Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Migraine – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/symptoms-causes/syc-20360201

  Migraine causes aren’t fully understood, genetics and environmental factors appear to play a role. […] Changes in the brainstem and its interactions with the trigeminal nerve, a major pain pathway, might be involved. So might imbalances in brain chemicals including serotonin, which helps regulate pain in your nervous system. […] Researchers are studying the role of serotonin in migraines. Other neurotransmitters play a role in the pain of migraine, including calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). […] Hormonal changes in women. Fluctuations in estrogen, such as before or during menstrual periods, pregnancy and menopause, seem to trigger headaches in many women. […] Though migraine causes aren’t fully understood, genetics and environmental factors appear to play a role.

• #2 Migraine: Medications, Symptoms, Types, Treatment & Causes

  https://www.medicinenet.com/migraine/article.htm

  Migraine headache is a result of specific changes within the brain. It causes severe head pain that is often accompanied by sensitivity to light, sound, or smells. […] While the specific cause of migraines is not known, changes in neurotransmitter levels within the brain are thought to influence migraine pain. Over the past several years, the impact of CGRP, or calcitonin gene-related protein, has been recognized. Although located throughout the body, this neuropeptide is involved in the dilation of the blood vessels of the brain, inflammation of brain tissues, and trigger of sensory receptors in the meninges (covering of the brain) during a migraine attack. […] The specific cause of migraines is not known, but there may be fluctuations in certain neurotransmitters, which are chemicals that send messages between brain cells. These changes may predispose some people to develop migraine headaches. […] Calcitonin gene-related peptide is a neuropeptide, or protein, which is released when migraines occur. The release of this protein can cause inflammation of the blood vessels and sensory receptors of the brain and contributes to the pounding pain associated with migraines.

• #3 Migraine with aura – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-with-aura/symptoms-causes/syc-20352072

  Migraine aura is due to an electrical or chemical wave that moves across the brain. The part of the brain where the electrical or chemical wave spreads determines the type of symptoms you might experience. […] This electrical or chemical wave can occur in areas that process sensory signals, speech centers or centers that control movement. The most common type of aura is visual aura, which occurs when a wave of electrical activity spreads through the visual cortex and causes visual symptoms. […] Many of the same factors that trigger migraine can also trigger migraine with aura, including stress, bright lights, some foods and medications, too much or too little sleep, and menstruation.

• #4 Migraine with aura – The Migraine TrustVisualV1 – SearchVisualV1 – CrossVisualV1 – Home VisualV1 – CrossVisualV1 – Arrow

  https://migrainetrust.org/understand-migraine/types-of-migraine/migraine-with-aura/

  A type of migraine where you have a warning sign (an ‘aura’) that a migraine attack is going to happen […] It is not known exactly what causes auras. […] Scientists have looked into it and found that it may be caused by a slow wave of altered brain activity called ‘cortical spreading depression’. This leads to temporary changes in the chemicals, nerves and blood flow in the brain that affect how it works and could be related to pain. […] Improving understanding of how these changes in the brain can lead to headache will help with the discovery of new drugs that could prevent migraine attacks.

• #5 Migraine With Aura: Types, Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/migraines-headaches/what-is-a-migraine-with-aura

  Migraine with aura is a condition that usually includes intense headaches along with sensory disruptions like dizziness, ringing in your ears, zigzag lines in your vision, or sensitivity to light. […] Scientists aren’t sure what causes migraine, but several brain chemicals probably play a role. […] According to this theory, an attack starts when a wave of nerve cell activity leads to changes across your brain and triggers your trigeminal nerve. This causes the release of a variety of neurotransmitters (chemical „messengers” within your nervous system) that change the size of blood vessels, release more neurotransmitters, and finally cause inflammation and pain. […] Experts think the aura happens because of this electrical wave moving across the part of your brain that processes signals from your senses.

• #6 Migraine with Aura: Understanding the Symptoms, Causes, and Types | Cove – Cove

  https://www.withcove.com/learn/migraine-aura-causes-symptoms?srsltid=AfmBOopqb8zMl92LTI4k9hqXTXfnDuasW-n2T3Jg6pnl1tvXLm9v4meH

  Migraine with aura is a distinct type of migraine with a unique diagnosis and treatment options. […] So, what are common aura causes? Well, doctors aren’t 100% sure what causes migraine in general, though they have a theory. […] For unclear reasons, in patients with migraine, nerves fire throughout the brain in a wave called a cortical spreading depression. This leads to changes in your brain’s blood vessels and inflammation which ultimately causes the headache pain. […] When it comes to aura in particular, the scientific journal Cephalalgia says it’s possible that when the cortical spreading depression moves across your brain in a wave, it affects the areas that control your senses, like the occipital cortex, which processes vision. […] While this sounds scary, cortical spreading depression itself is not dangerous.

• #7 Migraine with Aura: Understanding the Symptoms, Causes, and Types | Cove – Cove

  https://www.withcove.com/learn/migraine-aura-causes-symptoms?srsltid=AfmBOopqb8zMl92LTI4k9hqXTXfnDuasW-n2T3Jg6pnl1tvXLm9v4meH

  It’s most common for this to cause strange visual disturbances. However, since some people also have sensory, motor, and language issues with aura, it’s likely that other parts of the brain are involved, too, notes the scientific journal. […] Some types of aura can cause long-term health effects. For example, ICHD-3 reports that retinal migraine can cause long-term blindness in one eye, though this isn’t very common. […] Further, there is some evidence connecting migraine with aura to strokes, and even other cardiovascular diseases, according to an article in the scientific journal Nature Reviews Neurology.

• #8 Transient ischemic attack or migraine with aura? | Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening

  https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2023/10/clinical-review/transient-ischemic-attack-or-migraine-aura

  Migraine with aura is likely caused by a specific neurophysiological phenomenon called cortical spreading depression, a slow-spreading wave of cortical electrical discharges (23 mm/min) and hyperperfusion (12 minutes), followed by hypoperfusion lasting 12 hours. […] The role of migraine as a risk factor for stroke is not well understood, but a tendency to generate both cortical spreading depression (aura) and microemboli may be a causal link. […] Migraine has been identified as an independent risk factor for high-signal changes, especially in patients who experience aura.

• #9 Migraine – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/symptoms-causes/syc-20360201

  Migraine causes aren’t fully understood, genetics and environmental factors appear to play a role. […] Changes in the brainstem and its interactions with the trigeminal nerve, a major pain pathway, might be involved. So might imbalances in brain chemicals including serotonin, which helps regulate pain in your nervous system. […] Researchers are studying the role of serotonin in migraines. Other neurotransmitters play a role in the pain of migraine, including calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). […] Hormonal changes in women. Fluctuations in estrogen, such as before or during menstrual periods, pregnancy and menopause, seem to trigger headaches in many women. […] Though migraine causes aren’t fully understood, genetics and environmental factors appear to play a role.

• #10 Migraine Headache: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1142556-overview

  Migraine has a strong genetic component. Approximately 70% of migraine patients have a first-degree relative with a history of migraine. The risk of migraine is increased 4-fold in relatives of people who have migraine with aura. […] Migraine was previously considered to be a vascular phenomenon that resulted from intracranial vasoconstriction followed by rebound vasodilation. Currently, however, the neurovascular theory describes migraine as primarily a neurogenic process with secondary changes in cerebral perfusion associated with a sterile neurogenic inflammation. […] A genetic component to migraine is indicated by the fact that approximately 70% of patients have a first-degree relative with a history of migraine. In addition, a variety of environmental and behavioral factors may precipitate migraine attacks in persons with a predisposition to migraine.

• #11

  https://research-archive.org/index.php/rars/preprint/view/1101/version/1239

  A migraine is a common neurological disease that causes a headache with the symptoms of severe throbbing or pulsing pain, typically on one side of the head. Up to 30% of people with migraine experience auras or visual disturbances as a symptom that occurs before or during the headache. […] While the underlying mechanisms of this disease are not yet fully understood, current research theorizes that migraine with aura is likely due to Cortical Spreading Depression (CSD). CSD is a temporary wave of electrical activity that spreads in the outer layer of the brain, the cortex. […] CSD can also directly affect the visual cortex, which contributes to the development of auras associated with migraine. This wave is thought to be caused by the excessive buildup of glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter.

