Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Clinical features of migraine with aura: a REFORM study | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text

  https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-024-01718-1

  About one-third of persons with migraine experience transient neurologic symptoms, referred to as aura. […] Despite its widespread prevalence, comprehensive clinical descriptions of migraine with aura remain sparse. […] Therefore, we aimed to provide an in-depth phenotypic analysis of aura symptoms and characteristics in a cross-sectional study of a large sample of adults diagnosed with migraine with aura. […] Participants were adults diagnosed with migraine aura, reporting 4 monthly migraine days in the preceding 3 months. […] This study offers a detailed clinical depiction of persons with migraine with aura, who were predominantly enrolled from a tertiary care unit. […] The findings highlight potential gaps in the available literature on migraine with aura and should bolster clinicians’ acumen in diagnosing migraine with aura in clinical settings.

• #2 Clinical features of migraine with aura: a REFORM study | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text

  https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-024-01718-1

  Among those with migraine, about one-third experience migraine with aura (MA), characterized by transient neurologic symptoms. […] While the 3rd edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-3) provides valuable insights into the clinical features of aura, the available evidence from observational studies often lacks the detail necessary for a thorough understanding. […] Addressing this critical gap is paramount to improving disease characterization and enabling accurate diagnoses in clinical practice. […] Our findings will thus provide valuable insights for clinical practice and serve as a foundation for further research in this field. […] The study protocol received approval from the Health Research Ethics Committee of the Capital Region of Denmark, and all participants provided written informed consent before undergoing any study-related assessments or procedures.

• #3 Migraine with Aura | American Headache Society

  https://americanheadachesociety.org/resources/primary-care/migraine-with-aura

  Approximately one-third of those with migraine experience aura, a sensory experience that occurs before or during an attack. […] Its important to correctly identify aura because those who have migraine with aura can potentially turn chronic, have a higher risk of stroke, and should have a different treatment plan. […] A team of researchers working in France and the U.S. has demonstrated in a large prospective study that women who experience migraine with aura are at greater risk of all types of stroke including ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke as well as all strokes.

• #4 Migraine With Aura: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/migraine-with-aura-headache-4171966

  Migraine with aura is experienced by 25% to 30% of people with migraines. […] Women who have migraine with aura have a slightly increased risk of stroke, especially if they smoke or take birth control pills. […] It is important to consult with a healthcare provider to get an official diagnosis of migraine with aura and to rule out other serious health conditions.

• #5 Migraine – Epidemiology and burden – Neurotorium

  https://neurotorium.org/slidedeck/migraine-epidemiology-and-burden/

  Migraine – Epidemiology and burden Migraine epidemiology Prevalence of migraine with and without aura Although estimates vary, approximately 20% of patients with migraine experience aura, albeit not during every attack. Migraine has a higher prevalence among women than it does among men. A number of studies have found that women with migraine report a higher headache-related disability than men. […] The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study takes a standardised approach to estimating incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLD) of various diseases and health states, often segmenting the data by age, sex, year, and geography.

• #6 The Clinical Features of Migraine With and Without Aura

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/headache-pain/the-clinical-features-of-migraine-with-and-without-aura/30665/

  In the United States, the one year period prevalence of migraine with aura is 5.3 percent in females (30.8 percent of female migraineurs) and 1.9 percent in males (32 percent of male migraineurs). Up to 81 percent of those with migraine with aura also have attacks of migraine without aura. The reported age of onset ranges from a mean of 11.9 years (range 4-17) to a mean of 21 years old (range 5-77). In one study, 54.9 percent of patients suffered from less than one attack per month and 9.7 percent from more than three attacks per month. In another study, the mean of migraine with aura episodes/year/patient was reported to be 29 (ranging from less than one to 156). […] Migraine aura is considered to be of typical duration when lasting between five and sixty minutes. The criteria label aura lasting longer than an hour and less than a week as probable migraine with aura. Visual aura has been reported as lasting more than one hour in 6-10 percent of patients. Other aura symptoms can also last more than one hour as follows: somatosensory aura in 14-27 percent and aphasic aura in 17-60 percent of patients.

• #7 CRSToday | The Clinical Features of Migraine With and Without Aura

  https://crstoday.com/articles/2014-mar/the-clinical-features-of-migraine-with-and-without-aura

  Migraine is one of the disorders most commonly seen by neurologists and ophthalmologists. Only about 56% of migraineurs know that they have the condition, however, because they often misdiagnose their headaches as ocular strain, sinus headaches, or stress headaches. […] In a given year, migraine has a prevalence of 12% (17.1% in women and 5.6% in men). Annually, some 35 million people suffer migraine in the United States. The cumulative incidence of this disorder by age 85 is 18.5% in men and 44.3% in women, with onset before the age of 25 in 50% of cases, before the age of 35 years in 75%, and over the age of 50 in only 2%. The median age of onset is 25 years. Approximately 8% of boys and 11% of girls have migraine. Chronic migraine with attacks occurring on 15 or more days per month for at least 3 months affects about 3.2 million people per year in the United States, 80% of whom are women. […] In a given year in the United States, the prevalence of migraine with aura is 5.3% in women (30.8% of female migraineurs) and 1.9% in men (32% of male migraineurs). As many as 81% of those who have migraine with aura also have attacks of migraine without aura.

• #8 Migraine with Aura | Melbourne Headache Centre

  https://melbourneheadachecentre.com.au/conditions/migraine-with-aura/

  Migraine aura is one of the most universally thought of symptoms of migraine by the general public, despite affecting less than 30% of migraine sufferers. […] In several large population based studies in Denmark researchers found 32% of people who suffered migraine always suffered migraine with aura, while another 8% suffered both migraine with and without aura. A second study found that migraine aura with or without headache accounted for 38% of all migraine cases. […] A prospective diary study quantified migraine aura: 98% of respondents had visual symptoms (with 64% having 2 or more). Commonly reported were: 30% Flashes of bright light, 25% Foggy/blurred vision, 24% Zigzag or jagged lines, 23% Scotoma, 19% Phosphenes, 12% Flickering light. […] As you can see migraine aura extends to cover a wide range of presentations, with rarer examples being parosmia, dysphagia, dysgeusia, hypokinesia, paramnesia, auditory hallucinations and altered cognitive function.

• #9 Migraine with Aura | Melbourne Headache Centre

  https://melbourneheadachecentre.com.au/conditions/migraine-with-aura/

  Migraine aura is one of the most universally thought of symptoms of migraine by the general public, despite affecting less than 30% of migraine sufferers. […] In several large population based studies in Denmark researchers found 32% of people who suffered migraine always suffered migraine with aura, while another 8% suffered both migraine with and without aura. A second study found that migraine aura with or without headache accounted for 38% of all migraine cases. […] A prospective diary study quantified migraine aura: 98% of respondents had visual symptoms (with 64% having 2 or more). Commonly reported were: 30% Flashes of bright light, 25% Foggy/blurred vision, 24% Zigzag or jagged lines, 23% Scotoma, 19% Phosphenes, 12% Flickering light. […] As you can see migraine aura extends to cover a wide range of presentations, with rarer examples being parosmia, dysphagia, dysgeusia, hypokinesia, paramnesia, auditory hallucinations and altered cognitive function.

