Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Migraine and Aura | American Migraine Foundation

  https://americanmigrainefoundation.org/resource-library/migraine-and-aura/

  Migraine with aura occurs in 25-30% of migraineurs. […] Treatment of migraine with aura should consist of: […] Acute medications for use at onset of a headache attack to try to break it. […] Preventive medication to help reduce the frequency and severity of headache attacks. […] Non-medication preventive treatments including biofeedback, cognitive behavioral therapy. […] Addressing risk factors such as depression, anxiety, snoring, obesity, etc. […] Migraine with aura slightly increases the risk of having a stroke so women who have migraine with aura need to think carefully about the potential risks associated with birth control pills that contain estrogen or hormone replacement therapy. […] Treatment options vary, from acute treatment to relieve symptoms to preventive treatment to reduce the number of attacks you experience.

• #2 Differences in treatment response between migraine with aura and migraine without aura: lessons from clinical practice and RCTs | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text

  https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-019-1046-4

  Migraine with aura may respond differently to acute and preventive therapies as compared to migraine without aura. […] Current guidelines recommend that the same treatment be used in migraine with and without aura. […] The aura is transient in nature, and acute treatment targeting the aura itself should have an immediate effect to yield meaningful clinical efficacy. […] There are no currently available treatments that are well-proven treatment to abort or shorten the aura symptoms, but a number of treatments have been tested. […] Glutamate receptors inhibitors, particularly NMDA receptor antagonists, have been reported to inhibit the initiation and propagation of CSD. […] Aspirin has been tested for migraine aura prophylaxis. […] A small open-label trial of levetiracetam included 16 patients with migraine with aura, and led to reduction in monthly attacks, and complete disappearance of aura in 43%.

• #3 Migraine with aura – The Migraine TrustVisualV1 – SearchVisualV1 – CrossVisualV1 – Home VisualV1 – CrossVisualV1 – Arrow

  https://migrainetrust.org/understand-migraine/types-of-migraine/migraine-with-aura/

  A type of migraine where you have a warning sign (an ‘aura’) that a migraine attack is going to happen […] Your treatment options depend on how often you have attacks and how severe they are. It will also depend on other factors such as other illnesses you may have or medication that you take. […] Generally, treatment for migraine includes: Acute treatment such as over the counter painkillers, migraine specific treatments (triptans) and anti-sickness medication. These treatments aim to help manage the symptoms when an attack comes on. You do need to be careful not to take certain acute treatments too many days a month as this can cause medication overuse headache. Medication overuse can cause daily headaches with migraine symptoms. […] Preventive treatment such as beta-blockers, tricyclic antidepressants or anti-epilepsy drugs. These treatments aim to reduce how often you have migraine attacks and how bad they are. You take them every day and build them up to an effective dose. Some people need to try a range of treatments, or may be referred to a specialist if the treatments don’t work for them.

• #4 Migraine – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20360207

  Migraine treatment is aimed at stopping symptoms and preventing future attacks. […] Many medications have been designed to treat migraines. Medications used to combat migraines fall into two broad categories: Pain-relieving medications. Also known as acute or abortive treatment, these types of drugs are taken during migraine attacks and are designed to stop symptoms. […] Preventive medications. These types of drugs are taken regularly, often daily, to reduce the severity or frequency of migraines. […] Your treatment choices depend on the frequency and severity of your headaches, whether you have nausea and vomiting with your headaches, how disabling your headaches are, and other medical conditions you have. […] Medications used to relieve migraine pain work best when taken at the first sign of an oncoming migraine as soon as symptoms of a migraine begin.

• #5 Migraine with aura – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-with-aura/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352077

  For migraine with aura, just as with migraine alone, treatment is aimed at relieving migraine pain. […] Medications used to relieve migraine pain work best when taken at the first sign of an oncoming migraine as soon as signs and symptoms of a migraine aura begin. […] Depending on how severe your migraine pain is, types of medications that can be used to treat it include: […] Prescription drugs such as sumatriptan (Imitrex, Tosymra) and rizatriptan (Maxalt, Maxalt-MLT) are used to treat migraine because they block pain pathways in the brain. […] This newer oral tablet is approved for the treatment of migraine with or without aura. […] Ubrogepant (Ubrelvy) and rimegepant (Nurtec ODT) are oral calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) antagonists recently approved for the treatment of acute migraine with or without aura in adults.

• #6 Acute treatment of migraine in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-treatment-of-migraine-in-adults

  Migraine is a common episodic disorder, the hallmark of which is a disabling headache generally associated with nausea and/or light and sound sensitivity. The acute treatment of migraine in adults is reviewed here. […] The abortive (symptomatic) therapy of migraine ranges from the use of simple analgesics such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or acetaminophen to triptans, antiemetics, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) antagonists, lasmiditan, and dihydroergotamine. The selection of a specific agent depends on patient-specific factors including the severity and character of symptoms, comorbid conditions, and prior response to treatment. Noninvasive neuromodulation devices are typically used for patients who do not respond to or tolerate drug treatments and those who wish to avoid medications. […] Abortive treatments are more effective if they are given early in the course of the headache; a large single dose tends to work better than repetitive small doses. For some patients, oral agents are less effective because of poor absorption secondary to migraine-induced gastric stasis and vomiting.

• #7 Migraine With Aura – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554611/

  Migraine with aura carries an increased risk of cerebrovascular accidents, prompting timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment. […] Moreover, clinicians will learn about evidence-based strategies for managing migraines with aura, including acute treatment and preventative measures. […] Migraine treatment involves abortive and prophylactic therapy. Abortive treatment aims to stop the progression of a current headache, while prophylactic therapy seeks to reduce the frequency or severity of headaches, thereby improving patients’ quality of life. […] Patients should also implement strategies to avoid migraine triggers. […] Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) medications are effective in treating mild to moderate attacks without accompanying nausea or vomiting. […] Triptans are 5-hydroxytryptamine1 (5-HT1) agonists and are recommended as first-line therapy for patients experiencing allodynia and those with moderate to severe pain.

• #8 Migraine – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20360207

  Migraine treatment is aimed at stopping symptoms and preventing future attacks. […] Many medications have been designed to treat migraines. Medications used to combat migraines fall into two broad categories: Pain-relieving medications. Also known as acute or abortive treatment, these types of drugs are taken during migraine attacks and are designed to stop symptoms. […] Preventive medications. These types of drugs are taken regularly, often daily, to reduce the severity or frequency of migraines. […] Your treatment choices depend on the frequency and severity of your headaches, whether you have nausea and vomiting with your headaches, how disabling your headaches are, and other medical conditions you have. […] Medications used to relieve migraine pain work best when taken at the first sign of an oncoming migraine as soon as symptoms of a migraine begin.

• #9 Acute Migraine Headache: Treatment Strategies | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0215/p243.html

  Migraine is a primary headache disorder characterized by recurrent attacks. Acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, triptans, antiemetics, ergot alkaloids, and combination analgesics have evidence supporting their effectiveness in the treatment of migraine. Acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are first-line treatments for mild to moderate migraines, whereas triptans are first-line treatments for moderate to severe migraines. […] Other medications such as dihydroergotamine and antiemetics are recommended for use as second- or third-line therapy for select patients or for those with refractory migraine. […] Several treatment principles, including taking medication early in an attack and using a stratified treatment approach, can help ensure that migraine treatment is cost-effective.

• #10 Migraine – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/headache/migraine

  Patients who frequently (eg, 2 days/week) use medications to treat their acute migraine attacks (particularly analgesics that contain butalbital, triptans, ergotamine, or opioids) should be treated with preventive migraine drugs combined with a program for stopping overused analgesics. […] Clinicians sometimes recommend behavioral interventions (biofeedback, stress management, psychotherapy) to manage migraine, especially when stress is a major trigger or when analgesics are being overused. […] Yoga can reduce headache frequency and intensity; it enhances vagal tone and decreases sympathetic drive, thus improving cardiac autonomic balance. Relaxation techniques can reduce sympathetic nervous system activity, ease muscle tension, and alter brain wave activity. […] Initial treatment of newly diagnosed mild to moderate migraine attacks is with NSAIDs or acetaminophen.

• #11 Migraine Aura: What Is It, Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22131-migraine-aura

  Migraine aura treatment is focused on easing symptoms. Your healthcare provider may recommend a number of medications, including: […] Pain relievers. Prescription or over-the-counter pain medications such as acetaminophen, ibuprofen or aspirin can alleviate migraine aura and associated pain. […] Triptans. Sumatriptan and rizatriptan block pain pathways in the brain. These medications may be prescribed as pills, injections or nasal spray. […] Dihydroergotamine nasal spray or dihydroergotamine injection. These medications can be taken at the onset of a migraine attack in an effort to lessen symptoms. […] Opioids. These drugs may be recommended for people who cant take triptans or dihydroergotamines. Because opioids are highly addictive, this treatment should only be considered when all other options have failed.