• #12

  https://research-archive.org/index.php/rars/preprint/view/1101/version/1239

  CSD is also thought to trigger the release of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP), a neuropeptide that causes blood vessels to dilate and widen. This leads to the inflammation and pain that occurs during a migraine attack. Further research is necessary to improve our understanding of aural migraines and develop more effective treatments.

• #13 Migraine Headache: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1142556-overview

  Migraine has a strong genetic component. Approximately 70% of migraine patients have a first-degree relative with a history of migraine. The risk of migraine is increased 4-fold in relatives of people who have migraine with aura. […] Migraine was previously considered to be a vascular phenomenon that resulted from intracranial vasoconstriction followed by rebound vasodilation. Currently, however, the neurovascular theory describes migraine as primarily a neurogenic process with secondary changes in cerebral perfusion associated with a sterile neurogenic inflammation. […] A genetic component to migraine is indicated by the fact that approximately 70% of patients have a first-degree relative with a history of migraine. In addition, a variety of environmental and behavioral factors may precipitate migraine attacks in persons with a predisposition to migraine.

• #14 Genetics of migraine aura: an update | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text

  https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-020-01125-2

  Migraine is a common brain disorder with a large genetic component. Of the two main migraine types, migraine with aura and migraine without aura, the genetic underpinning in the former is least understood. Given the evidence from epidemiological studies in cohorts and families that the genetic contribution is highest in migraine with aura, this seems paradoxical. […] A stronger family history of migraine is associated with migraine with aura, as well as a lower age-at-onset and a higher number of medication days, which suggests a higher genetic susceptibility in this migraine type. […] The only GWAS specifically investigating migraine with aura yielded only one single associated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), near MTDH and PGCP, with genome-wide significance. However, interrogation of all genotyped SNPs, so beyond this one significant hit, was more successful and led to the notion that migraine with aura and migraine without aura are genetically more alike than different.

• #15 Migraine with Aura: An Overview – Migraine Canada

  https://migrainecanada.org/migraine-with-aura-an-overview/

  Migraine with aura tend to be more genetic than migraine without aura. Many genes are involved. Hemiplegic migraine has been associated with three genes that can be tested. The genes involved in auras influence the ways the neurons work and usually make them more excitable. Some genes cause auras with paralysis. […] It is common for visual auras to be triggered by strong lights, flashing lights or patterns, lack of sleep, exercise, altitude, dehydration anything that can make the neuron excitable or increase the metabolic burden. High estrogen levels (like during pregnancy) could also increase the risk of auras. […] The mechanism of the aura is an electrical wave called cortical spreading depression. The mechanism of the migraine is the inflammation around sensory nerves and the activation of different centres inside the brain. Following the Ping Pong Theory, it may be that a migraine could also trigger an aura, maybe because the migraine inflammation triggers the electrical wave.

• #16 Genetics of migraine aura: an update | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text

  https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-020-01125-2

  It remains to be tested whether rarer variants (instead of the more common variants usually tested in a CGAS) may in fact elevate risk in specific subgroups of migraine patients. […] A possible explanation for why GWAS appears more successful in migraine without aura might be that both migraine types are distinct disorders with a different genetic architecture. […] Notwithstanding, there are long-recognized clinical observations suggestive for a shared etiology of both migraine types, not only because attacks of both types can co occur in a patient (or family) or that the migraine type can change over lifetime. […] One argument for the distinction of migraine types is the previously mentioned observation that GWAS particularly identified loci for migraine without aura. Another genetic argument is that a polygenetic risk score analysis of 21 migraine-associated SNPs from GWAS showed association only with migraine without aura.

• #17 Genetics of migraine aura: an update | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text

  https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-020-01125-2

  A recent study that took into account all available genetic information, so not just the migraine-associated SNPs (top hits), in a much larger data set, however, found statistical evidence for a significant overlap of genes associated with migraine with aura and migraine without aura and concluded that the genetic architecture of both types is more alike than dissimilar. […] In conclusion, although migraine with aura and migraine without aura seem genetically more alike than dissimilar, the challenge remains to identify more of the underlying causal variants as only a fraction of them have been discovered.

• #18 Migraine: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/migraine/

  Auras are thought to be caused by abnormal nerve signaling and associated changes in blood flow that spread across the brain. […] Migraines are thought to occur when blood flow in the brain is altered and certain nerves in the brain send abnormal pain signals throughout the head. These signals trigger the release of various brain chemicals (neurotransmitters) in the brain, which leads to inflammation, particularly of blood vessels and the membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord (meninges). This inflammation causes many of the signs and symptoms of a migraine, including the throbbing pain, nausea, and sensory sensitivities. However, it is unclear what leads to the abnormal nerve signaling. […] Migraines result from a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors, some of which have not been identified. Variations in many genes have been found to be associated with the development of migraines with or without aura. These genes likely have varying degrees of impact among affected individuals. Most of the associated genes are active in the muscles that surround blood vessels (vascular smooth muscle) within the brain. These genes help regulate blood flow by controlling the narrowing and expansion of blood vessels. Many variants likely disrupt blood flow in the brain, which can contribute to developing migraines. Changes in blood flow in the brain or in the balance between vascular injury and repair (vascular homeostasis) also likely underlie the increased risk of stroke in people with migraines. Variants in genes that regulate levels of glutamate or the activity (excitability) of certain nerve cells in the brain have also been found in people with migraines.

• #19 Migraine aura: Types, causes, risk factors, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326591

  Migraine with visual aura may occur when a wave of electrical activity moves across the visual cortex of the brain, which is the part that processes visual signals. […] Medical professionals do not fully understand the exact cause of migraine headaches. […] Triggers for migraine with aura are the same as triggers for migraine without aura and include: alcohol consumption, especially wine consumption; caffeine consumption; exposure to bright lights or strong sun; food and food additives, such as aged cheeses, processed foods, and monosodium glutamate; hormonal fluctuations in females (due to pregnancy, menstruation, or oral contraceptives, for example); intense physical activity or overexertion; lack of sleep or too much sleep; medications, such as the use of oral contraceptives or vasodilators for high blood pressure; stress; strong smells, such as that of smoke, perfume, or gasoline; weather changes or barometric pressure changes.

• #20 8 Common Triggers of Migraine With Aura – TheraSpecs

  https://www.theraspecs.com/blog/common-migraine-aura-triggers/?srsltid=AfmBOooF6Ccp1IENLpIkIccN0BfgYqWM2QenySYbr8PrwiSoE5-0tTrs

  Migraine symptoms can vary from person to person, but as many as one-third of those with chronic migraine experiencing what are known as aura symptoms with a majority of their attacks. […] Well, we know that 8 out of every 10 patients who experience aura have more than one cause of their attacks, and, although they often manifest similarly to those without aura, there can be subtle differences. […] Relaxation following stress may be the most prominent catalyst for migraine with aura, impacting up to 70% of patients. […] Being exposed to any type of bright light has been cited as the second leading cause (61%) of migraine with aura, and there is evidence that it may have a more profound effect on those who frequently experience auras with their attacks. […] There are numerous other emotion-related factors that can lead to migraine episodes featuring an aura.

• #21 Migraine

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/migraine/

  It’s not known what causes migraines. […] You’re more likely to get them if you have a close family member who gets them. […] Some people find certain triggers can cause migraines, such as: starting their period, anxiety and depression, stress and tiredness, not eating regularly or skipping meals, too much caffeine, not getting enough exercise. […] It can help to keep a migraine diary to help you work out what might trigger your migraines.

• #22 8 Common Triggers of Migraine With Aura – TheraSpecs

  https://www.theraspecs.com/blog/common-migraine-aura-triggers/?srsltid=AfmBOooF6Ccp1IENLpIkIccN0BfgYqWM2QenySYbr8PrwiSoE5-0tTrs

  There have been countless reports of sleep changes triggering migraine, especially episodes with aura. […] Almost half of all individuals who experience aura as part of their migraines may have their attacks set off by seasonal changes. […] Alcohol (particularly from red wine) can still precipitate a significant portion of migraine aura episodes. […] Running, bike riding, and cleaning all have been shown to cause migraine attacks with corresponding aura symptoms. […] Migraineurs who have aura symptoms are more likely to be sensitive to strong smells, according to clinical studies. […] There are numerous additional triggering concerns for aura patients even though they are less prominent than the others described above.