• #10 Understanding the Epidemiology of Migraine Headaches – NatraCure

  https://natracure.com/blogs/natracure-blog/understanding-the-epidemiology-of-migraine-headaches?srsltid=AfmBOoqUCMfD0_bjgv8oMOQ_DmOXtpMoNLITHsEnauiUyvAzxCdUmpWy

  Understanding the Epidemiology of Migraine Headaches […] Migraine is a complex neurological condition affecting over 1 billion individuals globally, placing it among the most prevalent and disabling disorders in the world (GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators, 2020). […] Globally, migraines are a leading cause of disability, with approximately 14.4% of the worlds population affected. This places migraines among the most prevalent non-communicable neurological disorders worldwide (Steiner et al., 2020). […] According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) data, migraines consistently rank within the top 10 causes of years lived with disability (YLDs), highlighting their profound impact not only on individuals but also on healthcare systems and economies at large. […] The gender disparity in migraine prevalence is particularly striking. Women are up to three times more likely to experience migraines than men, a difference largely attributed to hormonal fluctuations across the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and menopause (Steiner et al., 2020). […] In the United States, migraines affect approximately 39 million people, equating to about 12% of the population (Buse et al., 2013).

• #11 Migraine – Statistical and Genomic Epidemiology Laboratory (SGEL)

  https://research.qut.edu.au/sgel/research/migraine/

  Migraine is a highly prevalent disorder with frequent attacks. Nearly one in four people (up to 33% of women and 13% of men), will have recurring attacks of migraine during their life. The 2015 Global Burden of Disease (GDB) study estimated the global prevalence of active migraineurs (i.e., attacks in the past year) at 13.6% (17.7% of women and 9.5% of men); in Australia, the prevalence was estimated at 19.3% (26.5% of women and 11.7% all men). […] One in ten migraineurs will develop chronic migraine with migraine headaches on at least 15 days a month. […] Migraine is the seventh leading cause of years of life lost to disability worldwide, and the third cause of disability in under 50s. Migraine is the leading cause of disability among neurological disorders, accounting for over half of all years lived with disability. […] The total annual economic cost of migraine in Australia is $35.7bn, comprising $14.3bn in health system costs, $16.3bn in productivity costs, and $5.1bn in other costs.

• #12 Transient ischemic attack or migraine with aura? | Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening

  https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2023/10/clinical-review/transient-ischemic-attack-or-migraine-aura

  Migraine with aura is a common stroke mimic and often the basis for acute thrombolytic therapy. […] In one review, where just under 7 % of patients had received improper thrombolytic treatments, migraine with aura accounted for 18 %. […] Migraine with aura: the criteria for typical migraine with aura have high sensitivity and high specificity. […] Around 30 % of migraine sufferers experience migraine with aura. […] Migraine has been identified as an independent risk factor for high-signal changes, especially in patients who experience aura. […] Migraine with aura can, in most cases, be distinguished from TIA by the gradual onset of symptoms with typical characteristics, sequence and duration.

• #13 Migraine aura, a predictor of near-death experiences in a crowdsourced study | bioRxiv

  https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/811885v1.full-text

  The observation that 24% of the participants in our survey met criteria for a migraine aura, while population-based studies have estimated this prevalence at only 4% in the general population, renders this indeed likely. […] Several studies found an association between migraine and narcolepsy, a disorder involving REM intrusion. […] For example, Yang and colleagues found a consistently higher risk of developing narcolepsy in children with migraine compared to those without, and this risk was particularly high in children with migraine with aura.

• #14 Migraine With Aura | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/25145

  Migraine affects approximately 12% to 15% of the general population. Women encounter migraines more frequently than men, with 17% of females and 6% of males experiencing attacks each year. Migraine ranks as the fourth or fifth leading cause of emergency room visits, accounting for 3% of all emergency visits annually. […] Migraine prevalence starts to rise during puberty and continues to increase until the age of 35 to 39, with a decrease later in life, especially after menopause. Additionally, migraine ranks second only to back pain in terms of disability when comparing years of life lived with disability.

• #15 Migraine Headache: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1142556-overview

  In the United States, more than 30 million people have 1 or more migraine headaches per year. This corresponds to approximately 18% of females and 6% of males. […] Approximately 75% of all persons who experience migraines are women. Currently, 1 in 6 American women has migraine headaches. (The reported incidence of migraine in females of reproductive age has increased over the last 20 years, but this change probably reflects greater awareness of the condition.) […] The incidence of migraine with aura peaks in boys at around age 5 years and in girls at around age 12-13 years. The incidence of migraine without aura peaks in boys at age 10-11 years and in girls at age 14-17 years. […] Before puberty, the prevalence and incidence of migraine are higher in boys than in girls. After age 12 years, the prevalence increases in males and females, reaching a peak at age 30-40 years. The female-to-male ratio increases from 2.5:1 at puberty to 3.5:1 at age 40 years.

• #16

• #17 Migraine epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Migraine_epidemiology_and_demographics

  At all ages, migraine without aura is more common than migraine with aura, with a ratio of between 1.5:1 and 2:1. […] Incidence figures show that the excess of migraine seen in women of reproductive age is mainly due to migraine without aura. […] Thus in pre-pubertal and post-menopausal populations, migraine with aura is somewhat more common than amongst 15-50 year olds. […] Geographical differences in migraine prevalence are not marked. […] The incidence of migraine is related to the incidence of epilepsy in families, with migraine twice as prevalent in family members of epilepsy sufferers, and more common in epilepsy sufferers themselves.

• #18 Migraine Variants: Overview, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1142731-overview

  Migraine affects nearly 13% of the adult US population, with a postpubertal female-to-male ratio of 4:1. The frequency of the less common migraine variants varies with the migraine type and patient age. The prevalence of hemiplegic migraine is 0.03%; both familial and sporadic forms are equally frequent. The prevalence of the distinct alternating hemiplegic migraine of infancy is unknown. Similarly, the prevalences of ophthalmoplegic, retinal, and confusional migraine are unknown. […] Sex-related differences in prevalence may be observed in some types of migraine variants. Basilar migraine and migraine aura without headaches are more common in women than in men. Similarly, hemiplegic migraine is more common in women, with a male-to-female sex ratio of 1:3. Benign coital headache has a male-to-female ratio of 4:1.

• #19 Understanding the Epidemiology of Migraine Headaches – NatraCure

  https://natracure.com/blogs/natracure-blog/understanding-the-epidemiology-of-migraine-headaches?srsltid=AfmBOoqUCMfD0_bjgv8oMOQ_DmOXtpMoNLITHsEnauiUyvAzxCdUmpWy

  Understanding the Epidemiology of Migraine Headaches […] Migraine is a complex neurological condition affecting over 1 billion individuals globally, placing it among the most prevalent and disabling disorders in the world (GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators, 2020). […] Globally, migraines are a leading cause of disability, with approximately 14.4% of the worlds population affected. This places migraines among the most prevalent non-communicable neurological disorders worldwide (Steiner et al., 2020). […] According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) data, migraines consistently rank within the top 10 causes of years lived with disability (YLDs), highlighting their profound impact not only on individuals but also on healthcare systems and economies at large. […] The gender disparity in migraine prevalence is particularly striking. Women are up to three times more likely to experience migraines than men, a difference largely attributed to hormonal fluctuations across the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and menopause (Steiner et al., 2020). […] In the United States, migraines affect approximately 39 million people, equating to about 12% of the population (Buse et al., 2013).

