are more likely to have migraine than other racial/ethnic groups. […] Living with a chronic medical condition can weigh on a person’s wellbeing and quality of life. People living with migraine more commonly experience mental health concerns (like depression and anxiety) and sleep disorders than the general population.
  • #30 Causes of Migraine | What Is The Trigeminal Nerve?
    https://www.migrainedisorders.org/migraine-disorders/migraine-causes/
    The final concept is that sex hormones have a profound effect on our nervous system. Migraine is a burden on work productivity, relationships and personal enjoyment of life and it is borne most heavily by women. […] It is estimated that between 30% to 90% of traumatic injuries to the brain, such as those from sports, military service, car accidents, falls and domestic violence, result in post-traumatic headache.
  • #31 Migraine – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/symptoms-causes/syc-20360201
    A change of weather or barometric pressure can prompt a migraine. […] Aged cheeses and salty and processed foods might trigger migraines. So might skipping meals. […] If you have a family member with migraines, then you have a good chance of developing them too. […] Migraines can begin at any age, though the first often occurs during adolescence. Migraines tend to peak during your 30s, and gradually become less severe and less frequent in the following decades. […] Women are three times more likely than men to have migraines. […] For women who have migraines, headaches might begin just before or shortly after onset of menstruation. They might also change during pregnancy or menopause. Migraines generally improve after menopause.
  • #32 Migraine – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/symptoms-causes/syc-20360201
    A change of weather or barometric pressure can prompt a migraine. […] Aged cheeses and salty and processed foods might trigger migraines. So might skipping meals. […] If you have a family member with migraines, then you have a good chance of developing them too. […] Migraines can begin at any age, though the first often occurs during adolescence. Migraines tend to peak during your 30s, and gradually become less severe and less frequent in the following decades. […] Women are three times more likely than men to have migraines. […] For women who have migraines, headaches might begin just before or shortly after onset of menstruation. They might also change during pregnancy or menopause. Migraines generally improve after menopause.
  • #33
    https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/migraine/causes/
    We do not know the exact causes of migraine, but they may include: […] your genes – around half of people who have migraine have a close relative with the condition. […] Triggers do not cause migraine attacks. But if you have migraine, certain things may make a migraine attack more likely to happen. […] Lower oestrogen levels may make migraine attacks more likely to happen. […] Many women find their migraines improve after menopause. But menopause can trigger migraines or make them worse in some women. […] Migraine attacks can happen during or after times of strong emotions. […] Migraine attacks can happen if something affects your sleep or routine, such as: […] Different types of tension in your body can trigger a migraine attack, such as: […] Certain foods or how you eat can trigger a migraine attack, such as: […] If you have migraine, you may be more sensitive to light, sound or smells. […] Medicines that may trigger a migraine attack include:
  • #34 Migraine Triggers
    https://www.migrainedisorders.org/migraine-disorders/migraine-triggers/
    Specific internal or external stimuli may provoke a migraine attack in people with migraine disease. We call these stimuli triggers. They’re not the underlying cause of migraine, but they may trigger the cascade of neurological events that leads to a migraine attack. […] Some people with migraine disease can reduce the number of attacks they get by identifying their triggers, avoiding the triggers that can be avoided, and preparing for the triggers they can’t avoid. […] Once you have at least several weeks of records, you might notice that specific environmental factors, physiological factors, or eating certain foods preceded some of your attacks. […] Dr. Michael Teixido, a neurotologist from Delaware and Vice President of the Association of Migraine Disorders, discusses how the brain of people with migraine disease is hyper-sensitive. He also talks about how the different types of migraine triggers work to cause a migraine attack.
  • #35 Migraine Headache – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560787/
    Withdrawal or exposure to several factors contributes to the development of migraine headaches. […] A retrospective study found that 76% of the patients reported triggers. […] Some factors are probable contributors, while others are possible or unproven. These factors include: Stress affecting 80% of cases (probable factor), Hormonal changes in 65% of cases during menstruation, ovulation, and pregnancy (probable factor), Skipped meals, 57% of patients (probable factor), Weather changes affecting 53% of individuals (probable factor), Excessive or insufficient sleep affecting 50% of patients (possible factor).
  • #36 Migraine Headache – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560787/
    Withdrawal or exposure to several factors contributes to the development of migraine headaches. […] A retrospective study found that 76% of the patients reported triggers. […] Some factors are probable contributors, while others are possible or unproven. These factors include: Stress affecting 80% of cases (probable factor), Hormonal changes in 65% of cases during menstruation, ovulation, and pregnancy (probable factor), Skipped meals, 57% of patients (probable factor), Weather changes affecting 53% of individuals (probable factor), Excessive or insufficient sleep affecting 50% of patients (possible factor).