• #23 Migraine – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/symptoms-causes/syc-20360201

  Migraine causes aren’t fully understood, genetics and environmental factors appear to play a role. […] Changes in the brainstem and its interactions with the trigeminal nerve, a major pain pathway, might be involved. So might imbalances in brain chemicals including serotonin, which helps regulate pain in your nervous system. […] Researchers are studying the role of serotonin in migraines. Other neurotransmitters play a role in the pain of migraine, including calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). […] Hormonal changes in women. Fluctuations in estrogen, such as before or during menstrual periods, pregnancy and menopause, seem to trigger headaches in many women. […] Though migraine causes aren’t fully understood, genetics and environmental factors appear to play a role.

• #24 Why Birth Control and Migraines With Aura Don’t Mix | Rush

  https://www.rush.edu/news/why-birth-control-and-migraines-aura-dont-mix

  Migraines affect 12% of the U.S. population including children, according to the Migraine Research Foundation. They can run in families, and more women than men (18% vs. 6%) experience them largely due to hormonal changes. […] Generally, migraines are launched by triggers, such as environmental factors, dietary components and hormonal changes. […] According to the American Migraine Foundation, about one-quarter of those who have migraines also experience aura. […] The American Migraine Foundation reports that women younger than age 45 who have migraine with aura are already at higher risk for ischemic stroke. […] For women who suffer from migraines with aura, taking combined oral contraceptives heightens their stroke risk even more. […] It’s specifically the hormone estrogen in the oral contraceptive that can cause a stroke. […] If you have a migraine with an aura, and the aura frequency is less than once a month, there is a risk of stroke two times greater than in women without migraine. […] If the aura frequency is more than once a week, the risk is greater than four times.

• #25 Sudden increase in migraines with aura: Causes and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/sudden-increase-in-migraine-with-aura

  Scientists do not yet know the exact causes of migraine with aura, but they are aware of common triggers. […] Many of the same factors that trigger migraine without aura can also cause migraine with aura. These potential causes include the following: […] According to the Office of Womens Health (OWH), some researchers believe that substances in the brain may build up and cause inflammation, leading to migraine. […] Genes and environmental triggers may also play a role in this inflammation. […] Hormones, including estrogen, can play a role in how frequently a person experiences migraine. […] According to the Migraine Research Foundation, females are more likely than males to develop migraine. […] However, after menopause, the number of migraine episodes tends to decrease. […] As a result of changing hormone levels before menopause, the American Migraine Foundation indicates that some females may be more prone to migraine if they are more sensitive to hormonal changes.

• #26 Sudden increase in migraines with aura: Causes and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/sudden-increase-in-migraine-with-aura

  Episodes can occur following pregnancy or before a period due to drops in hormone levels associated with these events. […] If a person first experiences migraine-like symptoms after the age of 60 years, an underlying condition may be responsible. […] Some underlying conditions associated with migraine include: high blood pressure, stroke, anxiety, depression, sleep disorders. […] People can also have different sensitivities to their environment that could cause migraine symptoms to increase in frequency over time. […] Reasons for migraine frequently increasing include hormonal changes, environmental changes, underlying medical conditions, and new or worsening triggers. […] Migraine with aura can increase stroke risk factors, so it is important to have a doctor evaluate symptoms if treatment does not work.

• #27 Migraine and stroke | Stroke Association

  https://www.stroke.org.uk/stroke/managing-risk/migraines-and-stroke

  Migraines have not been shown to cause stroke, but if you have migraine with aura, you have a very slightly higher risk of stroke. […] Currently, migraine is thought to be due to problems with brain activity affecting nerves, chemicals and blood vessels in the brain. […] The relationship between migraine and stroke is complex. The symptoms can sometimes seem similar, and they may share some underlying risk factors. […] Occasionally migraine and stroke can happen together, but there is no evidence to suggest that one causes the other. […] If you have migraine with aura, you are about twice as likely to have an ischaemic stroke in your lifetime compared to those without migraine. […] Taking the combined oral contraceptive pill (combi pill) increases the risk of a stroke in women who have migraine with aura.

• #28 Migraine and stroke | Stroke Association

  https://www.stroke.org.uk/stroke/managing-risk/migraines-and-stroke

  Some health conditions are linked to migraine. For example, CADASIL (a rare genetic disorder), and the auto-immune conditions antiphospholipid syndrome and lupus, are linked to a higher risk of stroke, and people with these conditions are also more likely to have migraine. […] Migraine often runs in families, and if one or more close relatives experience migraine, it is more likely that you will too.

• #29 Migraine Aura: Symptoms, Treatment, and Causes

  https://www.healthline.com/health/migraine/migraine-aura

  A migraine aura may present as visual disturbances, often followed by a headache. […] Its not well understood what exactly causes an aura. Its believed to be caused by a wave of electrical activity that spreads across the cerebral cortex of the brain. […] This wave is then followed by a prolonged suppression of nerve cell activity. This can lead to various changes, like changes in blood flow, which may lead to migraine symptoms. […] Its also possible that an aura may be triggered by the same things that can trigger migraine attacks without aura. These can include: stress or anxiety, not getting enough sleep, missing or having irregular meals, consumption of alcohol or caffeine, certain foods, like chocolate, aged cheeses, and cured meats, food additives like MSG or aspartame, hormonal changes, like during menstruation, bright lights, strong smells, or loud noises, vigorous exercise, changes in the weather, some medications.

• #30 Six Reasons for Ocular and Visual Migraines (Plus Treatment)

  https://www.miamicontactlens.com/ocular-and-visual-migraines/

  Scientists believe that ocular migraines have a genetic origin, but also that reduced blood flow to the eyes or spasms of blood vessels in the eye may cause them. […] Migraine auras are even more mysterious, with some experts indicating that they have something to do with electrical or chemical impulses in the brain. […] There are thought to be specific triggers that lead to ocular or visual migraines in people who are genetically predisposed to migraine headaches. […] Dehydration is one of the most common causes of migraine headaches and thus, of visual and ocular migraines. […] Stress is a common activator for migraines in people who experience them frequently. […] Some experts say that certain foods, particularly aged cheeses and especially salty dishes, can be migraine triggers.

• #31 Six Reasons for Ocular and Visual Migraines (Plus Treatment)

  https://www.miamicontactlens.com/ocular-and-visual-migraines/

  If you drink a lot of coffee or caffeinated beverages, that intake may make you more likely to regular migraines. […] Hormonal swings can trigger migraine headaches. Changes in estrogen levels caused by the regular menstrual cycle, as well as by pregnancy and menopause, often lead to chronic migraines for women.

• #32 Migraine with Aura | LloydsPharmacy Online Doctor UK

  https://onlinedoctor.lloydspharmacy.com/uk/lifestyle-advice/migraine-with-aura

  Migraine with aura is actually one of the most common types of migraine, but is still poorly understood. […] As mentioned above, we dont really understand why migraines happen. Its a popular area of research, and were learning more every day, but theres still no definitive answer. However, there are some common factors which have been linked to migraines, either in studies or reported by people who experience migraines. […] Just like a computer, our brain can struggle with all the tasks it has to manage, leading to glitches. When certain chemicals in the brain get out of balance, it can lead to a migraine, sometimes with aura. The actual symptoms of migraine with aura are thought to be due to very rapid expansion of the blood vessels in your brain, known as vasodilation. […] If your mum, dad, or grandparents had migraines with aura, it might be more likely that youll experience them too. Just like our eye or hair colour, its thought genes play a role in determining who gets migraines. In fact, one study found that about 40% of the differences in migraines between people can be explained by genetics.