• #20 Migraine Headache | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2002/0501/p1871.html

  Migraine is common worldwide. Prevalence has been reported to be between 5 and 25 percent in women and 2 and 10 percent in men. Overall, the highest incidence for migraine without aura has been reported between 10 and 11 years of age at 10 per 1,000 person-years. The incidence of migraine with aura peaks in boys around five years of age (seven per 1,000 person-years) and in girls around 12 to 13 years of age (14 per 1,000 person-years). […] Data arising from independent representative samples from Canada, the United States, several countries in Latin America, several countries in Europe, Hong Kong, and Japan demonstrate a female-to-male predominance and a peak in middle-aged women. […] Female prevalence of migraine with or without aura has a declining trend after 45 to 50 years of age.

• #21 Migraine Epidemiology | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-540-29805-2_2419

  Migraine is a prevalent under-diagnosed and under-treated medical disorder, associated with a severe impact on the quality of life of the sufferers and their families as well as an enormous economic impact on society. This essay reviews the epidemiology and burden of migraine in population studies. Epidemiological studies often focus on the incidence and prevalence of disease in defined populations. […] The incidence of migraine has been investigated in a limited number of studies. Stewart et al found that in females, the incidence of migraine with aura peaked between ages 12 and 13 (14.1 / 1000 person-years); migraine without aura peaked between ages 14 and 17 (18.9 / 1000 person-years). In males, the incidence of migraine with aura peaked several years earlier, around 5 years of age at 6.6 / 1000 person-years; the peak for migraine without aura was 10 / 1000 person-years between 10 and 11 years. […] Age and sex-specific incidence rates of migraine with and without visual aura.

• #22 Migraine Epidemiology | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-28753-4_2419

  Migraine is a prevalent under-diagnosed and under-treated medical disorder, associated with a severe impact on the quality of life of the sufferers and their families as well as an enormous economic impact on society. This entry reviews the epidemiology and burden of migraine in population studies. Epidemiological studies often focus on the incidence and prevalence of disease in defined populations. […] The incidence of migraine has been investigated in a limited number of studies. Stewart et al. found that in females, the incidence of migraine with aura peaked between ages 12 and 13 (14.1/1,000 person-years); migraine without aura peaked between ages 14 and 17 (18.9/1,000 person-years). In males, the incidence of migraine with aura peaked several years earlier, around 5 years of age at 6.6/1,000 person-years; the peak for migraine without aura was 10/1,000 person-years between… […] Stewart, W. F., Linet, M. S., Celentano, D. D., et al. (1993). Age and sex-specific incidence rates of migraine with and without visual aura.

• #23 Migraine With Aura | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/25145

  Migraine affects approximately 12% to 15% of the general population. Women encounter migraines more frequently than men, with 17% of females and 6% of males experiencing attacks each year. Migraine ranks as the fourth or fifth leading cause of emergency room visits, accounting for 3% of all emergency visits annually. […] Migraine prevalence starts to rise during puberty and continues to increase until the age of 35 to 39, with a decrease later in life, especially after menopause. Additionally, migraine ranks second only to back pain in terms of disability when comparing years of life lived with disability.

• #24 Migraine epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Migraine_epidemiology_and_demographics

  At all ages, migraine without aura is more common than migraine with aura, with a ratio of between 1.5:1 and 2:1. […] Incidence figures show that the excess of migraine seen in women of reproductive age is mainly due to migraine without aura. […] Thus in pre-pubertal and post-menopausal populations, migraine with aura is somewhat more common than amongst 15-50 year olds. […] Geographical differences in migraine prevalence are not marked. […] The incidence of migraine is related to the incidence of epilepsy in families, with migraine twice as prevalent in family members of epilepsy sufferers, and more common in epilepsy sufferers themselves.

• #25 The Clinical Features of Migraine With and Without Aura

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/headache-pain/the-clinical-features-of-migraine-with-and-without-aura/30665/

  In the United States, the one year period prevalence of migraine with aura is 5.3 percent in females (30.8 percent of female migraineurs) and 1.9 percent in males (32 percent of male migraineurs). Up to 81 percent of those with migraine with aura also have attacks of migraine without aura. The reported age of onset ranges from a mean of 11.9 years (range 4-17) to a mean of 21 years old (range 5-77). In one study, 54.9 percent of patients suffered from less than one attack per month and 9.7 percent from more than three attacks per month. In another study, the mean of migraine with aura episodes/year/patient was reported to be 29 (ranging from less than one to 156). […] Migraine aura is considered to be of typical duration when lasting between five and sixty minutes. The criteria label aura lasting longer than an hour and less than a week as probable migraine with aura. Visual aura has been reported as lasting more than one hour in 6-10 percent of patients. Other aura symptoms can also last more than one hour as follows: somatosensory aura in 14-27 percent and aphasic aura in 17-60 percent of patients.

• #26 The Clinical Features of Migraine With and Without Aura

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/headache-pain/the-clinical-features-of-migraine-with-and-without-aura/30665/

  In the United States, the one year period prevalence of migraine with aura is 5.3 percent in females (30.8 percent of female migraineurs) and 1.9 percent in males (32 percent of male migraineurs). Up to 81 percent of those with migraine with aura also have attacks of migraine without aura. The reported age of onset ranges from a mean of 11.9 years (range 4-17) to a mean of 21 years old (range 5-77). In one study, 54.9 percent of patients suffered from less than one attack per month and 9.7 percent from more than three attacks per month. In another study, the mean of migraine with aura episodes/year/patient was reported to be 29 (ranging from less than one to 156). […] Migraine aura is considered to be of typical duration when lasting between five and sixty minutes. The criteria label aura lasting longer than an hour and less than a week as probable migraine with aura. Visual aura has been reported as lasting more than one hour in 6-10 percent of patients. Other aura symptoms can also last more than one hour as follows: somatosensory aura in 14-27 percent and aphasic aura in 17-60 percent of patients.

• #27 The Clinical Features of Migraine With and Without Aura

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/headache-pain/the-clinical-features-of-migraine-with-and-without-aura/30665/

  In the United States, the one year period prevalence of migraine with aura is 5.3 percent in females (30.8 percent of female migraineurs) and 1.9 percent in males (32 percent of male migraineurs). Up to 81 percent of those with migraine with aura also have attacks of migraine without aura. The reported age of onset ranges from a mean of 11.9 years (range 4-17) to a mean of 21 years old (range 5-77). In one study, 54.9 percent of patients suffered from less than one attack per month and 9.7 percent from more than three attacks per month. In another study, the mean of migraine with aura episodes/year/patient was reported to be 29 (ranging from less than one to 156). […] Migraine aura is considered to be of typical duration when lasting between five and sixty minutes. The criteria label aura lasting longer than an hour and less than a week as probable migraine with aura. Visual aura has been reported as lasting more than one hour in 6-10 percent of patients. Other aura symptoms can also last more than one hour as follows: somatosensory aura in 14-27 percent and aphasic aura in 17-60 percent of patients.