• #12 The state of migraine: An update on current and emerging treatments

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2021/december/the-state-of-migrain

  Choice of therapy will be tailored to comorbidity (eg triptans are contraindicated with cardiovascular disease); however, these authors recommend NSAIDs as first-line treatment (aspirin 900 mg or ibuprofen 600 mg), with the addition of triptans in patients who are non-responders. […] Pharmacological treatment is indicated if individual attacks are refractory to acute treatment or there are more than four migraines/month. […] Preventive medication is indicated for patients with more than four attacks per month or if individual attacks are hard to treat, both to limit the morbidity of the disease and reduce the risk of medication overuse. […] The combination of NSAIDs and triptans at the onset of an attack is more likely to be efficacious then either therapy individually. […] The choice of preventive medication should be tailored to a patients comorbidities and potential side effects, and must be trialled for 68 weeks to assess efficacy.

• #13 The state of migraine: An update on current and emerging treatments

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2021/december/the-state-of-migrain

  Choice of therapy will be tailored to comorbidity (eg triptans are contraindicated with cardiovascular disease); however, these authors recommend NSAIDs as first-line treatment (aspirin 900 mg or ibuprofen 600 mg), with the addition of triptans in patients who are non-responders. […] Pharmacological treatment is indicated if individual attacks are refractory to acute treatment or there are more than four migraines/month. […] Preventive medication is indicated for patients with more than four attacks per month or if individual attacks are hard to treat, both to limit the morbidity of the disease and reduce the risk of medication overuse. […] The combination of NSAIDs and triptans at the onset of an attack is more likely to be efficacious then either therapy individually. […] The choice of preventive medication should be tailored to a patients comorbidities and potential side effects, and must be trialled for 68 weeks to assess efficacy.

• #14 Acute Migraine Headache: Treatment Strategies | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0215/p243.html

  Triptans may not be effective in all patients or all migraine episodes. Repeating the same dose of the same medication may not relieve persistent symptoms. […] However, if a migraine resolves but recurs within 24 hours, the initial triptan is likely to be successful. […] Combining the triptan with 500 mg of naproxen or choosing a triptan with a longer half-life may reduce recurrence rates. […] Parenteral dihydroergotamine (DHE 45) is commonly used to treat refractory migraine. […] Intravenous magnesium sulfate (1 to 2 g) may be an effective alternative treatment for migraine with aura. […] Opioids can be considered for refractory migraine but should be used sparingly and infrequently.

• #15 Treatment of Acute Migraine Headache | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0201/p271.html

  Prophylactic therapy may be appropriate for selected patients. The U.S. Headache Consortium’s recommended indications for prophylactic therapy in patients with migraine headache are contraindications or intolerance to abortive therapies, headache symptoms occurring more than two days per week, headaches that severely limit quality of life despite abortive therapy, and presence of uncommon migraine conditions, including hemiplegic migraine, basilar migraine, migraine with prolonged aura, or migrainous infarction. […] The combination analgesic acetaminophen/aspirin/caffeine (Excedrin Migraine) is effective, inexpensive, available without prescription, and free from most vascular contraindications associated with triptans. Its use in migraine treatment has shown favorable results when compared with 50 mg of sumatriptan (Imitrex) in one trial and with placebo in previous trials. NSAIDs are a convenient first-line therapy for mild to moderate migraine or historically responsive severe attacks. Triptans are migraine-specific drugs that bind to serotonergic receptors. They are considered first-line therapy for moderate to severe migraine, or mild to moderate attacks unresponsive to nonspecific analgesics.

• #16 Migraine with aura – The Migraine TrustVisualV1 – SearchVisualV1 – CrossVisualV1 – Home VisualV1 – CrossVisualV1 – Arrow

  https://migrainetrust.org/understand-migraine/types-of-migraine/migraine-with-aura/

  A type of migraine where you have a warning sign (an ‘aura’) that a migraine attack is going to happen […] Your treatment options depend on how often you have attacks and how severe they are. It will also depend on other factors such as other illnesses you may have or medication that you take. […] Generally, treatment for migraine includes: Acute treatment such as over the counter painkillers, migraine specific treatments (triptans) and anti-sickness medication. These treatments aim to help manage the symptoms when an attack comes on. You do need to be careful not to take certain acute treatments too many days a month as this can cause medication overuse headache. Medication overuse can cause daily headaches with migraine symptoms. […] Preventive treatment such as beta-blockers, tricyclic antidepressants or anti-epilepsy drugs. These treatments aim to reduce how often you have migraine attacks and how bad they are. You take them every day and build them up to an effective dose. Some people need to try a range of treatments, or may be referred to a specialist if the treatments don’t work for them.

• #17 Migraine Headache Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Emergency Department Considerations, Reduction of Migraine Triggers

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1142556-treatment

  Ubrogepant (Ubrelvy) is the first drug in the class of oral calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) antagonists approved for the acute treatment of migraine. […] Rimegepant (Nurtec ODT) is another oral CGRP antagonist approved in February 2020 for acute treatment. […] Antiemetics (eg, chlorperazine, promethazine) are used to treat the emesis associated with acute migraine attacks. […] The following may be considered indications for prophylactic migraine therapy: Frequency of migraine attacks is greater than 2 per month, Duration of individual attacks is longer than 24 hours, The headaches cause major disruptions in the patients lifestyle, with significant disability that lasts 3 or more days, Abortive therapy fails or is overused, Symptomatic medications are contraindicated or ineffective, Use of abortive medications more than twice a week.

• #18 Acute Migraine Headache: Treatment Strategies | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0215/p243.html

  The choice of triptan should be individualized based on the patient’s migraine characteristics and on the route of administration, pharmacokinetics, and cost. […] Guidelines stress basic treatment principles for acute migraine. First, the patient must understand the condition and treatment strategy, and medication should be taken early in the attack. […] Several medications are available as tablets, orally disintegrating tablets, nasal sprays, or injections to facilitate administration, especially if vomiting occurs. […] Acute medications, including triptans, should not be used more than two or three times per week. If acute treatment is needed more often, prophylactic therapy should be considered. […] Triptans are an effective first-line treatment for moderate to severe migraine. […] The best results occur when triptans are taken early in an attack. For migraine with aura, evidence suggests that the best results are achieved by taking the triptan at the onset of pain rather than the onset of aura, although taking a triptan during a typical aura seems to be safe.

• #19 Migraine with aura – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-with-aura/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352077

  For migraine with aura, just as with migraine alone, treatment is aimed at relieving migraine pain. […] Medications used to relieve migraine pain work best when taken at the first sign of an oncoming migraine as soon as signs and symptoms of a migraine aura begin. […] Depending on how severe your migraine pain is, types of medications that can be used to treat it include: […] Prescription drugs such as sumatriptan (Imitrex, Tosymra) and rizatriptan (Maxalt, Maxalt-MLT) are used to treat migraine because they block pain pathways in the brain. […] This newer oral tablet is approved for the treatment of migraine with or without aura. […] Ubrogepant (Ubrelvy) and rimegepant (Nurtec ODT) are oral calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) antagonists recently approved for the treatment of acute migraine with or without aura in adults.

• #20 Migraine: What It Is, Types, Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5005-migraine-headaches

  Migraine with aura is a type of migraine that includes a group of sensory, motor and/or speech symptoms that act as a warning sign of a migraine headache. […] Treatment is available to help you manage migraines. […] A healthcare provider can help you manage migraine symptoms through the following: taking medications, avoiding migraine triggers, and using alternative migraine remedies. […] A healthcare provider might recommend taking medications to treat migraines. There are two types of medications available: medications to stop migraines and medications to prevent migraines. […] Common medications that stop migraines include triptans, ditans, gepants, dihydroergotamine, and antiemetic medications. […] Common preventive migraine medications include antiseizure medications, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, monoclonal antibodies, tricyclic antidepressants, and serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors.

• #21 Migraine: What It Is, Types, Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5005-migraine-headaches

  Migraine with aura is a type of migraine that includes a group of sensory, motor and/or speech symptoms that act as a warning sign of a migraine headache. […] Treatment is available to help you manage migraines. […] A healthcare provider can help you manage migraine symptoms through the following: taking medications, avoiding migraine triggers, and using alternative migraine remedies. […] A healthcare provider might recommend taking medications to treat migraines. There are two types of medications available: medications to stop migraines and medications to prevent migraines. […] Common medications that stop migraines include triptans, ditans, gepants, dihydroergotamine, and antiemetic medications. […] Common preventive migraine medications include antiseizure medications, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, monoclonal antibodies, tricyclic antidepressants, and serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors.