• #33 Migraine with Aura | LloydsPharmacy Online Doctor UK

  https://onlinedoctor.lloydspharmacy.com/uk/lifestyle-advice/migraine-with-aura

  Bright lights, strong smells, or even the weather can set off a migraine with aura. We dont know what it is exactly about these things that cause migraines or aura, but the environment is often included in anecdotal reports of migraine triggers. […] Rapid changes in hormone levels, like an increase in oestrogen for women during their period or pregnancy, could be a potential trigger for migraines and aura. This might also be why women generally get migraines more than men. […] Foods like dark chocolate and sharp cheese have been linked to migraines, as well as red wine, thought be down to the presence of a chemical called tyramine. The caffeine in coffee or energy drinks can also be a potential trigger. […] Getting the right amount of sleep is very important, as too many sleepless nights – or even too much sleep – can set off a migraine in certain people.

• #34 Migraine with Aura | LloydsPharmacy Online Doctor UK

  https://onlinedoctor.lloydspharmacy.com/uk/lifestyle-advice/migraine-with-aura

  We all know that too much stress isn’t great for us, but for many people, it’s a ticket straight to a migraine. Long-term stress can alter the chemicals in our brain, leading to the inflammation we think causes the symptoms of migraines. […] Although exercise is usually a great thing, a sudden or very intense workout, especially if you’re not used to it, might trigger a migraine. […] Certain medications, like the birth control pill, or medications that open up (dilate) your blood vessels, can often be behind migraines. If youve recently started a new medication and are experiencing migraines, you should speak to your doctor, as they might be able to offer an alternative.

• #35 8 Common Triggers of Migraine With Aura – TheraSpecs

  https://www.theraspecs.com/blog/common-migraine-aura-triggers/?srsltid=AfmBOooF6Ccp1IENLpIkIccN0BfgYqWM2QenySYbr8PrwiSoE5-0tTrs

  Migraine symptoms can vary from person to person, but as many as one-third of those with chronic migraine experiencing what are known as aura symptoms with a majority of their attacks. […] Well, we know that 8 out of every 10 patients who experience aura have more than one cause of their attacks, and, although they often manifest similarly to those without aura, there can be subtle differences. […] Relaxation following stress may be the most prominent catalyst for migraine with aura, impacting up to 70% of patients. […] Being exposed to any type of bright light has been cited as the second leading cause (61%) of migraine with aura, and there is evidence that it may have a more profound effect on those who frequently experience auras with their attacks. […] There are numerous other emotion-related factors that can lead to migraine episodes featuring an aura.

• #36 8 Common Triggers of Migraine With Aura – TheraSpecs

  https://www.theraspecs.com/blog/common-migraine-aura-triggers/?srsltid=AfmBOooF6Ccp1IENLpIkIccN0BfgYqWM2QenySYbr8PrwiSoE5-0tTrs

  There have been countless reports of sleep changes triggering migraine, especially episodes with aura. […] Almost half of all individuals who experience aura as part of their migraines may have their attacks set off by seasonal changes. […] Alcohol (particularly from red wine) can still precipitate a significant portion of migraine aura episodes. […] Running, bike riding, and cleaning all have been shown to cause migraine attacks with corresponding aura symptoms. […] Migraineurs who have aura symptoms are more likely to be sensitive to strong smells, according to clinical studies. […] There are numerous additional triggering concerns for aura patients even though they are less prominent than the others described above.

• #37 Aura Migraines | Smith Sinus Migraine InstituteAccessibility ToolsIncrease TextDecrease TextGrayscaleHigh ContrastNegative ContrastLight BackgroundLinks UnderlineReadable FontReset

  https://kevinsmithmd.com/migraine-treatment/aura-migraines/

  Aura migraines can be triggered by a number of things. Here are a few of them: […] Certain foods – Specific foods can sometimes trigger migraines with auras. Your doctor can help you identify the foods to which you have an unusual sensitivity. […] Bright Light – Like other types of migraines, aura migraines are sometimes triggered by exposure to bright light. The light can be natural or artificial. […] Strong Odors or Fragrances – Intense odors can trigger aura migraines, even if the smells are not unpleasant. […] Changes in the Weather – As the weather transitions seasonally, you may notice an increase in the number of aura migraines that you experience. […] Loud Noises – Many people with aura migraines are sensitive to loud sounds. […] Caffeine – Too much caffeine, as well as a sudden drop in caffeine intake, can trigger an aura migraine.

• #38 Aura Migraines | Smith Sinus Migraine InstituteAccessibility ToolsIncrease TextDecrease TextGrayscaleHigh ContrastNegative ContrastLight BackgroundLinks UnderlineReadable FontReset

  https://kevinsmithmd.com/migraine-treatment/aura-migraines/

  Hormonal Issues – Changes in hormones, such as estrogen, can trigger an episode. […] Stress – Periods of stress or anxiety can cause the migraine symptoms to start. […] Family History – If other members of your family suffer from migraines, you may be more likely to experience migraines with auras. […] Food Additives – Chemical additives, such as artificial sweeteners, MSG and nitrates, may also trigger an aura migraine. […] About 37 million people suffer from chronic migraines. Of those, about a third have migraines with auras. […] Most people with aura migraines experience mental fog, so during an episode, you may find it difficult to concentrate or find the right words as you speak. In addition, you may feel tingly, numbing sensations throughout your face, tongue and hands. The feeling may be similar to the tingly sensation that can result from poor blood circulation.

• #39 Aura Migraines | Smith Sinus Migraine InstituteAccessibility ToolsIncrease TextDecrease TextGrayscaleHigh ContrastNegative ContrastLight BackgroundLinks UnderlineReadable FontReset

  https://kevinsmithmd.com/migraine-treatment/aura-migraines/

  Also, within your vision, there may be blind spots and flashes of light. These visual disturbances can make it difficult to drive or be fully aware of what is going on around you. Your ability to taste, smell or palpate something in the normal manner may also be disrupted. You may even experience hallucinations. Weakness is also common during migraines with auras.

• #40 Migraine aura pathophysiology: the role of blood vessels and microembolisation

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2921876/

  Migraine attacks with auras are sometimes associated with underlying hereditary or acquired cerebrovascular disorders. […] On the basis of genetic and epidemiological evidence, we suggest that changes in blood vessels, hypoperfusion disorders, and microembolisation can cause neurovascular dysfunction and evoke cortical spreading depression, an event that is widely thought to underlie aura symptoms. […] Although migraine with aura has many causes (eg, neuronal network excitability), it seems that migraine and stroke might both be triggered by hypoperfusion and could therefore exist on a continuum of vascular complications in a subset of patients who have these hereditary or acquired comorbid vascular conditions. […] Although several possibilities can explain the comorbidity of migraine and vascular diseases (eg, shared mutations or a consequence of repeated migraine attacks), an emerging hypothesis, which we find persuasive, places stroke and migraine on a continuum of vascular complications caused by, for example, focal and transient hypoperfusion.

• #41 Sudden Increase in Migraines with Aura: Causes, Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/migraine/sudden-increase-in-migraines-with-aura

  About a third of people who have migraine also experience auras just before some of their episodes. […] An increase in migraine attacks with aura can be a sign of an underlying cause. […] Studies have shown that the presence of aura in migraine attacks can be a sign of more serious neurological conditions, including a twofold increased risk for ischemic stroke. […] No one exactly knows why auras develop before migraine attacks, but a leading theory is that theyre the result of cortical spreading depression and potentially vascular changes. […] Migraine auras may begin in the occipital lobe of the brain affecting vision then travel to areas of the brain that trigger headache pain. […] More research is needed to learn exactly how cortical spreading depression and auras are related, but there are a number of triggers that have been linked to both this phenomenon and auras.

• #42 Migraine with Aura | American Headache Society

  https://americanheadachesociety.org/resources/primary-care/migraine-with-aura

  Approximately one-third of those with migraine experience aura, a sensory experience that occurs before or during an attack. […] Its important to correctly identify aura because those who have migraine with aura can potentially turn chronic, have a higher risk of stroke, and should have a different treatment plan. […] A team of researchers working in France and the U.S. has demonstrated in a large prospective study that women who experience migraine with aura are at greater risk of all types of stroke including ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke as well as all strokes. […] Migraine with brainstem aura has distinct and debilitating effects. Learn about the causes, symptoms and how to manage and treat it.

• #43 Migraine Headache: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1142556-overview

  People who suffer from migraine headaches are more likely to also have cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease (ie, stroke, myocardial infarction). […] Migraine with aura for women in midlife has a statistically significant association with late-life vascular disease (infarcts) in the cerebellum. This association is not seen in migraine without aura.

