Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Preventing Japanese Encephalitis | Japanese Encephalitis Virus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/japanese-encephalitis/prevention/index.html

  Japanese encephalitis virus is spread through the bite of an infected mosquito. […] The best way to prevent Japanese encephalitis is to prevent mosquito bites and get vaccinated before traveling, if vaccination is recommended for you. […] The best way to prevent Japanese encephalitis is to protect yourself from mosquito bites and get vaccinated before traveling, if vaccination is recommended for you. […] All travelers to countries with risk of Japanese encephalitis should take steps to avoid mosquito bites and discuss the need for vaccination with their healthcare provider.

• #2 Treatment and Prevention of Japanese Encephalitis | Japanese Encephalitis Virus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/japanese-encephalitis/hcp/treatment-prevention/index.html

  Counsel travelers at risk for JE about vaccination and using personal protective measures to prevent mosquito bites. […] JE can be prevented through vaccination. One JE vaccine (called IXIARO) is available in the United States. […] Regardless of vaccination status, travelers should be advised to use personal protective measures to decrease exposure to infected mosquitoes. This includes using insect repellent, wearing long-sleeved shirts and pants, and treating clothing and gear with 0.5% permethrin. […] More information about preventing mosquito bites while traveling can be found on the CDC Mosquitoes website.

• #3 Interventions for the Prevention and Treatment of Japanese Encephalitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9510552/

  Japanese encephalitis (JE) is the most prevalent cause of viral encephalitis in the world. […] According to the World Health Organization (WHO), human vaccination is the most effective tool for prevention of JE, and the JE vaccine should be included in immunization programmes at all places where JE is a public health issue. […] The most effective method for the prevention of JE to date is vaccination. The WHO recommends that the JE vaccine should be included in national immunization schedules in all regions where JE is a public health concern. […] Vaccination should be considered even in places where the number of JE-confirmed cases is moderate, as there is a risk of the propagation of JEV. […] The following are the vaccination schedules recommended by the WHO: Live attenuated vaccine: single dose to be administered before or at 8 months of age; Live chimeric vaccine: single dose to be administered before or at 9 months of age; Inactivated vaccines: two doses to be administered in which the primary dose should be given before or at 6 months of age followed by a secondary dose after an interval of usually 4 weeks.

• #4

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/japanese-encephalitis

  Safe and effective vaccines are available to prevent JE. WHO recommends that JE vaccination be integrated into national immunization schedules in all areas where JE disease is recognized as a public health issue. […] Progress has been made in Asia with the implementation of JE vaccination programmes, with most endemic countries having country-wide or targeted programmes in place. A decline in incidence of the disease has been reported in recent years, which is likely due in part to vaccination. […] WHO recommends having strong JE prevention and control activities, including JE immunization in all regions where the disease is a recognized public health priority, along with strengthening surveillance and reporting mechanisms. […] There are three main types of JE vaccines currently in use: several inactivated Vero cell-derived vaccines, a live attenuated vaccine, and a live recombinant (chimeric) vaccine.

• #5 Interventions for the Prevention and Treatment of Japanese Encephalitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9510552/

  Japanese encephalitis (JE) is the most prevalent cause of viral encephalitis in the world. […] According to the World Health Organization (WHO), human vaccination is the most effective tool for prevention of JE, and the JE vaccine should be included in immunization programmes at all places where JE is a public health issue. […] The most effective method for the prevention of JE to date is vaccination. The WHO recommends that the JE vaccine should be included in national immunization schedules in all regions where JE is a public health concern. […] Vaccination should be considered even in places where the number of JE-confirmed cases is moderate, as there is a risk of the propagation of JEV. […] The following are the vaccination schedules recommended by the WHO: Live attenuated vaccine: single dose to be administered before or at 8 months of age; Live chimeric vaccine: single dose to be administered before or at 9 months of age; Inactivated vaccines: two doses to be administered in which the primary dose should be given before or at 6 months of age followed by a secondary dose after an interval of usually 4 weeks.

• #6

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/japanese-encephalitis

  Safe and effective vaccines are available to prevent JE. WHO recommends that JE vaccination be integrated into national immunization schedules in all areas where JE disease is recognized as a public health issue. […] Progress has been made in Asia with the implementation of JE vaccination programmes, with most endemic countries having country-wide or targeted programmes in place. A decline in incidence of the disease has been reported in recent years, which is likely due in part to vaccination. […] WHO recommends having strong JE prevention and control activities, including JE immunization in all regions where the disease is a recognized public health priority, along with strengthening surveillance and reporting mechanisms. […] There are three main types of JE vaccines currently in use: several inactivated Vero cell-derived vaccines, a live attenuated vaccine, and a live recombinant (chimeric) vaccine.

• #7 Overview of Japanese encephalitis disease and its prevention. Focus on IC51 vaccine (IXIARO®)

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6009073/

  Travelers to JE-endemic areas can reduce their exposure to vectors by adopting personal protective measures: using mosquito-repellent agents, wearing appropriate clothing, avoiding outdoor activities in the evening, using permethrin-impregnated mosquito nets and staying in rooms with air conditioning. […] In combination with these protective measures, vaccination against JEV infection can provide travelers with safe and effective protection. […] Because of the lack of treatment and the infeasibility of eliminating the vector, vaccination is recognized as the most efficacious means of preventing JE. […] The IC51 vaccine (IXIARO) is a purified, inactivated, whole virus vaccine against JE. It is safe, well tolerated, efficacious and can be administered to children, adults and the elderly. The vaccination schedule involves administering 2 doses four weeks apart. For adults, a rapid schedule (0-7 days) is available, which could greatly enhance the feasibility of its use.