• #22 Acute Migraine Headache: Treatment Strategies | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0215/p243.html

  The choice of triptan should be individualized based on the patient’s migraine characteristics and on the route of administration, pharmacokinetics, and cost. […] Guidelines stress basic treatment principles for acute migraine. First, the patient must understand the condition and treatment strategy, and medication should be taken early in the attack. […] Several medications are available as tablets, orally disintegrating tablets, nasal sprays, or injections to facilitate administration, especially if vomiting occurs. […] Acute medications, including triptans, should not be used more than two or three times per week. If acute treatment is needed more often, prophylactic therapy should be considered. […] Triptans are an effective first-line treatment for moderate to severe migraine. […] The best results occur when triptans are taken early in an attack. For migraine with aura, evidence suggests that the best results are achieved by taking the triptan at the onset of pain rather than the onset of aura, although taking a triptan during a typical aura seems to be safe.

• #23 Acute Migraine Headache: Treatment Strategies | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0215/p243.html

  Triptans may not be effective in all patients or all migraine episodes. Repeating the same dose of the same medication may not relieve persistent symptoms. […] However, if a migraine resolves but recurs within 24 hours, the initial triptan is likely to be successful. […] Combining the triptan with 500 mg of naproxen or choosing a triptan with a longer half-life may reduce recurrence rates. […] Parenteral dihydroergotamine (DHE 45) is commonly used to treat refractory migraine. […] Intravenous magnesium sulfate (1 to 2 g) may be an effective alternative treatment for migraine with aura. […] Opioids can be considered for refractory migraine but should be used sparingly and infrequently.

• #24 Acute Migraine Headache: Treatment Strategies | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0215/p243.html

  Triptans may not be effective in all patients or all migraine episodes. Repeating the same dose of the same medication may not relieve persistent symptoms. […] However, if a migraine resolves but recurs within 24 hours, the initial triptan is likely to be successful. […] Combining the triptan with 500 mg of naproxen or choosing a triptan with a longer half-life may reduce recurrence rates. […] Parenteral dihydroergotamine (DHE 45) is commonly used to treat refractory migraine. […] Intravenous magnesium sulfate (1 to 2 g) may be an effective alternative treatment for migraine with aura. […] Opioids can be considered for refractory migraine but should be used sparingly and infrequently.

• #25 Migraine Headache Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Emergency Department Considerations, Reduction of Migraine Triggers

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1142556-treatment

  In January 2018, the FDA approved a vagus nerve stimulator (vNS) for the treatment of migraine pain in adults. […] Another noninvasive neuromodulation device for the relief of acute migraine pain was approved by the FDA in May 2019. […] The 2 categories of migraine-specific oral medications are triptans and ergot alkaloids. […] Although the triptans share a common mechanism of action, they differ in the available routes of administration, onset of action, and duration of action. […] The first combination product of a triptan and an NSAID, Treximet, was approved by the FDA in 2008. […] In October 2019, the FDA approved lasmiditan for treatment of acute migraine with or without aura. […] Zavegepant intranasal (Zavzpret) is the first intranasal CGRP antagonist approved for adults to treat acute migraine with or without aura.

• #26 Migraine with aura – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-with-aura/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352077

  For migraine with aura, just as with migraine alone, treatment is aimed at relieving migraine pain. […] Medications used to relieve migraine pain work best when taken at the first sign of an oncoming migraine as soon as signs and symptoms of a migraine aura begin. […] Depending on how severe your migraine pain is, types of medications that can be used to treat it include: […] Prescription drugs such as sumatriptan (Imitrex, Tosymra) and rizatriptan (Maxalt, Maxalt-MLT) are used to treat migraine because they block pain pathways in the brain. […] This newer oral tablet is approved for the treatment of migraine with or without aura. […] Ubrogepant (Ubrelvy) and rimegepant (Nurtec ODT) are oral calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) antagonists recently approved for the treatment of acute migraine with or without aura in adults.

• #27 Migraine – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20360207

  Medications that can be used to treat it include: Pain relievers. These over-the-counter or prescription pain relievers include aspirin or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others). […] Triptans. Prescription drugs such as sumatriptan (Imitrex, Tosymra) and rizatriptan (Maxalt, Maxalt-MLT) are used to treat migraine because they block pain pathways in the brain. […] Dihydroergotamine (Migranal, Trudhesa). Available as a nasal spray or injection, this drug is most effective when taken shortly after the start of migraine symptoms for migraines that tend to last longer than 24 hours. […] Lasmiditan (Reyvow). This newer oral tablet is approved for the treatment of migraine with or without aura. […] Oral calcitonin gene-related peptides antagonists, known as gepants. Ubrogepant (Ubrelvy) and rimegepant (Nurtec ODT) are oral gepants approved for the treatment of migraine in adults.

• #28 Migraine: Medications, Symptoms, Types, Treatment & Causes

  https://www.medicinenet.com/migraine/article.htm

  Migraine treatment usually is with over-the-counter (OTC) migraine medication or prescription drugs. […] Prescription medications used to relieve the pain of migraine include triptans (a class of drugs), for example: sumatriptan (Imitrex, Alsuma, Imitrex STATdose System, Sumavel DosePro, Zecuity, Treximet), rizatriptan (Maxalt, Maxalt-MLT), eletriptan (Relpax), zolmitriptan (Zomig, Zomig-ZMT), naratriptan (Amerge), almotriptan (Axert), frovatriptan (Frova). […] Three newly approved medications for the treatment of acute migraine include lasmiditan (Reyvow), a serotonin 5-HT1F receptor agonist (also known as a ditan) which doesn’t cause vasoconstriction. Ubrogepant (Ubrelvy) and rimegepant (Nurtec) are oral calcitonin gene-related peptide antagonists used primarily for the acute treatment of occasional migraine headaches. Rimegepant may be used for preventative therapy, as well.

• #29 Migraine – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/headache/migraine

  If these drugs are ineffective, triptans, dihydroergotamine, or gepants (small-molecule calcitonin generelated peptide [CGRP] receptor antagonists) may be used. […] Triptans are selective serotonin 1B,1D receptor agonists. They are not analgesic per se but specifically block the release of neuropeptides that trigger migraine pain. […] Lasmiditan (a new selective serotonin [5-HT] 1F receptor agonist) or a gepant, such as ubrogepant or rimegepant, can be used when triptans or dihydroergotamine are contraindicated because of cardiovascular disorders. […] Gepants are oral CGRP antagonists. Unlike other acute migraine medications, they do not cause medication overuse headaches and can be used for migraine prevention. […] Evidence supports use of neuromodulatory devices for acute attacks and prevention of migraine headaches.

• #30 Migraine – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20360207

  Medications that can be used to treat it include: Pain relievers. These over-the-counter or prescription pain relievers include aspirin or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others). […] Triptans. Prescription drugs such as sumatriptan (Imitrex, Tosymra) and rizatriptan (Maxalt, Maxalt-MLT) are used to treat migraine because they block pain pathways in the brain. […] Dihydroergotamine (Migranal, Trudhesa). Available as a nasal spray or injection, this drug is most effective when taken shortly after the start of migraine symptoms for migraines that tend to last longer than 24 hours. […] Lasmiditan (Reyvow). This newer oral tablet is approved for the treatment of migraine with or without aura. […] Oral calcitonin gene-related peptides antagonists, known as gepants. Ubrogepant (Ubrelvy) and rimegepant (Nurtec ODT) are oral gepants approved for the treatment of migraine in adults.

• #31 Migraine Aura: What Is It, Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22131-migraine-aura

  Migraine aura treatment is focused on easing symptoms. Your healthcare provider may recommend a number of medications, including: […] Pain relievers. Prescription or over-the-counter pain medications such as acetaminophen, ibuprofen or aspirin can alleviate migraine aura and associated pain. […] Triptans. Sumatriptan and rizatriptan block pain pathways in the brain. These medications may be prescribed as pills, injections or nasal spray. […] Dihydroergotamine nasal spray or dihydroergotamine injection. These medications can be taken at the onset of a migraine attack in an effort to lessen symptoms. […] Opioids. These drugs may be recommended for people who cant take triptans or dihydroergotamines. Because opioids are highly addictive, this treatment should only be considered when all other options have failed.