• #44 Aura phenomenon: a proposal for an etiology-based clinical classification | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text

  https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-024-01943-8

  The accurate differentiation between migrainous aura and migrainous infarction can pose a significant clinical challenge. […] The underpinning biology of migrainous infarction remains incompletely understood, yet it likely involves multiple factors, including brain metabolic dysfunction, hypercoagulability, vasospasm, endothelial dysfunction, and paradoxical embolism. […] It is conceivable that distinct subgroups of patients exhibit varied clinical etiologies or that multiple pathophysiological etiological mechanisms operate synergistically in certain patients.

• #45 Migraine With Aura – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554611/

  Current knowledge indicates that primary neuronal dysfunction leads to a sequence of intracranial and extracranial changes that cause migraines. Cortical spreading depression of Leo, a self-propagating wave of neuronal and glial depolarization that spreads across the cerebral cortex, underlies the etiology of both the headache and aura associated with migraine. […] Migraine exhibits a strong genetic component. Relatives of patients with migraine have a 3 times higher risk of developing migraine than those without a familial history. However, the precise genetic mechanisms involved are complex and warrant comprehensive understanding. […] The genetic basis of migraines is complex. While mutations in a single gene may cause some migraine disorders, others result from polymorphisms in multiple genes. Family studies suggest that mutations in 3 distinct ion channel genes CACNA1A, SCN1A, and ATP1A2 could contribute to genetic predispositions for migraine disorders. Additionally, hemiplegic migraine, a migraine with motor weakness, is believed to be dominantly inherited. […] Right-to-left cardiac shunts, notably patent foramen ovale, have been associated with migraine. Atrial septal defects and pulmonary arteriovenous malformations seen in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia may also have a connection, albeit to a lesser degree.

• #46 Migraine aura pathophysiology: the role of blood vessels and microembolisation

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2921876/

  Migraine attacks with auras are sometimes associated with underlying hereditary or acquired cerebrovascular disorders. […] On the basis of genetic and epidemiological evidence, we suggest that changes in blood vessels, hypoperfusion disorders, and microembolisation can cause neurovascular dysfunction and evoke cortical spreading depression, an event that is widely thought to underlie aura symptoms. […] Although migraine with aura has many causes (eg, neuronal network excitability), it seems that migraine and stroke might both be triggered by hypoperfusion and could therefore exist on a continuum of vascular complications in a subset of patients who have these hereditary or acquired comorbid vascular conditions. […] Although several possibilities can explain the comorbidity of migraine and vascular diseases (eg, shared mutations or a consequence of repeated migraine attacks), an emerging hypothesis, which we find persuasive, places stroke and migraine on a continuum of vascular complications caused by, for example, focal and transient hypoperfusion.

• #47 Migraine aura pathophysiology: the role of blood vessels and microembolisation

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2921876/

  If this possibility is true in human beings, blood vessel and blood flow disorders would then be acknowledged as a migraine trigger, and vascular causes and risk factors for migraine with aura would be more aggressively sought. […] The association between migraine, stroke, and patent foramen ovale (PFO) remains controversial and incomplete. […] However, data from most studies indicate that if there is an association, it is between PFO and migraine with aura, not migraine without aura. […] The estimated odds ratio was 51 for an association between PFO and migraine and 32 for an association between PFO and migraine with aura. […] Migraine with aura also develops as a complication of injury to large vessels for example, after acute vertebral or carotid artery dissections. […] These pathophysiological considerations take on greater importance in light of recent experimental studies indicating that microembolism can serve as a trigger for CSD.

• #48 Migraine aura pathophysiology: the role of blood vessels and microembolisation

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2921876/

  We propose that in patients with patent foramen ovale, brief periods of local and mild hypoperfusion develop as a consequence of microemboli arising from the venous circulation, or might develop in other conditions in response to injury to the vessel wall, local release of vasoactive substances, increased blood viscosity, circulating immune complexes, endothelial dysfunction, enhanced platelet-endothelial interaction, or platelet-leucocyte interaction among other mechanisms.

• #49 Migraine Headache: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1142556-overview

  Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) is a rare type of migraine with aura that is preceded or followed by hemiplegia, which typically resolves. […] Migraine occurs with increased frequency in patients with mitochondrial disorders, such as MELAS (mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and strokelike episodes). CADASIL (cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy) is a genetic disorder that causes migraine with aura, strokes before the age of 60, progressive cognitive dysfunction, and behavioral changes. […] Various precipitants of migraine events have been identified, as follows: Hormonal changes, such as those accompanying menstruation (common), pregnancy, and ovulation; Stress; Excessive or insufficient sleep; Medications (eg, vasodilators, oral contraceptives); Smoking; Exposure to bright or fluorescent lighting; Strong odors (eg, perfumes, colognes, petroleum distillates); Head trauma; Weather changes; Motion sickness; Cold stimulus (eg, ice cream headaches); Lack of exercise; Fasting or skipping meals; Red wine.

• #50 Migraine and stroke | Stroke Association

  https://www.stroke.org.uk/stroke/managing-risk/migraines-and-stroke

  Some health conditions are linked to migraine. For example, CADASIL (a rare genetic disorder), and the auto-immune conditions antiphospholipid syndrome and lupus, are linked to a higher risk of stroke, and people with these conditions are also more likely to have migraine. […] Migraine often runs in families, and if one or more close relatives experience migraine, it is more likely that you will too.

• #51 Aura phenomenon: a proposal for an etiology-based clinical classification | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text

  https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-024-01943-8

  The term aura refers to a well-defined pattern of usually positive, progressive, and reversible neurological symptoms, with spreading depolarization as the underlying mechanism. […] Compelling experimental evidence suggests that cortical spreading depolarization (SD) is the central pathogenic mechanism underlying the aura phenomenon. […] A critical aspect of migraine with aura lies in its association with an increased risk of ischemic stroke, particularly at a young age. […] The underlying mechanisms of this association remain incompletely understood. […] The aura phenomenon is most commonly associated with migraine, yet it is not exclusive to this condition. […] An enhanced clinical classification system that discriminates between these phenotypically similar events whether of Migrainous or Non-Migrainous clinical etiologies might deepen our understanding of this complex neurological phenomenon.

• #52 Aura phenomenon: a proposal for an etiology-based clinical classification | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text

  https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-024-01943-8

  These genetic mutations arguably contribute to an increased susceptibility to SD, the key mechanism underlying aura. […] It is also important to acknowledge that other brain injury mechanisms can precipitate SD, including traumatic brain injury, seizures, subarachnoid hemorrhage, ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, and subdural hematoma. […] Finally, the relationship between distinctive extracranial factors and the predisposition to aura phenomena warrants further discussion. […] In summary, we propose the introduction of the term Non-Migrainous Aura to distinguish aura phenomena with different clinical etiologies from classical migraine. […] An aura phenomenon may sometimes defy straightforward clinical etiological classification, presenting without a clear and discernible underlying cause.

• #53 Migraine aura pathophysiology: the role of blood vessels and microembolisation

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2921876/

  Migraine attacks with auras are sometimes associated with underlying hereditary or acquired cerebrovascular disorders. […] On the basis of genetic and epidemiological evidence, we suggest that changes in blood vessels, hypoperfusion disorders, and microembolisation can cause neurovascular dysfunction and evoke cortical spreading depression, an event that is widely thought to underlie aura symptoms. […] Although migraine with aura has many causes (eg, neuronal network excitability), it seems that migraine and stroke might both be triggered by hypoperfusion and could therefore exist on a continuum of vascular complications in a subset of patients who have these hereditary or acquired comorbid vascular conditions. […] Although several possibilities can explain the comorbidity of migraine and vascular diseases (eg, shared mutations or a consequence of repeated migraine attacks), an emerging hypothesis, which we find persuasive, places stroke and migraine on a continuum of vascular complications caused by, for example, focal and transient hypoperfusion.