  • #37 Migraine Causes: Triggers and Risk Factors
    https://www.webmd.com/migraines-headaches/migraines-causes
    Hormonal changes. Shifts in the hormone estrogen can bring on migraines in women. […] Emotional stress. This is one of the most common migraine triggers. […] Certain foods. Salty, processed foods and aged cheeses like blue cheese are known triggers. […] Skipping meals. If you miss a meal, your blood sugar could drop, triggering a headache. […] Alcohol and caffeine. Do you ever get a raging headache after that glass of wine? Alcoholic drinks and drinks high in caffeine can be migraine triggers. […] Sensory overload. Bright lights, loud sounds, and strong smells can bring on these headaches in some people. […] Changes in your sleep pattern. If you get too much or too little sleep, you may get a migraine. […] Physical strain. An intense workout, like heavy exercise or even sex, can cause a migraine.
  • #38 Migraine Headache – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560787/
    Withdrawal or exposure to several factors contributes to the development of migraine headaches. […] A retrospective study found that 76% of the patients reported triggers. […] Some factors are probable contributors, while others are possible or unproven. These factors include: Stress affecting 80% of cases (probable factor), Hormonal changes in 65% of cases during menstruation, ovulation, and pregnancy (probable factor), Skipped meals, 57% of patients (probable factor), Weather changes affecting 53% of individuals (probable factor), Excessive or insufficient sleep affecting 50% of patients (possible factor).
  • #39 Migraine Headache – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560787/
    Withdrawal or exposure to several factors contributes to the development of migraine headaches. […] A retrospective study found that 76% of the patients reported triggers. […] Some factors are probable contributors, while others are possible or unproven. These factors include: Stress affecting 80% of cases (probable factor), Hormonal changes in 65% of cases during menstruation, ovulation, and pregnancy (probable factor), Skipped meals, 57% of patients (probable factor), Weather changes affecting 53% of individuals (probable factor), Excessive or insufficient sleep affecting 50% of patients (possible factor).
  • #40 Migraine Headache – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560787/
    Withdrawal or exposure to several factors contributes to the development of migraine headaches. […] A retrospective study found that 76% of the patients reported triggers. […] Some factors are probable contributors, while others are possible or unproven. These factors include: Stress affecting 80% of cases (probable factor), Hormonal changes in 65% of cases during menstruation, ovulation, and pregnancy (probable factor), Skipped meals, 57% of patients (probable factor), Weather changes affecting 53% of individuals (probable factor), Excessive or insufficient sleep affecting 50% of patients (possible factor).
  • #41 Migraine Causes: Triggers and Risk Factors
    https://www.webmd.com/migraines-headaches/migraines-causes
    Changes in weather. This is a big trigger. So is a change in the overall air pressure. […] If you have migraines and take medications for them more than 10 days in a month, you may be setting yourself up for whats called a rebound headache. Your doctor will probably call it a medication overuse headache.
  • #42 Migraine Headache – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560787/
    Withdrawal or exposure to several factors contributes to the development of migraine headaches. […] A retrospective study found that 76% of the patients reported triggers. […] Some factors are probable contributors, while others are possible or unproven. These factors include: Stress affecting 80% of cases (probable factor), Hormonal changes in 65% of cases during menstruation, ovulation, and pregnancy (probable factor), Skipped meals, 57% of patients (probable factor), Weather changes affecting 53% of individuals (probable factor), Excessive or insufficient sleep affecting 50% of patients (possible factor).
  • #43 Migraine Causes: Triggers and Risk Factors
    https://www.webmd.com/migraines-headaches/migraines-causes
    Hormonal changes. Shifts in the hormone estrogen can bring on migraines in women. […] Emotional stress. This is one of the most common migraine triggers. […] Certain foods. Salty, processed foods and aged cheeses like blue cheese are known triggers. […] Skipping meals. If you miss a meal, your blood sugar could drop, triggering a headache. […] Alcohol and caffeine. Do you ever get a raging headache after that glass of wine? Alcoholic drinks and drinks high in caffeine can be migraine triggers. […] Sensory overload. Bright lights, loud sounds, and strong smells can bring on these headaches in some people. […] Changes in your sleep pattern. If you get too much or too little sleep, you may get a migraine. […] Physical strain. An intense workout, like heavy exercise or even sex, can cause a migraine.
  • #44 Migraine – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/symptoms-causes/syc-20360201
    Migraine is a genetic neurologic disease. […] Certainly genetic and environmental factors play a role in the development of migraine disease. […] Though migraine causes aren’t fully understood, genetics and environmental factors appear to play a role. […] Changes in the brainstem and its interactions with the trigeminal nerve, a major pain pathway, might be involved. […] Researchers are studying the role of serotonin in migraines. Other neurotransmitters play a role in the pain of migraine, including calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). […] Hormonal changes in women. Fluctuations in estrogen, such as before or during menstrual periods, pregnancy and menopause, seem to trigger headaches in many women. […] Stress at work or home can cause migraines. […] Bright or flashing lights can induce migraines, as can loud sounds. Strong smells such as perfume, paint thinner, secondhand smoke and others trigger migraines in some people.