• #8 Factsheet for health professionals about Japanese encephalitis

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/japanese-encephalitis/facts

  There are several safe and effective vaccines available to prevent Japanese encephalitis. In Europe, the European Medicines Agency has granted a marketing authorisation to the Ixiaro vaccine, which is an inactivated vaccine that can be given to adults and children aged two months and older. […] Japanese encephalitis can also be prevented by avoiding mosquito bites in endemic rural areas, particularly those close to irrigated rice fields and pig farms. Many mosquitoes are most active at dusk and dawn. Personal protective measures to reduce the risk of mosquito bites include using mosquito nets (preferably insecticide-treated nets), sleeping or resting in screened or air-conditioned rooms, wearing clothes that cover most of the body, and using mosquito repellent in accordance with the instructions indicated on the product label. […] Changes in agricultural practices seem to have substantially decreased the risk of transmission to humans. Measures to control adult mosquito vectors can be applied in an outbreak situation, but the impact of such actions is not well known.

• #9 Overview of Japanese encephalitis disease and its prevention. Focus on IC51 vaccine (IXIARO®)

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6009073/

  Travelers to JE-endemic areas can reduce their exposure to vectors by adopting personal protective measures: using mosquito-repellent agents, wearing appropriate clothing, avoiding outdoor activities in the evening, using permethrin-impregnated mosquito nets and staying in rooms with air conditioning. […] In combination with these protective measures, vaccination against JEV infection can provide travelers with safe and effective protection. […] Because of the lack of treatment and the infeasibility of eliminating the vector, vaccination is recognized as the most efficacious means of preventing JE. […] The IC51 vaccine (IXIARO) is a purified, inactivated, whole virus vaccine against JE. It is safe, well tolerated, efficacious and can be administered to children, adults and the elderly. The vaccination schedule involves administering 2 doses four weeks apart. For adults, a rapid schedule (0-7 days) is available, which could greatly enhance the feasibility of its use.

• #10 Statement on prevention of Japanese encephalitis – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/catmat/statement-prevention-japanese-encephalitis.html

  CATMAT suggests that JEV (IXIARO) not be routinely used for travel to endemic areas (Conditional recommendation against; moderate confidence in estimate of effect). […] For the large majority of travellers, the likelihood of developing clinical JE in endemic areas is negligible (overall per trip attack rate estimated at approximately 1/10,000,000) as is the estimated absolute benefit of JEV. […] Because this recommendation is conditional, there is a need for providers to discuss with the traveller the anticipated benefits and harms (including financial costs) associated with JEV to help the traveller reach a decision that is consistent with their own values and preferences. […] CATMAT suggests use of an accelerated (0 and 7 days) schedule for adults aged 18-65 if there is insufficient time to immunize travellers with the normal primary schedule (0 and 28 days). […] CATMAT suggests that JEV (normal schedule) can be used in children aged 2 months to 18 years. […] CATMAT recommends that all travellers use personal protective measures (PPM) such as topical repellents, treated bed nets and/or treated clothing to prevent mosquitoes from biting.

• #11 Interventions for the Prevention and Treatment of Japanese Encephalitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9510552/

  Japanese encephalitis (JE) is the most prevalent cause of viral encephalitis in the world. […] According to the World Health Organization (WHO), human vaccination is the most effective tool for prevention of JE, and the JE vaccine should be included in immunization programmes at all places where JE is a public health issue. […] The most effective method for the prevention of JE to date is vaccination. The WHO recommends that the JE vaccine should be included in national immunization schedules in all regions where JE is a public health concern. […] Vaccination should be considered even in places where the number of JE-confirmed cases is moderate, as there is a risk of the propagation of JEV. […] The following are the vaccination schedules recommended by the WHO: Live attenuated vaccine: single dose to be administered before or at 8 months of age; Live chimeric vaccine: single dose to be administered before or at 9 months of age; Inactivated vaccines: two doses to be administered in which the primary dose should be given before or at 6 months of age followed by a secondary dose after an interval of usually 4 weeks.

• #12

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/immunizations/Pages/Japanese-Encephalitis-Vaccine-What-You-Need-to-Know.aspx

  Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine can prevent Japanese encephalitis. […] Japanese encephalitis vaccine is approved for people 2 months of age and older. It is recommended for people who: Plan to live in a country where JE occurs, Plan to visit a country where JE occurs for long periods (e.g., one month or more), or Frequently travel to countries where JE occurs. […] The best way to prevent JE is to avoid mosquito bites. Your health care provider can advise you. […] Many laboratory workers at risk for exposure to JE virus will also require vaccination. The vaccine is given as a 2-dose series. A booster dose is recommended after a year for people who remain at risk.

• #13 Japanese encephalitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_encephalitis

  Prevention is generally achieved with the Japanese encephalitis vaccine, which is both safe and effective. […] Other measures include avoiding mosquito bites. […] There are currently three vaccines available: SA14-14-2, IXIARO (IC51, also marketed in Australia, New Zealand as JESPECT and India as JEEV) and ChimeriVax-JE (marketed as IMOJEV). […] The widespread use of vaccines and urbanization has led to control of the disease in Japan and Singapore. […] The neutralizing antibody persists in the circulation for at least two to three years, and perhaps longer. […] Because there is no firm evidence for protection beyond three years, boosters are recommended every 11 months for people who remain at risk.

• #14

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/immunizations/Pages/Japanese-Encephalitis-Vaccine-What-You-Need-to-Know.aspx

  Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine can prevent Japanese encephalitis. […] Japanese encephalitis vaccine is approved for people 2 months of age and older. It is recommended for people who: Plan to live in a country where JE occurs, Plan to visit a country where JE occurs for long periods (e.g., one month or more), or Frequently travel to countries where JE occurs. […] The best way to prevent JE is to avoid mosquito bites. Your health care provider can advise you. […] Many laboratory workers at risk for exposure to JE virus will also require vaccination. The vaccine is given as a 2-dose series. A booster dose is recommended after a year for people who remain at risk.

