Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Leiomyosarcoma – Diagnosis & Disease Information for HCPs

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/ddi/leiomyosarcoma/

  Leiomyosarcoma is a rare and aggressive cancer that develops from the smooth muscle cells of the mesenchymal tissue. This type of soft tissue sarcoma, which most commonly starts in the uterus, gastrointestinal tract, retroperitoneum, or large blood vessels, proliferates rapidly and has a propensity to metastasize. The causes of leiomyosarcoma are still largely unknown due to the sporadic appearance of most cases of this disease. However, several genetic abnormalities are known to play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease, especially in leiomyosarcoma of the uterus. Tumor suppressor gene alterations, such as TP53 and RB1 mutations, seem to occur more frequently in leiomyosarcoma than in any other type of sarcoma. Abnormalities among chromosomes, including chromosome 13q, occur often among patients with leiomyosarcoma.

• #2 Leiomyosarcoma: 7 facts about this rare soft tissue cancer | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/leiomyosarcoma–7-facts-about-this-rare-soft-tissue-cancer.h00-159536589.html

  Leiomyosarcoma is believed to originate in the body’s smooth muscles, including the uterus, the intestines, stomach, bladder and blood vessels. […] Leiomyosarcoma generally forms in the smooth muscles of the body. […] The most common location is the uterus, which is composed largely of smooth muscle. But it can occur anywhere, since smooth muscle is present in all blood vessels, as well as part of the intestines and digestive tract.

• #3 Leiomyosarcoma Causes – Understanding Uterine Cancer

  https://www.leiomyosarcoma.org/causes/

  The precise causes for Leiomyosarcoma, or LMS, are currently unknown. What they do know does not, necessarily, point to any specific cause. However, the most common factors seem to be age (with most people developing LMS being over the age of 50), exposure to radiotherapy (many people previously treated for other forms of cancer with radiotherapy may develop soft tissue cancer), chemical exposure (especially vinyl chloride, dioxins, and a wide range of herbicides, and genetics. […] There are also studies that have determined a range of risk factors that can lead to individuals being at risk for the development of soft tissue sarcomas, and these are taken into consideration where LMS is concerned. In addition to the causes already mentioned above (which are also seen as risk factors), there are increased risks for soft tissue sarcomas in those who use immunosuppressive drugs, who have human immunodeficiency virus, and those with human herpes virus type 8. Those with edematous arms after radical mastectomy are also considered at risk for soft tissue sarcomas, and LMS in particular.

• #4 Leiomyosarcoma Cancer: Symptoms, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cancer/leiomyosarcoma-cancer

  The cause of LMS is currently unknown. Experts believe that it doesnt run in families. But they think there may be a genetic component that causes abnormalities in cells called oncogenes, which usually keep cells from growing unmanageably. […] Researchers studied possible links between LMS and past radiation treatments, as well as exposure to chemicals like weed killers and pesticides. […] Experts need to perform more research to see how strong these links are and to determine if exposure is a risk factor. […] The cause for LMS is currently unknown, but possible links that experts research include: radiation, exposure to certain chemicals, viral infections.

• #5 Leiomyosarcoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/leiomyosarcoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20577215

  Leiomyosarcoma is a rare cancer that begins in smooth muscle tissue. […] It’s not clear what causes leiomyosarcoma. This cancer starts when something changes the cells in the smooth muscles. […] Leiomyosarcoma happens when smooth muscle cells develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. […] In cancer cells, the DNA changes give other instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply at a fast rate. […] The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. […] Healthcare professionals haven’t found a way to prevent leiomyosarcoma.

• #6 Leiomyosarcoma

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/leiomyosarcoma/cdc-20387733?p=1

  It’s not clear what causes leiomyosarcoma. This cancer starts when something changes the cells in the smooth muscles. […] Leiomyosarcoma happens when smooth muscle cells develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA tells the cells to grow and multiply at a set rate. The DNA also tells the cells to die at a set time. […] In cancer cells, the DNA changes give other instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply at a fast rate. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.

• #7 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Leiomyosarcoma | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20337929

  It’s not clear what causes leiomyosarcoma. This cancer starts when something changes the cells in the smooth muscles. […] Leiomyosarcoma happens when smooth muscle cells develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA tells the cells to grow and multiply at a set rate. The DNA also tells the cells to die at a set time. […] In cancer cells, the DNA changes give other instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply at a fast rate. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. […] The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it’s called metastatic cancer.

• #8 Leiomyosarcoma – Diagnosis & Disease Information for HCPs

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/ddi/leiomyosarcoma/

  Leiomyosarcoma is a rare and aggressive cancer that develops from the smooth muscle cells of the mesenchymal tissue. This type of soft tissue sarcoma, which most commonly starts in the uterus, gastrointestinal tract, retroperitoneum, or large blood vessels, proliferates rapidly and has a propensity to metastasize. The causes of leiomyosarcoma are still largely unknown due to the sporadic appearance of most cases of this disease. However, several genetic abnormalities are known to play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease, especially in leiomyosarcoma of the uterus. Tumor suppressor gene alterations, such as TP53 and RB1 mutations, seem to occur more frequently in leiomyosarcoma than in any other type of sarcoma. Abnormalities among chromosomes, including chromosome 13q, occur often among patients with leiomyosarcoma.

• #9 Leiomyosarcoma | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/24180

  Although there are no definite causative factors for leiomyosarcoma, certain risk factors have been associated with developing STSs, including leiomyosarcoma. The significant risk factor for STS is a history of radiation exposure or radiotherapy, particularly at a young age. STSs may also be part of genetic syndromes, such as retinoblastoma (due to RB1 gene deletion) and Li-Fraumeni syndrome (caused by a mutation in the TP53 gene). […] Leiomyosarcomas are primarily associated with RB1 and PTEN tumor suppressor gene mutations. RB1 gene mutations are observed in 90% of patients. The cytogenetic and molecular changes in leiomyosarcoma are inconsistent, contributing to its highly heterogeneous nature. More recent data from The Cancer Genome Atlas revealed that leiomyosarcoma, like other STSs, is associated with a lower tumor mutational burden compared to other types of cancers.

• #10 Leiomyosarcoma | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/24180

  Although there are no definite causative factors for leiomyosarcoma, certain risk factors have been associated with developing STSs, including leiomyosarcoma. The significant risk factor for STS is a history of radiation exposure or radiotherapy, particularly at a young age. STSs may also be part of genetic syndromes, such as retinoblastoma (due to RB1 gene deletion) and Li-Fraumeni syndrome (caused by a mutation in the TP53 gene). […] Leiomyosarcomas are primarily associated with RB1 and PTEN tumor suppressor gene mutations. RB1 gene mutations are observed in 90% of patients. The cytogenetic and molecular changes in leiomyosarcoma are inconsistent, contributing to its highly heterogeneous nature. More recent data from The Cancer Genome Atlas revealed that leiomyosarcoma, like other STSs, is associated with a lower tumor mutational burden compared to other types of cancers.

• #11 LMS Research – Genetics Causes of LMS

  https://www.leiomyosarcoma.info/lms_genetics.htm

  This page attempts to focus on the genetic causes of LMS that have been reported in the literature. […] Most leiomyosarcomas have extremely complex cytogenetic aberrations. […] One cytogenetic aberration found in at least 50% of leiomyosarcomas is deletion of the chromosome 1 short arm. […] RB1 Loss of a single copy of chromosome 13 in the general region of the RB1 gene was found in around 35% of sarcomas. […] Recently homozygous deletion (loss of both gene copies) of the CDKN2 gene, which encodes p16, has been reported in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, rhabdomyosarcomas, and leiomyosarcomas. […] The p53 gene is located on a region of chromosome 17 that is frequently lost during tumor development, and the p53 allele that remains in these tumors usually contains point mutations. […] Loss of chromosome 17 and inactivating point mutations have frequently been observed in soft tissue sarcomas, particularly in malignant fibrous histiocytoma, rhabdomyosarcomas, and leiomyosarcomas. […] Activated N-RAS was detected in a leiomyosarcoma.

• #12 LMS Research – Genetics Causes of LMS

  https://www.leiomyosarcoma.info/lms_genetics.htm

  This page attempts to focus on the genetic causes of LMS that have been reported in the literature. […] Most leiomyosarcomas have extremely complex cytogenetic aberrations. […] One cytogenetic aberration found in at least 50% of leiomyosarcomas is deletion of the chromosome 1 short arm. […] RB1 Loss of a single copy of chromosome 13 in the general region of the RB1 gene was found in around 35% of sarcomas. […] Recently homozygous deletion (loss of both gene copies) of the CDKN2 gene, which encodes p16, has been reported in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, rhabdomyosarcomas, and leiomyosarcomas. […] The p53 gene is located on a region of chromosome 17 that is frequently lost during tumor development, and the p53 allele that remains in these tumors usually contains point mutations. […] Loss of chromosome 17 and inactivating point mutations have frequently been observed in soft tissue sarcomas, particularly in malignant fibrous histiocytoma, rhabdomyosarcomas, and leiomyosarcomas. […] Activated N-RAS was detected in a leiomyosarcoma.

• #13 LMS Research – Genetics Causes of LMS

  https://www.leiomyosarcoma.info/lms_genetics.htm

  This page attempts to focus on the genetic causes of LMS that have been reported in the literature. […] Most leiomyosarcomas have extremely complex cytogenetic aberrations. […] One cytogenetic aberration found in at least 50% of leiomyosarcomas is deletion of the chromosome 1 short arm. […] RB1 Loss of a single copy of chromosome 13 in the general region of the RB1 gene was found in around 35% of sarcomas. […] Recently homozygous deletion (loss of both gene copies) of the CDKN2 gene, which encodes p16, has been reported in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, rhabdomyosarcomas, and leiomyosarcomas. […] The p53 gene is located on a region of chromosome 17 that is frequently lost during tumor development, and the p53 allele that remains in these tumors usually contains point mutations. […] Loss of chromosome 17 and inactivating point mutations have frequently been observed in soft tissue sarcomas, particularly in malignant fibrous histiocytoma, rhabdomyosarcomas, and leiomyosarcomas. […] Activated N-RAS was detected in a leiomyosarcoma.