• #32 Migraine – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20360207

  Medications that can be used to treat it include: Pain relievers. These over-the-counter or prescription pain relievers include aspirin or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others). […] Triptans. Prescription drugs such as sumatriptan (Imitrex, Tosymra) and rizatriptan (Maxalt, Maxalt-MLT) are used to treat migraine because they block pain pathways in the brain. […] Dihydroergotamine (Migranal, Trudhesa). Available as a nasal spray or injection, this drug is most effective when taken shortly after the start of migraine symptoms for migraines that tend to last longer than 24 hours. […] Lasmiditan (Reyvow). This newer oral tablet is approved for the treatment of migraine with or without aura. […] Oral calcitonin gene-related peptides antagonists, known as gepants. Ubrogepant (Ubrelvy) and rimegepant (Nurtec ODT) are oral gepants approved for the treatment of migraine in adults.

• #33 Migraine Headache Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Emergency Department Considerations, Reduction of Migraine Triggers

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1142556-treatment

  In January 2018, the FDA approved a vagus nerve stimulator (vNS) for the treatment of migraine pain in adults. […] Another noninvasive neuromodulation device for the relief of acute migraine pain was approved by the FDA in May 2019. […] The 2 categories of migraine-specific oral medications are triptans and ergot alkaloids. […] Although the triptans share a common mechanism of action, they differ in the available routes of administration, onset of action, and duration of action. […] The first combination product of a triptan and an NSAID, Treximet, was approved by the FDA in 2008. […] In October 2019, the FDA approved lasmiditan for treatment of acute migraine with or without aura. […] Zavegepant intranasal (Zavzpret) is the first intranasal CGRP antagonist approved for adults to treat acute migraine with or without aura.

• #34 Migraine Aura: What Is It, Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22131-migraine-aura

  Antinausea drugs. When migraine aura is accompanied by nausea and vomiting, medications like metoclopramide, chlorpromazine or prochlorperazine can ease these symptoms. […] Magnesium. This supplement can break visual aura and reduce pain. […] While migraine aura cant be prevented altogether, there are certain things you can do to reduce the length, severity and frequency of attacks. If you experience severe migraines that dont respond well to treatment, your healthcare provider might recommend: […] Nutritional supplements like magnesium, CoQ10 and riboflavin. Be sure to take these according to the recommendations of your healthcare provider. […] Medications to lower your blood pressure. Calcium channel blockers like verapamil can help prevent migraine aura. Your healthcare provider may also prescribe beta blockers, such as timolol, propranolol or metoprolol tartrate.

• #35 Migraine – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20360207

  Intranasal zavegepant (Zavzpret). The Food and Drug Administration recently approved this nasal spray to treat migraines. […] Opioid medications. For people who can’t take other migraine medications, narcotic opioid medications might help. […] Anti-nausea drugs. These can help if your migraine with aura is accompanied by nausea and vomiting. […] Preventive medication is aimed at reducing how often you get a migraine, how severe the attacks are and how long they last. Options include: Blood pressure-lowering medications. […] Antidepressants. A tricyclic antidepressant, amitriptyline, can prevent migraines. […] Anti-seizure drugs. Valproate and topiramate (Topamax, Qudexy, others) might help if you have less frequent migraines, but can cause side effects such as dizziness, weight changes, nausea and more.

• #36 Acute Migraine Headache: Treatment Strategies | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0215/p243.html

  Triptans may not be effective in all patients or all migraine episodes. Repeating the same dose of the same medication may not relieve persistent symptoms. […] However, if a migraine resolves but recurs within 24 hours, the initial triptan is likely to be successful. […] Combining the triptan with 500 mg of naproxen or choosing a triptan with a longer half-life may reduce recurrence rates. […] Parenteral dihydroergotamine (DHE 45) is commonly used to treat refractory migraine. […] Intravenous magnesium sulfate (1 to 2 g) may be an effective alternative treatment for migraine with aura. […] Opioids can be considered for refractory migraine but should be used sparingly and infrequently.

• #37 Migraine Aura: What Is It, Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22131-migraine-aura

  Antinausea drugs. When migraine aura is accompanied by nausea and vomiting, medications like metoclopramide, chlorpromazine or prochlorperazine can ease these symptoms. […] Magnesium. This supplement can break visual aura and reduce pain. […] While migraine aura cant be prevented altogether, there are certain things you can do to reduce the length, severity and frequency of attacks. If you experience severe migraines that dont respond well to treatment, your healthcare provider might recommend: […] Nutritional supplements like magnesium, CoQ10 and riboflavin. Be sure to take these according to the recommendations of your healthcare provider. […] Medications to lower your blood pressure. Calcium channel blockers like verapamil can help prevent migraine aura. Your healthcare provider may also prescribe beta blockers, such as timolol, propranolol or metoprolol tartrate.

• #38 Migraine Aura: What Is It, Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22131-migraine-aura

  Migraine aura treatment is focused on easing symptoms. Your healthcare provider may recommend a number of medications, including: […] Pain relievers. Prescription or over-the-counter pain medications such as acetaminophen, ibuprofen or aspirin can alleviate migraine aura and associated pain. […] Triptans. Sumatriptan and rizatriptan block pain pathways in the brain. These medications may be prescribed as pills, injections or nasal spray. […] Dihydroergotamine nasal spray or dihydroergotamine injection. These medications can be taken at the onset of a migraine attack in an effort to lessen symptoms. […] Opioids. These drugs may be recommended for people who cant take triptans or dihydroergotamines. Because opioids are highly addictive, this treatment should only be considered when all other options have failed.

• #39 Acute Migraine Headache: Treatment Strategies | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0215/p243.html

  Triptans may not be effective in all patients or all migraine episodes. Repeating the same dose of the same medication may not relieve persistent symptoms. […] However, if a migraine resolves but recurs within 24 hours, the initial triptan is likely to be successful. […] Combining the triptan with 500 mg of naproxen or choosing a triptan with a longer half-life may reduce recurrence rates. […] Parenteral dihydroergotamine (DHE 45) is commonly used to treat refractory migraine. […] Intravenous magnesium sulfate (1 to 2 g) may be an effective alternative treatment for migraine with aura. […] Opioids can be considered for refractory migraine but should be used sparingly and infrequently.

• #40 Migraine with aura – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-with-aura/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352077

  Medications can help prevent frequent migraines, with or without aura. […] Your doctor might recommend preventive medications if you have frequent, long-lasting or severe headaches that don’t respond well to treatment. […] Preventive medication is aimed at reducing how often you get a migraine headache with or without aura, how severe the attacks are, and how long they last. […] Injections of onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox) about every 12 weeks help prevent migraines in some adults. […] Ask your doctor if these medications are right for you. […] When symptoms of migraine with aura start, try heading to a quiet, darkened room. […] Other practices that might soothe migraine with aura pain include: […] Biofeedback and other forms of relaxation training teach you ways to deal with stressful situations, which might help reduce the number of migraines you have.

• #41 Migraine Headache Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Emergency Department Considerations, Reduction of Migraine Triggers

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1142556-treatment

  The goals of preventive therapy are as follows: Reduce attack frequency, severity, and/or duration, Improve responsiveness to acute attacks, Reduce disability. […] Currently, the major prophylactic medications for migraine work via one of the following mechanisms: 5-HT2 antagonism – Methysergide, Regulation of voltage-gated ion channels – Calcium channel blockers, Modulation of central neurotransmitters – Beta blockers, tricyclic antidepressants, Enhancing gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic (GABAergic) inhibition – Valproic acid, gabapentin, Prevention of acetylcholine from presynaptic membrane Botulinum toxin, Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) inhibitors Atogepant, eptinezumab, erenumab, fremanezumab, galcanezumab. […] Botulinum toxin A (onabotulinumtoxinA; BOTOX) may be beneficial in patients with intractable, chronic migraine that has failed to respond to at least 3 conventional preventive medications. […] Inhibiting the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) pathway is a new method to prevent migraines. […] The first CGRP inhibitor approved by the FDA for migraine prophylaxis was erenumab (Aimovig) in May 2018.

• #42 Migraine Aura: What Is It, Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22131-migraine-aura

  Antinausea drugs. When migraine aura is accompanied by nausea and vomiting, medications like metoclopramide, chlorpromazine or prochlorperazine can ease these symptoms. […] Magnesium. This supplement can break visual aura and reduce pain. […] While migraine aura cant be prevented altogether, there are certain things you can do to reduce the length, severity and frequency of attacks. If you experience severe migraines that dont respond well to treatment, your healthcare provider might recommend: […] Nutritional supplements like magnesium, CoQ10 and riboflavin. Be sure to take these according to the recommendations of your healthcare provider. […] Medications to lower your blood pressure. Calcium channel blockers like verapamil can help prevent migraine aura. Your healthcare provider may also prescribe beta blockers, such as timolol, propranolol or metoprolol tartrate.