• #28 Prolonged Aura in Migraine Is Frequent, Similar to Other Auras

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/prolonged-aura-in-migraine-is-frequent-similar-to-other-auras

  A recent study has found that prolonged auras are common and are phenotypically similar to other auras. […] There is currently a limited amount of research involving prolonged aura (PA) in migraine having 1 or more aura symptoms lasting between 60 minutes and 7 days. […] Worldwide migraine is the third most common disorder and around 30% of sufferers experience migraine auras. […] The researchers recruited 224 patients from the Headache Centers of Pavia and Trondheim who suffered from migraine with aura between October 2012 and July 2014. […] Overall, the authors noted that their findings show that, phenotypically, PAs are similar to non-PAs and are fairly common with 17% of all auras being PA and with 26% of patients experiencing at least 1. […] The authors also note that their findings suggest the need to reconsider the use of the term prolonged aura, which is currently defined as more than 60 minutes and less than a week. […] Because aura symptoms lasted less than 4 hours in 95% of the cases, having that symptoms for up to 4 hours should be considered typical, they argue.

• #29 The Clinical Features of Migraine With and Without Aura

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/headache-pain/the-clinical-features-of-migraine-with-and-without-aura/30665/

  In the United States, the one year period prevalence of migraine with aura is 5.3 percent in females (30.8 percent of female migraineurs) and 1.9 percent in males (32 percent of male migraineurs). Up to 81 percent of those with migraine with aura also have attacks of migraine without aura. The reported age of onset ranges from a mean of 11.9 years (range 4-17) to a mean of 21 years old (range 5-77). In one study, 54.9 percent of patients suffered from less than one attack per month and 9.7 percent from more than three attacks per month. In another study, the mean of migraine with aura episodes/year/patient was reported to be 29 (ranging from less than one to 156). […] Migraine aura is considered to be of typical duration when lasting between five and sixty minutes. The criteria label aura lasting longer than an hour and less than a week as probable migraine with aura. Visual aura has been reported as lasting more than one hour in 6-10 percent of patients. Other aura symptoms can also last more than one hour as follows: somatosensory aura in 14-27 percent and aphasic aura in 17-60 percent of patients.

• #30 CRSToday | The Clinical Features of Migraine With and Without Aura

  https://crstoday.com/articles/2014-mar/the-clinical-features-of-migraine-with-and-without-aura

  Migraine is one of the disorders most commonly seen by neurologists and ophthalmologists. Only about 56% of migraineurs know that they have the condition, however, because they often misdiagnose their headaches as ocular strain, sinus headaches, or stress headaches. […] In a given year, migraine has a prevalence of 12% (17.1% in women and 5.6% in men). Annually, some 35 million people suffer migraine in the United States. The cumulative incidence of this disorder by age 85 is 18.5% in men and 44.3% in women, with onset before the age of 25 in 50% of cases, before the age of 35 years in 75%, and over the age of 50 in only 2%. The median age of onset is 25 years. Approximately 8% of boys and 11% of girls have migraine. Chronic migraine with attacks occurring on 15 or more days per month for at least 3 months affects about 3.2 million people per year in the United States, 80% of whom are women. […] In a given year in the United States, the prevalence of migraine with aura is 5.3% in women (30.8% of female migraineurs) and 1.9% in men (32% of male migraineurs). As many as 81% of those who have migraine with aura also have attacks of migraine without aura.

• #31 Clinical features of visual migraine aura: a systematic review | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text

  https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-019-1008-x

  Migraine with typical aura is a highly prevalent disorder as it affects 8% of the general population. Typical migraine aura (MA) symptoms are completely reversible visual, sensory, or language disturbances. Visual aura symptoms (VASs) are by far the most common and occur in 98-99% of MAs, whereas disturbances of sensation and language occur in 36% and 10% of auras, respectively. MA is associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke, atrial fibrillation, and patent foramen ovale. It is also often clinically challenging to differentiate MA from other conditions, particularly transient ischemic attacks and occipital epilepsy. Improved clinical characterisation of MA will likely improve the diagnostic accuracy and identification of patient subgroups at risk of comorbidity. We systematically reviewed studies of VASs in order to create a list of all visual features reported during MA. We identified 14 studies, of which only three were prospective. The low number of prospective studies is a major limitation as the complex and polyhedral manifestations of MA are difficult to recall retrospectively. MA is a risk factor for several serious cardiovascular conditions, including ischemic and haemorrhagic stroke, myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation and perioperative stroke. Moreover, the risk of vascular incidents increases up to 13 fold with the use of combined oral contraceptives, which is important considering that the majority of migraine patients are women of reproductive age. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to correctly diagnose patients with MA in order to effectively distinguish MA from other, potentially life-threatening, conditions. We emphasize the importance of an improved classification of migraine VASs and propose that an official list of visual symptoms should be developed for this purpose, preferably within the context of the International Classification of Headache Disorders of the International Headache Society.

• #32 Prevalence and impact of visual aura in migraine and probable migraine: a population study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-04250-3

  Visual aura (VA) presents in 98% of cases of migraine with aura. However, data on its prevalence and impact in individuals with migraine and probable migraine (PM) are limited. […] VA prevalence did not differ between these cohorts (29.4% [50/170] vs. 24.3% [82/337], p=0.219). […] VA prevalence was similar between migraine and PM. Some symptoms were more severe in the presence of VA. […] The present study aimed to compare the prevalence and impact of VA between PM and migraine using a nation-wide population-based sample in Korea. […] The prevalence of VA was not significantly different between migraine and PM. Some symptoms and comorbidities of migraine and PM with VA were more severe as compared with those of migraine and PM without VA.

• #33 Migraine with Aura | Melbourne Headache Centre

  https://melbourneheadachecentre.com.au/conditions/migraine-with-aura/

  Migraine aura is one of the most universally thought of symptoms of migraine by the general public, despite affecting less than 30% of migraine sufferers. […] In several large population based studies in Denmark researchers found 32% of people who suffered migraine always suffered migraine with aura, while another 8% suffered both migraine with and without aura. A second study found that migraine aura with or without headache accounted for 38% of all migraine cases. […] A prospective diary study quantified migraine aura: 98% of respondents had visual symptoms (with 64% having 2 or more). Commonly reported were: 30% Flashes of bright light, 25% Foggy/blurred vision, 24% Zigzag or jagged lines, 23% Scotoma, 19% Phosphenes, 12% Flickering light. […] As you can see migraine aura extends to cover a wide range of presentations, with rarer examples being parosmia, dysphagia, dysgeusia, hypokinesia, paramnesia, auditory hallucinations and altered cognitive function.