• #15 Prevention | Japanese Encephalitis | CDC

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/japaneseencephalitis/prevention/index.html

  All travelers to Japanese encephalitis (JE) endemic areas should take precautions to avoid mosquito bites to reduce the risk for JE and other vector-borne infectious diseases. […] For some travelers who will be in a high-risk setting based on season, location, duration, and activities, JE vaccine can further reduce the risk for infection. […] JE vaccine is recommended for travelers who plan to spend 1 month or more in endemic areas during the JE virus transmission season. This includes long-term travelers, recurrent travelers, or expatriates who will be based in urban areas but are likely to visit endemic rural or agricultural areas during a high-risk period of JE virus transmission. […] Vaccine should also be considered for the following: Short-term (less than 1 month) travelers to endemic areas during the transmission season, if they plan to travel outside an urban area and their activities will increase the risk of JE virus exposure. […] JE vaccine is not recommended for short-term travelers whose visits will be restricted to urban areas or times outside a well-defined JE virus transmission season.

• #16 Japanese Encephalitis | Health.mil

  https://health.mil/MHSHome/Military-Health-Topics/Health-Readiness/Immunization-Healthcare/Vaccine-Preventable-Diseases/Japanese-Encephalitis?type=Policies

  Japanese Encephalitis virus is a single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the Flavivirus genus, and is closely related to West Nile and St. Louis encephalitis viruses. […] Steps to prevent JE include using personal protective measures to prevent mosquito bites and vaccination. […] Japanese Encephalitis Vero Cell vaccine is an inactivated vaccine product, trade named IXIARO. Currently, this is the only FDA-licensed vaccine for JE prevention available in the United States. IXIARO is a sterile purified vero cell-culture-derived vaccine, available in single-dose, pre-filled syringes. […] JE vaccine is recommended for travelers who plan to spend 1 month or more in endemic areas during the JE virus transmission season. This includes long-term travelers, recurrent travelers, or expatriates who will be based in urban areas but are likely to visit endemic rural or agricultural areas during a high-risk period of JE virus transmission.

• #17 Japanese Encephalitis | Health.mil

  https://health.mil/MHSHome/Military-Health-Topics/Health-Readiness/Immunization-Healthcare/Vaccine-Preventable-Diseases/Japanese-Encephalitis?type=Policies

  Vaccine should also be considered for the following: Short-term (less than1 month) travelers to endemic areas during the transmission season, if they plan to travel outside an urban area and their activities will increase the risk of JE virus exposure. […] JE vaccine is not recommended for short-term travelers whose visits will be restricted to urban areas or times outside a well-defined JE virus transmission season.

• #18 Prevention | Japanese Encephalitis | CDC

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/japaneseencephalitis/prevention/index.html

  All travelers to Japanese encephalitis (JE) endemic areas should take precautions to avoid mosquito bites to reduce the risk for JE and other vector-borne infectious diseases. […] For some travelers who will be in a high-risk setting based on season, location, duration, and activities, JE vaccine can further reduce the risk for infection. […] JE vaccine is recommended for travelers who plan to spend 1 month or more in endemic areas during the JE virus transmission season. This includes long-term travelers, recurrent travelers, or expatriates who will be based in urban areas but are likely to visit endemic rural or agricultural areas during a high-risk period of JE virus transmission. […] Vaccine should also be considered for the following: Short-term (less than 1 month) travelers to endemic areas during the transmission season, if they plan to travel outside an urban area and their activities will increase the risk of JE virus exposure. […] JE vaccine is not recommended for short-term travelers whose visits will be restricted to urban areas or times outside a well-defined JE virus transmission season.

• #19 Prevention | Japanese Encephalitis | CDC

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/japaneseencephalitis/prevention/index.html

  All travelers to Japanese encephalitis (JE) endemic areas should take precautions to avoid mosquito bites to reduce the risk for JE and other vector-borne infectious diseases. […] For some travelers who will be in a high-risk setting based on season, location, duration, and activities, JE vaccine can further reduce the risk for infection. […] JE vaccine is recommended for travelers who plan to spend 1 month or more in endemic areas during the JE virus transmission season. This includes long-term travelers, recurrent travelers, or expatriates who will be based in urban areas but are likely to visit endemic rural or agricultural areas during a high-risk period of JE virus transmission. […] Vaccine should also be considered for the following: Short-term (less than 1 month) travelers to endemic areas during the transmission season, if they plan to travel outside an urban area and their activities will increase the risk of JE virus exposure. […] JE vaccine is not recommended for short-term travelers whose visits will be restricted to urban areas or times outside a well-defined JE virus transmission season.

• #20 Treatment and Prevention of Japanese Encephalitis | Japanese Encephalitis Virus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/japanese-encephalitis/hcp/treatment-prevention/index.html

  Counsel travelers at risk for JE about vaccination and using personal protective measures to prevent mosquito bites. […] JE can be prevented through vaccination. One JE vaccine (called IXIARO) is available in the United States. […] Regardless of vaccination status, travelers should be advised to use personal protective measures to decrease exposure to infected mosquitoes. This includes using insect repellent, wearing long-sleeved shirts and pants, and treating clothing and gear with 0.5% permethrin. […] More information about preventing mosquito bites while traveling can be found on the CDC Mosquitoes website.

