Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Japanese Encephalitis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment | Japanese Encephalitis Virus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/japanese-encephalitis/symptoms-diagnosis-treatment/index.html

  There is no specific treatment for Japanese encephalitis. […] Rest, fluids, and pain medications may relieve symptoms. […] There are no medicines available to treat Japanese encephalitis. Treatment is focused on relieving symptoms. However, a vaccine is available to prevent disease. […] Rest, fluids, and over-the-counter pain medications may relieve some symptoms. […] Hospitalization for supportive care and close observation is generally required.

• #2 Treatment and Prevention of Japanese Encephalitis | Japanese Encephalitis Virus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/japanese-encephalitis/hcp/treatment-prevention/index.html

  There is no specific treatment for Japanese encephalitis (JE); clinical management is supportive. […] Patients with severe meningeal symptoms often require pain control for headaches and antiemetic therapy and rehydration for associated nausea and vomiting. […] Patients with encephalitis require close monitoring for the development of elevated intracranial pressure, seizures, and inability to protect their airway.

• #3 What is the treatment of Japanese Encephalitis? :: National Center for Vector Borne Diseases Control (NCVBDC)

  https://ncvbdc.mohfw.gov.in/index1.php?lang=1&level=2&sublinkid=5928&lid=3758

  Management of Encephalitis is essentially symptomatic. […] Currently, there is no specific antiviral treatment for Japanese encephalitis (JE) that can directly target the virus. Therefore, the management of JE primarily focuses on supportive care to relieve symptoms and complications. […] Severe cases of JE often require hospitalization for close monitoring and medical care. This is particularly important for patients with neurological complications or those experiencing severe symptoms. […] Supportive measures are provided to manage symptoms and help the patient to fight the infection. These may include: […] Acetaminophen (paracetamol) may be given to reduce fever and relieve headache or body aches. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are generally avoided due to the risk of bleeding complications. […] Adequate hydration is essential, especially if the patient has high fever, vomiting, or diarrhoea. Intravenous fluids may be administered if necessary.

• #4

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/japanese-encephalitis

  There is no cure for the disease. Treatment is focused on relieving severe clinical signs and supporting the patient to overcome the infection. […] Encephalitis is a medical emergency and requires urgent medical attention. There is no antiviral treatment for patients with JE. Treatment is supportive and includes stabilization and relief of symptoms. […] Those who have lived through encephalitis often have health-care needs requiring long-term treatment and care including rehabilitation. The ongoing psychosocial impacts of disability from encephalitis can have medical, educational, social and human rights-based implications. Despite the high burden of sequelae on people with encephalitis, their families and the community, access to both services and support for these conditions is often insufficient, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Individuals and families with members disabled by encephalitis should be encouraged to seek services and guidance from local and national Organizations of Disabled People (ODPs) and other disability focused organizations, which can provide vital advice about legal rights, economic opportunities and social engagement to ensure people disabled by encephalitis are able to live full and rewarding lives.

• #5 Japanese encephalitis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/japanese-encephalitis/

  You’ll need to be treated in hospital if you’re seriously unwell because Japanese encephalitis can be life-threatening. […] Treatments for Japanese encephalitis include medicines to help relieve the symptoms, such as painkillers and steroids. […] Japanese encephalitis can sometimes cause long-term complications such as paralysis, seizures, and loss of speech.

• #6 Japanese encephalitis clinical update: Changing diseases under a changing climate

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2023/may/japanese-encephalitis-clinical-update

  Presentations of encephalitis and meningitis are medical emergencies that require urgent assessment and management, including general resuscitative measures. Undifferentiated patients should receive empiric antimicrobial therapy, which, in the case of potential bacterial meningitis, should not be delayed to facilitate investigations. Patients presenting to primary care should be transferred to a hospital setting. […] There are no specific drug treatments that have been demonstrated to have efficacy in treating JE, and management is supportive. This includes controlling seizures and managing raised intracranial pressure to minimise neurological damage. Those with permanent neurological sequelae are likely to require long-term follow up.

• #7 Encephalitis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/encephalitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356142

  Autoimmune encephalitis caused by tumors may require treatment of those tumors. This may include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy or a combination of treatments. […] People who are hospitalized with serious encephalitis might need: Breathing assistance, as well as careful monitoring of breathing and heart function. Intravenous fluids to ensure proper hydration and levels of essential minerals. Anti-inflammatory medicines, such as corticosteroids, to reduce swelling and pressure within the skull. Anti-seizure medicines to stop or prevent seizures. […] If you experience complications of encephalitis, you might need additional therapy, such as: Brain rehabilitation to improve cognition and memory. Physical therapy to improve strength, flexibility, balance, motor coordination and mobility. Occupational therapy to develop everyday skills and to use adaptive products that help with everyday activities. Speech therapy to relearn muscle control and coordination to produce speech. Psychotherapy to learn coping strategies and new behavioral skills to improve mood disorders or address personality changes.