  • #45 Migraine: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Triggers, and More
    https://www.healthline.com/health/migraine
    More than three-quarters of people with migraine report that something triggers their migraine attacks. These could be things in their diet, changes in their environment, or other events. […] While migraine triggers can be very personal, commonly reported triggers include: bright lights, severe heat, or other extremes in weather, dehydration, changes in barometric pressure, hormone changes in people assigned female at birth, like estrogen and progesterone fluctuations during menstruation, pregnancy, or menopause, excess stress, loud sounds, intense physical activity, skipping meals, changes in sleep patterns, use of certain medications, like oral contraceptives or nitroglycerin, unusual smells, certain foods, smoking, alcohol use, traveling. […] If you experience a migraine attack, a doctor may ask you to keep a headache journal. Writing down what you were doing, what foods you ate, and what medications you took before your migraine attack began can help identify your triggers.
  • #46 Migraine – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/symptoms-causes/syc-20360201
    A change of weather or barometric pressure can prompt a migraine. […] Aged cheeses and salty and processed foods might trigger migraines. So might skipping meals. […] If you have a family member with migraines, then you have a good chance of developing them too. […] Migraines can begin at any age, though the first often occurs during adolescence. Migraines tend to peak during your 30s, and gradually become less severe and less frequent in the following decades. […] Women are three times more likely than men to have migraines. […] For women who have migraines, headaches might begin just before or shortly after onset of menstruation. They might also change during pregnancy or menopause. Migraines generally improve after menopause.
  • #47 Migraine: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
    https://www.webmd.com/migraines-headaches/migraines-headaches-migraines
    […] […] Migraine trigger foods […] Some foods and drinks, such as aged cheeses, alcohol, chocolate, and beans, have been linked to migraine attacks. So have food additives like nitrates (in pepperoni, hot dogs, and lunch meats), monosodium glutamate, and the artificial sweetener aspartame. There’s little solid research on this, so your best bet may be to keep a food diary to see whether any foods or drinks seem to trigger your headaches. […] Foods or drinks that contain caffeine, such as coffee and tea, can trigger headaches for some people. Either having too much caffeine or not having as much as you’re used to can cause an attack. Caffeine itself can be a treatment for headaches.
  • #48 Migraine: What It Is, Types, Causes, Symptoms & Treatments
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5005-migraine-headaches
    A migraine is much more than a bad headache. […] Researchers arent sure of the exact cause of migraines, but studies show genetics play a role. […] When you have a headache, specific nerves in your blood vessels send pain signals to your brain. This releases inflammatory substances into your heads nerves and blood vessels. Its unclear why your nerves do that. […] A trigger is something that causes symptoms to start. Some of the most common migraine triggers include: Stress. Hormonal changes. Certain medications. Changes to your sleep. Weather condition changes. Too much physical activity (overexertion). Addictive substances like caffeine or tobacco. Missing a meal. Exposure to bright lights, loud noises or strong odors. […] Yes, migraines tend to run in biological families. Up to 80% of people with migraines have a first-degree biological relative with the condition.
  • #49 Migraine: What It Is, Types, Causes, Symptoms & Treatments
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5005-migraine-headaches
    A migraine is much more than a bad headache. […] Researchers arent sure of the exact cause of migraines, but studies show genetics play a role. […] When you have a headache, specific nerves in your blood vessels send pain signals to your brain. This releases inflammatory substances into your heads nerves and blood vessels. Its unclear why your nerves do that. […] A trigger is something that causes symptoms to start. Some of the most common migraine triggers include: Stress. Hormonal changes. Certain medications. Changes to your sleep. Weather condition changes. Too much physical activity (overexertion). Addictive substances like caffeine or tobacco. Missing a meal. Exposure to bright lights, loud noises or strong odors. […] Yes, migraines tend to run in biological families. Up to 80% of people with migraines have a first-degree biological relative with the condition.
  • #50 Migraine: Symptoms, causes, treatment, and more
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/148373
    Some people may find certain medications a triggering factor, such as: sleeping pills, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), some birth control pills. […] Various environmental factors can potentially trigger migraine, including: flickering screens, strong smells, secondhand smoke, loud noises, humidity, stuffy rooms, temperature changes, bright lights. […] Some other possible triggers include: tiredness, a lack of sleep, shoulder and neck tension, poor posture, physical overexertion, low blood sugar, jet lag, irregular mealtimes, dehydration. […] Avoiding triggers, when possible, may help reduce the frequency of migraine episodes.
  • #51 Causes of Migraine | What Is The Trigeminal Nerve?
    https://www.migrainedisorders.org/migraine-disorders/migraine-causes/
    The final concept is that sex hormones have a profound effect on our nervous system. Migraine is a burden on work productivity, relationships and personal enjoyment of life and it is borne most heavily by women. […] It is estimated that between 30% to 90% of traumatic injuries to the brain, such as those from sports, military service, car accidents, falls and domestic violence, result in post-traumatic headache.