• #21

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/japanese-encephalitis

  The risk to travellers to Japanese encephalitis-endemic areas is normally low, but travellers should take precautions to avoid mosquito bites. Personal preventive measures include the use of mosquito repellents, long-sleeved clothes, coils and vaporizers. Travellers spending extensive time in JE endemic areas are recommended to get vaccinated before travel. […] In endemic areas, there is little evidence to support a reduction in JE disease burden from interventions other than the vaccination of humans. Thus, vaccination of humans should be prioritized over vaccination of pigs and mosquito control measures.

• #22 Japanese encephalitis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/japanese-encephalitis/

  Japanese encephalitis is a rare but serious infection you can get from mosquito bites in some parts of the world. If you’re travelling to an area where there’s a risk of catching it, you can get a vaccine to help prevent it. […] There are some things you can do to avoid mosquito bites when travelling to areas with a risk of Japanese encephalitis. […] use insect repellent on exposed skin, ideally containing at least 50% DEET […] sleep under a mosquito net treated with insecticide […] when possible, wear long-sleeved tops, trousers or long skirts, socks and shoes to protect your skin from mosquito bites […] get advice from a travel vaccination clinic before you travel. […] A vaccine for Japanese encephalitis is recommended if you’re travelling to a part of the world where the virus is found, especially if: […] you’re staying for more than a month […] you’re staying in a rural area […] you’re staying near or visiting rice fields, wetlands, or places where pigs are kept.

• #23 Centre for Health Protection – Japanese Encephalitis

  https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/healthtopics/content/24/28.html

  To prevent contracting the disease, one should take general measures to prevent mosquito bites and avoid going to rural areas from dusk till dawn when the mosquitoes spreading this virus are most active. […] Japanese encephalitis vaccination is safe and effective in preventing the disease. Vaccination for Japanese encephalitis is available in Hong Kong but it is generally not recommended to members of the general public. Vaccination is recommended for travellers who plan to stay one month or longer in endemic areas, particularly in rural areas; and for short-term (less than one month) travellers if they plan to have significant/ extensive outdoor or night-time exposure in rural areas during the transmission season of the disease. […] Wear loose, light-coloured, long-sleeved tops and trousers.

• #24 Factsheet for health professionals about Japanese encephalitis

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/japanese-encephalitis/facts

  There are several safe and effective vaccines available to prevent Japanese encephalitis. In Europe, the European Medicines Agency has granted a marketing authorisation to the Ixiaro vaccine, which is an inactivated vaccine that can be given to adults and children aged two months and older. […] Japanese encephalitis can also be prevented by avoiding mosquito bites in endemic rural areas, particularly those close to irrigated rice fields and pig farms. Many mosquitoes are most active at dusk and dawn. Personal protective measures to reduce the risk of mosquito bites include using mosquito nets (preferably insecticide-treated nets), sleeping or resting in screened or air-conditioned rooms, wearing clothes that cover most of the body, and using mosquito repellent in accordance with the instructions indicated on the product label. […] Changes in agricultural practices seem to have substantially decreased the risk of transmission to humans. Measures to control adult mosquito vectors can be applied in an outbreak situation, but the impact of such actions is not well known.

• #25 Encephalitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/encephalitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20356136

  Use insecticide. The Environmental Protection Agency recommends the use of products containing permethrin, which repels and kills ticks and mosquitoes. […] Get rid of water sources outside your home. Eliminate standing water in your yard, where mosquitoes can lay their eggs. […] Insect repellents aren’t recommended for use on infants younger than 2 months of age. Instead, cover an infant carrier or stroller with mosquito netting. […] For older infants and children, repellents with 10% to 30% DEET are considered safe.

• #26 Centre for Health Protection – Japanese Encephalitis

  https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/healthtopics/content/24/28.html

  Use DEET-containing insect repellent on exposed parts of the body and clothing. […] Take preventive measures to avoid mosquito bites. For children who travel to countries or areas where mosquito-borne diseases are endemic or epidemic and where exposure is likely, children aged 2 months or above can use DEET-containing insect repellents with a concentration of DEET up to 30%.

• #27 N/A – Family Medical Practice

  https://www.vietnammedicalpractice.com/hcmc/en/news/japanese-encephalitis

  A Japanese encephalitis vaccine is available. Other modes of prevention such as avoiding mosquito bites, decreasing the mosquito population and viral spread should be implemented. […] Avoidance of mosquito exposure, particularly at night, is another good mode of prevention. People living in or traveling to endemic areas should strongly consider the use of bednets while sleeping and mosquito repellents with diethyltoluamide (DEET) during times of risk of mosquito contact. Wearing long-sleeved shirts and pants in endemic areas is also important. […] Decreasing the mosquito population and controlling viral spread can include the use of insecticides and larvae-killing agents, breeding larvivorous fish in rice paddies, and draining the rice paddies.

• #28 Prevention and control of JE :: National Center for Vector Borne Diseases Control (NCVBDC)

  https://ncvbdc.mohfw.gov.in/index1.php?lang=1&level=2&sublinkid=5927&lid=3761

  Prevention and control measures for Japanese Encephalitis (JE) involve a combination of strategies targeting both the vector, pig and the human population. Here are some key approaches: […] Vaccination: As per Govt. of India guidelines, 2 doses of JE vaccine have been approved in UIP to be given one along with measles at the age of 9 months and the second dose with DPT booster at the age of 16-24 months w.e.f. April, 2013. […] The adult JE vaccination was started in 42 districts of three states where JE incidence is occurring among the adult population, namely Assam (9 districts), Uttar Pradesh (7 districts) and West Bengal (26 districts). […] Vector Control: Mosquito control: Targeting mosquito population is an important aspect of JE prevention. […] Personal Protective Measures: Avoiding mosquito bites: Individuals should take precautions to minimize exposure to mosquitoes, particularly during peak biting times (dawn and dusk).