• #34 Clinical features of visual migraine aura: a systematic review | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text

  https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-019-1008-x

  Migraine with typical aura is a highly prevalent disorder as it affects 8% of the general population. Typical migraine aura (MA) symptoms are completely reversible visual, sensory, or language disturbances. Visual aura symptoms (VASs) are by far the most common and occur in 98-99% of MAs, whereas disturbances of sensation and language occur in 36% and 10% of auras, respectively. MA is associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke, atrial fibrillation, and patent foramen ovale. It is also often clinically challenging to differentiate MA from other conditions, particularly transient ischemic attacks and occipital epilepsy. Improved clinical characterisation of MA will likely improve the diagnostic accuracy and identification of patient subgroups at risk of comorbidity. We systematically reviewed studies of VASs in order to create a list of all visual features reported during MA. We identified 14 studies, of which only three were prospective. The low number of prospective studies is a major limitation as the complex and polyhedral manifestations of MA are difficult to recall retrospectively. MA is a risk factor for several serious cardiovascular conditions, including ischemic and haemorrhagic stroke, myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation and perioperative stroke. Moreover, the risk of vascular incidents increases up to 13 fold with the use of combined oral contraceptives, which is important considering that the majority of migraine patients are women of reproductive age. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to correctly diagnose patients with MA in order to effectively distinguish MA from other, potentially life-threatening, conditions. We emphasize the importance of an improved classification of migraine VASs and propose that an official list of visual symptoms should be developed for this purpose, preferably within the context of the International Classification of Headache Disorders of the International Headache Society.

• #35 Migraine with Aura | Melbourne Headache Centre

  https://melbourneheadachecentre.com.au/conditions/migraine-with-aura/

  Migraine aura is one of the most universally thought of symptoms of migraine by the general public, despite affecting less than 30% of migraine sufferers. […] In several large population based studies in Denmark researchers found 32% of people who suffered migraine always suffered migraine with aura, while another 8% suffered both migraine with and without aura. A second study found that migraine aura with or without headache accounted for 38% of all migraine cases. […] A prospective diary study quantified migraine aura: 98% of respondents had visual symptoms (with 64% having 2 or more). Commonly reported were: 30% Flashes of bright light, 25% Foggy/blurred vision, 24% Zigzag or jagged lines, 23% Scotoma, 19% Phosphenes, 12% Flickering light. […] As you can see migraine aura extends to cover a wide range of presentations, with rarer examples being parosmia, dysphagia, dysgeusia, hypokinesia, paramnesia, auditory hallucinations and altered cognitive function.

• #36 Migraine with aura – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34384631/

  Around 15% to one-third of migraineurs experience aura. […] The relative risk of ischemic stroke is significantly increased in migraine with aura. […] Combined hormonal contraception with estrogens significantly increases the risk of stroke in women with migraine with aura. […] The prophylactic treatments for migraine with aura are those used in migraine without aura based on very few randomized clinical trials specifically dedicated to migraine with aura.

• #37 Migraine and risk of stroke | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

  https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/91/6/593

  Migraine and stroke are two common and heterogeneous neurovascular disorders responsible for a significant burden for those affected and a great economic cost for the society. There is growing evidence that migraine increases the overall risk of cerebrovascular diseases. […] The risk of transient ischaemic attack also seems to be increased in people with migraine, although this issue has not been extensively investigated. […] In light of the higher risk of stroke in people with migraine with aura, it is important to identify and modify any vascular risk factor. […] Numerous studies, including five meta-analyses, have linked migraine, particularly migraine with aura (MA), with increased risk of ischaemic stroke. The relative risk of ischaemic stroke is doubled in people with MA compared with migraine-free individuals.

• #38 Migraine and risk of stroke | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

  https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/91/6/593

  The association between migraine and ischaemic stroke is stronger for women, women younger than 45 years, women who use oral contraceptives and women who smoke. […] The risk is greater for those with active migraine (ie, migraine attack the last 12 months) and higher frequency of attacks; however, there is no conclusive evidence that the severity of migraine attacks influence the risk of ischaemic stroke. […] The classification of migraine and specifically MA in population-based studies is challenging. However, the consistent findings of the association between MA and ischaemic stroke across various study designs and classification schemes make a systematic bias unlikely. […] MA in women younger than age of 45 years and late onset of MA increase the risk of ischaemic stroke. Active migraine and increased attack frequency increase the risk of ischaemic stroke.

• #39 Migraine and risk of stroke | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

  https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/91/6/593

  The association between migraine and ischaemic stroke is stronger for women, women younger than 45 years, women who use oral contraceptives and women who smoke. […] The risk is greater for those with active migraine (ie, migraine attack the last 12 months) and higher frequency of attacks; however, there is no conclusive evidence that the severity of migraine attacks influence the risk of ischaemic stroke. […] The classification of migraine and specifically MA in population-based studies is challenging. However, the consistent findings of the association between MA and ischaemic stroke across various study designs and classification schemes make a systematic bias unlikely. […] MA in women younger than age of 45 years and late onset of MA increase the risk of ischaemic stroke. Active migraine and increased attack frequency increase the risk of ischaemic stroke.

• #40 Migraine with Aura | American Headache Society

  https://americanheadachesociety.org/resources/primary-care/migraine-with-aura

  Approximately one-third of those with migraine experience aura, a sensory experience that occurs before or during an attack. […] Its important to correctly identify aura because those who have migraine with aura can potentially turn chronic, have a higher risk of stroke, and should have a different treatment plan. […] A team of researchers working in France and the U.S. has demonstrated in a large prospective study that women who experience migraine with aura are at greater risk of all types of stroke including ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke as well as all strokes.

• #41 Transient ischemic attack or migraine with aura? | Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening

  https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2023/10/clinical-review/transient-ischemic-attack-or-migraine-aura

  Migraine with aura is a common stroke mimic and often the basis for acute thrombolytic therapy. […] In one review, where just under 7 % of patients had received improper thrombolytic treatments, migraine with aura accounted for 18 %. […] Migraine with aura: the criteria for typical migraine with aura have high sensitivity and high specificity. […] Around 30 % of migraine sufferers experience migraine with aura. […] Migraine has been identified as an independent risk factor for high-signal changes, especially in patients who experience aura. […] Migraine with aura can, in most cases, be distinguished from TIA by the gradual onset of symptoms with typical characteristics, sequence and duration.

• #42 Headache, migraine, and structural brain lesions and function: population based Epidemiology of Vascular Ageing-MRI study | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.c7357

  Of the 116 participants with migraine, 17 (14.7%) reported aura symptoms. […] Migraine with aura was the only headache type strongly associated with volume of deep white matter hyperintensities (highest third odds ratio 12.4, 1.6 to 99.4, P for trend 0.005) and with brain infarcts (3.4, 1.2 to 9.3). […] Only participants who had migraine with aura had over a threefold increased risk (3.4, 1.2 to 9.3). […] Associations between migraine and brain infarcts is limited to people who have migraine with aura.

• #43 Migraine and risk of stroke | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

  https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/91/6/593

  The presence of a headache after transient neurological symptoms does not necessarily mean that these symptoms are consistent with a diagnosis of MA, because a migraine-like attack (with or without aura) can also be triggered by ischaemic vascular events. […] Although some studies found increased risk in people with MA, there is overall not sufficient evidence that the risk of haemorrhagic stroke is particularly increased for MA. […] While women under the age of 45 years may be at increased risk of haemorrhagic stroke, the overall relationship between migraine and haemorrhagic stroke and the specific relationship between migraine subtypes and haemorrhagic stroke are uncertain. […] There is growing evidence of an association between migraine and other cardiovascular disorders including myocardial infarction, hypertension, venous thromboembolism and atrial fibrillation, with stronger association in people with MA.