  • #52 Migraine – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/headache/migraine
    Migraine is the most common cause of recurrent moderate to severe headache; 1-year prevalence is 18% for women and 6% for men in the United States. […] Evidence suggests that migraine may frequently develop after mild traumatic brain injury. […] Migraine is thought to be a neurovascular pain syndrome with altered central neuronal processing and involvement of the trigeminovascular system. […] Many potential migraine triggers have been identified; they include drinking red wine, skipping meals, excessive afferent stimuli, weather changes, sleep deprivation, stress, hormonal factors, and certain foods. […] Head trauma, neck pain, or temporomandibular joint dysfunction sometimes triggers or exacerbates migraine. […] Fluctuating estrogen levels are a potent migraine trigger. […] Familial hemiplegic migraine, a rare subtype of migraine, is associated with genetic defects on chromosomes 1, 2, and 19. […] The role of genes in the more common forms of migraine is under study. […] Monoclonal antibodies and gepants that are used to prevent migraines block the activation of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), which can precipitate migraines.
  • #53 Migraine | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
    https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/migraine
    Migraine is a health condition that is more than just a bad headache. […] Current research shows that this head pain happens when there is abnormal activity among nerve signals, chemical signals, and blood vessels in the brain. […] Several factors can trigger a migraine attack or increase a person’s risk of having one. These factors vary from person to person, and include: […] Migraine is a genetic disorder, meaning most people with migraine have a family history of the disorder. […] Hormone changes that happen with the menstrual cycle or pregnancy seem to be one important cause of this disparity. […] Other migraine disparities exist. Native Americans are more likely to have migraine than other racial/ethnic groups. […] Living with a chronic medical condition can weigh on a person’s wellbeing and quality of life. People living with migraine more commonly experience mental health concerns (like depression and anxiety) and sleep disorders than the general population.
  • #54 Migraine Information | Mount Sinai – New York
    https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/migraine
    A migraine headache is caused by abnormal brain activity. This activity can be triggered by many things. But the exact chain of events remains unclear. Most medical experts believe the attack begins in the brain and involves nerve pathways and chemicals. The changes affect blood flow in the brain and surrounding tissues. […] Migraine attacks may be triggered by any of the following: Caffeine withdrawal, Changes in hormone levels during a woman’s menstrual cycle or with the use of birth control pills, Changes in sleep patterns, such as not getting enough sleep, Drinking alcohol, Exercise or other physical stress, Loud noises or bright lights, Missed meals, Odors or perfumes, Smoking or exposure to smoke, Stress and anxiety. […] True migraine headaches are not a result of a brain tumor or other serious medical problem. Only your health care provider can determine if your symptoms are due to a migraine disorder or other condition.
  • #55 Migraine Headache: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1142556-overview
    Various precipitants of migraine events have been identified, as follows: Hormonal changes, such as those accompanying menstruation (common), pregnancy, and ovulation; Stress; Excessive or insufficient sleep; Medications (eg, vasodilators, oral contraceptives); Smoking; Exposure to bright or fluorescent lighting; Strong odors (eg, perfumes, colognes, petroleum distillates); Head trauma; Weather changes; Motion sickness; Cold stimulus (eg, ice cream headaches); Lack of exercise; Fasting or skipping meals; Red wine. […] Migraine occurs with increased frequency in patients with mitochondrial disorders, such as MELAS (mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and strokelike episodes). CADASIL (cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy) is a genetic disorder that causes migraine with aura, strokes before the age of 60, progressive cognitive dysfunction, and behavioral changes. […] However, recent genome-wide association studies have suggested 4 regions in which single-nucleotide polymorphisms influence the risk of developing migraine headache.
  • #56 Migraine Headaches: Symptoms, Causes & Treatments
    https://twincitiespainclinic.com/migraine-headaches-symptoms-causes-treatments/
    Migraine is a headache with intense throbbing pain that is usually worse on one side of the head. […] The exact cause of migraines is still not well understood, but the problem is thought to be neurological (related to the nervous system). It is believed that brain chemicals, blood vessels, and nerves within the brain are involved. […] While migraines can start all on their own, there are some common triggers that can set them off as well. […] Experts believe gene mutations that affect certain areas of the brain may be the source of migraines. […] Migraines are also more common among those with epilepsy, depression, asthma, anxiety, stroke and some other neurological and hereditary disorders. […] Women are three times more likely to have migraines than men. […] Migraines most often strike between the ages of 20 and 60.
  • #57 Causes of Migraine | What Is The Trigeminal Nerve?
    https://www.migrainedisorders.org/migraine-disorders/migraine-causes/
    The nervous system of a person with migraine is hypersensitive. It overreacts to stimuli causing a wave of brain activity that leads to a headache and other symptoms. […] The majority of people with migraine are born with a hypersensitive nervous system. It is clear that migraine disease runs in families, but the details of the genetics have been difficult to figure out because it is not associated with just one or two gene mutations. […] The brainstem is a complex intersection of nervous system wiring at the base of our brain. It is here that information collected from all over our bodies congregate in important clusters of cell bodies called nuclei. […] Migraine illness can evolve from an occasional intense event to one of frequent annoying, sometimes debilitating symptoms. One explanation is that with each migraine headache or event, there is an inflammatory reaction.