• #29

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/japanese-encephalitis

  The risk to travellers to Japanese encephalitis-endemic areas is normally low, but travellers should take precautions to avoid mosquito bites. Personal preventive measures include the use of mosquito repellents, long-sleeved clothes, coils and vaporizers. Travellers spending extensive time in JE endemic areas are recommended to get vaccinated before travel. […] In endemic areas, there is little evidence to support a reduction in JE disease burden from interventions other than the vaccination of humans. Thus, vaccination of humans should be prioritized over vaccination of pigs and mosquito control measures.

• #30 Prevention and control of JE :: National Center for Vector Borne Diseases Control (NCVBDC)

  https://ncvbdc.mohfw.gov.in/index1.php?lang=1&level=2&sublinkid=5927&lid=3761

  Use of mosquito nets: Sleeping under mosquito nets, especially in areas without access to insecticide-treated bed nets, provides an additional layer of protection against mosquito bites. […] Health Education and Awareness Campaign: Public health education campaign play a vital role in raising awareness about JE, its transmission, and preventive measures.

• #31

  https://journals.lww.com/imsp/fulltext/2019/10010/japanese_encephalitis__strategies_for_prevention.3.aspx

  Moreover, Immunization coverage in the developing world is lower in rural areas compared to the urban areas and the national average. […] The WHO recommends provision of JE vaccination by governments even in those areas where reporting of JE confirmed cases is low but the potential for outbreak exists due to availability of suitable environmental conditions favoring JEV transmission. […] Personal prophylaxis measures like use of pyrethroid treated bed nets or insecticide impregnated nets can be used in JE control. […] JE surveillance is a part of AES surveillance involving syndromic (clinical) surveillance, vector (entomological) surveillance and sero-surveillance (veterinary-based surveillance). […] The effective use of behavior change communication (BCC) has been employed with considerable success in controlling other vector borne diseases like malaria. […] Health-care facilities at endemic JE regions should have round-the-clock emergency services with trained HCWs and necessary equipment for management of unconscious patients, reduction of increased intracranial pressure, treatment of convulsions and managing respiratory failure.

• #32

  https://journals.lww.com/imsp/fulltext/2019/10010/japanese_encephalitis__strategies_for_prevention.3.aspx

  Moreover, Immunization coverage in the developing world is lower in rural areas compared to the urban areas and the national average. […] The WHO recommends provision of JE vaccination by governments even in those areas where reporting of JE confirmed cases is low but the potential for outbreak exists due to availability of suitable environmental conditions favoring JEV transmission. […] Personal prophylaxis measures like use of pyrethroid treated bed nets or insecticide impregnated nets can be used in JE control. […] JE surveillance is a part of AES surveillance involving syndromic (clinical) surveillance, vector (entomological) surveillance and sero-surveillance (veterinary-based surveillance). […] The effective use of behavior change communication (BCC) has been employed with considerable success in controlling other vector borne diseases like malaria. […] Health-care facilities at endemic JE regions should have round-the-clock emergency services with trained HCWs and necessary equipment for management of unconscious patients, reduction of increased intracranial pressure, treatment of convulsions and managing respiratory failure.

• #33 Prevention of Japanese encephalitis – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/japanese-encephalitis/prevention-japanese-encephalitis.html

  You can prevent Japanese encephalitis by getting vaccinated. […] Consult a health care provider or visit a travel health clinic preferably 6 weeks before you travel. Your health care provider may discuss the benefits of getting vaccinated if you are at a higher risk of exposure. […] It is recommended that the following travellers consider getting vaccinated: those spending a month or more in a rural or urban area where Japanese encephalitis is present […] those spending a large amount of time outdoors in a rural or urban area where Japanese encephalitis is present […] Most travellers going to countries where Japanese encephalitis occurs are at low risk. However, you can help prevent Japanese encephalitis by protecting yourself from mosquito bites, especially from sunset to sunrise.

• #34 Overview of Japanese encephalitis disease and its prevention. Focus on IC51 vaccine (IXIARO®)

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6009073/

  Healthcare workers should inform both short- and long-term travelers of the risk of JE in each period of the year and recommend vaccination. […] Indeed, it has been shown that short-term travelers are also at risk, not only in rural environments, but also in cities and coastal towns, especially in tourist localities where excursions to country areas are organized.

• #35

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Pages/japanese_encephalitis.aspx

  In addition to the general protection measures above, when travelling overseas to areas known to have Japanese encephalitis virus, you should also: Stay and sleep in screened or air-conditioned rooms. Use a mosquito bed net if the sleeping area is exposed to the outdoors. Effective nets are treated with a pyrethroid insecticide, such as permethrin. Pre-treated bed nets can be purchased before travelling, or nets can be treated after purchase. Avoid known areas of high mosquito-borne disease transmission or outbreaks. […] The Japanese encephalitis vaccine is safe and effective. People aged 2 months and older can get the vaccine. Vaccination against Japanese encephalitis is recommended for those at the highest risk of getting Japanese Encephalitis. […] Vaccine is also recommended to some people travelling to high-risk countries.

• #36 Japanese Encephalitis: Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention – Montreal & TorontoTravel & Vaccination Clinics

  https://cliniquevoyageur.ca/travel-vaccines/japanese-encephalitis/

  There is a vaccine against Japanese encephalitis. If you intend to travel to Asia, you should consider it. Consult a doctor at least six weeks before your departure, he will help you to decide if the vaccine is necessary for you, considering the length of your trip, the areas you will be visiting and the type of activities you will enjoy there. For optimal protection, two to three doses of vaccine must be administrated, with one month interval between each shot. You should get the last dose ten days before your departure. […] In addition to the vaccine, you must protect yourself against mosquito bites while traveling. […] Always sleep under a mosquito net, especially if your room is exposed outdoors or if you sleep outside.