• #44 Women With Migraine, Aura Have Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Death

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/women-with-migraine-aura-have-increased-risk-of-cardiovascular-death

  Women who experience migraine with aura have an increased hazard of cardiovascular diseasespecific mortality compared with individuals with no history of headache, according to a study published in The Journal of Headache and Pain. […] Migraine disproportionately affects women and may be a risk factor for CVD. […] Researchers concluded that future studies should investigate the underlying reasons for the observed increased risk of cardiovascular mortality among migraineurs with aura.

• #45 Migraine – Statistical and Genomic Epidemiology Laboratory (SGEL)

  https://research.qut.edu.au/sgel/research/migraine/

  Migraine is a highly prevalent disorder with frequent attacks. Nearly one in four people (up to 33% of women and 13% of men), will have recurring attacks of migraine during their life. The 2015 Global Burden of Disease (GDB) study estimated the global prevalence of active migraineurs (i.e., attacks in the past year) at 13.6% (17.7% of women and 9.5% of men); in Australia, the prevalence was estimated at 19.3% (26.5% of women and 11.7% all men). […] One in ten migraineurs will develop chronic migraine with migraine headaches on at least 15 days a month. […] Migraine is the seventh leading cause of years of life lost to disability worldwide, and the third cause of disability in under 50s. Migraine is the leading cause of disability among neurological disorders, accounting for over half of all years lived with disability. […] The total annual economic cost of migraine in Australia is $35.7bn, comprising $14.3bn in health system costs, $16.3bn in productivity costs, and $5.1bn in other costs.

• #46 Migraine – Statistical and Genomic Epidemiology Laboratory (SGEL)

  https://research.qut.edu.au/sgel/research/migraine/

  Migraine is a highly prevalent disorder with frequent attacks. Nearly one in four people (up to 33% of women and 13% of men), will have recurring attacks of migraine during their life. The 2015 Global Burden of Disease (GDB) study estimated the global prevalence of active migraineurs (i.e., attacks in the past year) at 13.6% (17.7% of women and 9.5% of men); in Australia, the prevalence was estimated at 19.3% (26.5% of women and 11.7% all men). […] One in ten migraineurs will develop chronic migraine with migraine headaches on at least 15 days a month. […] Migraine is the seventh leading cause of years of life lost to disability worldwide, and the third cause of disability in under 50s. Migraine is the leading cause of disability among neurological disorders, accounting for over half of all years lived with disability. […] The total annual economic cost of migraine in Australia is $35.7bn, comprising $14.3bn in health system costs, $16.3bn in productivity costs, and $5.1bn in other costs.

• #47 Migraine – Statistical and Genomic Epidemiology Laboratory (SGEL)

  https://research.qut.edu.au/sgel/research/migraine/

  Migraine is a highly prevalent disorder with frequent attacks. Nearly one in four people (up to 33% of women and 13% of men), will have recurring attacks of migraine during their life. The 2015 Global Burden of Disease (GDB) study estimated the global prevalence of active migraineurs (i.e., attacks in the past year) at 13.6% (17.7% of women and 9.5% of men); in Australia, the prevalence was estimated at 19.3% (26.5% of women and 11.7% all men). […] One in ten migraineurs will develop chronic migraine with migraine headaches on at least 15 days a month. […] Migraine is the seventh leading cause of years of life lost to disability worldwide, and the third cause of disability in under 50s. Migraine is the leading cause of disability among neurological disorders, accounting for over half of all years lived with disability. […] The total annual economic cost of migraine in Australia is $35.7bn, comprising $14.3bn in health system costs, $16.3bn in productivity costs, and $5.1bn in other costs.

• #48 Migraine Headache: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1142556-overview

  A study by Hsu et al suggests that women aged 40-50 years are also more susceptible to migrainous vertigo. […] The prevalence of migraine appears to be lower among African Americans and Asian Americans than among whites. […] The economic cost resulting from migraine-related loss of productive time in the US workforce is more than $13 billion per year, most of which is in the form of reduced work productivity. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates the worldwide prevalence of current migraine to be 10% and the lifetime prevalence to be 14%. The adjusted prevalence of migraine is highest in North America, followed by South and Central America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. […] Approximately 3000 migraine attacks per million persons worldwide occur every day. According to the WHO, migraine is 19th among all causes of years lived with disability. […] In the United States, migraine prevalence is inversely correlated with household income and level of education. Internationally, however, a relationship between migraine and socioeconomic status is not present.

• #49 Migraine and risk of stroke | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

  https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/91/6/593

  The QRISK3 algorithm was recently developed and validated to predict 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease in men and women aged 25-84 years. […] Migraine being included in this algorithm indicates its importance in the risk prediction of cardiovascular disease. […] Most migraine patients have MO and are of no or little increased risk of stroke, and they should be reassured instead of being frightened. […] People with MA are at increased risk of developing cardio/cerebrovascular disease, and while migraine prevention in people with MA has not been shown to reduce stroke risk, management of vascular risk factors in those with MA is important in reducing stroke risk. […] Migraine and particularly MA have been consistently linked with increased risk of ischaemic stroke. An increased risk has also been observed for haemorrhagic stroke and cardiovascular disease. […] Based on the current evidence, MA should be considered an important risk marker for stroke.

• #50 Migraine and risk of stroke | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

  https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/91/6/593

  The QRISK3 algorithm was recently developed and validated to predict 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease in men and women aged 25-84 years. […] Migraine being included in this algorithm indicates its importance in the risk prediction of cardiovascular disease. […] Most migraine patients have MO and are of no or little increased risk of stroke, and they should be reassured instead of being frightened. […] People with MA are at increased risk of developing cardio/cerebrovascular disease, and while migraine prevention in people with MA has not been shown to reduce stroke risk, management of vascular risk factors in those with MA is important in reducing stroke risk. […] Migraine and particularly MA have been consistently linked with increased risk of ischaemic stroke. An increased risk has also been observed for haemorrhagic stroke and cardiovascular disease. […] Based on the current evidence, MA should be considered an important risk marker for stroke.

• #51 Clinical features of migraine with aura: a REFORM study | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text

  https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-024-01718-1

  Among those with migraine, about one-third experience migraine with aura (MA), characterized by transient neurologic symptoms. […] While the 3rd edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-3) provides valuable insights into the clinical features of aura, the available evidence from observational studies often lacks the detail necessary for a thorough understanding. […] Addressing this critical gap is paramount to improving disease characterization and enabling accurate diagnoses in clinical practice. […] Our findings will thus provide valuable insights for clinical practice and serve as a foundation for further research in this field. […] The study protocol received approval from the Health Research Ethics Committee of the Capital Region of Denmark, and all participants provided written informed consent before undergoing any study-related assessments or procedures.