  • #58 Causes of Migraine | What Is The Trigeminal Nerve?
    https://www.migrainedisorders.org/migraine-disorders/migraine-causes/
    The nervous system of a person with migraine is hypersensitive. It overreacts to stimuli causing a wave of brain activity that leads to a headache and other symptoms. […] The majority of people with migraine are born with a hypersensitive nervous system. It is clear that migraine disease runs in families, but the details of the genetics have been difficult to figure out because it is not associated with just one or two gene mutations. […] The brainstem is a complex intersection of nervous system wiring at the base of our brain. It is here that information collected from all over our bodies congregate in important clusters of cell bodies called nuclei. […] Migraine illness can evolve from an occasional intense event to one of frequent annoying, sometimes debilitating symptoms. One explanation is that with each migraine headache or event, there is an inflammatory reaction.
  • #59 What exactly causes migraines? | Bangkok International Hospital (Brain x Bone)
    https://www.bangkokinternationalhospital.com/health-articles/disease-treatment/what-causes-migraines
    Migraine is a type of headache disorder that is complex and has multiple factors that can trigger symptoms. Although the exact cause is currently unknown, studies and research have shown that migraine is related to abnormal brain functions in several areas. […] Genetic factors play a significant role in making the brain more sensitive to stimuli than usual. When the brain is stimulated by external factors such as sudden weather changes (hot, cold, rain), sunlight, loud sounds, or internal body factors such as hormonal changes during menstrual cycles, lack of sufficient sleep, stress, or fasting, these factors can disrupt brain function and cause migraines. […] The key brain part involved in migraines is the hypothalamus. Studies have shown that the hypothalamus can malfunction up to 48 hours before the migraine headache occurs.
  • #60 What exactly causes migraines? | Bangkok International Hospital (Brain x Bone)
    https://www.bangkokinternationalhospital.com/health-articles/disease-treatment/what-causes-migraines
    The process causing migraines begins with signaling from the hypothalamus to the brain stem, then to the fifth cranial nerve, which primarily supplies the head and face areas. When these nerve endings are stimulated, substances like CGRP (Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide) and PACAP (Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide) are released around the nerve endings in the brains blood vessels, causing inflammation and dilation of blood vessels, as well as increasing pain signals. […] Migraines are complex and significantly impact the quality of life for patients. Understanding the causes and managing migraine symptoms is crucial to help patients handle this condition effectively.
  • #61 Migraine Headache | What Causes a Migraine Headache
    https://bellaireneurology.com/headaches/migraine-causesmig-ha.html
    What causes a migraine headache? Understanding where migraine pain comes from does not explain why someone gets migraines in the first place. […] There is evidence that there is a portion of the brain where migraine headaches generate or begin. […] A practical way to think about why someone has a migraine on any particular day is the concept of a migraine threshold. […] If they cross over their threshold, a migraine is triggered and the events leading to neurogenic inflammation occur.
  • #62 Migraine Triggers and Causes List – MigrainePal
    https://migrainepal.com/triggers-causes/
    Are migraine triggers and causes the same thing? No. […] Migraine triggers can be anything that causes or contributes to a migraine. […] Migraine causes are the reason why an individual experiences migraine in the first place. […] Causes: Are often genetic. The susceptibility of migraine is passed from parent(s) to child. […] They are also environmental. For example, significant head injury, concussion or whiplash can bring on migraine. […] Other environmental or lifestyle factors may also contribute to the presence of migraine. […] Poor diet, chronic lack of sleep, lack of exercise, high stress, and physical abuse for example may be factors in the cause of migraine. […] This explains why you do not always get a migraine attack in similar situations – perhaps your threshold fluctuates or the number or importance of triggers varies.
  • #63 Migraine Triggers and Causes List – MigrainePal
    https://migrainepal.com/triggers-causes/
    Are migraine triggers and causes the same thing? No. […] Migraine triggers can be anything that causes or contributes to a migraine. […] Migraine causes are the reason why an individual experiences migraine in the first place. […] Causes: Are often genetic. The susceptibility of migraine is passed from parent(s) to child. […] They are also environmental. For example, significant head injury, concussion or whiplash can bring on migraine. […] Other environmental or lifestyle factors may also contribute to the presence of migraine. […] Poor diet, chronic lack of sleep, lack of exercise, high stress, and physical abuse for example may be factors in the cause of migraine. […] This explains why you do not always get a migraine attack in similar situations – perhaps your threshold fluctuates or the number or importance of triggers varies.