• #14 LMS Research – Genetics Causes of LMS

  https://www.leiomyosarcoma.info/lms_genetics.htm

  This page attempts to focus on the genetic causes of LMS that have been reported in the literature. […] Most leiomyosarcomas have extremely complex cytogenetic aberrations. […] One cytogenetic aberration found in at least 50% of leiomyosarcomas is deletion of the chromosome 1 short arm. […] RB1 Loss of a single copy of chromosome 13 in the general region of the RB1 gene was found in around 35% of sarcomas. […] Recently homozygous deletion (loss of both gene copies) of the CDKN2 gene, which encodes p16, has been reported in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, rhabdomyosarcomas, and leiomyosarcomas. […] The p53 gene is located on a region of chromosome 17 that is frequently lost during tumor development, and the p53 allele that remains in these tumors usually contains point mutations. […] Loss of chromosome 17 and inactivating point mutations have frequently been observed in soft tissue sarcomas, particularly in malignant fibrous histiocytoma, rhabdomyosarcomas, and leiomyosarcomas. […] Activated N-RAS was detected in a leiomyosarcoma.

• #15 Leiomyosarcoma: Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22059-leiomyosarcoma

  Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is a rare, aggressive cancer that forms in smooth muscles. […] Experts arent exactly sure what causes leiomyosarcoma. It could be hereditary (meaning you inherited altered genes from your parents), or it could be because your own genes changed, causing normal cells to grow out of control and become cancer cells. […] Researchers have found links between LMS and these genetic conditions: Gardner syndrome, Gorlin syndrome, Hereditary retinoblastoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), Tuberous sclerosis, Werner syndrome. […] Currently, theres no known way to prevent leiomyosarcoma. But you can reduce your risk by avoiding risk factors whenever possible. Known leiomyosarcoma risk factors include: Certain viral infections, like human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8), Radiation exposure, Tamoxifen (commonly used to treat breast cancer).

• #16 Leiomyosarcoma – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/pediatric-adult-rare-tumor/rare-tumors/rare-soft-tissue-tumors/leiomyosarcoma

  It is not known what causes LMS to form. […] We do know that some genetic conditions are associated with LMS. These genetic conditions include hereditary retinoblastoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1, tuberous sclerosis, nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, Gardner syndrome, and Werner syndrome.

• #17 Leiomyosarcoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551667/

  Although there are no definite causative factors for leiomyosarcoma, certain risk factors have been associated with developing STSs, including leiomyosarcoma. The significant risk factor for STS is a history of radiation exposure or radiotherapy, particularly at a young age. STSs may also be part of genetic syndromes, such as retinoblastoma (due to RB1 gene deletion) and Li-Fraumeni syndrome (caused by a mutation in the TP53 gene). […] The genetic abnormalities in leiomyosarcoma are complex, and our current knowledge remains incomplete.

• #18 Risk Factors for Uterine Sarcoma Cancer | American Cancer Society | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/uterine-sarcoma/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Radiation to the pelvis can increase your risk for developing uterine sarcoma. This has been seen sometimes after someone has had radiation to treat cervical cancer or rectal cancer. These cancers usually are diagnosed 5 to 25 years after the radiation treatment. […] Women who have had a type of eye cancer called congenital (heritable) retinoblastoma as a child have an increased risk of soft tissue sarcomas, including uterine sarcomas. […] A rare family cancer syndrome called hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC) has been linked to an increased risk of uterine sarcomas. […] Although the risk is small, women taking tamoxifen to prevent or treat breast cancer have an increased risk of developing uterine sarcoma. These sarcomas often show up 2 to 5 years after starting tamoxifen.

• #19 Leiomyosarcoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551667/

  Although there are no definite causative factors for leiomyosarcoma, certain risk factors have been associated with developing STSs, including leiomyosarcoma. The significant risk factor for STS is a history of radiation exposure or radiotherapy, particularly at a young age. STSs may also be part of genetic syndromes, such as retinoblastoma (due to RB1 gene deletion) and Li-Fraumeni syndrome (caused by a mutation in the TP53 gene). […] The genetic abnormalities in leiomyosarcoma are complex, and our current knowledge remains incomplete.

• #20 Leiomyosarcoma – Sarcoma Oncology Center

  https://sarcomaoncology.com/types-of-sarcoma/soft-tissue-sarcomas/smooth-muscle-sarcomas/leiomyosarcoma/

  The exact cause of leiomyosarcoma is not fully understood. It may be hereditary, meaning it can be passed down through altered genes inherited from your parents. Alternatively, it can develop when changes occur in your own genes, causing cells to grow uncontrollably. Other potential causes include: […] Previous radiation therapy […] Exposure to certain chemicals […] Genetic conditions that are linked to an increased risk of developing leiomyosarcoma include: […] Hereditary retinoblastoma […] Li-Fraumeni syndrome […] Neurofibromatosis type 1 […] Tuberous sclerosis […] Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome […] Gardner syndrome […] Werner syndrome.

• #21 Leiomyosarcoma: Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22059-leiomyosarcoma

  Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is a rare, aggressive cancer that forms in smooth muscles. […] Experts arent exactly sure what causes leiomyosarcoma. It could be hereditary (meaning you inherited altered genes from your parents), or it could be because your own genes changed, causing normal cells to grow out of control and become cancer cells. […] Researchers have found links between LMS and these genetic conditions: Gardner syndrome, Gorlin syndrome, Hereditary retinoblastoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), Tuberous sclerosis, Werner syndrome. […] Currently, theres no known way to prevent leiomyosarcoma. But you can reduce your risk by avoiding risk factors whenever possible. Known leiomyosarcoma risk factors include: Certain viral infections, like human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8), Radiation exposure, Tamoxifen (commonly used to treat breast cancer).

• #22 What Is the Survival Rate for Leiomyosarcoma? Symptoms & Causes

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_is_the_survival_rate_for_leiomyosarcoma/article.htm

  Leiomyosarcoma, like other cancers, occurs due to genetic mutations in the cells. Risk factors for developing leiomyosarcoma include: […] Inherited genetic conditions with increased risk for cancers, such as: Neurofibromatosis, Hereditary retinoblastoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Gardner syndrome, Werner syndrome, Tuberous sclerosis, Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin syndrome). […] Advanced age; most cases occur after the age of 50. […] Radiation therapy for other cancers. […] Exposure to carcinogenic chemicals such as vinyl chloride, dioxins and herbicides. […] Viral infections from human herpesvirus-8 and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). […] Immunosuppressive medications. […] Hormonal disorders. […] Autoimmune diseases. […] Swelling (edema) in the arms after mastectomy for breast cancer. […] Chronic inflammatory conditions such as ulcers. […] Exposure to cyclophosphamide, a cancer medication. […] Treatment with a power morcellator, a surgical device that is used to break up and remove large fibroids in the uterus, which can break up undetected uterine leiomyosarcoma and spread it.

• #23 Leiomyosarcoma: Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22059-leiomyosarcoma

  Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is a rare, aggressive cancer that forms in smooth muscles. […] Experts arent exactly sure what causes leiomyosarcoma. It could be hereditary (meaning you inherited altered genes from your parents), or it could be because your own genes changed, causing normal cells to grow out of control and become cancer cells. […] Researchers have found links between LMS and these genetic conditions: Gardner syndrome, Gorlin syndrome, Hereditary retinoblastoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), Tuberous sclerosis, Werner syndrome. […] Currently, theres no known way to prevent leiomyosarcoma. But you can reduce your risk by avoiding risk factors whenever possible. Known leiomyosarcoma risk factors include: Certain viral infections, like human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8), Radiation exposure, Tamoxifen (commonly used to treat breast cancer).

• #24 Leiomyosarcoma – Sarcoma Oncology Center

  https://sarcomaoncology.com/types-of-sarcoma/soft-tissue-sarcomas/smooth-muscle-sarcomas/leiomyosarcoma/

  The exact cause of leiomyosarcoma is not fully understood. It may be hereditary, meaning it can be passed down through altered genes inherited from your parents. Alternatively, it can develop when changes occur in your own genes, causing cells to grow uncontrollably. Other potential causes include: […] Previous radiation therapy […] Exposure to certain chemicals […] Genetic conditions that are linked to an increased risk of developing leiomyosarcoma include: […] Hereditary retinoblastoma […] Li-Fraumeni syndrome […] Neurofibromatosis type 1 […] Tuberous sclerosis […] Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome […] Gardner syndrome […] Werner syndrome.

• #25 Leiomyosarcoma: Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22059-leiomyosarcoma

  Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is a rare, aggressive cancer that forms in smooth muscles. […] Experts arent exactly sure what causes leiomyosarcoma. It could be hereditary (meaning you inherited altered genes from your parents), or it could be because your own genes changed, causing normal cells to grow out of control and become cancer cells. […] Researchers have found links between LMS and these genetic conditions: Gardner syndrome, Gorlin syndrome, Hereditary retinoblastoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), Tuberous sclerosis, Werner syndrome. […] Currently, theres no known way to prevent leiomyosarcoma. But you can reduce your risk by avoiding risk factors whenever possible. Known leiomyosarcoma risk factors include: Certain viral infections, like human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8), Radiation exposure, Tamoxifen (commonly used to treat breast cancer).