• #37 The future of Japanese encephalitis vaccination: expert recommendations for achieving and maintaining optimal JE control | npj Vaccines

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41541-021-00338-z

  Vaccines against Japanese encephalitis (JE) have been available for decades. Currently, most JE-endemic countries have vaccination programs for their at-risk populations. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) has long recommended JE vaccination programs in areas where JE is a public health problem. […] Substantial impact on JE-associated deaths and disability has been shown in countries administering JE vaccine in childhood vaccination schedules. […] Reliable JE Vaccine Supply: Optimize and ensure a reliable global supply of affordable JE vaccines. […] Support country efforts for surveillance and vaccine introduction, and quality assurance for laboratory testing. […] Conduct community advocacy and communication for maximal vaccine acceptance. […] WHO recommends both CD-JEV and JE-CV be administered on a single-dose schedule starting at age 8 months and 9 months, respectively, although the JE-CV vaccine package insert recommends a pediatric booster dose.

• #38 Japanese encephalitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_encephalitis

  Prevention is generally achieved with the Japanese encephalitis vaccine, which is both safe and effective. […] Other measures include avoiding mosquito bites. […] There are currently three vaccines available: SA14-14-2, IXIARO (IC51, also marketed in Australia, New Zealand as JESPECT and India as JEEV) and ChimeriVax-JE (marketed as IMOJEV). […] The widespread use of vaccines and urbanization has led to control of the disease in Japan and Singapore. […] The neutralizing antibody persists in the circulation for at least two to three years, and perhaps longer. […] Because there is no firm evidence for protection beyond three years, boosters are recommended every 11 months for people who remain at risk.

• #39

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/japanese-encephalitis

  Safe and effective vaccines are available to prevent JE. WHO recommends that JE vaccination be integrated into national immunization schedules in all areas where JE disease is recognized as a public health issue. […] Progress has been made in Asia with the implementation of JE vaccination programmes, with most endemic countries having country-wide or targeted programmes in place. A decline in incidence of the disease has been reported in recent years, which is likely due in part to vaccination. […] WHO recommends having strong JE prevention and control activities, including JE immunization in all regions where the disease is a recognized public health priority, along with strengthening surveillance and reporting mechanisms. […] There are three main types of JE vaccines currently in use: several inactivated Vero cell-derived vaccines, a live attenuated vaccine, and a live recombinant (chimeric) vaccine.

• #40 Article | KnE Open

  https://kneopen.com/KnE-Life/article/view/3707/

  Japanese encephalitis (JE) is one of the vector-borne diseases caused by infection with Japanese encephalitis virus, through the Culex tritaeniorrhynchus mosquito bites. […] This study aimed to describe the prevention of JE in some countries in Asia. […] It found that the most prevalent of JE prevention program in Asia is vaccination. It was recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) to integrate JE vaccinations in national immunization programs and to prioritize in endemic areas. […] JE prevention measures in some countries in Asia are the establishment of guidelines and service improvements, diseases and vectors/hosts surveillance, implementation of immunization programs, local vector control, education, and health promotion campaigns, and community engagement and environmental management that should focus on high-risk areas. […] The incidence of JE is decreased significantly in countries that have implemented JE vaccination programs.

• #41 The future of Japanese encephalitis vaccination: expert recommendations for achieving and maintaining optimal JE control | npj Vaccines

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41541-021-00338-z

  WHO recommends countries move away from mouse brain vaccines given the favorable profile of second-generation products, and no mouse brain vaccines are WHO prequalified. […] Despite great advances in JE vaccination and control over the last 15 years, there continue to be challenges that put these gains at risk and may impede further progress. […] Sustained high vaccination coverage must be maintained to prevent human cases. […] Vaccine safety concerns, especially around severe adverse events such as encephalitis, can trigger vaccine hesitancy. […] Enhanced AEFI surveillance following the initiation of a JE vaccine campaign is important. […] The potential need for a JE vaccine booster dose to achieve life-long protection against JE. […] To help facilitate JE treatment research, expert consultation is needed with the aim of identifying the next drugs that should be tested in humans as well as to discuss the design of therapeutic trials, including types of studies, suitable locations, and outcomes to be measured.

• #42 Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine Acceptance and Strategies for Travelers: Insights from a Scoping Review and Practitioners in Endemic Countries

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/11/1683

  For travelers, an accelerated two-dose regimen of inactivated Vero cell JE vaccine (JE-VC) or a single dosage of live attenuated JE vaccine (JE-LV) may be an option. […] Practitioners should prioritize sharing knowledge, increasing awareness, and promoting vaccinations and preventive measures to reduce tourists’ risk of JE along their journey. […] The JE burden among residents and travelers has decreased, but the risk is not negligible. […] Furthermore, acceptance of the JE vaccine among international travelers remains low due to low-risk perceptions and the high price of the vaccine in their home country. […] For travelers who are unable to complete the vaccine before departing their homelands, an accelerated JE Vero cell (JE-VC) or a single dose of live vaccination (JE-LV) may be an alternative.