  • #64 Migraine Triggers | Causes Of Migraine
    https://migrainefoundation.org.nz/about-migraine/migraine-triggers/
    While the exact cause of migraine remains the subject of ongoing research, certain triggers can set off migraine attacks. […] Most migraine triggers relate to changes in the external environment or within the body itself. […] However, every person with migraine has different triggers. […] Another complication is that many factors thought to be triggers are actually part of the prodromal phase of migraine, so may be a warning sign and not the cause of an attack. […] The idea of a migraine threshold can help explain why a some things appear to trigger a migraine attack but not always. […] This can make it difficult to identify the definitive cause of an attack. […] An individuals threshold can also change over time. […] It can sometimes be difficult to tell if something is really a trigger, or if what youre experiencing is an early symptom of a migraine attack.
  • #65 Migraine Triggers and Causes List – MigrainePal
    https://migrainepal.com/triggers-causes/
    Consequently, missing a meal and less obvious triggers such as flickering sunlight or a lack of sleep do not always bring on an attack. […] However, if any or all of these are combined with a period of stress at work or hormone changes an attack may occur. […] Medication overuse is a complication of migraine which can lead to dependency, withdrawals, and daily chronic migraines. […] Rebound migraines can be caused by medication withdrawals, particularly those with caffeine.
  • #66 Migraine Triggers and Causes List – MigrainePal
    https://migrainepal.com/triggers-causes/
    Consequently, missing a meal and less obvious triggers such as flickering sunlight or a lack of sleep do not always bring on an attack. […] However, if any or all of these are combined with a period of stress at work or hormone changes an attack may occur. […] Medication overuse is a complication of migraine which can lead to dependency, withdrawals, and daily chronic migraines. […] Rebound migraines can be caused by medication withdrawals, particularly those with caffeine.
  • #67
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/headache-disorders
    Migraine is a primary headache disorder, in most cases episodic, that usually lasts 472 hours, accompanied by nausea, vomiting and/or photophobia and phonophobia. […] The exact cause of migraine is currently unknown but it is thought to result from the release of pain producing inflammatory substances around the nerves and blood vessels of the head. […] Migraine is characterized by recurring attacks and is often life-long.
  • #68 Causes of Migraine | What Is The Trigeminal Nerve?
    https://www.migrainedisorders.org/migraine-disorders/migraine-causes/
    The nervous system of a person with migraine is hypersensitive. It overreacts to stimuli causing a wave of brain activity that leads to a headache and other symptoms. […] The majority of people with migraine are born with a hypersensitive nervous system. It is clear that migraine disease runs in families, but the details of the genetics have been difficult to figure out because it is not associated with just one or two gene mutations. […] The brainstem is a complex intersection of nervous system wiring at the base of our brain. It is here that information collected from all over our bodies congregate in important clusters of cell bodies called nuclei. […] Migraine illness can evolve from an occasional intense event to one of frequent annoying, sometimes debilitating symptoms. One explanation is that with each migraine headache or event, there is an inflammatory reaction.
  • #69 Chronic Migraine: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9638-chronic-migraine
    Chronic migraine is a condition where you have frequent or long-lasting episodes of headaches and migraines. […] A migraine isn’t just a bad headache. […] Migraines can be genetic, meaning you’re more likely to have migraines if you have a close biological relative, especially a parent or grandparent, with this condition. […] Researchers also suspect several processes could contribute to migraines, including blood flow changes in your brain because of a widening or narrowing of blood vessels. […] Several factors increase your risk of developing chronic migraine or contribute to making it worse. […] Episodic migraines can sometimes transform into chronic migraine. […] Foods, substances, smells, sounds or other environmental factors or circumstances can trigger the start of a migraine, typically within hours or days.
  • #70 Causes and Risk Factors of Migraine
    https://www.everydayhealth.com/migraine/causes-risk-factors/
    Women are three times more likely than men to have migraine, which is believed to be due to the role of estrogen. […] Its very common for women to have migraine around their menstrual period, according to Nada Hindiyeh, MD, a headache specialist and clinical associate professor at Stanford Medicine in Palo Alto, California. […] There is evidence that abuse in childhood is associated with a higher risk of developing migraine later in life, says Spears. […] Episodic migraine is defined as 14 or fewer headache days per month, while chronic migraine is 15 or more days per month of headache with migraine features for at least three months or more, says Spears.
  • #71 Migraine Triggers and Causes List – MigrainePal
    https://migrainepal.com/triggers-causes/
    Consequently, missing a meal and less obvious triggers such as flickering sunlight or a lack of sleep do not always bring on an attack. […] However, if any or all of these are combined with a period of stress at work or hormone changes an attack may occur. […] Medication overuse is a complication of migraine which can lead to dependency, withdrawals, and daily chronic migraines. […] Rebound migraines can be caused by medication withdrawals, particularly those with caffeine.
  • #72 Migraine Triggers and Causes List – MigrainePal
    https://migrainepal.com/triggers-causes/
    Consequently, missing a meal and less obvious triggers such as flickering sunlight or a lack of sleep do not always bring on an attack. […] However, if any or all of these are combined with a period of stress at work or hormone changes an attack may occur. […] Medication overuse is a complication of migraine which can lead to dependency, withdrawals, and daily chronic migraines. […] Rebound migraines can be caused by medication withdrawals, particularly those with caffeine.