• #54 Sudden Increase in Migraines with Aura: Causes, Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/migraine/sudden-increase-in-migraines-with-aura

  There are certain conditions that can make you more susceptible to both cortical spreading depression and migraine, potentially increasing aura occurrence. […] Cortical spreading depression might impact blood flow and blood vessels in the brain. […] Stress is a well-known cause of migraine with and without aura and a host of other neurological conditions. […] Its unclear at the moment whether impending migraine and blood flow changes itself triggers electrical changes in the brain or whether the electrical changes are the cause of blood flow changes and migraine.

• #55 Migraine aura pathophysiology: the role of blood vessels and microembolisation

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2921876/

  If this possibility is true in human beings, blood vessel and blood flow disorders would then be acknowledged as a migraine trigger, and vascular causes and risk factors for migraine with aura would be more aggressively sought. […] The association between migraine, stroke, and patent foramen ovale (PFO) remains controversial and incomplete. […] However, data from most studies indicate that if there is an association, it is between PFO and migraine with aura, not migraine without aura. […] The estimated odds ratio was 51 for an association between PFO and migraine and 32 for an association between PFO and migraine with aura. […] Migraine with aura also develops as a complication of injury to large vessels for example, after acute vertebral or carotid artery dissections. […] These pathophysiological considerations take on greater importance in light of recent experimental studies indicating that microembolism can serve as a trigger for CSD.

• #56 Migraine aura: Types, causes, risk factors, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326591

  Factors that increase the risk of developing migraine, including migraine with aura, include: Sex: Females are two to three times more likely than males to experience migraine. It affects around 1 in 5 females. […] Age: This condition is most common in those ages 18-44 years. […] Family history: Around 90% of people with migraine have a family history of the condition.

• #57 Migraine With Aura: Types, Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/migraines-headaches/what-is-a-migraine-with-aura

  Migraine often runs in families. It often begins in childhood and gets worse through adolescence. Although more boys than girls have migraine, more adult women than men have them. Over time, you’ll probably have fewer, and they become less common after age 50. […] About 25%-30% of people with migraine have auras.

• #58 Sudden increase in migraines with aura: Causes and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/sudden-increase-in-migraine-with-aura

  Scientists do not yet know the exact causes of migraine with aura, but they are aware of common triggers. […] Many of the same factors that trigger migraine without aura can also cause migraine with aura. These potential causes include the following: […] According to the Office of Womens Health (OWH), some researchers believe that substances in the brain may build up and cause inflammation, leading to migraine. […] Genes and environmental triggers may also play a role in this inflammation. […] Hormones, including estrogen, can play a role in how frequently a person experiences migraine. […] According to the Migraine Research Foundation, females are more likely than males to develop migraine. […] However, after menopause, the number of migraine episodes tends to decrease. […] As a result of changing hormone levels before menopause, the American Migraine Foundation indicates that some females may be more prone to migraine if they are more sensitive to hormonal changes.

• #59 Stanford headache specialist demystifies migraine auras – Scope

  https://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2017/07/11/stanford-headache-specialist-demystifies-migraine-auras/

  A migraine aura is thought to be initiated by a phenomenon in the brain known as cortical spreading depression — a self-propagating wave of electrical silence in which cortical neurons stop firing and go quiet. This starts a chain of reactions in the brain that causes the symptoms of a migraine attack, Hindiyeh explained. […] A long list of factors can trigger migraines, she said, including stress, changes in sleep patterns, hormonal changes in women, skipping meals, and eating certain foods and beverages such as highly processed foods and excessive caffeine. […] „Migraine symptoms can change throughout a person’s lifetime. Attacks of migraine aura without a headache are more common as migraine sufferers get older,” Hindiyeh said. „However, if you are older than the age of 40 and develop a migraine with aura for the first time, you should be evaluated by a neurologist. If needed, you may then be referred to a headache specialist.”

• #60 The Clinical Features of Migraine With and Without Aura

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/headache-pain/the-clinical-features-of-migraine-with-and-without-aura/30665/

  Migraine with aura has a one-year period prevalence of 5.3 percent in females and 1.9 percent in males. […] Up to 81 percent of those with migraine with aura also have attacks of migraine without aura. […] The reported age of onset ranges from a mean of 11.9 years to a mean of 21 years old. […] In a study of 362 patients with migraine with aura, at least in some attacks, 99 percent of patients had a visual aura, 54 percent had a sensory aura, and 32 percent had an aphasic aura. […] Migraine aura is considered by many to be a distinct phase of the migraine attack preceding the headache. […] However, in a prospective study of 861 attacks of migraine with aura, during the aura phase, 73 percent of attacks were associated with headaches; with 54 percent of the headaches fulfilling migraine criteria during the first 15 minutes within the onset of aura.

• #61 The Clinical Features of Migraine With and Without Aura

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/headache-pain/the-clinical-features-of-migraine-with-and-without-aura/30665/

  Migraine visual or sensory auras typically have a slow spreading quality where symptoms slowly spread across the visual field or body part followed by a gradual return to normal function in the areas first affected after 20 to 60 minutes. […] Migraine aura is considered to be of typical duration when lasting between five and sixty minutes. […] Other aura symptoms can also last more than one hour as follows: somatosensory aura in 14-27 percent and aphasic aura in 17-60 percent of patients.

• #62 Migraine Aura: Symptoms, Treatments, and Causes

  https://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/migraine-aura/

  Migraine aura can be a sign of restricted blood supply to brain cells and in rare cases the symptoms of a migraine with aura are the same as a transient ischemic attack (or mini-stroke). […] There is a strong genetic link for migraines, with about 90 percent of sufferers reporting a family history of these headaches. […] Migraine is a „diagnosis of exclusion,” which means it is reached by a process of elimination since there is no test or biomarker to confirm its presence. […] The majority of migraine sufferers do not experience an aura beforehand, so they receive no early warning of the impending headache until the pain begins. […] Migraine aura can be dangerous for a couple of reasons.

• #63 Genetics of migraine aura: an update | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text

  https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-020-01125-2

  Migraine is a common brain disorder with a large genetic component. Of the two main migraine types, migraine with aura and migraine without aura, the genetic underpinning in the former is least understood. Given the evidence from epidemiological studies in cohorts and families that the genetic contribution is highest in migraine with aura, this seems paradoxical. […] A stronger family history of migraine is associated with migraine with aura, as well as a lower age-at-onset and a higher number of medication days, which suggests a higher genetic susceptibility in this migraine type. […] The only GWAS specifically investigating migraine with aura yielded only one single associated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), near MTDH and PGCP, with genome-wide significance. However, interrogation of all genotyped SNPs, so beyond this one significant hit, was more successful and led to the notion that migraine with aura and migraine without aura are genetically more alike than different.

• #64 Migraine Aura: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/migraine-and-headache/migraine-aura

  Aura is a group of neurological symptoms that often happen just before a migraine episode. […] The exact cause of migraine is unknown. However, research suggests there may be a strong genetic link. Studies show that people who have family members with migraine are three times more likely to experience it themselves. […] Migraine triggers can vary from person to person. Common triggers include: certain foods, like aged cheese, nitrates, and monosodium glutamate (MSG); high levels of stress or anxiety; high intake of caffeine or withdrawal from caffeine; changes in weather or altitude; disturbances in sleep; menstruation.

• #65 Sudden increase in migraines with aura: Causes and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/sudden-increase-in-migraine-with-aura

  Episodes can occur following pregnancy or before a period due to drops in hormone levels associated with these events. […] If a person first experiences migraine-like symptoms after the age of 60 years, an underlying condition may be responsible. […] Some underlying conditions associated with migraine include: high blood pressure, stroke, anxiety, depression, sleep disorders. […] People can also have different sensitivities to their environment that could cause migraine symptoms to increase in frequency over time. […] Reasons for migraine frequently increasing include hormonal changes, environmental changes, underlying medical conditions, and new or worsening triggers. […] Migraine with aura can increase stroke risk factors, so it is important to have a doctor evaluate symptoms if treatment does not work.

• #66 Sudden Increase in Migraines with Aura: Causes and Relief

  https://greatist.com/migraine/sudden-increase-in-migraines-with-aura

  The exact cause of an uptick in migraine attacks with aura is not fully understood. However, auras have been linked to environmental triggers, hormonal changes, and neurological conditions such as stroke or traumatic brain injury. […] Research shows that experiencing aura during your migraine episodes doubles your risk for problems like ischemic stroke. […] Most theorize that an aura is precipitated by vascular changes or cortical spreading depression basically, a wave of disrupted brain activity that occurs in some neurological disorders. […] Experts do know that visual auras stem from the brain’s occipital lobe. The cortical spreading depression might then travel to other parts of the brain, triggering intense head pain. […] While we don’t know exactly why someone might experience a sudden increase in migraine with aura, we do know these are common links: hormones, external triggers, some medical conditions.