• #7 Encephalitis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/encephalitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356142

  Treatment for mild encephalitis usually consists of: Bed rest. Plenty of fluids. Anti-inflammatory medicines such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve) to relieve headaches and fevers. […] Encephalitis caused by certain viruses usually requires antiviral treatment. Antiviral medicines commonly used to treat encephalitis include: Acyclovir (Zovirax, Sitavig). Ganciclovir. Foscarnet (Foscavir). […] If the tests show an autoimmune cause of encephalitis, then medicines that target your immune system, known as immunomodulatory medicines, or other treatments may be started. These may include: Intravenous or oral corticosteroids. Intravenous immunoglobulin. Plasma exchange. […] Some people with autoimmune encephalitis need long-term treatment with immunosuppressive medicines. These may include azathioprine (Imuran, Azasan), mycophenolate mofetil (CellCept), rituximab (Rituxan) or tocilizumab (Actemra).

• #8 For health professionals: Japanese encephalitis – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/japanese-encephalitis/health-professionals-japanese-encephalitis.html

  There is no specific treatment for Japanese encephalitis. However, medical care can help with recovery and the control of symptoms. […] Medical care consists of supportive care, such as: management of seizures, control of intracranial pressure, prevention of secondary complications.

• #9 Indian Pediatrics – Editorial

  https://www.indianpediatrics.net/nov2001/nov-1252-1264.htm

  1. ABCs of resuscitation 2. Seizure management: Avoid sedating antiepileptic drugs like phenobarbitone since sedation interferes with the assessment of depth of coma. It may be used if sedation also is desired along with seizure control. Intravenous phenytoin may be used. Rectal diazepam/valproate also can be used. 3. For raised intracranial tension: Osmotic diuretics must be used in minimum necessary doses for the minimum necessary period only. The loop diuretic Frusedmide alone causes a slow reduction in ICT, but when combined with mannitol, the fall in ICT is rapid and remains low for a considerably longer period than when either agent is used alone. The role of steroids is controversial. Long-term hyperventilation is not useful. 4. Restlessness and agitation during recovery may require diazepam or chloral hydrate or haloperidol. 5. Minimize external stimulation (loud sounds, bright lights, touching) since it will increase brain metabolism and so increase brain damage in the face of limited oxygen and nutrient supplies. 6. Restlessness and agitation during recovery may require diazepam or haloperidol. 7. Prevent and treat pain as pain increases cerebral metabolism. 8. Nutrition and fluids are given by tube feeding if there is no risk of aspiration. Enteral nutrition is better than total parenteral nutrition in the critically ill patient because of its beneficial effects directly on the gastrointestinal integrity and indirectly on hormones and immune function. If there is risk of aspiration, intravenous maintenance fluids are given. Supplemental therapeutic doses of vitamins and other micronutrients (iron, zinc, copper, chromium) must be given. 9. Antibiotics to be used as and when necessary.

• #9 Indian Pediatrics – Editorial

  https://www.indianpediatrics.net/nov2001/nov-1252-1264.htm

  Recurrence of symptoms after apparent recovery with fresh neurologic deficits or mortality can occur. The virus remains latent in peripheral lymphocytes, and can later cause recrudescence. […] Long Term Therapeutic Measures: Drug Therapy, physiotherapy and rehabilitation measures are necessary for survivors with sequelae like seizures, paralysis, psychiatric problems, movement disorders, incontinence and Parkinsonism. […] Long Term Preventive Measures: Measures to control mosquitoes, shifting pigsties, environmental sanitation (prevents many other diseases also), avoiding mosquito bites (prevents many other diseases also), and vaccination of the susceptible population (best of all measures) are useful.

• #10 Interventions for the Prevention and Treatment of Japanese Encephalitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9510552/

  Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a neuroinvasive disease that causes symptoms ranging from simple fever to severe encephalitis and death. Despite a vast number of clinical trials on various drugs, there is still no complete cure available, and it can only be prevented by adequate vaccination. […] Given the potential severity of the disease and its ability to spread in non-endemic areas, the lack of research in the treatment options for JE is a serious concern. An effective treatment is yet to be developed for the cure of JE. However, supportive treatment is beneficial in JE patients and certain clinical problems that elevate the risk of death are controllable. […] In case of seizures, the increase in intracranial pressure can be mitigated by the use of mannitol. […] In order to find a cure against JE, clinical trials have been conducted on various drugs like dexamethasone, minocycline and ribavirin which have been discussed in the following subsections.

• #10 Interventions for the Prevention and Treatment of Japanese Encephalitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9510552/

  Dexamethasone is a steroidal drug that was investigated as a potential treatment for JE. […] However, 13 patients were a too small sample to draw any type of conclusion. […] These studies suggested that dexamethasone could not provide any significant benefits in the treatment of JE in the clinical trials. […] Minocycline could act as a potential anti-JE drug and further trials are required to be carried out taking a larger pool of subjects. […] Ribavirin was ineffective against early mortality in children occurring due to JE. […] Therefore, it can be concluded that though ribavirin has broad-spectrum antiviral action, it was ineffective to show any type of activity against JEV and is not recommended to be used for the treatment of JE. […] IVIG could be considered to be used as a potential treatment against JE, but the number of subjects in the above study was too low to derive any type of significant conclusion.