• #43

  https://journals.lww.com/imsp/fulltext/2019/10010/japanese_encephalitis__strategies_for_prevention.3.aspx

  Moreover, Immunization coverage in the developing world is lower in rural areas compared to the urban areas and the national average. […] The WHO recommends provision of JE vaccination by governments even in those areas where reporting of JE confirmed cases is low but the potential for outbreak exists due to availability of suitable environmental conditions favoring JEV transmission. […] Personal prophylaxis measures like use of pyrethroid treated bed nets or insecticide impregnated nets can be used in JE control. […] JE surveillance is a part of AES surveillance involving syndromic (clinical) surveillance, vector (entomological) surveillance and sero-surveillance (veterinary-based surveillance). […] The effective use of behavior change communication (BCC) has been employed with considerable success in controlling other vector borne diseases like malaria. […] Health-care facilities at endemic JE regions should have round-the-clock emergency services with trained HCWs and necessary equipment for management of unconscious patients, reduction of increased intracranial pressure, treatment of convulsions and managing respiratory failure.

• #44 Overview of Japanese encephalitis disease and its prevention. Focus on IC51 vaccine (IXIARO®)

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6009073/

  Healthcare workers should inform both short- and long-term travelers of the risk of JE in each period of the year and recommend vaccination. […] Indeed, it has been shown that short-term travelers are also at risk, not only in rural environments, but also in cities and coastal towns, especially in tourist localities where excursions to country areas are organized.

• #45 Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV): The Disease & Vaccines | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/vaccine-education-center/vaccine-details/japanese-encephalitis-vaccine

  The United States does not recommend the JEV vaccine for everyone traveling to the Far East. Rather, the vaccine is recommended based on aspects of travel such as location, length of stay, time of year, planned activities, and planned accommodations. […] The best way to avoid JEV is to avoid being bitten by a mosquito. […] Use mosquito netting over the bed […] Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants […] Wear insect-repellants with DEET on exposed skin […] Wear clothing treated with insect-repellants such as permethrin […] Stay in accommodations with air conditioning or screens. […] The JEV vaccine is recommended for those traveling to high-risk areas during the JEV transmission season who are: Staying in rural or farm areas […] Staying for more than 30 days […] Planning activities such as biking, camping, or other outdoor activities with prolonged periods of exposure to mosquitoes

• #46 Japanese Encephalitis Vaccination for Travelers | Passport Health

  https://www.passporthealthusa.com/vaccinations/japanese-encephalitis/

  Vaccination is just the start, repellents and netting also play a key role in mosquito prevention. […] A Japanese encephalitis vaccination provides the best protection. Two doses given 28 days apart provide a more complete barrier against infection. […] Yes, booster doses of the Japanese encephalitis vaccine are recommended for individuals who receive the first dose. […] Vaccination is recommended for some types of travelers and individuals: Travelers to regions with active transmission, Travelers to rural areas where infection could occur, Travelers staying longer than one month, Travelers engaging in certain activities that pose more risk. […] Vaccination is required for some military and government personnel traveling to these regions. Be sure to check any requirements before your trip. […] Passport Health clinics throughout the country carry JE vaccine. Schedule your vaccination today by calling or book online now.

• #47 Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV): The Disease & Vaccines | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/vaccine-education-center/vaccine-details/japanese-encephalitis-vaccine

  Staying in accommodations without air conditioning, screens or bed nets. […] The vaccine should also be considered for those who are: Traveling to an area with an ongoing outbreak […] Traveling to an area known to have risk, but without specific information about destinations, activities or duration of travel. […] The last dose should be given at least 1 week before travel. Because it takes about one month to complete the vaccine series, and about another week to develop protective antibodies, you should plan ahead to be sure you have enough time to be protected before your trip.

• #48 Treatment and Prevention of Japanese Encephalitis | Japanese Encephalitis Virus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/japanese-encephalitis/hcp/treatment-prevention/index.html

  Counsel travelers at risk for JE about vaccination and using personal protective measures to prevent mosquito bites. […] JE can be prevented through vaccination. One JE vaccine (called IXIARO) is available in the United States. […] Regardless of vaccination status, travelers should be advised to use personal protective measures to decrease exposure to infected mosquitoes. This includes using insect repellent, wearing long-sleeved shirts and pants, and treating clothing and gear with 0.5% permethrin. […] More information about preventing mosquito bites while traveling can be found on the CDC Mosquitoes website.

• #49 The future of Japanese encephalitis vaccination: expert recommendations for achieving and maintaining optimal JE control | npj Vaccines

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41541-021-00338-z

  WHO recommends countries move away from mouse brain vaccines given the favorable profile of second-generation products, and no mouse brain vaccines are WHO prequalified. […] Despite great advances in JE vaccination and control over the last 15 years, there continue to be challenges that put these gains at risk and may impede further progress. […] Sustained high vaccination coverage must be maintained to prevent human cases. […] Vaccine safety concerns, especially around severe adverse events such as encephalitis, can trigger vaccine hesitancy. […] Enhanced AEFI surveillance following the initiation of a JE vaccine campaign is important. […] The potential need for a JE vaccine booster dose to achieve life-long protection against JE. […] To help facilitate JE treatment research, expert consultation is needed with the aim of identifying the next drugs that should be tested in humans as well as to discuss the design of therapeutic trials, including types of studies, suitable locations, and outcomes to be measured.

• #50 Japanese encephalitis | The Australian Immunisation Handbook

  https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/japanese-encephalitis

  Vaccination against this disease is not funded under the National Immunisation Program. Some states and territories have funded programs for high-risk groups. For information on high-risk groups, please refer to CDNA advice regarding the vaccination against Japanese encephalitis virus […] Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccination is recommended for all research laboratory workers who may be exposed to the virus. People who are at ongoing risk of exposure to JE virus may need booster doses. […] Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccination is recommended for travellers spending 1 month or more in endemic areas in Asia and Papua New Guinea during the JE virus transmission season. […] JE vaccination is recommended for residents of the outer islands in Torres Strait and non-residents who will be living or working on the outer islands of Torres Strait for 30 days or more during the wet season. […] Avoiding mosquitoes is an important step to reducing the risk of JE and other mosquito-borne diseases. […] Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccination is recommended for residents of the outer islands in Torres Strait. […] People who are at ongoing risk of acquiring JE may need booster doses.