• #67 Sudden Increase in Migraines with Aura: Causes and Relief

  https://greatist.com/migraine/sudden-increase-in-migraines-with-aura

  If you’re a woman who gets migraine attacks with aura, hormonal shifts could be part of the problem. […] These same migraine-inducing factors could invite an increase in auras: periods of high stress or anxiety, too much caffeine, changes in your sleep schedule, sudden exposure to bright lights, loud noises, or intense smells, weather or seasonal changes like storm fronts or allergies. […] One of these conditions or experiences could explain a sudden increase in migraine with aura: stroke, brain trauma, seizures, brain tumors, increase in migraine attacks in general.

• #68 Migraine with Aura | American Headache Society

  https://americanheadachesociety.org/resources/primary-care/migraine-with-aura

  Approximately one-third of those with migraine experience aura, a sensory experience that occurs before or during an attack. […] Its important to correctly identify aura because those who have migraine with aura can potentially turn chronic, have a higher risk of stroke, and should have a different treatment plan. […] A team of researchers working in France and the U.S. has demonstrated in a large prospective study that women who experience migraine with aura are at greater risk of all types of stroke including ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke as well as all strokes. […] Migraine with brainstem aura has distinct and debilitating effects. Learn about the causes, symptoms and how to manage and treat it.

• #69 Migraine: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/migraine/

  Nongenetic factors also play a critical role in developing a migraine. Migraine headaches can be triggered by skipping meals, caffeine or alcohol overuse, certain foods, poor sleep, emotional stress, hormonal changes, or minor head trauma. Excessive use of pain relief medications can also trigger or worsen migraines.

• #70 Migraine

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/migraine/

  It’s not known what causes migraines. […] You’re more likely to get them if you have a close family member who gets them. […] Some people find certain triggers can cause migraines, such as: starting their period, anxiety and depression, stress and tiredness, not eating regularly or skipping meals, too much caffeine, not getting enough exercise. […] It can help to keep a migraine diary to help you work out what might trigger your migraines.

• #71 Migraine with aura: how to manage this common condition

  https://evidation.com/blog/what-causes-migraine-auras

  Doctors are still researching what causes a migraine aura, but the current research indicates it may be due to electrical or chemical waves that move across the brain during a migraine. Your symptoms are connected to the area of the brain that has this electrical or chemical wave. This wave doesnt harm the brain or the nerves, but it does trigger the aura. […] Like migraines, auras can have many triggers. Each person has their own set of triggers, and a key to managing migraines is learning what yours are. Some common triggers include: Hormonal changes, such as during menstruation, Not getting the right amount of sleep, Reactions to certain foods, Reactions to medications, Bright lights, Overall stress.

• #72 Migraine Headache: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1142556-overview

  Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) is a rare type of migraine with aura that is preceded or followed by hemiplegia, which typically resolves. […] Migraine occurs with increased frequency in patients with mitochondrial disorders, such as MELAS (mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and strokelike episodes). CADASIL (cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy) is a genetic disorder that causes migraine with aura, strokes before the age of 60, progressive cognitive dysfunction, and behavioral changes. […] Various precipitants of migraine events have been identified, as follows: Hormonal changes, such as those accompanying menstruation (common), pregnancy, and ovulation; Stress; Excessive or insufficient sleep; Medications (eg, vasodilators, oral contraceptives); Smoking; Exposure to bright or fluorescent lighting; Strong odors (eg, perfumes, colognes, petroleum distillates); Head trauma; Weather changes; Motion sickness; Cold stimulus (eg, ice cream headaches); Lack of exercise; Fasting or skipping meals; Red wine.

• #73 Migraine – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/headache/migraine

  Oral contraceptives and other hormone therapy occasionally trigger or worsen migraine and have been associated with stroke in women who have migraine with aura. […] Monoclonal antibodies and gepants that are used to prevent migraines block the activation of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), which can precipitate migraines.

• #74 Migraine with Aura | LloydsPharmacy Online Doctor UK

  https://onlinedoctor.lloydspharmacy.com/uk/lifestyle-advice/migraine-with-aura

  We all know that too much stress isn’t great for us, but for many people, it’s a ticket straight to a migraine. Long-term stress can alter the chemicals in our brain, leading to the inflammation we think causes the symptoms of migraines. […] Although exercise is usually a great thing, a sudden or very intense workout, especially if you’re not used to it, might trigger a migraine. […] Certain medications, like the birth control pill, or medications that open up (dilate) your blood vessels, can often be behind migraines. If youve recently started a new medication and are experiencing migraines, you should speak to your doctor, as they might be able to offer an alternative.

• #75 Migraine – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/headache/migraine

  Migraine is thought to be a neurovascular pain syndrome with altered central neuronal processing (activation of brain stem nuclei, cortical hyperexcitability, and spreading cortical depression) and involvement of the trigeminovascular system (triggering neuropeptide release [eg, CGRP], which causes painful inflammation in cranial vessels and the dura mater). […] Evidence suggests that migraine may frequently develop after mild traumatic brain injury. […] Many potential migraine triggers have been identified; they include the following: Drinking red wine, Skipping meals, Excessive afferent stimuli (eg, flashing lights, strong odors), Weather changes, Sleep deprivation, Stress, Hormonal factors, particularly menstruation, Certain foods. […] Familial hemiplegic migraine, a rare subtype of migraine, is associated with genetic defects on chromosomes 1, 2, and 19. The role of genes in the more common forms of migraine is under study.

• #76 Migraine With Aura – Migraine World Summit

  https://migraineworldsummit.com/migraine-with-aura/

  Migraine with aura causes are not fully understood. There are different theories but the truth is scientists still don’t really know what causes migraine with aura. One risk factor is having one or two parents with migraine with aura. There is a genetic link. We do know that it occurs in the brain after it is triggered. […] After head trauma, we know that there can be massive changes in depolarization in the brain, but there are people sitting normally, having a depolarization in the brain. The cortical spreading depression seems to occur for no good reason. […] There may be certain migraine triggers for some people that make them more susceptible, for instance if they haven’t slept enough. Altitude may play a role in making people more susceptible to aura. But the initiation point is not really known.

• #77 Aura phenomenon: a proposal for an etiology-based clinical classification | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text

  https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-024-01943-8

  These genetic mutations arguably contribute to an increased susceptibility to SD, the key mechanism underlying aura. […] It is also important to acknowledge that other brain injury mechanisms can precipitate SD, including traumatic brain injury, seizures, subarachnoid hemorrhage, ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, and subdural hematoma. […] Finally, the relationship between distinctive extracranial factors and the predisposition to aura phenomena warrants further discussion. […] In summary, we propose the introduction of the term Non-Migrainous Aura to distinguish aura phenomena with different clinical etiologies from classical migraine. […] An aura phenomenon may sometimes defy straightforward clinical etiological classification, presenting without a clear and discernible underlying cause.

• #78 Migraines with Aura: What They Are and How to CopeVisit our FacebookVisit our InstagramVisit our TwitterVisit our YouTube channelVisit our FacebookVisit our TwitterVisit our YouTube channelVisit our FacebookVisit our TwitterVisit our YouTube channeltwitte

  https://bessoclinic.com/migraines-with-aura-what-they-are-and-how-to-cope/

  Something interesting has been observed in those suffering from migraines when they undergo an MRI while they are experiencing an aura. A cortical spreading depression was noticed slowly moving across part of the brain. This is a change that takes place in the brain caused by a wave of impulses or nerve signals moving across it and disrupting the normal activity in these areas. This is thought to lead to a wide variety of migraine symptoms. […] It has been seen that a misalignment in the top bones of the neck may be to blame for both migraines with and without aura. The C1 and C2 vertebrae have been designed to add protection for the delicate brainstem, part of the central nervous system. However, a trauma to the head and neck can cause these bones to misalign. Things such as whiplash, a trip, and fall, a sporting accident, or simply overusing the neck muscles can lead to the bones moving out of place. When this happens, the bones begin putting the brainstem under pressure and can lead to migraine headaches. This can be due to improper signals being sent by the brain or the bones acting as a blockage to the fluids vital to the proper function of the brain.