• #26 FAQ – Leiomyosarcoma Prognosis, Causes & Treatment | LMSDR

  https://www.lmsdr.org/leiomyosarcoma-faq

  LMS is caused by gene mutations in the DNA of a single smooth muscle cell that has multiplied itself. What caused this mutation is unknown. More research is needed. […] LMSDR has documented cases of about 11 families where both a parent and child or sisters, have LMS. However, with the majority of patients, there are no other known family members with LMS. In the above cases, it is not known if there was a genetic link or environmental one. There are two genetic disorders associated with leiomyosarcoma: retinoblastoma and Li Fraumeni syndrome.

• #27 Leiomyosarcoma: Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22059-leiomyosarcoma

  Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is a rare, aggressive cancer that forms in smooth muscles. […] Experts arent exactly sure what causes leiomyosarcoma. It could be hereditary (meaning you inherited altered genes from your parents), or it could be because your own genes changed, causing normal cells to grow out of control and become cancer cells. […] Researchers have found links between LMS and these genetic conditions: Gardner syndrome, Gorlin syndrome, Hereditary retinoblastoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), Tuberous sclerosis, Werner syndrome. […] Currently, theres no known way to prevent leiomyosarcoma. But you can reduce your risk by avoiding risk factors whenever possible. Known leiomyosarcoma risk factors include: Certain viral infections, like human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8), Radiation exposure, Tamoxifen (commonly used to treat breast cancer).

• #28 What Is the Survival Rate for Leiomyosarcoma? Symptoms & Causes

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_is_the_survival_rate_for_leiomyosarcoma/article.htm

  Leiomyosarcoma, like other cancers, occurs due to genetic mutations in the cells. Risk factors for developing leiomyosarcoma include: […] Inherited genetic conditions with increased risk for cancers, such as: Neurofibromatosis, Hereditary retinoblastoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Gardner syndrome, Werner syndrome, Tuberous sclerosis, Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin syndrome). […] Advanced age; most cases occur after the age of 50. […] Radiation therapy for other cancers. […] Exposure to carcinogenic chemicals such as vinyl chloride, dioxins and herbicides. […] Viral infections from human herpesvirus-8 and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). […] Immunosuppressive medications. […] Hormonal disorders. […] Autoimmune diseases. […] Swelling (edema) in the arms after mastectomy for breast cancer. […] Chronic inflammatory conditions such as ulcers. […] Exposure to cyclophosphamide, a cancer medication. […] Treatment with a power morcellator, a surgical device that is used to break up and remove large fibroids in the uterus, which can break up undetected uterine leiomyosarcoma and spread it.

• #29 Leiomyosarcoma: Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22059-leiomyosarcoma

  Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is a rare, aggressive cancer that forms in smooth muscles. […] Experts arent exactly sure what causes leiomyosarcoma. It could be hereditary (meaning you inherited altered genes from your parents), or it could be because your own genes changed, causing normal cells to grow out of control and become cancer cells. […] Researchers have found links between LMS and these genetic conditions: Gardner syndrome, Gorlin syndrome, Hereditary retinoblastoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), Tuberous sclerosis, Werner syndrome. […] Currently, theres no known way to prevent leiomyosarcoma. But you can reduce your risk by avoiding risk factors whenever possible. Known leiomyosarcoma risk factors include: Certain viral infections, like human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8), Radiation exposure, Tamoxifen (commonly used to treat breast cancer).

• #30 What Is the Survival Rate for Leiomyosarcoma? Symptoms & Causes

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_is_the_survival_rate_for_leiomyosarcoma/article.htm

  Leiomyosarcoma, like other cancers, occurs due to genetic mutations in the cells. Risk factors for developing leiomyosarcoma include: […] Inherited genetic conditions with increased risk for cancers, such as: Neurofibromatosis, Hereditary retinoblastoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Gardner syndrome, Werner syndrome, Tuberous sclerosis, Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin syndrome). […] Advanced age; most cases occur after the age of 50. […] Radiation therapy for other cancers. […] Exposure to carcinogenic chemicals such as vinyl chloride, dioxins and herbicides. […] Viral infections from human herpesvirus-8 and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). […] Immunosuppressive medications. […] Hormonal disorders. […] Autoimmune diseases. […] Swelling (edema) in the arms after mastectomy for breast cancer. […] Chronic inflammatory conditions such as ulcers. […] Exposure to cyclophosphamide, a cancer medication. […] Treatment with a power morcellator, a surgical device that is used to break up and remove large fibroids in the uterus, which can break up undetected uterine leiomyosarcoma and spread it.

• #31 Risk Factors for Uterine Sarcoma Cancer | American Cancer Society | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/uterine-sarcoma/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Radiation to the pelvis can increase your risk for developing uterine sarcoma. This has been seen sometimes after someone has had radiation to treat cervical cancer or rectal cancer. These cancers usually are diagnosed 5 to 25 years after the radiation treatment. […] Women who have had a type of eye cancer called congenital (heritable) retinoblastoma as a child have an increased risk of soft tissue sarcomas, including uterine sarcomas. […] A rare family cancer syndrome called hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC) has been linked to an increased risk of uterine sarcomas. […] Although the risk is small, women taking tamoxifen to prevent or treat breast cancer have an increased risk of developing uterine sarcoma. These sarcomas often show up 2 to 5 years after starting tamoxifen.

• #32 FAQ – Leiomyosarcoma Prognosis, Causes & Treatment | LMSDR

  https://www.lmsdr.org/leiomyosarcoma-faq

  LMS is caused by gene mutations in the DNA of a single smooth muscle cell that has multiplied itself. What caused this mutation is unknown. More research is needed. […] LMSDR has documented cases of about 11 families where both a parent and child or sisters, have LMS. However, with the majority of patients, there are no other known family members with LMS. In the above cases, it is not known if there was a genetic link or environmental one. There are two genetic disorders associated with leiomyosarcoma: retinoblastoma and Li Fraumeni syndrome.

• #33 Uterine Leiomyosarcoma (ULMS) | LMSDR Foundation

  https://www.lmsdr.org/uterine-leiomyosarcoma-ulms-information

  Researchers know that uterine leiomyosarcoma is the result of cell DNA mutations. However, what causes that mutation is not absolutely known. These genetic changes could spontaneously develop, or be environmentally induced by radiation treatments at a younger age, or exposures to carcinogenic agents such as pesticides and weed killers. A breast cancer drug called tamoxifen has been linked to uterine leiomyosarcoma. Other researchers suspect this gene mutation could be inherited from a parent. There have been documented cases of mother/daughter and sister/sister uterine leiomyosarcoma. There are also a few related disorders which run in families: retinoblastoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Gardners syndrome and Werners syndrome.

• #34 Leiomyosarcoma Causes – Understanding Uterine Cancer

  https://www.leiomyosarcoma.org/causes/

  The precise causes for Leiomyosarcoma, or LMS, are currently unknown. What they do know does not, necessarily, point to any specific cause. However, the most common factors seem to be age (with most people developing LMS being over the age of 50), exposure to radiotherapy (many people previously treated for other forms of cancer with radiotherapy may develop soft tissue cancer), chemical exposure (especially vinyl chloride, dioxins, and a wide range of herbicides, and genetics. […] There are also studies that have determined a range of risk factors that can lead to individuals being at risk for the development of soft tissue sarcomas, and these are taken into consideration where LMS is concerned. In addition to the causes already mentioned above (which are also seen as risk factors), there are increased risks for soft tissue sarcomas in those who use immunosuppressive drugs, who have human immunodeficiency virus, and those with human herpes virus type 8. Those with edematous arms after radical mastectomy are also considered at risk for soft tissue sarcomas, and LMS in particular.

• #35 What Is the Survival Rate for Leiomyosarcoma? Symptoms & Causes

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_is_the_survival_rate_for_leiomyosarcoma/article.htm

  Leiomyosarcoma, like other cancers, occurs due to genetic mutations in the cells. Risk factors for developing leiomyosarcoma include: […] Inherited genetic conditions with increased risk for cancers, such as: Neurofibromatosis, Hereditary retinoblastoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Gardner syndrome, Werner syndrome, Tuberous sclerosis, Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin syndrome). […] Advanced age; most cases occur after the age of 50. […] Radiation therapy for other cancers. […] Exposure to carcinogenic chemicals such as vinyl chloride, dioxins and herbicides. […] Viral infections from human herpesvirus-8 and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). […] Immunosuppressive medications. […] Hormonal disorders. […] Autoimmune diseases. […] Swelling (edema) in the arms after mastectomy for breast cancer. […] Chronic inflammatory conditions such as ulcers. […] Exposure to cyclophosphamide, a cancer medication. […] Treatment with a power morcellator, a surgical device that is used to break up and remove large fibroids in the uterus, which can break up undetected uterine leiomyosarcoma and spread it.

• #36 Leiomyosarcoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551667/

  Although there are no definite causative factors for leiomyosarcoma, certain risk factors have been associated with developing STSs, including leiomyosarcoma. The significant risk factor for STS is a history of radiation exposure or radiotherapy, particularly at a young age. STSs may also be part of genetic syndromes, such as retinoblastoma (due to RB1 gene deletion) and Li-Fraumeni syndrome (caused by a mutation in the TP53 gene). […] The genetic abnormalities in leiomyosarcoma are complex, and our current knowledge remains incomplete.