  • #73 Migraine: What It Is, Types, Causes, Symptoms & Treatments
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5005-migraine-headaches
    A migraine can affect anyone at any age, from children to adults. Women are more likely than men to experience a migraine. […] Other risk factors that may make you more likely to experience a migraine include: Biological family history of migraines. Underlying medical condition (depression, anxiety, sleep disorders and epilepsy). Regular use of tobacco products.
  • #74
    https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/head-neck-nervous-system/Pages/Migraine-Headaches-in-Children.aspx
    Roughly 39 million people in the United States suffer from migraines. […] Recent research suggests that children who had colic as babies may be more prone to develop migraines. One study found children with migraines were seven times more likely to have been colicky infants. […] Migraines tend to run in families. If one parent has migraines, there is roughly 50% chance that their child will too. If both parents have them, the chance is close to 90%. […] Before puberty, boys have more migraines than girls. That flips in the teen years and by age 17, as many as 8% of boys and 23% of girls have had a migraine. For adults, migraines are more common in women. […] Irregular sleep schedules getting too much or too little sleep can be migraine triggers. So are changes in stress levels. […] Skipping meals and eating certain foods and additives can set off migraines. Common triggers include aged cheeses and meats, chocolate, citrus fruits, red and yellow food dyes, monosodium glutamate (MSG), and the artificial sweetener aspartame.
  • #75 Migraine – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/symptoms-causes/syc-20360201
    A change of weather or barometric pressure can prompt a migraine. […] Aged cheeses and salty and processed foods might trigger migraines. So might skipping meals. […] If you have a family member with migraines, then you have a good chance of developing them too. […] Migraines can begin at any age, though the first often occurs during adolescence. Migraines tend to peak during your 30s, and gradually become less severe and less frequent in the following decades. […] Women are three times more likely than men to have migraines. […] For women who have migraines, headaches might begin just before or shortly after onset of menstruation. They might also change during pregnancy or menopause. Migraines generally improve after menopause.
  • #76 What Causes Migraine? The Risk Factors You Need To Know | MyMigraineTeam
    https://www.mymigraineteam.com/resources/migraine-causes-and-risk-factors
    Age is a risk factor in migraine. Migraine attacks begin before age 40 in more than 90 percent of people with migraine. […] Women are three times more likely to develop migraine than men. […] People with migraine are more likely to have certain comorbid conditions (having two or more health conditions at the same time) than those who do not have migraine attacks. […] Researchers have identified several factors that are known for triggering migraine attacks.
  • #77 Migraine: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Triggers, and More
    https://www.healthline.com/health/migraine
    Migraine is a neurological condition that typically causes painful headache attacks that occur with additional symptoms, such as sensitivity to light, sound, smell, or touch. […] Researchers haven’t identified a definitive cause for migraine. But experts believe a combination of genetics, hormones, and irregular brain activity all play a role. These factors likely contribute to affecting nerve signaling, chemicals, and blood vessels in the brain. […] Migraine affects about 14% to 15% of the global population and can affect anyone. However, because of the role of genetics and hormones, some people are more at risk. […] For example, migraine tends to run in families. […] Women are also three to four times more likely than men to experience migraine. […] Migraine most commonly affects people between the ages of 20 and 50, though up to 10% of children experience migraine headaches as well.
  • #78 What Is Migraine? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
    https://www.everydayhealth.com/migraine/guide/
    Studies show migraine has a strong genetic component, but the specific genes involved and the mechanism of inheritance are not yet fully understood. […] For some rare types of migraine, such as familial hemiplegic migraine, specific gene mutations responsible for migraine have been identified. But for most types of migraine, its believed that several genes are involved in raising the likelihood a person will have migraine. […] The frequency, severity, and duration of migraine may change during pregnancy or menopause. Some women report that they experience their first migraine attack during pregnancy or that their attacks worsen during pregnancy, while others experience fewer attacks.
  • #79 Migraine – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migraine
    Migraine is believed to be caused by a mixture of environmental and genetic factors that influence the excitation and inhibition of nerve cells in the brain. […] The accepted hypothesis suggests that multiple primary neuronal impairments lead to a series of intracranial and extracranial changes, triggering a physiological cascade that leads to migraine symptomatology. […] The underlying cause of migraine is unknown. However, it is believed to be related to a mix of environmental and genetic factors. […] Migraine runs in families in about two-thirds of cases and rarely occur due to a single gene defect. […] Success of the surgical migraine treatment by decompression of extracranial sensory nerves adjacent to vessels suggests that people with migraine may have anatomical predisposition for neurovascular compression that may be caused by both intracranial and extracranial vasodilation due to migraine triggers.