• #51 Interventions for the Prevention and Treatment of Japanese Encephalitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9510552/

  Japanese encephalitis (JE) is the most prevalent cause of viral encephalitis in the world. […] According to the World Health Organization (WHO), human vaccination is the most effective tool for prevention of JE, and the JE vaccine should be included in immunization programmes at all places where JE is a public health issue. […] The most effective method for the prevention of JE to date is vaccination. The WHO recommends that the JE vaccine should be included in national immunization schedules in all regions where JE is a public health concern. […] Vaccination should be considered even in places where the number of JE-confirmed cases is moderate, as there is a risk of the propagation of JEV. […] The following are the vaccination schedules recommended by the WHO: Live attenuated vaccine: single dose to be administered before or at 8 months of age; Live chimeric vaccine: single dose to be administered before or at 9 months of age; Inactivated vaccines: two doses to be administered in which the primary dose should be given before or at 6 months of age followed by a secondary dose after an interval of usually 4 weeks.

• #52

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/japanese-encephalitis

  Safe and effective vaccines are available to prevent JE. WHO recommends that JE vaccination be integrated into national immunization schedules in all areas where JE disease is recognized as a public health issue. […] Progress has been made in Asia with the implementation of JE vaccination programmes, with most endemic countries having country-wide or targeted programmes in place. A decline in incidence of the disease has been reported in recent years, which is likely due in part to vaccination. […] WHO recommends having strong JE prevention and control activities, including JE immunization in all regions where the disease is a recognized public health priority, along with strengthening surveillance and reporting mechanisms. […] There are three main types of JE vaccines currently in use: several inactivated Vero cell-derived vaccines, a live attenuated vaccine, and a live recombinant (chimeric) vaccine.

• #53 Treatment and Prevention of Japanese Encephalitis | Japanese Encephalitis Virus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/japanese-encephalitis/hcp/treatment-prevention/index.html

  Counsel travelers at risk for JE about vaccination and using personal protective measures to prevent mosquito bites. […] JE can be prevented through vaccination. One JE vaccine (called IXIARO) is available in the United States. […] Regardless of vaccination status, travelers should be advised to use personal protective measures to decrease exposure to infected mosquitoes. This includes using insect repellent, wearing long-sleeved shirts and pants, and treating clothing and gear with 0.5% permethrin. […] More information about preventing mosquito bites while traveling can be found on the CDC Mosquitoes website.

• #54 Japanese encephalitis

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/japanese-encephalitis

  Japanese encephalitis can be prevented through vaccination. […] Prevention against mosquito bites is crucial to prevent the disease. […] For individuals, protective measures include: using mosquito repellent, the use of mosquito nets, sleeping or in screened or air-conditioned rooms, wearing clothing that covers most of the body.

• #55 Prevention and control of JE :: National Center for Vector Borne Diseases Control (NCVBDC)

  https://ncvbdc.mohfw.gov.in/index1.php?lang=1&level=2&sublinkid=5927&lid=3761

  Prevention and control measures for Japanese Encephalitis (JE) involve a combination of strategies targeting both the vector, pig and the human population. Here are some key approaches: […] Vaccination: As per Govt. of India guidelines, 2 doses of JE vaccine have been approved in UIP to be given one along with measles at the age of 9 months and the second dose with DPT booster at the age of 16-24 months w.e.f. April, 2013. […] The adult JE vaccination was started in 42 districts of three states where JE incidence is occurring among the adult population, namely Assam (9 districts), Uttar Pradesh (7 districts) and West Bengal (26 districts). […] Vector Control: Mosquito control: Targeting mosquito population is an important aspect of JE prevention. […] Personal Protective Measures: Avoiding mosquito bites: Individuals should take precautions to minimize exposure to mosquitoes, particularly during peak biting times (dawn and dusk).

• #56 Prevention and control of JE :: National Center for Vector Borne Diseases Control (NCVBDC)

  https://ncvbdc.mohfw.gov.in/index1.php?lang=1&level=2&sublinkid=5927&lid=3761

  Use of mosquito nets: Sleeping under mosquito nets, especially in areas without access to insecticide-treated bed nets, provides an additional layer of protection against mosquito bites. […] Health Education and Awareness Campaign: Public health education campaign play a vital role in raising awareness about JE, its transmission, and preventive measures.

• #57 Interventions for the Prevention and Treatment of Japanese Encephalitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9510552/

  Although vaccination is the most effective way of control and prevention against JE, some preventive measures can also help, especially in the endemic areas. […] As JE is spread by mosquito vectors, efforts should be made to control the mosquito populations in the endemic areas. […] In case of humans, vaccination is considered to be the best prevention measure against JE, but other precautions are important because access to vaccines is still not available in many underdeveloped countries of the world.

• #58 What Preventive Measures Can Be Taken To Avoid Japanese Encephalitis Infection? – Klarity Health Library

  https://my.klarity.health/what-preventive-measures-can-be-taken-to-avoid-japanese-encephalitis-infection/

  Overall, vaccination is vital in reducing the burden of JEV and is the primary preventative measure for people living in endemic countries or are visiting them. […] Therefore, the aforementioned preventative measures should be performed at all times in endemic regions. […] Because mosquito bites are the primary mode of transmission, preventing mosquito exposure is essential. This can be done by wearing long sleeved clothes and trousers and using mosquito nets. While there is no cure for JEV, there are several types of vaccines available that are safe and effective.

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