• #37 Risk Factors for Uterine Sarcoma Cancer | American Cancer Society | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/uterine-sarcoma/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Radiation to the pelvis can increase your risk for developing uterine sarcoma. This has been seen sometimes after someone has had radiation to treat cervical cancer or rectal cancer. These cancers usually are diagnosed 5 to 25 years after the radiation treatment. […] Women who have had a type of eye cancer called congenital (heritable) retinoblastoma as a child have an increased risk of soft tissue sarcomas, including uterine sarcomas. […] A rare family cancer syndrome called hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC) has been linked to an increased risk of uterine sarcomas. […] Although the risk is small, women taking tamoxifen to prevent or treat breast cancer have an increased risk of developing uterine sarcoma. These sarcomas often show up 2 to 5 years after starting tamoxifen.

• #38 Leiomyosarcoma (Cancer in Muscles): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/leiomyosarcoma

  Doctors don’t know what causes LMS. It might result from gene changes that cause cells to grow out of control and form tumors. These changes can happen on their own or be passed down from one of your parents. […] You also might be at risk if you’ve been exposed to certain chemicals, such as: Dioxins, which are produced when companies make things such as pesticides and paper; Vinyl chloride, which is used to make plastic; Weedkillers. […] Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is a rare cancer that starts in smooth muscles, such as those in your stomach or intestines. It may happen due to gene changes. Risk factors include being over 50, past radiation therapy, and exposure to chemicals such as dioxins and vinyl chloride.

• #39 Leiomyosarcoma | Cancer Care and Oncology | Bon Secours

  https://www.bonsecours.com/health-care-services/cancer-care-oncology/conditions/leiomyosarcoma

  Leiomyosarcoma is caused by mutations (changes) to the DNA of cells of the smooth muscles. […] The following factors may increase your risk for developing leiomyosarcoma include: Being exposed to certain chemicals, such as: Herbicides, Arsenic, Vinyl chloride, Dioxin. […] Having certain genetic syndromes in your family, such as: Gardner syndrome, Hereditary retinoblastoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Neurofibromatosis type 1, Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, Tuberous sclerosis, Werner syndrome. […] Having lymph nodes removed or damaged during previous cancer treatment. […] Having previously undergone radiation therapy or being exposed to radiation in some other manner.

• #40 Leiomyosarcoma (Cancer in Muscles): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/leiomyosarcoma

  Doctors don’t know what causes LMS. It might result from gene changes that cause cells to grow out of control and form tumors. These changes can happen on their own or be passed down from one of your parents. […] You also might be at risk if you’ve been exposed to certain chemicals, such as: Dioxins, which are produced when companies make things such as pesticides and paper; Vinyl chloride, which is used to make plastic; Weedkillers. […] Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is a rare cancer that starts in smooth muscles, such as those in your stomach or intestines. It may happen due to gene changes. Risk factors include being over 50, past radiation therapy, and exposure to chemicals such as dioxins and vinyl chloride.

• #41 Leiomyosarcoma | Cancer Care and Oncology | Bon Secours

  https://www.bonsecours.com/health-care-services/cancer-care-oncology/conditions/leiomyosarcoma

  Leiomyosarcoma is caused by mutations (changes) to the DNA of cells of the smooth muscles. […] The following factors may increase your risk for developing leiomyosarcoma include: Being exposed to certain chemicals, such as: Herbicides, Arsenic, Vinyl chloride, Dioxin. […] Having certain genetic syndromes in your family, such as: Gardner syndrome, Hereditary retinoblastoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Neurofibromatosis type 1, Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, Tuberous sclerosis, Werner syndrome. […] Having lymph nodes removed or damaged during previous cancer treatment. […] Having previously undergone radiation therapy or being exposed to radiation in some other manner.

• #42 Leiomyosarcoma (Cancer in Muscles): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/leiomyosarcoma

  Doctors don’t know what causes LMS. It might result from gene changes that cause cells to grow out of control and form tumors. These changes can happen on their own or be passed down from one of your parents. […] You also might be at risk if you’ve been exposed to certain chemicals, such as: Dioxins, which are produced when companies make things such as pesticides and paper; Vinyl chloride, which is used to make plastic; Weedkillers. […] Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is a rare cancer that starts in smooth muscles, such as those in your stomach or intestines. It may happen due to gene changes. Risk factors include being over 50, past radiation therapy, and exposure to chemicals such as dioxins and vinyl chloride.

• #43 Alternative Cancer Treatments for Leimyosarcoma | New Hope Unlimited

  https://www.newhopemedicalcenter.com/leiomyosarcoma/

  Leiomyosarcoma Causes […] While the exact causes of leiomyosarcomas are unknown, certain factors increase your risk: […] Increasing age of 50 and over […] Exposure to radiation therapy […] Exposure to some types of chemicals, including: […] Vinyl chloride […] Herbicides, such as weed killers and dioxins […] If you have risk factors for leiomyosarcoma, discuss them with your doctor.

• #44 Leiomyosarcoma | Cancer Care and Oncology | Bon Secours

  https://www.bonsecours.com/health-care-services/cancer-care-oncology/conditions/leiomyosarcoma

  Leiomyosarcoma is caused by mutations (changes) to the DNA of cells of the smooth muscles. […] The following factors may increase your risk for developing leiomyosarcoma include: Being exposed to certain chemicals, such as: Herbicides, Arsenic, Vinyl chloride, Dioxin. […] Having certain genetic syndromes in your family, such as: Gardner syndrome, Hereditary retinoblastoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Neurofibromatosis type 1, Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, Tuberous sclerosis, Werner syndrome. […] Having lymph nodes removed or damaged during previous cancer treatment. […] Having previously undergone radiation therapy or being exposed to radiation in some other manner.

• #45 Leiomyosarcoma: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | Qwark

  https://qwarkhealth.com/conditions/leiomyosarcoma

  Factors that May Cause Leiomyosarcoma The exact causes of leiomyosarcoma are not fully understood, but certain risk factors increase the likelihood of developing the disease. These risk factors include a history of radiation therapy, exposure to certain chemicals such as vinyl chloride or arsenic, and underlying genetic conditions such as Carney complex and hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer. However, most people with leiomyosarcoma have no known risk factors. […] Link Between Exposure to Certain Chemicals and Leiomyosarcoma Exposure to certain chemicals has been linked to the development of leiomyosarcoma. For example, vinyl chloride exposure is a known risk factor for angiosarcoma and hepatic angiosarcoma, but has also been associated with an increased risk of developing leiomyosarcoma. Similarly, arsenic exposure has been linked to an increased risk of developing lung, liver, and skin cancers, as well as leiomyosarcoma. However, exposure to these chemicals is not the only cause of leiomyosarcoma.

• #46 Leiomyosarcoma: Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22059-leiomyosarcoma

  Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is a rare, aggressive cancer that forms in smooth muscles. […] Experts arent exactly sure what causes leiomyosarcoma. It could be hereditary (meaning you inherited altered genes from your parents), or it could be because your own genes changed, causing normal cells to grow out of control and become cancer cells. […] Researchers have found links between LMS and these genetic conditions: Gardner syndrome, Gorlin syndrome, Hereditary retinoblastoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), Tuberous sclerosis, Werner syndrome. […] Currently, theres no known way to prevent leiomyosarcoma. But you can reduce your risk by avoiding risk factors whenever possible. Known leiomyosarcoma risk factors include: Certain viral infections, like human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8), Radiation exposure, Tamoxifen (commonly used to treat breast cancer).

• #47 Risk Factors for Uterine Sarcoma Cancer | American Cancer Society | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/uterine-sarcoma/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Radiation to the pelvis can increase your risk for developing uterine sarcoma. This has been seen sometimes after someone has had radiation to treat cervical cancer or rectal cancer. These cancers usually are diagnosed 5 to 25 years after the radiation treatment. […] Women who have had a type of eye cancer called congenital (heritable) retinoblastoma as a child have an increased risk of soft tissue sarcomas, including uterine sarcomas. […] A rare family cancer syndrome called hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC) has been linked to an increased risk of uterine sarcomas. […] Although the risk is small, women taking tamoxifen to prevent or treat breast cancer have an increased risk of developing uterine sarcoma. These sarcomas often show up 2 to 5 years after starting tamoxifen.

• #48 Leiomyosarcoma Causes – Understanding Uterine Cancer

  https://www.leiomyosarcoma.org/causes/

  The precise causes for Leiomyosarcoma, or LMS, are currently unknown. What they do know does not, necessarily, point to any specific cause. However, the most common factors seem to be age (with most people developing LMS being over the age of 50), exposure to radiotherapy (many people previously treated for other forms of cancer with radiotherapy may develop soft tissue cancer), chemical exposure (especially vinyl chloride, dioxins, and a wide range of herbicides, and genetics. […] There are also studies that have determined a range of risk factors that can lead to individuals being at risk for the development of soft tissue sarcomas, and these are taken into consideration where LMS is concerned. In addition to the causes already mentioned above (which are also seen as risk factors), there are increased risks for soft tissue sarcomas in those who use immunosuppressive drugs, who have human immunodeficiency virus, and those with human herpes virus type 8. Those with edematous arms after radical mastectomy are also considered at risk for soft tissue sarcomas, and LMS in particular.

• #49 What Is the Survival Rate for Leiomyosarcoma? Symptoms & Causes

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_is_the_survival_rate_for_leiomyosarcoma/article.htm

  Leiomyosarcoma, like other cancers, occurs due to genetic mutations in the cells. Risk factors for developing leiomyosarcoma include: […] Inherited genetic conditions with increased risk for cancers, such as: Neurofibromatosis, Hereditary retinoblastoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Gardner syndrome, Werner syndrome, Tuberous sclerosis, Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin syndrome). […] Advanced age; most cases occur after the age of 50. […] Radiation therapy for other cancers. […] Exposure to carcinogenic chemicals such as vinyl chloride, dioxins and herbicides. […] Viral infections from human herpesvirus-8 and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). […] Immunosuppressive medications. […] Hormonal disorders. […] Autoimmune diseases. […] Swelling (edema) in the arms after mastectomy for breast cancer. […] Chronic inflammatory conditions such as ulcers. […] Exposure to cyclophosphamide, a cancer medication. […] Treatment with a power morcellator, a surgical device that is used to break up and remove large fibroids in the uterus, which can break up undetected uterine leiomyosarcoma and spread it.