• #43 Migraine Headache Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Emergency Department Considerations, Reduction of Migraine Triggers

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1142556-treatment

  The goals of preventive therapy are as follows: Reduce attack frequency, severity, and/or duration, Improve responsiveness to acute attacks, Reduce disability. […] Currently, the major prophylactic medications for migraine work via one of the following mechanisms: 5-HT2 antagonism – Methysergide, Regulation of voltage-gated ion channels – Calcium channel blockers, Modulation of central neurotransmitters – Beta blockers, tricyclic antidepressants, Enhancing gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic (GABAergic) inhibition – Valproic acid, gabapentin, Prevention of acetylcholine from presynaptic membrane Botulinum toxin, Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) inhibitors Atogepant, eptinezumab, erenumab, fremanezumab, galcanezumab. […] Botulinum toxin A (onabotulinumtoxinA; BOTOX) may be beneficial in patients with intractable, chronic migraine that has failed to respond to at least 3 conventional preventive medications. […] Inhibiting the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) pathway is a new method to prevent migraines. […] The first CGRP inhibitor approved by the FDA for migraine prophylaxis was erenumab (Aimovig) in May 2018.

• #44 Migraine Aura: What Is It, Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22131-migraine-aura

  Antinausea drugs. When migraine aura is accompanied by nausea and vomiting, medications like metoclopramide, chlorpromazine or prochlorperazine can ease these symptoms. […] Magnesium. This supplement can break visual aura and reduce pain. […] While migraine aura cant be prevented altogether, there are certain things you can do to reduce the length, severity and frequency of attacks. If you experience severe migraines that dont respond well to treatment, your healthcare provider might recommend: […] Nutritional supplements like magnesium, CoQ10 and riboflavin. Be sure to take these according to the recommendations of your healthcare provider. […] Medications to lower your blood pressure. Calcium channel blockers like verapamil can help prevent migraine aura. Your healthcare provider may also prescribe beta blockers, such as timolol, propranolol or metoprolol tartrate.

• #45 Migraine – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20360207

  Intranasal zavegepant (Zavzpret). The Food and Drug Administration recently approved this nasal spray to treat migraines. […] Opioid medications. For people who can’t take other migraine medications, narcotic opioid medications might help. […] Anti-nausea drugs. These can help if your migraine with aura is accompanied by nausea and vomiting. […] Preventive medication is aimed at reducing how often you get a migraine, how severe the attacks are and how long they last. Options include: Blood pressure-lowering medications. […] Antidepressants. A tricyclic antidepressant, amitriptyline, can prevent migraines. […] Anti-seizure drugs. Valproate and topiramate (Topamax, Qudexy, others) might help if you have less frequent migraines, but can cause side effects such as dizziness, weight changes, nausea and more.

• #46 Migraine Aura: What Is It, Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22131-migraine-aura

  Antiseizure drugs. Topiramate and valproate can reduce migraine frequency in many cases. However, they can cause undesirable side effects, such as nausea, dizziness and weight changes. […] Antidepressants. Amitriptyline or other antidepressants may help prevent migraines in some people. […] Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) monoclonal antibodies. These are newer, FDA-approved injectable drugs that are used to treat migraines. They are given monthly to help prevent symptoms. […] Botox injections. In some people, Botox injections given every 12 weeks can help prevent migraines.

• #47 Migraine – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20360207

  Intranasal zavegepant (Zavzpret). The Food and Drug Administration recently approved this nasal spray to treat migraines. […] Opioid medications. For people who can’t take other migraine medications, narcotic opioid medications might help. […] Anti-nausea drugs. These can help if your migraine with aura is accompanied by nausea and vomiting. […] Preventive medication is aimed at reducing how often you get a migraine, how severe the attacks are and how long they last. Options include: Blood pressure-lowering medications. […] Antidepressants. A tricyclic antidepressant, amitriptyline, can prevent migraines. […] Anti-seizure drugs. Valproate and topiramate (Topamax, Qudexy, others) might help if you have less frequent migraines, but can cause side effects such as dizziness, weight changes, nausea and more.

• #48 Migraine – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20360207

  Intranasal zavegepant (Zavzpret). The Food and Drug Administration recently approved this nasal spray to treat migraines. […] Opioid medications. For people who can’t take other migraine medications, narcotic opioid medications might help. […] Anti-nausea drugs. These can help if your migraine with aura is accompanied by nausea and vomiting. […] Preventive medication is aimed at reducing how often you get a migraine, how severe the attacks are and how long they last. Options include: Blood pressure-lowering medications. […] Antidepressants. A tricyclic antidepressant, amitriptyline, can prevent migraines. […] Anti-seizure drugs. Valproate and topiramate (Topamax, Qudexy, others) might help if you have less frequent migraines, but can cause side effects such as dizziness, weight changes, nausea and more.

• #49 Migraine Aura: What Is It, Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22131-migraine-aura

  Antiseizure drugs. Topiramate and valproate can reduce migraine frequency in many cases. However, they can cause undesirable side effects, such as nausea, dizziness and weight changes. […] Antidepressants. Amitriptyline or other antidepressants may help prevent migraines in some people. […] Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) monoclonal antibodies. These are newer, FDA-approved injectable drugs that are used to treat migraines. They are given monthly to help prevent symptoms. […] Botox injections. In some people, Botox injections given every 12 weeks can help prevent migraines.

• #50 Migraine Headache Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Emergency Department Considerations, Reduction of Migraine Triggers

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1142556-treatment

  The goals of preventive therapy are as follows: Reduce attack frequency, severity, and/or duration, Improve responsiveness to acute attacks, Reduce disability. […] Currently, the major prophylactic medications for migraine work via one of the following mechanisms: 5-HT2 antagonism – Methysergide, Regulation of voltage-gated ion channels – Calcium channel blockers, Modulation of central neurotransmitters – Beta blockers, tricyclic antidepressants, Enhancing gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic (GABAergic) inhibition – Valproic acid, gabapentin, Prevention of acetylcholine from presynaptic membrane Botulinum toxin, Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) inhibitors Atogepant, eptinezumab, erenumab, fremanezumab, galcanezumab. […] Botulinum toxin A (onabotulinumtoxinA; BOTOX) may be beneficial in patients with intractable, chronic migraine that has failed to respond to at least 3 conventional preventive medications. […] Inhibiting the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) pathway is a new method to prevent migraines. […] The first CGRP inhibitor approved by the FDA for migraine prophylaxis was erenumab (Aimovig) in May 2018.

• #51 Migraine – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20360207

  Botox injections. Injections of onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox) about every 12 weeks help prevent migraines in some adults. […] Calcitonin gene-related peptides (CGRP) monoclonal antibodies. Erenumab-aooe (Aimovig), fremanezumab-vfrm (Ajovy), galcanezumab-gnlm (Emgality), and eptinezumab-jjmr (Vyepti) are newer medicines approved by the Food and Drug Administration to treat migraines. […] Atogepant (Qulipta). This medicine is a gepant that helps prevent migraines. […] Rimegepant (Nurtec ODT). This medicine is unique in that it’s a gepant that helps prevent migraines in addition to treating migraines as needed. […] Ask your health care provider if these medications are right for you. Some of these medications are not safe to take during pregnancy. If you’re pregnant or trying to get pregnant, don’t use any of these medications without first talking with your provider.

• #52 Migraine Headache Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Emergency Department Considerations, Reduction of Migraine Triggers

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1142556-treatment

  The goals of preventive therapy are as follows: Reduce attack frequency, severity, and/or duration, Improve responsiveness to acute attacks, Reduce disability. […] Currently, the major prophylactic medications for migraine work via one of the following mechanisms: 5-HT2 antagonism – Methysergide, Regulation of voltage-gated ion channels – Calcium channel blockers, Modulation of central neurotransmitters – Beta blockers, tricyclic antidepressants, Enhancing gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic (GABAergic) inhibition – Valproic acid, gabapentin, Prevention of acetylcholine from presynaptic membrane Botulinum toxin, Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) inhibitors Atogepant, eptinezumab, erenumab, fremanezumab, galcanezumab. […] Botulinum toxin A (onabotulinumtoxinA; BOTOX) may be beneficial in patients with intractable, chronic migraine that has failed to respond to at least 3 conventional preventive medications. […] Inhibiting the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) pathway is a new method to prevent migraines. […] The first CGRP inhibitor approved by the FDA for migraine prophylaxis was erenumab (Aimovig) in May 2018.