• #52 Clinical features of visual migraine aura: a systematic review | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text

  https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-019-1008-x

  Migraine with typical aura is a highly prevalent disorder as it affects 8% of the general population. Typical migraine aura (MA) symptoms are completely reversible visual, sensory, or language disturbances. Visual aura symptoms (VASs) are by far the most common and occur in 98-99% of MAs, whereas disturbances of sensation and language occur in 36% and 10% of auras, respectively. MA is associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke, atrial fibrillation, and patent foramen ovale. It is also often clinically challenging to differentiate MA from other conditions, particularly transient ischemic attacks and occipital epilepsy. Improved clinical characterisation of MA will likely improve the diagnostic accuracy and identification of patient subgroups at risk of comorbidity. We systematically reviewed studies of VASs in order to create a list of all visual features reported during MA. We identified 14 studies, of which only three were prospective. The low number of prospective studies is a major limitation as the complex and polyhedral manifestations of MA are difficult to recall retrospectively. MA is a risk factor for several serious cardiovascular conditions, including ischemic and haemorrhagic stroke, myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation and perioperative stroke. Moreover, the risk of vascular incidents increases up to 13 fold with the use of combined oral contraceptives, which is important considering that the majority of migraine patients are women of reproductive age. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to correctly diagnose patients with MA in order to effectively distinguish MA from other, potentially life-threatening, conditions. We emphasize the importance of an improved classification of migraine VASs and propose that an official list of visual symptoms should be developed for this purpose, preferably within the context of the International Classification of Headache Disorders of the International Headache Society.

• #53 Transient ischemic attack or migraine with aura? | Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening

  https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2023/10/clinical-review/transient-ischemic-attack-or-migraine-aura

  Migraine with aura is a common stroke mimic and often the basis for acute thrombolytic therapy. […] In one review, where just under 7 % of patients had received improper thrombolytic treatments, migraine with aura accounted for 18 %. […] Migraine with aura: the criteria for typical migraine with aura have high sensitivity and high specificity. […] Around 30 % of migraine sufferers experience migraine with aura. […] Migraine has been identified as an independent risk factor for high-signal changes, especially in patients who experience aura. […] Migraine with aura can, in most cases, be distinguished from TIA by the gradual onset of symptoms with typical characteristics, sequence and duration.

• #54 Migraine with Aura | American Headache Society

  https://americanheadachesociety.org/resources/primary-care/migraine-with-aura

  Approximately one-third of those with migraine experience aura, a sensory experience that occurs before or during an attack. […] Its important to correctly identify aura because those who have migraine with aura can potentially turn chronic, have a higher risk of stroke, and should have a different treatment plan. […] A team of researchers working in France and the U.S. has demonstrated in a large prospective study that women who experience migraine with aura are at greater risk of all types of stroke including ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke as well as all strokes.

• #55 Migraine and risk of stroke | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

  https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/91/6/593

  The association between migraine and ischaemic stroke is stronger for women, women younger than 45 years, women who use oral contraceptives and women who smoke. […] The risk is greater for those with active migraine (ie, migraine attack the last 12 months) and higher frequency of attacks; however, there is no conclusive evidence that the severity of migraine attacks influence the risk of ischaemic stroke. […] The classification of migraine and specifically MA in population-based studies is challenging. However, the consistent findings of the association between MA and ischaemic stroke across various study designs and classification schemes make a systematic bias unlikely. […] MA in women younger than age of 45 years and late onset of MA increase the risk of ischaemic stroke. Active migraine and increased attack frequency increase the risk of ischaemic stroke.

• #56 Clinical features of visual migraine aura: a systematic review | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text

  https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-019-1008-x

  Migraine with typical aura is a highly prevalent disorder as it affects 8% of the general population. Typical migraine aura (MA) symptoms are completely reversible visual, sensory, or language disturbances. Visual aura symptoms (VASs) are by far the most common and occur in 98-99% of MAs, whereas disturbances of sensation and language occur in 36% and 10% of auras, respectively. MA is associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke, atrial fibrillation, and patent foramen ovale. It is also often clinically challenging to differentiate MA from other conditions, particularly transient ischemic attacks and occipital epilepsy. Improved clinical characterisation of MA will likely improve the diagnostic accuracy and identification of patient subgroups at risk of comorbidity. We systematically reviewed studies of VASs in order to create a list of all visual features reported during MA. We identified 14 studies, of which only three were prospective. The low number of prospective studies is a major limitation as the complex and polyhedral manifestations of MA are difficult to recall retrospectively. MA is a risk factor for several serious cardiovascular conditions, including ischemic and haemorrhagic stroke, myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation and perioperative stroke. Moreover, the risk of vascular incidents increases up to 13 fold with the use of combined oral contraceptives, which is important considering that the majority of migraine patients are women of reproductive age. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to correctly diagnose patients with MA in order to effectively distinguish MA from other, potentially life-threatening, conditions. We emphasize the importance of an improved classification of migraine VASs and propose that an official list of visual symptoms should be developed for this purpose, preferably within the context of the International Classification of Headache Disorders of the International Headache Society.

• #57 Migraine and risk of stroke | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

  https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/91/6/593

  The presence of a headache after transient neurological symptoms does not necessarily mean that these symptoms are consistent with a diagnosis of MA, because a migraine-like attack (with or without aura) can also be triggered by ischaemic vascular events. […] Although some studies found increased risk in people with MA, there is overall not sufficient evidence that the risk of haemorrhagic stroke is particularly increased for MA. […] While women under the age of 45 years may be at increased risk of haemorrhagic stroke, the overall relationship between migraine and haemorrhagic stroke and the specific relationship between migraine subtypes and haemorrhagic stroke are uncertain. […] There is growing evidence of an association between migraine and other cardiovascular disorders including myocardial infarction, hypertension, venous thromboembolism and atrial fibrillation, with stronger association in people with MA.

• #58 Clinical features of visual migraine aura: a systematic review | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text

  https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-019-1008-x

  Migraine with typical aura is a highly prevalent disorder as it affects 8% of the general population. Typical migraine aura (MA) symptoms are completely reversible visual, sensory, or language disturbances. Visual aura symptoms (VASs) are by far the most common and occur in 98-99% of MAs, whereas disturbances of sensation and language occur in 36% and 10% of auras, respectively. MA is associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke, atrial fibrillation, and patent foramen ovale. It is also often clinically challenging to differentiate MA from other conditions, particularly transient ischemic attacks and occipital epilepsy. Improved clinical characterisation of MA will likely improve the diagnostic accuracy and identification of patient subgroups at risk of comorbidity. We systematically reviewed studies of VASs in order to create a list of all visual features reported during MA. We identified 14 studies, of which only three were prospective. The low number of prospective studies is a major limitation as the complex and polyhedral manifestations of MA are difficult to recall retrospectively. MA is a risk factor for several serious cardiovascular conditions, including ischemic and haemorrhagic stroke, myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation and perioperative stroke. Moreover, the risk of vascular incidents increases up to 13 fold with the use of combined oral contraceptives, which is important considering that the majority of migraine patients are women of reproductive age. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to correctly diagnose patients with MA in order to effectively distinguish MA from other, potentially life-threatening, conditions. We emphasize the importance of an improved classification of migraine VASs and propose that an official list of visual symptoms should be developed for this purpose, preferably within the context of the International Classification of Headache Disorders of the International Headache Society.