• #50 Leiomyosarcoma: Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22059-leiomyosarcoma

  Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is a rare, aggressive cancer that forms in smooth muscles. […] Experts arent exactly sure what causes leiomyosarcoma. It could be hereditary (meaning you inherited altered genes from your parents), or it could be because your own genes changed, causing normal cells to grow out of control and become cancer cells. […] Researchers have found links between LMS and these genetic conditions: Gardner syndrome, Gorlin syndrome, Hereditary retinoblastoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), Tuberous sclerosis, Werner syndrome. […] Currently, theres no known way to prevent leiomyosarcoma. But you can reduce your risk by avoiding risk factors whenever possible. Known leiomyosarcoma risk factors include: Certain viral infections, like human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8), Radiation exposure, Tamoxifen (commonly used to treat breast cancer).

• #51 Causes of Leiomyosarcoma

  https://www.leiomyosarcoma.info/causes.htm

  Causes of Leiomyosarcoma written and compiled by doctordee […] There are many different causes [etiologies] of sarcoma, which are reflected in the variations of sarcomas in site and cell type. […] Among the environmental exposures associated with STS are: external radiation therapy (prevalence of radiation-induced sarcoma: 0.17-0.21%), Thorotrast [a contrast Xray dye no longer used], arsenical pesticides and medications, chlorophenols, phenoxy herbicides, dioxin, vinyl chloride, immunosuppressive drugs, alkylating agents, androgen-anabolic steroids, human immunodeficiency virus, human herpes virus type 8 [Kaposi’s sarcoma] chronically edematous arms after radical mastectomy for breast cancer (Stewart-Treves syndrome). […] In addition, STS occurs excessively among persons with certain other heritable states.

• #52 Leiomyosarcoma | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/leiomyosarcoma

  The exact cause of leiomyosarcoma is not entirely understood. However, studies have indicated that genetics may play a role in the formation of all soft tissue sarcomas. […] Limited studies have shown a possible link between soft tissue sarcomas and the development of other types of cancer. […] Some inherited diseases have also been linked with an increased risk of developing soft tissue sarcomas. […] There seems to be a link between leiomyosarcoma and Epstein-Barr virus infection. […] Children with AIDS and those who are undergoing immunosuppression therapy for solid organ transplantation are also at increased risk for developing leiomyosarcoma. […] Children with other forms of cancer, such as retinoblastoma, may be at higher risk for developing leiomyosarcoma as adults.

• #53 Risks and causes | Soft tissue sarcoma | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/soft-tissue-sarcoma/risks-causes

  Children who have had retinoblastoma have an increased risk of developing a soft tissue sarcoma in the future. […] An infection called Epstein Barr virus (EBV) has been linked with leiomyosarcoma. This is in children and young people with HIV or AIDS. It’s also been linked to leiomyosarcoma in adults taking medicines to suppress immunity after a transplant.

• #54 Leiomyosarcoma | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/leiomyosarcoma

  The exact cause of leiomyosarcoma is not entirely understood. However, studies have indicated that genetics may play a role in the formation of all soft tissue sarcomas. […] Limited studies have shown a possible link between soft tissue sarcomas and the development of other types of cancer. […] Some inherited diseases have also been linked with an increased risk of developing soft tissue sarcomas. […] There seems to be a link between leiomyosarcoma and Epstein-Barr virus infection. […] Children with AIDS and those who are undergoing immunosuppression therapy for solid organ transplantation are also at increased risk for developing leiomyosarcoma. […] Children with other forms of cancer, such as retinoblastoma, may be at higher risk for developing leiomyosarcoma as adults.

• #55 Causes of Leiomyosarcoma

  https://www.leiomyosarcoma.info/causes.htm

  Some cases of severe immunodeficiency [AIDS, transplant patients] show Epstein-Barr virus is sometimes implicated in LMS. […] Sarcomas, including LMS, are associated with autoimmune thyroid disease, and associated with other autoimmune illnesses. […] Causes of sarcomas and leiomyosarcomas also include: Post transplant immunosuppression. thyroid disorders autoimmune disease cyclophosphamide hormonal factors [especially estrogen] chronic repair processes. […] Cancer is a genetic disease in which many factors including diet, smoking, chemicals, sunlight, hereditary factors, and viruses are thought to cause alterations or mutations in our genes. […] It is quite clear that there are certain situations which cause certain damage which can result in LMS. […] Autoimmune disease, especially thyroid, seems to predispose to malignancy.

• #56 Causes of Leiomyosarcoma

  https://www.leiomyosarcoma.info/causes.htm

  Some cases of severe immunodeficiency [AIDS, transplant patients] show Epstein-Barr virus is sometimes implicated in LMS. […] Sarcomas, including LMS, are associated with autoimmune thyroid disease, and associated with other autoimmune illnesses. […] Causes of sarcomas and leiomyosarcomas also include: Post transplant immunosuppression. thyroid disorders autoimmune disease cyclophosphamide hormonal factors [especially estrogen] chronic repair processes. […] Cancer is a genetic disease in which many factors including diet, smoking, chemicals, sunlight, hereditary factors, and viruses are thought to cause alterations or mutations in our genes. […] It is quite clear that there are certain situations which cause certain damage which can result in LMS. […] Autoimmune disease, especially thyroid, seems to predispose to malignancy.

• #57 Risks and causes | Soft tissue sarcoma | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/soft-tissue-sarcoma/risks-causes

  Children who have had retinoblastoma have an increased risk of developing a soft tissue sarcoma in the future. […] An infection called Epstein Barr virus (EBV) has been linked with leiomyosarcoma. This is in children and young people with HIV or AIDS. It’s also been linked to leiomyosarcoma in adults taking medicines to suppress immunity after a transplant.

• #58 Causes of Leiomyosarcoma

  https://www.leiomyosarcoma.info/causes.htm

  The carcinogenic potential of artificial implants has been of concern in recent years. […] This paper examines a possible association between artificial implants and soft tissue sarcomas. […] The carcinogenic potential of biomaterials in hernia surgery. […] In conclusion, there are no data so far indicating a real risk for humans to develop malignant tumors due to implanted meshes. […] The findings indicate that EBV has a causal role in the oncogenesis of leiomyosarcomas of patients with AIDS. […] The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has decreased the incidence of AIDS-associated cancers in Western countries, but less than 1% of AIDS patients are receiving HAART in the HIV epicenter of sub-Saharan Africa. […] Fetch PMID: 14871955 […] Fetch PMID: 12066223

• #59 Leiomyosarcoma – Diagnosis & Disease Information for HCPs

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/ddi/leiomyosarcoma/

  Risk factors associated with leiomyosarcoma include the following: Exposure to ionizing radiation; Chronic immunosuppression (increased risk among patients with HIV/AIDS); Preexisting benign smooth muscle tumors (leiomyomas); and Genetic mutations in TP53, PTEN, and RB1. Rare genetic syndromes (such as Li-Fraumeni syndrome and neurofibromatosis type 1) are thought to be associated with increased risk.

• #60 Causes of Leiomyosarcoma

  https://www.leiomyosarcoma.info/causes.htm

  Some cases of severe immunodeficiency [AIDS, transplant patients] show Epstein-Barr virus is sometimes implicated in LMS. […] Sarcomas, including LMS, are associated with autoimmune thyroid disease, and associated with other autoimmune illnesses. […] Causes of sarcomas and leiomyosarcomas also include: Post transplant immunosuppression. thyroid disorders autoimmune disease cyclophosphamide hormonal factors [especially estrogen] chronic repair processes. […] Cancer is a genetic disease in which many factors including diet, smoking, chemicals, sunlight, hereditary factors, and viruses are thought to cause alterations or mutations in our genes. […] It is quite clear that there are certain situations which cause certain damage which can result in LMS. […] Autoimmune disease, especially thyroid, seems to predispose to malignancy.

• #61 Causes of Leiomyosarcoma

  https://www.leiomyosarcoma.info/causes.htm

  Malignancy in Autoimmune Diseases Association between antecedent autoimmune diseases and malignancy, … has been reported in generalized autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, and rheumatoid arthritis, as well as in organ-specific autoimmune diseases such as Sjogren’s syndrome and chronic thyroiditis. […] The activation of rheumatoid factor genes such as Humkv 325 and Vg was considered as one of the triggering factors to advance lympho-proliferative disorders (LPD), from the benign to malignant state. […] A high amount of the bcl-2 protein expression was detected …in patients with SS, suggesting that the activation of this gene plays an important role in the progression of the lesion from benign to malignant… […] The role of various chemical agents in the development of sarcomas needs further definition, as the literature is replete with conflicting reports.

• #62 Causes of Leiomyosarcoma

  https://www.leiomyosarcoma.info/causes.htm

  Autoimmune disease itself probably develops from a combination of genetic susceptibility and possibly a viral trigger. […] Leiomyosarcoma is a tumor derived from mutated smooth muscle cells. […] All uterine cancers are related to estrogen levels. […] Estrogen tends to make uterine tissue proliferate. […] The incidence in the GENERAL population of uterine fibroids that become cancerous is VERY low. […] However one study of a symptomatic population states that the presence of leiomyosarcoma in the hysterectomy specimens increased steadily from the fourth to seventh decades of age (0.2%, 0.9%, 1.4%, and 1.7%, respectively). […] Autoimmune phenomena are involved with LMS in two ways… 1. As a causative agent, causing cancer. […] Autoimmune diseases often have antibodies against the patient’s DNA… anti-DNA antibodies… which can predispose toward DNA damage, and if against the p53 gene, can disable the guardian of the genome… so that mutations can accumulate.