• #53 Migraine – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20360207

  Botox injections. Injections of onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox) about every 12 weeks help prevent migraines in some adults. […] Calcitonin gene-related peptides (CGRP) monoclonal antibodies. Erenumab-aooe (Aimovig), fremanezumab-vfrm (Ajovy), galcanezumab-gnlm (Emgality), and eptinezumab-jjmr (Vyepti) are newer medicines approved by the Food and Drug Administration to treat migraines. […] Atogepant (Qulipta). This medicine is a gepant that helps prevent migraines. […] Rimegepant (Nurtec ODT). This medicine is unique in that it’s a gepant that helps prevent migraines in addition to treating migraines as needed. […] Ask your health care provider if these medications are right for you. Some of these medications are not safe to take during pregnancy. If you’re pregnant or trying to get pregnant, don’t use any of these medications without first talking with your provider.

• #54 Migraine with aura – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-with-aura/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352077

  Medications can help prevent frequent migraines, with or without aura. […] Your doctor might recommend preventive medications if you have frequent, long-lasting or severe headaches that don’t respond well to treatment. […] Preventive medication is aimed at reducing how often you get a migraine headache with or without aura, how severe the attacks are, and how long they last. […] Injections of onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox) about every 12 weeks help prevent migraines in some adults. […] Ask your doctor if these medications are right for you. […] When symptoms of migraine with aura start, try heading to a quiet, darkened room. […] Other practices that might soothe migraine with aura pain include: […] Biofeedback and other forms of relaxation training teach you ways to deal with stressful situations, which might help reduce the number of migraines you have.

• #55 Migraine – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20360207

  Botox injections. Injections of onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox) about every 12 weeks help prevent migraines in some adults. […] Calcitonin gene-related peptides (CGRP) monoclonal antibodies. Erenumab-aooe (Aimovig), fremanezumab-vfrm (Ajovy), galcanezumab-gnlm (Emgality), and eptinezumab-jjmr (Vyepti) are newer medicines approved by the Food and Drug Administration to treat migraines. […] Atogepant (Qulipta). This medicine is a gepant that helps prevent migraines. […] Rimegepant (Nurtec ODT). This medicine is unique in that it’s a gepant that helps prevent migraines in addition to treating migraines as needed. […] Ask your health care provider if these medications are right for you. Some of these medications are not safe to take during pregnancy. If you’re pregnant or trying to get pregnant, don’t use any of these medications without first talking with your provider.

• #56 Migraine Aura: What Is It, Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22131-migraine-aura

  Antinausea drugs. When migraine aura is accompanied by nausea and vomiting, medications like metoclopramide, chlorpromazine or prochlorperazine can ease these symptoms. […] Magnesium. This supplement can break visual aura and reduce pain. […] While migraine aura cant be prevented altogether, there are certain things you can do to reduce the length, severity and frequency of attacks. If you experience severe migraines that dont respond well to treatment, your healthcare provider might recommend: […] Nutritional supplements like magnesium, CoQ10 and riboflavin. Be sure to take these according to the recommendations of your healthcare provider. […] Medications to lower your blood pressure. Calcium channel blockers like verapamil can help prevent migraine aura. Your healthcare provider may also prescribe beta blockers, such as timolol, propranolol or metoprolol tartrate.

• #57 Migraine | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/migraine.html

  There is no cure for migraines. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and preventing additional attacks. […] There are different types of medicines to relieve symptoms. They include triptan drugs, ergotamine drugs, and pain relievers. The sooner you take the medicine, the more effective it is. […] There are also other things you can do to feel better: Resting with your eyes closed in a quiet, darkened room, placing a cool cloth or ice pack on your forehead, drinking fluids. […] There are some lifestyle changes you can make to prevent migraines: Stress management strategies, such as exercise, relaxation techniques, and biofeedback, may reduce the number and severity of migraines. […] Hormone therapy may help some women whose migraines seem to be linked to their menstrual cycle. […] If you have frequent or severe migraines, you may need to take medicines to prevent further attacks.

• #58 Migraine | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/migraine.html

  Certain natural treatments, such as riboflavin (vitamin B2) and coenzyme Q10, may help prevent migraines. […] There is also an herb, butterbur, which some people take to prevent migraines. But butterbur may not be safe for long-term use. Always check with your health care provider before taking any supplements.

• #59 Migraine: What It Is, Types, Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5005-migraine-headaches

  You may want to try alternative therapies to help you manage migraines, including taking vitamins, minerals or herbs, relaxation techniques, acupuncture, biofeedback, and botulinum toxin type A injections (Botox). […] You can’t prevent all migraines, but you can take preventive migraine medications as directed by your healthcare provider to reduce how often and how severe migraine symptoms affect you. […] Your healthcare provider can help you manage migraines so they go away faster and are less intense.

• #60 Migraine: What It Is, Types, Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5005-migraine-headaches

  Migraine with aura is a type of migraine that includes a group of sensory, motor and/or speech symptoms that act as a warning sign of a migraine headache. […] Treatment is available to help you manage migraines. […] A healthcare provider can help you manage migraine symptoms through the following: taking medications, avoiding migraine triggers, and using alternative migraine remedies. […] A healthcare provider might recommend taking medications to treat migraines. There are two types of medications available: medications to stop migraines and medications to prevent migraines. […] Common medications that stop migraines include triptans, ditans, gepants, dihydroergotamine, and antiemetic medications. […] Common preventive migraine medications include antiseizure medications, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, monoclonal antibodies, tricyclic antidepressants, and serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors.

• #61 Migraine: What It Is, Types, Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5005-migraine-headaches

• #62 Migraine: What It Is, Types, Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5005-migraine-headaches

• #63 Migraine

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/migraine/

  Migraine treatments include: painkillers such as ibuprofen and paracetamol, medicines called triptans, medicines that stop you feeling sick or being sick. […] You may have to try a combination of medicines before you find something that works. […] A GP may also recommend making changes to your lifestyle to help manage your migraines, such as eating at regular times and drinking less caffeine. […] If your migraines are severe, you might be offered other things to help, such as learning relaxation techniques and acupuncture. […] If these treatments do not manage your migraines, you may be offered a new type of medicine called a gepant. These work in a different way than other migraine medicines, so may be of more use to you. […] If none of these treatments help your symptoms, or they’re getting worse, you may be referred to a specialist for further tests and treatment.

• #64 Migraine with aura – The Migraine TrustVisualV1 – SearchVisualV1 – CrossVisualV1 – Home VisualV1 – CrossVisualV1 – Arrow

  https://migrainetrust.org/understand-migraine/types-of-migraine/migraine-with-aura/

  Alongside the treatments many people benefit from reviewing whether lifestyle changes can help with their migraine attacks. This can include things like sticking to a routine, waking up at the same time each day, eating at similar times each day and staying hydrated. If there are factors such as alcohol or lack of sleep that seem to trigger your migraine attacks, there might be changes that you can make to help reduce how often you have attacks.

• #65 Migraine with aura – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-with-aura/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352077

  Medications can help prevent frequent migraines, with or without aura. […] Your doctor might recommend preventive medications if you have frequent, long-lasting or severe headaches that don’t respond well to treatment. […] Preventive medication is aimed at reducing how often you get a migraine headache with or without aura, how severe the attacks are, and how long they last. […] Injections of onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox) about every 12 weeks help prevent migraines in some adults. […] Ask your doctor if these medications are right for you. […] When symptoms of migraine with aura start, try heading to a quiet, darkened room. […] Other practices that might soothe migraine with aura pain include: […] Biofeedback and other forms of relaxation training teach you ways to deal with stressful situations, which might help reduce the number of migraines you have.

• #66 Migraine Headache Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Emergency Department Considerations, Reduction of Migraine Triggers

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1142556-treatment

  A neurologist, neuro-ophthalmologist, and/or neurosurgeon should be consulted as deemed clinically appropriate for the treatment of patients with migraine. […] Biofeedback, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and relaxation therapy are frequently effective against migraine headaches and may be used adjunctively with pharmacologic treatments. Occipital nerve stimulators may be helpful in patients whose headaches are refractory to other forms of treatment. […] In December 2013, the FDA approved the Cerena Transcranial Magnetic Stimulator (Cerena TMS), the first device to relieve pain caused by migraine headache with aura for use in patients aged 18 years and older. […] Trials of nonpharmacologic management have produced average reduction in migraines of 40-50%, closely paralleling results obtained in trials of preventive drugs; however, the evidence base for nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic prevention remains limited.