• #79 Migraine with Aura: Symptoms, Visual Disturbances, and Management

  https://headacheaustralia.org.au/migraine-aura/

  Migraine aura refers to a collection of symptoms that many people experience before or during a migraine attack. […] Aura affects 20-40% of people with migraine, but it isn’t necessarily a part of every attack. […] In general, aura could be caused by the same factors that trigger migraine attacks without aura. This includes things like stress, sleep disruption, dietary changes, hormones, and environmental factors. […] In terms of migraine aura specifically, the most commonly accepted theory points towards cortical spreading depression (CSD). […] CSD is a wave of atypical activity that moves across the brain, altering the function of brain cells and blood vessels. […] The relationship between aura and migraine pain is more complicated. About 20-40% of people with migraine experience aura and even then, they won’t always have aura alongside every migraine attack. […] Ultimately, we haven’t identified one magic key that unlocks the mystery of migraine.

• #80 Migraine Headache: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1142556-overview

  Migraine has a strong genetic component. Approximately 70% of migraine patients have a first-degree relative with a history of migraine. The risk of migraine is increased 4-fold in relatives of people who have migraine with aura. […] Migraine was previously considered to be a vascular phenomenon that resulted from intracranial vasoconstriction followed by rebound vasodilation. Currently, however, the neurovascular theory describes migraine as primarily a neurogenic process with secondary changes in cerebral perfusion associated with a sterile neurogenic inflammation. […] A genetic component to migraine is indicated by the fact that approximately 70% of patients have a first-degree relative with a history of migraine. In addition, a variety of environmental and behavioral factors may precipitate migraine attacks in persons with a predisposition to migraine.

• #81 Migraine With Aura: Types, Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/migraines-headaches/what-is-a-migraine-with-aura

  Migraine with aura is a condition that usually includes intense headaches along with sensory disruptions like dizziness, ringing in your ears, zigzag lines in your vision, or sensitivity to light. […] Scientists aren’t sure what causes migraine, but several brain chemicals probably play a role. […] According to this theory, an attack starts when a wave of nerve cell activity leads to changes across your brain and triggers your trigeminal nerve. This causes the release of a variety of neurotransmitters (chemical „messengers” within your nervous system) that change the size of blood vessels, release more neurotransmitters, and finally cause inflammation and pain. […] Experts think the aura happens because of this electrical wave moving across the part of your brain that processes signals from your senses.

• #82 The Difference Between Migraine With and Without Aura

  https://www.webmd.com/migraines-headaches/migraine-auras-explained

  Scientists aren’t sure what causes migraines. They think many brain chemicals — such as serotonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and dopamine — play a role. According to the theory, a wave of nerve cell activity spreads across the brain and excites the trigeminal nerve. This causes the release of neurotransmitters that trigger a change in the size of blood vessels, releasing more neurotransmitters and finally causing an inflammatory process and pain. […] Migraines often run in families. Other things can trigger migraine attacks for some people, like some foods, smells, stress, and things in the world around you. Changes in estrogen levels can lead to migraines for some people. […] Migraine with aura slightly raises your chances of getting a stroke. This is especially important to know for women who take birth control pills, get hormone replacement therapy, or smoke, since these things can raise your odds even more.

• #83 Migraine – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/symptoms-causes/syc-20360201

  Migraine causes aren’t fully understood, genetics and environmental factors appear to play a role. […] Changes in the brainstem and its interactions with the trigeminal nerve, a major pain pathway, might be involved. So might imbalances in brain chemicals including serotonin, which helps regulate pain in your nervous system. […] Researchers are studying the role of serotonin in migraines. Other neurotransmitters play a role in the pain of migraine, including calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). […] Hormonal changes in women. Fluctuations in estrogen, such as before or during menstrual periods, pregnancy and menopause, seem to trigger headaches in many women. […] Though migraine causes aren’t fully understood, genetics and environmental factors appear to play a role.

• #84 Migraine with brainstem aura – The Migraine TrustVisualV1 – SearchVisualV1 – CrossVisualV1 – Home VisualV1 – CrossVisualV1 – Arrow

  https://migrainetrust.org/understand-migraine/types-of-migraine/migraine-with-brainstem-aura/

  Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is believed to be the brain mechanism that generates migraine with brainstem aura, similar to typical visual aura in migraine. However, the current understanding is that CSD occurs either in the brainstem (the base of the brain) or additionally on the surface of the brain (cerebral cortex). […] Like other forms of migraine with aura these attacks can be triggered by certain things.

• #85 Daily briefing: Spinal fluid causes aural migraine pain, suggests research in mice

  https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-02257-0

  Research in mice hints at how brain activity triggers aural migraines. It suggests that the aura phase before the headache when people experience symptoms such as blind spots temporarily changes the content of the cerebrospinal fluid, the clear liquid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. This altered fluid, researchers suggest, travels through a previously unknown gap in anatomy to nerves in the skull where it activates pain and inflammatory receptors. […] Migraine is actually protective in that it signals something abnormal is happening in the brain, says neuroscientist and study co-author Maiken Nedergaard. The pain is protective because its telling the person to rest and recover and sleep.

• #86 The Cause of Migraine: The Electrical and Chemical Sides of Migraine – Migraine Canada

  https://migrainecanada.org/the-cause-of-migraine-the-electrical-and-chemical-sides-of-migraine/

  Migraine is a neurological disease, and it has many different mechanisms. We cannot just say X is the cause of migraine. We have to look at it like a puzzle with different pieces. […] Chemicals and proteins can trigger migraine attacks when injected into a person’s blood. For centuries, it was believed migraine was caused by the dilation of blood vessels. Treatments were aimed at constricting blood vessels to ease the migraine pain. Now we know the truth is more complicated. The dilation of the vessels may trigger an attack but may also be the consequence of the attack. […] Migraine aura is caused by cortical spreading depression (CSD), an electrical wave that alters neuron and blood vessel activity. Symptoms vary depending on where the wave travels in the brain.

• #87 Daily briefing: Spinal fluid causes aural migraine pain, suggests research in mice

  https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-02257-0

  Research in mice hints at how brain activity triggers aural migraines. It suggests that the aura phase before the headache when people experience symptoms such as blind spots temporarily changes the content of the cerebrospinal fluid, the clear liquid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. This altered fluid, researchers suggest, travels through a previously unknown gap in anatomy to nerves in the skull where it activates pain and inflammatory receptors. […] Migraine is actually protective in that it signals something abnormal is happening in the brain, says neuroscientist and study co-author Maiken Nedergaard. The pain is protective because its telling the person to rest and recover and sleep.

• #88 Patient’s Guide to Visual Migraine – Brigham and Women’s Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomens.org/neurology/neuro-ophthalmology/visual-migraine

  Although migraines are extremely common, their exact cause remains unknown. […] It appears likely that the visual aura relates to a phenomenon called cortical spreading depression which temporarily affects electrical impulses in the brain. […] The pain of a migraine headache probably relates to spasm or irritability of blood vessels in the brain, which are sensitive to pain (unlike the brain tissue itself, which does not have pain receptors). […] Beyond these hypotheses, however, the exact mechanism that triggers a migraine remains unknown. […] It is often possible to identify certain risk factors that increase the chance of having migraines. […] Overall, migraines are more common in women than in men. […] In addition, a persons hormonal status can affect the pattern of migraines they experience; therefore, it is natural for a woman to notice a change in headaches and other migraine symptoms in adolescence or around the time of menopause.

• #89 Patient’s Guide to Visual Migraine – Brigham and Women’s Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomens.org/neurology/neuro-ophthalmology/visual-migraine

  Many individuals can identify specific triggers for their migraines. […] These triggers include fatigue, skipping a meal, caffeine withdrawal, stress, and certain foods (including red wine, chocolate, or aged cheese). […] For many patients with isolated visual migraines, however, the events can be very infrequent and no definite trigger can be determined.

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