• #63 Causes of Leiomyosarcoma

  https://www.leiomyosarcoma.info/causes.htm

  Malignancy in Autoimmune Diseases Association between antecedent autoimmune diseases and malignancy, … has been reported in generalized autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, and rheumatoid arthritis, as well as in organ-specific autoimmune diseases such as Sjogren’s syndrome and chronic thyroiditis. […] The activation of rheumatoid factor genes such as Humkv 325 and Vg was considered as one of the triggering factors to advance lympho-proliferative disorders (LPD), from the benign to malignant state. […] A high amount of the bcl-2 protein expression was detected …in patients with SS, suggesting that the activation of this gene plays an important role in the progression of the lesion from benign to malignant… […] The role of various chemical agents in the development of sarcomas needs further definition, as the literature is replete with conflicting reports.

• #64 Causes of Leiomyosarcoma

  https://www.leiomyosarcoma.info/causes.htm

  Some cases of severe immunodeficiency [AIDS, transplant patients] show Epstein-Barr virus is sometimes implicated in LMS. […] Sarcomas, including LMS, are associated with autoimmune thyroid disease, and associated with other autoimmune illnesses. […] Causes of sarcomas and leiomyosarcomas also include: Post transplant immunosuppression. thyroid disorders autoimmune disease cyclophosphamide hormonal factors [especially estrogen] chronic repair processes. […] Cancer is a genetic disease in which many factors including diet, smoking, chemicals, sunlight, hereditary factors, and viruses are thought to cause alterations or mutations in our genes. […] It is quite clear that there are certain situations which cause certain damage which can result in LMS. […] Autoimmune disease, especially thyroid, seems to predispose to malignancy.

• #65 Uterine Leiomyosarcoma – Cancerous Fibroids – Austin

  https://txfertility.com/female-infertility/leiomyosarcoma/

  Leiomyosarcoma of the uterus is an extremely rare form of cancerous fibroid that can often present just like a uterine fibroid. […] As with fibroids, research suggests that estrogen may play a key role in the development of uterine leiomyosarcoma. […] The cause of this rare condition is unknown.

• #66 Causes of Leiomyosarcoma

  https://www.leiomyosarcoma.info/causes.htm

  Autoimmune disease itself probably develops from a combination of genetic susceptibility and possibly a viral trigger. […] Leiomyosarcoma is a tumor derived from mutated smooth muscle cells. […] All uterine cancers are related to estrogen levels. […] Estrogen tends to make uterine tissue proliferate. […] The incidence in the GENERAL population of uterine fibroids that become cancerous is VERY low. […] However one study of a symptomatic population states that the presence of leiomyosarcoma in the hysterectomy specimens increased steadily from the fourth to seventh decades of age (0.2%, 0.9%, 1.4%, and 1.7%, respectively). […] Autoimmune phenomena are involved with LMS in two ways… 1. As a causative agent, causing cancer. […] Autoimmune diseases often have antibodies against the patient’s DNA… anti-DNA antibodies… which can predispose toward DNA damage, and if against the p53 gene, can disable the guardian of the genome… so that mutations can accumulate.

• #67 Causes of Leiomyosarcoma

  https://www.leiomyosarcoma.info/causes.htm

  Autoimmune disease itself probably develops from a combination of genetic susceptibility and possibly a viral trigger. […] Leiomyosarcoma is a tumor derived from mutated smooth muscle cells. […] All uterine cancers are related to estrogen levels. […] Estrogen tends to make uterine tissue proliferate. […] The incidence in the GENERAL population of uterine fibroids that become cancerous is VERY low. […] However one study of a symptomatic population states that the presence of leiomyosarcoma in the hysterectomy specimens increased steadily from the fourth to seventh decades of age (0.2%, 0.9%, 1.4%, and 1.7%, respectively). […] Autoimmune phenomena are involved with LMS in two ways… 1. As a causative agent, causing cancer. […] Autoimmune diseases often have antibodies against the patient’s DNA… anti-DNA antibodies… which can predispose toward DNA damage, and if against the p53 gene, can disable the guardian of the genome… so that mutations can accumulate.

• #68 Uterine Leiomyosarcoma: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/uterine-leiomyosarcoma

  Doctors still dont know what specifically causes uterine leiomyosarcoma. […] What is known is that it tends to occur around the time of menopause, whether thats before or after. […] The average age of people affected is around 50 years old.

• #69 Uterine leiomyosarcoma symptoms, causes, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/leiomyosarcoma-uterus

  The exact cause of uterine leiomyosarcoma is unclear. The condition can occur for no identifiable reason. […] Some researchers believe that, in rare cases, a benign fibroid may develop into uterine leiomyosarcoma, but more research into this is necessary. […] The following may be factors that increase the risk of uterine leiomyosarcoma: abnormal genetic changes, inherited conditions such as Gardner syndrome and Li-Fraumeni syndrome, exposure to high-dose radiation or certain chemicals, exposure to ultraviolet rays, diet, stress. […] Other studies suggest the following as risk factors: obesity, using estrogen and progestin in menopause, oral contraceptives, never having been pregnant, using tamoxifen. […] Scientists do not know exactly what causes it, but they have identified numerous possible risk factors. […] Studies suggest that uterine leiomyosarcoma is an aggressive condition that has a poor outlook because it is resistant to standard therapy and has a high risk of recurring. However, the possibility of curing the condition depends on the individual case.

• #70 What Is the Survival Rate for Leiomyosarcoma? Symptoms & Causes

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_is_the_survival_rate_for_leiomyosarcoma/article.htm

  Leiomyosarcoma, like other cancers, occurs due to genetic mutations in the cells. Risk factors for developing leiomyosarcoma include: […] Inherited genetic conditions with increased risk for cancers, such as: Neurofibromatosis, Hereditary retinoblastoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Gardner syndrome, Werner syndrome, Tuberous sclerosis, Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin syndrome). […] Advanced age; most cases occur after the age of 50. […] Radiation therapy for other cancers. […] Exposure to carcinogenic chemicals such as vinyl chloride, dioxins and herbicides. […] Viral infections from human herpesvirus-8 and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). […] Immunosuppressive medications. […] Hormonal disorders. […] Autoimmune diseases. […] Swelling (edema) in the arms after mastectomy for breast cancer. […] Chronic inflammatory conditions such as ulcers. […] Exposure to cyclophosphamide, a cancer medication. […] Treatment with a power morcellator, a surgical device that is used to break up and remove large fibroids in the uterus, which can break up undetected uterine leiomyosarcoma and spread it.

• #71 Leiomyosarcoma Causes – Understanding Uterine Cancer

  https://www.leiomyosarcoma.org/causes/

  The precise causes for Leiomyosarcoma, or LMS, are currently unknown. What they do know does not, necessarily, point to any specific cause. However, the most common factors seem to be age (with most people developing LMS being over the age of 50), exposure to radiotherapy (many people previously treated for other forms of cancer with radiotherapy may develop soft tissue cancer), chemical exposure (especially vinyl chloride, dioxins, and a wide range of herbicides, and genetics. […] There are also studies that have determined a range of risk factors that can lead to individuals being at risk for the development of soft tissue sarcomas, and these are taken into consideration where LMS is concerned. In addition to the causes already mentioned above (which are also seen as risk factors), there are increased risks for soft tissue sarcomas in those who use immunosuppressive drugs, who have human immunodeficiency virus, and those with human herpes virus type 8. Those with edematous arms after radical mastectomy are also considered at risk for soft tissue sarcomas, and LMS in particular.

• #72 Leiomyosarcoma: Causes and Symptoms

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/what-is-leiomyosarcoma

  Doctors dont know exactly what causes leiomyosarcoma. Radiation therapy for cancer you had in the past can raise your risk. We don’t know if exposure to high doses of dioxin or certain weed killers can lead to it. […] This aggressive cancer often starts in the smooth muscle cells lining small blood vessels. But it may also begin in bones or in internal organs like your intestines or uterus. […] About half of leiomyosarcomas form in the abdomen, specifically in an area called the retroperitoneum. Women are twice as likely to get these cancers as men are. Most people get them in their 50s or 60s.

• #73 Leiomyosarcoma Causes – Understanding Uterine Cancer

  https://www.leiomyosarcoma.org/causes/

  The precise causes for Leiomyosarcoma, or LMS, are currently unknown. What they do know does not, necessarily, point to any specific cause. However, the most common factors seem to be age (with most people developing LMS being over the age of 50), exposure to radiotherapy (many people previously treated for other forms of cancer with radiotherapy may develop soft tissue cancer), chemical exposure (especially vinyl chloride, dioxins, and a wide range of herbicides, and genetics. […] There are also studies that have determined a range of risk factors that can lead to individuals being at risk for the development of soft tissue sarcomas, and these are taken into consideration where LMS is concerned. In addition to the causes already mentioned above (which are also seen as risk factors), there are increased risks for soft tissue sarcomas in those who use immunosuppressive drugs, who have human immunodeficiency virus, and those with human herpes virus type 8. Those with edematous arms after radical mastectomy are also considered at risk for soft tissue sarcomas, and LMS in particular.

• #74 Leiomyosarcoma: Causes and Symptoms

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/what-is-leiomyosarcoma

  Doctors dont know exactly what causes leiomyosarcoma. Radiation therapy for cancer you had in the past can raise your risk. We don’t know if exposure to high doses of dioxin or certain weed killers can lead to it. […] This aggressive cancer often starts in the smooth muscle cells lining small blood vessels. But it may also begin in bones or in internal organs like your intestines or uterus. […] About half of leiomyosarcomas form in the abdomen, specifically in an area called the retroperitoneum. Women are twice as likely to get these cancers as men are. Most people get them in their 50s or 60s.