• #67 Migraine – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/headache/migraine

  Patients who frequently (eg, 2 days/week) use medications to treat their acute migraine attacks (particularly analgesics that contain butalbital, triptans, ergotamine, or opioids) should be treated with preventive migraine drugs combined with a program for stopping overused analgesics. […] Clinicians sometimes recommend behavioral interventions (biofeedback, stress management, psychotherapy) to manage migraine, especially when stress is a major trigger or when analgesics are being overused. […] Yoga can reduce headache frequency and intensity; it enhances vagal tone and decreases sympathetic drive, thus improving cardiac autonomic balance. Relaxation techniques can reduce sympathetic nervous system activity, ease muscle tension, and alter brain wave activity. […] Initial treatment of newly diagnosed mild to moderate migraine attacks is with NSAIDs or acetaminophen.

• #68 Migraine Aura: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/migraine-aura

  When aura symptoms begin, it can be helpful to move into a quiet, dark room and close your eyes. […] Placing a cold compress on your forehead or the back of your neck may also help ease ensuing migraine pain. […] Like other types of migraine, treating a migraine with aura involves a combination of medications. These include medications for both prevention and relief of symptoms. […] Preventive medications that may stop migraine attacks from occurring include: antidepressants, such as amitriptyline; blood pressure medications, like beta-blockers or calcium channel blockers; anti-seizure drugs, such as topiramate. […] Medications for symptom relief help decrease the severity of an oncoming migraine attack. They’re typically taken as soon as the symptoms of an aura develop. […] Examples of some of these medications are: over-the-counter pain relievers like acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil); triptans, such as rizatriptan and sumatriptan; dihydroergotamine; anti-nausea medications.

• #69 Migraine with aura – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-with-aura/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352077

  Medications can help prevent frequent migraines, with or without aura. […] Your doctor might recommend preventive medications if you have frequent, long-lasting or severe headaches that don’t respond well to treatment. […] Preventive medication is aimed at reducing how often you get a migraine headache with or without aura, how severe the attacks are, and how long they last. […] Injections of onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox) about every 12 weeks help prevent migraines in some adults. […] Ask your doctor if these medications are right for you. […] When symptoms of migraine with aura start, try heading to a quiet, darkened room. […] Other practices that might soothe migraine with aura pain include: […] Biofeedback and other forms of relaxation training teach you ways to deal with stressful situations, which might help reduce the number of migraines you have.

• #70 Treatment of Acute Migraine Headache | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0201/p271.html

  Migraine headache is a common and potentially debilitating disorder often treated by family physicians. Treating acute migraine is challenging because of substantial rates of nonresponse to medications and difficulty in predicting individual response to a specific agent or dose. Abortive therapy should be used as early as possible after the onset of symptoms. Effective first-line therapies for mild to moderate migraine are nonprescription nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and combination analgesics containing acetaminophen, aspirin, and caffeine. Triptans are first-line therapies for moderate to severe migraine, or mild to moderate migraine that has not responded to adequate doses of simple analgesics. Intravenous antiemetics, with or without intravenous dihydroergotamine, are effective therapies in an emergency department setting. Dexamethasone may be a useful adjunct to standard therapy in preventing short-term headache recurrence. Intranasal lidocaine may also have a role in relief of acute migraine. Isometheptene-containing compounds and intranasal dihydroergotamine are also reasonable therapeutic options. Medications containing opiates or barbiturates should be avoided for acute migraine. During pregnancy, migraine may be treated with acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (prior to third trimester), or opiates in refractory cases. Acetaminophen, ibuprofen, intranasal sumatriptan, and intranasal zolmitriptan seem to be effective in children and adolescents, although data in these age groups are limited.

• #71 Migraine Aura | Your Eye Health

  https://www.guidedogs.org.uk/getting-support/information-and-advice/eye-health/migraine-aura/

  A migraine with aura is a type of migraine that begins with warning signs such as visual disturbances or other symptoms. […] You can also limit the severity of a migraine attack by taking over-the-counter painkillers when it first starts. People who get repeated severe migraines may be able to get preventative medications. Speak to your GP for help if migraines affect your quality of life. […] If over-the-counter painkillers arent effective, or you get more than five migraines a month, see your GP, who can explore preventative treatment options. […] Most migraine treatments should be used sparingly or not at all while pregnant or breastfeeding. Ask your GP or midwife for advice, and focus on managing your migraine triggers. […] You can take paracetamol, ibuprofen, or aspirin to relieve migraine pain.

• #72 Migraine and Aura | American Migraine Foundation

  https://americanmigrainefoundation.org/resource-library/migraine-and-aura/

  Migraine with aura occurs in 25-30% of migraineurs. […] Treatment of migraine with aura should consist of: […] Acute medications for use at onset of a headache attack to try to break it. […] Preventive medication to help reduce the frequency and severity of headache attacks. […] Non-medication preventive treatments including biofeedback, cognitive behavioral therapy. […] Addressing risk factors such as depression, anxiety, snoring, obesity, etc. […] Migraine with aura slightly increases the risk of having a stroke so women who have migraine with aura need to think carefully about the potential risks associated with birth control pills that contain estrogen or hormone replacement therapy. […] Treatment options vary, from acute treatment to relieve symptoms to preventive treatment to reduce the number of attacks you experience.

• #73 Migraine and stroke | Stroke Association

  https://www.stroke.org.uk/stroke/managing-risk/migraines-and-stroke

  Taking the combined oral contraceptive pill (combi pill) increases the risk of a stroke in women who have migraine with aura. Because of this, women who have migraine with aura are not usually given the combi pill. […] Your GP may do some tests checking your vision, reflexes, coordination and sensations. They may ask you to keep a diary of your migraine symptoms and factors leading up to them, such as what you ate and how you slept. This may help you identify and avoid your triggers. […] Many people find that ordinary painkillers such as paracetamol or ibuprofen reduce the pain of their migraine headache. […] Your GP or a specialist can prescribe other treatments for nausea. […] There are medications you can take at the start of an attack to stop it developing, and others that you take regularly to make attacks less frequent or less intense (prophylactic medication). Triptan medications, such as sumatriptan, are not given to people who have had a stroke or TIA. […] Botulinum toxin type A treatment (often known as Botox) is available for some cases of chronic migraine. Chronic migraine is when you have 15 days or more of headache a month, with at least eight of them migraines, for at least three months.

• #74 Treatment of Acute Migraine Headache | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0201/p271.html

  Migraine headache is a common and potentially debilitating disorder often treated by family physicians. Treating acute migraine is challenging because of substantial rates of nonresponse to medications and difficulty in predicting individual response to a specific agent or dose. Abortive therapy should be used as early as possible after the onset of symptoms. Effective first-line therapies for mild to moderate migraine are nonprescription nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and combination analgesics containing acetaminophen, aspirin, and caffeine. Triptans are first-line therapies for moderate to severe migraine, or mild to moderate migraine that has not responded to adequate doses of simple analgesics. Intravenous antiemetics, with or without intravenous dihydroergotamine, are effective therapies in an emergency department setting. Dexamethasone may be a useful adjunct to standard therapy in preventing short-term headache recurrence. Intranasal lidocaine may also have a role in relief of acute migraine. Isometheptene-containing compounds and intranasal dihydroergotamine are also reasonable therapeutic options. Medications containing opiates or barbiturates should be avoided for acute migraine. During pregnancy, migraine may be treated with acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (prior to third trimester), or opiates in refractory cases. Acetaminophen, ibuprofen, intranasal sumatriptan, and intranasal zolmitriptan seem to be effective in children and adolescents, although data in these age groups are limited.

• #75 Diagnosis and management of migraine in ten steps | Nature Reviews Neurology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-021-00509-5

  Migraine is a disabling primary headache disorder that directly affects more than one billion people worldwide. […] Despite its widespread prevalence, migraine remains under-diagnosed and under-treated. […] We then emphasize the value of patient centricity and patient education to ensure treatment adherence and satisfaction with care provision. Further, we outline best practices for acute and preventive treatment of migraine in various patient populations, including adults, children and adolescents, pregnant and breastfeeding women, and older people. […] Treatments for migraine include acute and preventive medications and a range of non-pharmacological therapies. […] A comprehensive approach is needed to facilitate accurate diagnosis and evidence-based management. […] In this Consensus Statement, we provide a ten-step approach to the diagnosis and management of migraine.