  • #80 Migraine Headache: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1142556-overview
    Migraine has a strong genetic component. Approximately 70% of migraine patients have a first-degree relative with a history of migraine. The risk of migraine is increased 4-fold in relatives of people who have migraine with aura. […] Migraine was previously considered to be a vascular phenomenon that resulted from intracranial vasoconstriction followed by rebound vasodilation. Currently, however, the neurovascular theory describes migraine as primarily a neurogenic process with secondary changes in cerebral perfusion associated with a sterile neurogenic inflammation. […] A genetic component to migraine is indicated by the fact that approximately 70% of patients have a first-degree relative with a history of migraine. In addition, a variety of environmental and behavioral factors may precipitate migraine attacks in persons with a predisposition to migraine.
  • #81 Migraine: Causes, Symptoms & Treatments – CSNA
    https://www.csneuro.com/migrane/
    Migraine headaches are a symptom of a condition known as migraine. […] While there are universal triggers associated with migraine, individual causes vary and much about migraine pain remains unknown. […] In the past, migraine pain was thought to be associated with changes in blood flow to the brain. While doctors agree that blood flow can contribute to pain, today it’s believed migraines start when overactive nerve cells activate the trigeminal nerve, which is responsible for face and head sensation. […] Once this nerve is activated, the body responds by releasing chemicals such as serotonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide, or CGRP (CGRP makes blood vessels in the lining of the brain swell). Neurotransmitters cause inflammation and the pain commonly associated with migraine headaches.
  • #82 Migraine: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
    https://www.webmd.com/migraines-headaches/migraines-headaches-migraines
    Migraine Causes […] Doctors dont know exactly what causes migraines, though they seem to be related to your genes, as well as to changes in your brain. Your genes may even influence what triggers your headaches, whether it’s fatigue, bright lights, or weather changes. […] For many years, scientists thought people got migraine attacks because of changes in blood flow in the brain. Most now think this contributes to the pain but isn’t what starts it. […] Some experts now believe an attack starts due to chemical changes in your brain. Overactive nerve cells send out signals that lead to changes in the levels of certain chemical compounds in your body, such as serotonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). CGRP makes blood vessels around your brain swell, while serotonin causes them to shrink. An imbalance in these chemicals causes inflammation and pain.
  • #83 The Cause of Migraine: The Electrical and Chemical Sides of Migraine – Migraine Canada
    https://migrainecanada.org/the-cause-of-migraine-the-electrical-and-chemical-sides-of-migraine/
    The migraine attack leads to a release of inflammatory substances in the brain near the arteries and the membrane (the meninges) that surrounds your brain. That’s where the pain comes from, but our body does not have a map to tell us where our arteries and meninges are. So instead, the pain is felt in the eyes, temples, sinuses, and neck.
  • #84 Pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of migraine in adults – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathophysiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-migraine-in-adults
    Migraine is an episodic disorder, the centerpiece of which is a severe headache generally associated with nausea and/or light and sound sensitivity. It is one of the most common complaints encountered by neurologists in day-to-day practice. […] The current state of knowledge suggests that a primary neuronal dysfunction leads to a sequence of changes intracranially and extracranially that account for migraine, including the four phases of premonitory symptoms, aura, headache, and postdrome. […] The once-popular vascular theory of migraine, which suggested that migraine headache was caused by the dilatation of blood vessels while the aura of migraine resulted from vasoconstriction, is no longer considered viable. […] Cortical spreading depression — A causal association between migraine aura and headache is supported by evidence that both are linked to the phenomenon known as cortical spreading depression of Leão.
  • #85 Why Do People Get Migraine Headaches? | Cove – Cove
    https://www.withcove.com/learn/what-causes-migraines?srsltid=AfmBOopRRa8W-AQGtBJJYmG6i1a-ZB9X3pQzI1M5pQmFs-9klijJhCYK
    Migraine headaches seem to strike at the worst times. […] But, why does it happen? What actually causes migraine? […] The truth is that scientists arent 100% sure what causes migraine. […] Now, the belief is that nerves fire throughout your brain in a wave called a cortical spreading depression. This leads to changes in your brain’s blood vessels and inflammation, which ultimately what causes the headache pain. However, the reasons this happens to some people and not others still isnt clear. […] Even though scientists dont totally understand what makes migraine attacks happen, they do know that certain risk factors can mean youre more likely to get themamong them, genetics, family history, age, and sex. […] A tendency to experience migraine might be at least partly genetic, although there isnt just one migraine generesearchers know of at least 20 chromosomes that might be related.
  • #86 Migraine Headache – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560787/
    Understanding the etiology of migraine headaches is crucial for effective diagnosis and treatment. Migraines are believed to result from a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors. Research indicates that these headaches are linked to abnormal brain activity that affects nerve signals, chemicals, and blood vessels within the brain. […] Migraine has a strong genetic component, with the risk of migraines in affected relatives being 3 times greater than in relatives of unaffected individuals, although no specific inheritance pattern has been identified. […] The genetic basis of migraine is complex, involving multiple loci and genes whose specific roles in pathogenesis remain uncertain. […] Identifying these genes in individuals with migraines holds potential for predicting targeted prophylactic treatments.
  • #87 Migraine – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/headache/migraine