• #75 Leiomyosarcoma – prognosis, symptoms, causes, diagnosis and treatment in the best clinics

  https://medtour.help/disease/leiomyosarcoma/

  Leiomyosarcoma is a rare malignant neoplasm that most often occurs between the ages of 40 and 60 years. It occurs twice as often in women as in men. The exact reasons for the development of pathology are currently unknown. However, it has been proven that predisposing factors include hereditary predisposition and exposure to radiation. […] The development of pathology can lead to rupture of the spleen. […] The individual prognosis may vary markedly depending on the type of tumor, the characteristics of its location, the general health of the patient and treatment methods. If the most modern treatment methods are used and a personalized approach is used, the prognosis can improve markedly.

• #76 Pathology Outlines – Leiomyosarcoma

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/uteruslms.html

  Most patients do not have predisposing risk factors […] Rare associations include: […] Prior pelvic radiation […] Tamoxifen use for > 5 years […] Very rare cases may arise from a pre-existing leiomyoma […] Black women have a 2 fold higher risk compared with white women […] Hereditary retinoblastoma and Li-Fraumeni syndrome are characterized by increased incidence of leiomyosarcoma […] In one series, increased predisposition reported in Finnish hereditary leiomyomatosis / renal cell carcinoma syndrome kindreds.

• #77 Uterine Sarcoma: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16408-uterine-sarcoma

  Uterine sarcoma develops when malignant cells form, divide and spread throughout the body. These cells form primarily in the muscular wall of your uterus (myometrium). […] Scientists don’t know what causes uterine sarcomas. Research to better understand how to diagnose, treat and prevent them is ongoing. […] Certain factors may put you at greater risk of having uterine sarcoma. […] Pelvic radiation. Radiation treatment in your pelvic area may increase your risk of developing uterine sarcoma. Sarcomas rarely form after pelvic radiation, but when they do, they usually appear five to 25 years after radiation. […] Tamoxifen. Long-term use of tamoxifen to treat breast cancer (five or more years) increases your risk of developing uterine sarcoma. […] Genetics. Possessing the gene that causes an eye cancer called retinoblastoma increases your risk of developing some types of uterine sarcoma. […] People who are Black are twice as likely as people who are white to develop uterine sarcomas than people who are white. Researchers aren’t sure why race is a risk factor when it comes to uterine sarcoma.

• #78 Causes of Leiomyosarcoma

  https://www.leiomyosarcoma.info/causes.htm

  Some cases of severe immunodeficiency [AIDS, transplant patients] show Epstein-Barr virus is sometimes implicated in LMS. […] Sarcomas, including LMS, are associated with autoimmune thyroid disease, and associated with other autoimmune illnesses. […] Causes of sarcomas and leiomyosarcomas also include: Post transplant immunosuppression. thyroid disorders autoimmune disease cyclophosphamide hormonal factors [especially estrogen] chronic repair processes. […] Cancer is a genetic disease in which many factors including diet, smoking, chemicals, sunlight, hereditary factors, and viruses are thought to cause alterations or mutations in our genes. […] It is quite clear that there are certain situations which cause certain damage which can result in LMS. […] Autoimmune disease, especially thyroid, seems to predispose to malignancy.

• #79

  https://journals.lww.com/indianjcancer/fulltext/2015/52040/leiomyosarcoma_of_urinary_bladder_potential.30.aspx

  Leiomyosarcoma is a rare malignant mesenchymal tumor, which accounts for less than 1% of urinary bladder malignancies. Although the etiology is unknown, leiomyosarcomas have been associated with long-term cyclophosphamide therapy. […] Leiomyosarcoma, arising from urinary bladder smooth muscle, was first reported by Rowland and Eble. […] More than 60% of leiomyosarcoma patients develop recurrent or metastatic disease.

• #80 Causes of Leiomyosarcoma

  https://www.leiomyosarcoma.info/causes.htm

  Some cases of severe immunodeficiency [AIDS, transplant patients] show Epstein-Barr virus is sometimes implicated in LMS. […] Sarcomas, including LMS, are associated with autoimmune thyroid disease, and associated with other autoimmune illnesses. […] Causes of sarcomas and leiomyosarcomas also include: Post transplant immunosuppression. thyroid disorders autoimmune disease cyclophosphamide hormonal factors [especially estrogen] chronic repair processes. […] Cancer is a genetic disease in which many factors including diet, smoking, chemicals, sunlight, hereditary factors, and viruses are thought to cause alterations or mutations in our genes. […] It is quite clear that there are certain situations which cause certain damage which can result in LMS. […] Autoimmune disease, especially thyroid, seems to predispose to malignancy.

• #81 What Is the Survival Rate for Leiomyosarcoma? Symptoms & Causes

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_is_the_survival_rate_for_leiomyosarcoma/article.htm

  Leiomyosarcoma, like other cancers, occurs due to genetic mutations in the cells. Risk factors for developing leiomyosarcoma include: […] Inherited genetic conditions with increased risk for cancers, such as: Neurofibromatosis, Hereditary retinoblastoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Gardner syndrome, Werner syndrome, Tuberous sclerosis, Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin syndrome). […] Advanced age; most cases occur after the age of 50. […] Radiation therapy for other cancers. […] Exposure to carcinogenic chemicals such as vinyl chloride, dioxins and herbicides. […] Viral infections from human herpesvirus-8 and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). […] Immunosuppressive medications. […] Hormonal disorders. […] Autoimmune diseases. […] Swelling (edema) in the arms after mastectomy for breast cancer. […] Chronic inflammatory conditions such as ulcers. […] Exposure to cyclophosphamide, a cancer medication. […] Treatment with a power morcellator, a surgical device that is used to break up and remove large fibroids in the uterus, which can break up undetected uterine leiomyosarcoma and spread it.

• #82 Causes of Leiomyosarcoma

  https://www.leiomyosarcoma.info/causes.htm

  Causes of Leiomyosarcoma written and compiled by doctordee […] There are many different causes [etiologies] of sarcoma, which are reflected in the variations of sarcomas in site and cell type. […] Among the environmental exposures associated with STS are: external radiation therapy (prevalence of radiation-induced sarcoma: 0.17-0.21%), Thorotrast [a contrast Xray dye no longer used], arsenical pesticides and medications, chlorophenols, phenoxy herbicides, dioxin, vinyl chloride, immunosuppressive drugs, alkylating agents, androgen-anabolic steroids, human immunodeficiency virus, human herpes virus type 8 [Kaposi’s sarcoma] chronically edematous arms after radical mastectomy for breast cancer (Stewart-Treves syndrome). […] In addition, STS occurs excessively among persons with certain other heritable states.

• #83 What Is the Survival Rate for Leiomyosarcoma? Symptoms & Causes

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_is_the_survival_rate_for_leiomyosarcoma/article.htm

  Leiomyosarcoma, like other cancers, occurs due to genetic mutations in the cells. Risk factors for developing leiomyosarcoma include: […] Inherited genetic conditions with increased risk for cancers, such as: Neurofibromatosis, Hereditary retinoblastoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Gardner syndrome, Werner syndrome, Tuberous sclerosis, Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin syndrome). […] Advanced age; most cases occur after the age of 50. […] Radiation therapy for other cancers. […] Exposure to carcinogenic chemicals such as vinyl chloride, dioxins and herbicides. […] Viral infections from human herpesvirus-8 and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). […] Immunosuppressive medications. […] Hormonal disorders. […] Autoimmune diseases. […] Swelling (edema) in the arms after mastectomy for breast cancer. […] Chronic inflammatory conditions such as ulcers. […] Exposure to cyclophosphamide, a cancer medication. […] Treatment with a power morcellator, a surgical device that is used to break up and remove large fibroids in the uterus, which can break up undetected uterine leiomyosarcoma and spread it.

• #84 What Should I Eat if I Have Leiomyosarcoma?

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/what_should_i_eat_if_i_have_leiomyosarcoma/article_em.htm

  The cause of leiomyosarcoma is unknown. It is believed certain genetic conditions may contribute to the development of LMS. […] Risk factors for leiomyosarcoma include: Age: occurs most often over the age of 50 […] Exposure to radiotherapy treatment for other forms of cancer […] Chemical exposure (especially vinyl chloride, dioxins, and herbicides) […] Use of immunosuppressive drugs […] Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) […] Human herpes virus type 8 […] Edematous arms after radical mastectomy. […] Another factor that may play a role in the spread of leiomyosarcoma is use of a surgical device called a power morcellator, used for gynecological surgical procedures to remove tumors and diseased tissue or organs through minimally invasive surgery. Power morcellators may leave cells of shredded tissue behind which can spread cancer cells when tumors are removed. In patients who may have early stage, new leiomyosarcomas which are malignant will spread with use of power morcellation. Leiomyosarcoma that has been spread through power morcellation can affect any organ in the abdominal cavity including the liver, kidneys, bladder, intestines or abdominal wall. […] Cancer cells shed due to morcellation can also potentially enter the blood or lymphatic system and travel to other parts of the body such as the bones, lungs, heart or brain. This makes treatment much more difficult and can lead to a poorer prognosis.

• #85 What Should I Eat if I Have Leiomyosarcoma?