• #76 Diagnosis and management of migraine in ten steps | Nature Reviews Neurology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-021-00509-5

  Optimal individualized therapy is therefore currently best achieved with a stepped care approach. […] Acute treatments can be classified as first-line, second-line, third-line and adjunct, and should be used in a stepped care approach. […] Preventive therapy, in addition, may be indicated at any stage. […] In patients whose migraine continues to impair their quality of life despite optimized acute therapy, additional preventive therapy should be considered. […] Preventive medications for which evidence supports effectiveness in chronic migraine include topiramate, onabotulinumtoxinA and CGRP monoclonal antibodies. […] Educate patients with migraine about the risk of MOH with frequent overuse of acute medication. […] Once MOH is ruled out, initiate preventive medication therapy for chronic migraine; evidence-based treatment options are topiramate, onabotulinumtoxinA and CGRP monoclonal antibodies.

• #77 Diagnosis and management of migraine in ten steps | Nature Reviews Neurology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-021-00509-5

  Optimal individualized therapy is therefore currently best achieved with a stepped care approach. […] Acute treatments can be classified as first-line, second-line, third-line and adjunct, and should be used in a stepped care approach. […] Preventive therapy, in addition, may be indicated at any stage. […] In patients whose migraine continues to impair their quality of life despite optimized acute therapy, additional preventive therapy should be considered. […] Preventive medications for which evidence supports effectiveness in chronic migraine include topiramate, onabotulinumtoxinA and CGRP monoclonal antibodies. […] Educate patients with migraine about the risk of MOH with frequent overuse of acute medication. […] Once MOH is ruled out, initiate preventive medication therapy for chronic migraine; evidence-based treatment options are topiramate, onabotulinumtoxinA and CGRP monoclonal antibodies.

• #78 Differences in treatment response between migraine with aura and migraine without aura: lessons from clinical practice and RCTs | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text

  https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-019-1046-4

  The authors suggested a potential role of aura-like events and possibly cortical spreading depression as a trigger for trigeminal vascular activation, and subsequently the development of migraine headaches. […] Tonabersat was found to prevent attacks of migraine with aura but not those without aura, suggesting that tonabersat could be a selective drug for migraine with aura. […] The present findings indicate that some treatments may have different efficacy in attacks of migraine with aura vs. without aura.

• #79 Differences in treatment response between migraine with aura and migraine without aura: lessons from clinical practice and RCTs

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6734209/

  The authors suggested a potential role of aura-like events and possibly cortical spreading depression as a trigger for trigeminal vascular activation, and subsequently the development of migraine headaches. […] The drug was tested in two dose-ranging, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials, and even though more patients given tonabersat than given placebo experienced relief of headache pain, the study did demonstrate any significant effect. […] In a randomized, sham-controlled trial including 164 patients, the 2-h pain-free response rates were 39% in the active group vs 22% in the sham group, giving a therapeutic gain of 17% and a NNT of 5.9. […] The present findings indicate that some treatments may have different efficacy in attacks of migraine with aura vs. without aura.

• #80 The state of migraine: An update on current and emerging treatments

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2021/december/the-state-of-migrain

  For patients who have failed to respond to three oral agents, are not overusing acute analgesia and have chronic migraine, a neurologist may commence onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox) injections. […] Several new therapies will emerge in Australia over the new few years for both acute and preventive treatment of migraine. […] CGRP monoclonal antibodies are well tolerated, with side effects of local injection-site reactions, constipation, fatigue and nausea. […] CGRP monoclonal antibodies may worsen hypertension, and caution is advised for use in patients with coronary or cerebrovascular disease. […] As a medication class, CGRP monoclonal antibodies are well tolerated, with side effects of local injection-site reactions, constipation, fatigue and nausea. […] Patients who have failed to respond to a therapeutic trial of 23 preventive medications, have a significant burden of symptoms or have comorbid medication-overuse headaches or patients for whom the diagnosis is uncertain should be referred for shared management with a neurologist with expertise in headache or a tertiary headache clinic.

• #81

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=abn2972

  Without treatment, migraines can last from 4 hours to a few days. Medicines can help prevent migraines or stop them once they have started. Your doctor can help you find which ones work best for you. […] If your doctor has prescribed medicine for your migraines, take it as directed. You may have medicine that you take only when you get a migraine and medicine that you take all the time to help prevent migraines. […] If your doctor has prescribed medicine for when you get migraines, take it at the first sign of an aura, unless your doctor has given you other instructions. […] If your doctor has prescribed medicine to prevent migraines, take it exactly as prescribed. Call your doctor or nurse advice line if you think you are having a problem with your medicine. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if: Your headaches get worse, happen more often, or change in some way.

• #82 Migraine

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/migraine/

  Migraine treatments include: painkillers such as ibuprofen and paracetamol, medicines called triptans, medicines that stop you feeling sick or being sick. […] You may have to try a combination of medicines before you find something that works. […] A GP may also recommend making changes to your lifestyle to help manage your migraines, such as eating at regular times and drinking less caffeine. […] If your migraines are severe, you might be offered other things to help, such as learning relaxation techniques and acupuncture. […] If these treatments do not manage your migraines, you may be offered a new type of medicine called a gepant. These work in a different way than other migraine medicines, so may be of more use to you. […] If none of these treatments help your symptoms, or they’re getting worse, you may be referred to a specialist for further tests and treatment.

• #83 Migraine With Aura – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554611/

  Patients who experience frequent migraines can use preventative medications to reduce the frequency and severity of migraine attacks. […] Prophylactic medications begin at low doses and are gradually titrated until the patient achieves the desired therapeutic benefit. […] Management includes both abortive and preventive therapies tailored to individual patient needs. Triptans and NSAIDs are common abortive treatments, while beta-blockers and antiepileptic drugs are often used for prevention. […] CGRP antagonists are reasonable options for patients who are unresponsive to the above options. They are available in parenteral, large molecules monoclonal antibodies targeting the CGRP receptor and oral small-molecule antagonists.

• #84 Migraine – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20360207

  Migraine treatment is aimed at stopping symptoms and preventing future attacks. […] Many medications have been designed to treat migraines. Medications used to combat migraines fall into two broad categories: Pain-relieving medications. Also known as acute or abortive treatment, these types of drugs are taken during migraine attacks and are designed to stop symptoms. […] Preventive medications. These types of drugs are taken regularly, often daily, to reduce the severity or frequency of migraines. […] Your treatment choices depend on the frequency and severity of your headaches, whether you have nausea and vomiting with your headaches, how disabling your headaches are, and other medical conditions you have. […] Medications used to relieve migraine pain work best when taken at the first sign of an oncoming migraine as soon as symptoms of a migraine begin.

• #85 Migraine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migraine

  Initial recommended treatment for acute attacks is with over-the-counter analgesics (pain medication) such as ibuprofen and paracetamol (acetaminophen) for headache, antiemetics (anti-nausea medication) for nausea, and the avoidance of migraine triggers. […] Specific medications such as triptans, ergotamines, or calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist (CGRP) inhibitors may be used in those experiencing headaches that do not respond to the over-the-counter pain medications. […] For people who experience four or more attacks per month, or could otherwise benefit from prevention, prophylactic medication is recommended. […] Commonly prescribed prophylactic medications include beta blockers like propranolol, anticonvulsants like sodium valproate, antidepressants like amitriptyline, and other off-label classes of medications.

• #86 Migraine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migraine

  Preventive medications inhibit migraine pathophysiology through various mechanisms, such as blocking calcium and sodium channels, blocking gap junctions, and inhibiting matrix metalloproteinases, among other mechanisms. […] Non-pharmacological preventive therapies include nutritional supplementation, dietary interventions, sleep improvement, and aerobic exercise. […] In 2018, the first medication (Erenumab) of a new class of drugs specifically designed for migraine prevention called calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonists (CGRPs) was approved by the FDA. […] As of July 2023, the FDA has approved eight drugs that act on the CGRP system for use in the treatment of migraine.

• #87 Diagnosis and management of migraine in ten steps | Nature Reviews Neurology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-021-00509-5

  Migraine is a disabling primary headache disorder that directly affects more than one billion people worldwide. […] Despite its widespread prevalence, migraine remains under-diagnosed and under-treated. […] We then emphasize the value of patient centricity and patient education to ensure treatment adherence and satisfaction with care provision. Further, we outline best practices for acute and preventive treatment of migraine in various patient populations, including adults, children and adolescents, pregnant and breastfeeding women, and older people. […] Treatments for migraine include acute and preventive medications and a range of non-pharmacological therapies. […] A comprehensive approach is needed to facilitate accurate diagnosis and evidence-based management. […] In this Consensus Statement, we provide a ten-step approach to the diagnosis and management of migraine.

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