• #59 Daily briefing: Spinal fluid causes aural migraine pain, suggests research in mice

  https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-02257-0

  Research in mice hints at how brain activity triggers aural migraines. It suggests that the aura phase before the headache when people experience symptoms such as blind spots temporarily changes the content of the cerebrospinal fluid, the clear liquid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. […] This altered fluid, researchers suggest, travels through a previously unknown gap in anatomy to nerves in the skull where it activates pain and inflammatory receptors. […] Migraine is actually protective in that it signals something abnormal is happening in the brain, says neuroscientist and study co-author Maiken Nedergaard. The pain is protective because its telling the person to rest and recover and sleep.

• #60 Migraine aura, a predictor of near-death experiences in a crowdsourced study | bioRxiv

  https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/811885v1.full-text

  Migraine aura was a predictor of NDE in our sample. […] The only significant association was between confirmed NDE and migraine aura: Forty-eight (6.1%) of 783 subjects without migraine aura and 33 (13.0%) of 254 subjects with migraine aura had experienced an NDE (p<0.001, chi-square test, odds ratio = 2.29). [...] In multiple logistic regression analysis with age, gender and the interaction of age and gender, none of these potential predictors was significant. However, migraine aura remained significant after adjustment for age (p<0.001, odds ratio = 2.31), gender (p<0.001, odds ratio = 2.33), and both age and gender (p<0.001, odds ratio = 2.33). [...] The prevalence of individuals with an NDE is estimated at about 4-8% in the general population. [...] In our survey it was 8%. [...] The high prevalence of primary headaches in our survey is hence within the realm of possibility but raises the question if we have attracted a disproportionate number of people with headache.

• #61

  https://journals.lww.com/epidem/fulltext/2013/05000/is_autism_linked_to_migraine_aura_.30.aspx

  After nearly seven decades of investigation, autism continues to be a widespread disorder of childhood with no known cause. A review of recent research suggests that migraine with aura could be a mechanism beginning in early infancy that contributes to the fear-conflict patterns and developmental failures associated with infant autism. […] The sudden loss of sight, unexplained movements, and zig-zag patterns of migraine with aura may upset the unique dynamics of successful attachment between mother and child. […] It is possible that the experience of migraine aura disturbs the infants perception of a stable reality and threatens the security of the mother-child relationship. Further research is encouraged to explore the potential relationship between migraine with aura and infant autism. If such a link exists, it could lead to significant advances in diagnosis, early treatment, and prevention of this childhood disorder.

• #62 Migraine and risk of stroke | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

  https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/91/6/593

  Migraine and stroke are two common and heterogeneous neurovascular disorders responsible for a significant burden for those affected and a great economic cost for the society. There is growing evidence that migraine increases the overall risk of cerebrovascular diseases. […] The risk of transient ischaemic attack also seems to be increased in people with migraine, although this issue has not been extensively investigated. […] In light of the higher risk of stroke in people with migraine with aura, it is important to identify and modify any vascular risk factor. […] Numerous studies, including five meta-analyses, have linked migraine, particularly migraine with aura (MA), with increased risk of ischaemic stroke. The relative risk of ischaemic stroke is doubled in people with MA compared with migraine-free individuals.

• #63 Migraine with aura – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34384631/

  Around 15% to one-third of migraineurs experience aura. […] The relative risk of ischemic stroke is significantly increased in migraine with aura. […] Combined hormonal contraception with estrogens significantly increases the risk of stroke in women with migraine with aura. […] The prophylactic treatments for migraine with aura are those used in migraine without aura based on very few randomized clinical trials specifically dedicated to migraine with aura.

• #64 Migraine and risk of stroke | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

  https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/91/6/593

  The association between migraine and ischaemic stroke is stronger for women, women younger than 45 years, women who use oral contraceptives and women who smoke. […] The risk is greater for those with active migraine (ie, migraine attack the last 12 months) and higher frequency of attacks; however, there is no conclusive evidence that the severity of migraine attacks influence the risk of ischaemic stroke. […] The classification of migraine and specifically MA in population-based studies is challenging. However, the consistent findings of the association between MA and ischaemic stroke across various study designs and classification schemes make a systematic bias unlikely. […] MA in women younger than age of 45 years and late onset of MA increase the risk of ischaemic stroke. Active migraine and increased attack frequency increase the risk of ischaemic stroke.

• #65 Migraine and risk of stroke | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

  https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/91/6/593

  The QRISK3 algorithm was recently developed and validated to predict 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease in men and women aged 25-84 years. […] Migraine being included in this algorithm indicates its importance in the risk prediction of cardiovascular disease. […] Most migraine patients have MO and are of no or little increased risk of stroke, and they should be reassured instead of being frightened. […] People with MA are at increased risk of developing cardio/cerebrovascular disease, and while migraine prevention in people with MA has not been shown to reduce stroke risk, management of vascular risk factors in those with MA is important in reducing stroke risk. […] Migraine and particularly MA have been consistently linked with increased risk of ischaemic stroke. An increased risk has also been observed for haemorrhagic stroke and cardiovascular disease. […] Based on the current evidence, MA should be considered an important risk marker for stroke.

• #66 Migraine and risk of stroke | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

  https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/91/6/593

  The QRISK3 algorithm was recently developed and validated to predict 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease in men and women aged 25-84 years. […] Migraine being included in this algorithm indicates its importance in the risk prediction of cardiovascular disease. […] Most migraine patients have MO and are of no or little increased risk of stroke, and they should be reassured instead of being frightened. […] People with MA are at increased risk of developing cardio/cerebrovascular disease, and while migraine prevention in people with MA has not been shown to reduce stroke risk, management of vascular risk factors in those with MA is important in reducing stroke risk. […] Migraine and particularly MA have been consistently linked with increased risk of ischaemic stroke. An increased risk has also been observed for haemorrhagic stroke and cardiovascular disease. […] Based on the current evidence, MA should be considered an important risk marker for stroke.

• #67 Migraine with aura – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34384631/

  Around 15% to one-third of migraineurs experience aura. […] The relative risk of ischemic stroke is significantly increased in migraine with aura. […] Combined hormonal contraception with estrogens significantly increases the risk of stroke in women with migraine with aura. […] The prophylactic treatments for migraine with aura are those used in migraine without aura based on very few randomized clinical trials specifically dedicated to migraine with aura.

• #68 Migraine Market Size Projected to Grow Rapidly by 2034, Driven

  https://www.openpr.com/news/4006021/migraine-market-size-projected-to-grow-rapidly-by-2034-driven

  Migraine Market Insight, Epidemiology And Market Forecast – 2034 […] The migraine patient population continues to expand, with approximately 120K prevalent cases reported across the 7MM in 2023. The US represents the largest patient share at nearly 40%, followed by Japan at 15%. The UK leads among European nations. Furthermore, gender disparities remain pronounced, with females constituting approximately three times the number of cases compared to males in the US. Epidemiological patterns further reveal that episodic migraine significantly outweighs chronic migraine in prevalence. […] The identification of key biomarkers, particularly serotonin 1F receptor and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), has revolutionised treatment approaches, with CGRP antagonists like Eli Lilly’s EMGALITY (galcanezumab-gnlm) and Teva’s AJOVY (fremanezumab-vfrm) securing significant market share.

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