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/what_should_i_eat_if_i_have_leiomyosarcoma/article_em.htm

  The cause of leiomyosarcoma is unknown. It is believed certain genetic conditions may contribute to the development of LMS. […] Risk factors for leiomyosarcoma include: Age: occurs most often over the age of 50 […] Exposure to radiotherapy treatment for other forms of cancer […] Chemical exposure (especially vinyl chloride, dioxins, and herbicides) […] Use of immunosuppressive drugs […] Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) […] Human herpes virus type 8 […] Edematous arms after radical mastectomy. […] Another factor that may play a role in the spread of leiomyosarcoma is use of a surgical device called a power morcellator, used for gynecological surgical procedures to remove tumors and diseased tissue or organs through minimally invasive surgery. Power morcellators may leave cells of shredded tissue behind which can spread cancer cells when tumors are removed. In patients who may have early stage, new leiomyosarcomas which are malignant will spread with use of power morcellation. Leiomyosarcoma that has been spread through power morcellation can affect any organ in the abdominal cavity including the liver, kidneys, bladder, intestines or abdominal wall. […] Cancer cells shed due to morcellation can also potentially enter the blood or lymphatic system and travel to other parts of the body such as the bones, lungs, heart or brain. This makes treatment much more difficult and can lead to a poorer prognosis.

• #86 What Is the Survival Rate for Leiomyosarcoma?

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/what_is_the_survival_rate_for_leiomyosarcoma/article_em.htm

  The cause of leiomyosarcoma is unknown. It is believed certain genetic conditions may contribute to the development of LMS, such as: […] Risk factors for leiomyosarcoma include: […] Some causes of sarcomas are believed to also be potential causes for LMS, such as: […] Another factor that may play a role in the spread of leiomyosarcoma is use of a surgical device called a power morcellator, used for gynecological surgical procedures to remove tumors and diseased tissue or organs through minimally invasive surgery. Power morcellators may leave cells of shredded tissue behind which can spread cancer cells when tumors are removed. In patients who may have an early stage, new leiomyosarcomas which are malignant will spread with use of power morcellation. Leiomyosarcoma that has been spread through power morcellation can affect any organ in the abdominal cavity including the liver, kidneys, bladder, intestines or abdominal wall. Cancer cells shed due to morcellation can also potentially enter the blood or lymphatic system and travel to other parts of the body such as the bones, lungs, heart or brain. This makes treatment much more difficult and can lead to a poorer prognosis.

• #87 Lineage-defined leiomyosarcoma subtypes emerge years before diagnosis and determine patient survival | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-24677-6

  Finally, by phylogenetic reconstruction, we present evidence that clones seeding lethal metastases arise decades prior to LMS diagnosis. […] However, it is unknown whether the molecular factors leading to these site-specific survival differences are inherent to the lineage, differentiation status or mutational processes operative in the cells of origin from which the disease develops, or are acquired, involving unique driver gene mutations. […] The majority of LMS patients present with non-specific symptoms at 50-60 years of age. These tumors may develop gradually over the course of several years. A better understanding of the timing of mutations in LMS would therefore provide knowledge about tumor development, and perhaps aid in early detection. […] The results provide compelling support for molecular subtyping in LMS, and evidence for early systemic spread years prior to diagnosis.

• #88 Lineage-defined leiomyosarcoma subtypes emerge years before diagnosis and determine patient survival | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-24677-6

  Finally, by phylogenetic reconstruction, we present evidence that clones seeding lethal metastases arise decades prior to LMS diagnosis. […] However, it is unknown whether the molecular factors leading to these site-specific survival differences are inherent to the lineage, differentiation status or mutational processes operative in the cells of origin from which the disease develops, or are acquired, involving unique driver gene mutations. […] The majority of LMS patients present with non-specific symptoms at 50-60 years of age. These tumors may develop gradually over the course of several years. A better understanding of the timing of mutations in LMS would therefore provide knowledge about tumor development, and perhaps aid in early detection. […] The results provide compelling support for molecular subtyping in LMS, and evidence for early systemic spread years prior to diagnosis.

• #89 Lineage-defined leiomyosarcoma subtypes emerge years before diagnosis and determine patient survival | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-24677-6

  Finally, by phylogenetic reconstruction, we present evidence that clones seeding lethal metastases arise decades prior to LMS diagnosis. […] However, it is unknown whether the molecular factors leading to these site-specific survival differences are inherent to the lineage, differentiation status or mutational processes operative in the cells of origin from which the disease develops, or are acquired, involving unique driver gene mutations. […] The majority of LMS patients present with non-specific symptoms at 50-60 years of age. These tumors may develop gradually over the course of several years. A better understanding of the timing of mutations in LMS would therefore provide knowledge about tumor development, and perhaps aid in early detection. […] The results provide compelling support for molecular subtyping in LMS, and evidence for early systemic spread years prior to diagnosis.

• #90 Leiomyosarcoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/leiomyosarcoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20577215

  Leiomyosarcoma is a rare cancer that begins in smooth muscle tissue. […] It’s not clear what causes leiomyosarcoma. This cancer starts when something changes the cells in the smooth muscles. […] Leiomyosarcoma happens when smooth muscle cells develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. […] In cancer cells, the DNA changes give other instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply at a fast rate. […] The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. […] Healthcare professionals haven’t found a way to prevent leiomyosarcoma.

• #91

• #92 Pathology Outlines – Leiomyosarcoma

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/uteruslms.html

  Most patients do not have predisposing risk factors […] Rare associations include: […] Prior pelvic radiation […] Tamoxifen use for > 5 years […] Very rare cases may arise from a pre-existing leiomyoma […] Black women have a 2 fold higher risk compared with white women […] Hereditary retinoblastoma and Li-Fraumeni syndrome are characterized by increased incidence of leiomyosarcoma […] In one series, increased predisposition reported in Finnish hereditary leiomyomatosis / renal cell carcinoma syndrome kindreds.

• #93

  https://www.sydneysarcomaunit.com.au/leiomyosarcoma

  Leiomyosarcoma development is still poorly understood. It results due to DNA mutations in smooth muscle cells leading to uncontrolled growth and formation of mutated cells, resulting in tumour formation. […] Leiomyosarcoma causes are not completely understood. Some genetic conditions are associated with leiomyosarcoma development and these include: Hereditary retinoblastoma, Neurofibromatosis, Li-Fraumeni Syndrome, Gardeners Syndrome, Werner Syndrome.

• #94 Lineage-defined leiomyosarcoma subtypes emerge years before diagnosis and determine patient survival | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-24677-6

  Leiomyosarcomas (LMS) are genetically heterogeneous tumors differentiating along smooth muscle lines. Currently, LMS treatment is not informed by molecular subtyping and is associated with highly variable survival. […] The contribution of genetic factors to LMS subtype, origins, and timing are unknown. […] We uncover three specific subtypes of LMS that likely develop from distinct lineages of smooth muscle cells. […] Of these, dedifferentiated LMS with high immune infiltration and tumors primarily of gynecological origin harbor genomic dystrophin deletions and/or loss of dystrophin expression, acquire the highest burden of genomic mutation, and are associated with worse survival. […] Homologous recombination defects lead to genome-wide mutational signatures, and a corresponding sensitivity to PARP trappers and other DNA damage response inhibitors, suggesting a promising therapeutic strategy for LMS.

• #95 Lineage-defined leiomyosarcoma subtypes emerge years before diagnosis and determine patient survival | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-24677-6

  This study also highlights the potential use of a DNA damage inhibitors (DDRi), including PARP trappers, as a promising therapeutic avenue in these patients. […] The degree to which this variability is explained by overall genomic and transcriptomic features is largely unknown. […] The transcriptome-defined subtypes were also associated with differences in genome-wide mutation burdens. […] The molecular subtypes of LMS, as defined by the originating tissue types and dedifferentiation, then determine the overall burden of secondary mutations that are acquired (across all variant classes) with the most dedifferentiated tumors and gynecological LMS acquiring the highest burden. […] The exact timing of primary-relapse divergence requires validation in larger cohorts of LMS that include all molecular subtypes and anatomic sites. […] Together, HR-deficiency signatures were present in 64% of LMS, lower than previously reported by exomes. […] The present study suggests that LMS patients should be considered for comprehensive HR profiling for use of mutational signatures as biomarkers of therapy.

• #96 Lineage-defined leiomyosarcoma subtypes emerge years before diagnosis and determine patient survival | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-24677-6

  This study also highlights the potential use of a DNA damage inhibitors (DDRi), including PARP trappers, as a promising therapeutic avenue in these patients. […] The degree to which this variability is explained by overall genomic and transcriptomic features is largely unknown. […] The transcriptome-defined subtypes were also associated with differences in genome-wide mutation burdens. […] The molecular subtypes of LMS, as defined by the originating tissue types and dedifferentiation, then determine the overall burden of secondary mutations that are acquired (across all variant classes) with the most dedifferentiated tumors and gynecological LMS acquiring the highest burden. […] The exact timing of primary-relapse divergence requires validation in larger cohorts of LMS that include all molecular subtypes and anatomic sites. […] Together, HR-deficiency signatures were present in 64% of LMS, lower than previously reported by exomes. […] The present study suggests that LMS patients should be considered for comprehensive HR profiling for use of mutational signatures as biomarkers of therapy.

• #97 Leiomyosarcoma – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31869131/

  Leiomyosarcoma, a common subtype of soft tissue sarcoma (STS), accounts for up to 10% to 20% of all sarcomas. Originating from either smooth muscle cells or their mesenchymal cell precursors, leiomyosarcoma primarily occurs in the retroperitoneum, uterus, and extremities, in descending order of frequency. The genetic abnormalities in leiomyosarcoma are complex, and our current knowledge remains incomplete. […] Prognosis is related to the tumor’s location, size, and grade, with the tumor grade significantly impacting overall survival. With higher-grade lesions, the rate of distant metastasis increases. […] The advent of targeted agents and immunotherapy can potentially improve patient outcomes in the future.

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