• #10 Interventions for the Prevention and Treatment of Japanese Encephalitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9510552/

  Interferon (IFN)- 2a was ineffective in JE patients since 21 children died and 17 had major sequelae. […] The drugs under investigation did not show any significant beneficial action in the treatment of JE. Hence, further research is required to find potential drugs for the effective treatment of JE. For now, vaccination remains the only way of protection against JEV infection.

• #11 Prevention, diagnosis, and management of Japanese encephalitis in chil | PHMT

  https://www.dovepress.com/prevention-diagnosis-and-management-of-japanese-encephalitis-in-childr-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-PHMT

  Treatment is essentially supportive and no antiviral has yet proven effective in randomized controlled trials. […] To date, treatment of JE is essentially supportive. A severe case should be managed in an intensive care unit. Supportive measures include maintenance of airways, breathing and circulation, hydration, electrolyte status, and control of pyrexia and convulsions. It is prudent to use appropriate parenteral antibiotics to cover for bacterial infection. Raised intracranial tension should be controlled with mannitol infusion (0.25 to 1.0 gm/kg every 46 hours), intravenous furosemide or intermittent positive pressure ventilation to keep arterial carbon dioxide tension between 2530 mmHg. Proper nursing care is of paramount importance to prevent aspiration pneumonia and bedsores. Adequate nutrition must be maintained to prevent malnutrition. The role of steroids in acute viral encephalitis is debatable. Theoretical arguments exist for and against their use. A study that evaluated high dose dexamethasone in JE found no benefit of steroid therapy. […] Randomized controlled trials with antivirals interferon alfa and nasogastric ribavirin did not yield benefit. Minocycline, a tetracycline drug with antibacterial and neuroprotective properties, has recently been shown to be effective against the JE virus in an animal model.

• #12 Japanese encephalitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_encephalitis

  There is no specific treatment for Japanese encephalitis and treatment is supportive, with assistance given for feeding, breathing or seizure control as required. Raised intracranial pressure may be managed with mannitol. […] A breakthrough in the field of Japanese encephalitis therapeutics is the identification of macrophage receptor involvement in the disease severity. A recent report of an Indian group demonstrates the involvement of monocyte and macrophage receptor CLEC5A in severe inflammatory response in Japanese encephalitis infection of the brain. This transcriptomic study provides a hypothesis of neuroinflammation and a new lead in development of appropriate therapies for Japanese encephalitis. […] The effectiveness of intravenous immunoglobulin for Japanese encephalitis is unclear due to a paucity of evidence. Intravenous immunoglobulin for Japanese encephalitis appeared to have no benefit.

• #13 Management of Japanese Encephalitis: A Current Update

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8136081/

  Japanese encephalitis (JE) continues to be one of the worlds most serious infections with no definitive treatment or guidelines. […] Our review focuses on the recent updates on Japanese encephalitis treatment. […] Overall, only minocycline had promising results because one of the two studies showed statistically significant results. […] The study with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) did not improve the outcomes; however, it increased the levels of neutralizing antibodies. […] Further study with higher doses may change the outcomes in patients with JE. […] The other drugs failed to show promising results. […] Dexamethasone did not make statistically significant improvements to support its use. […] While minocycline showed efficacy in vitro and animal studies, trials on humans were not conclusive in one study, but the second study showed a statistically significant difference.

• #13 Management of Japanese Encephalitis: A Current Update

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8136081/

  Clinical findings did not support the use of IVIG as a treatment approach. […] Interferon use has contradictory results between studies and is a matter of further investigation. […] Finally, acyclovir did not improve the outcome of patients during the JE outbreak. […] Among all drugs, minocycline showed the most promising results, with one study showing statistically significant results and another study showed a positive trend. […] The IVIG did not improve patients’ outcomes but increase the level of neutralizing antibodies, IL-4, and IL-6; further studies with higher doses might change the outcomes in patients with JE. […] Overall, the other drugs failed to show promising results. […] In general, more studies should be done on most of the drugs discussed in this review.

• #14 Japanese encephalitis | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/japanese-encephalitis

  In Korea, Son and colleagues treated eight patients with combination therapy that included immunoglobulin, ribavirin, and interferon alpha-2b. […] During follow-up, four treated patients (50%) showed partial recovery, whereas one patient (12.5%) showed complete recovery. […] Patients are given supportive treatment that involves controlling convulsions with raised intracranial pressure when they occur. […] Corticosteroids were given for many years, but a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial of dexamethasone failed to show any benefit.

• #15 Japanese encephalitis — the prospects for new treatments | Nature Reviews Neurology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrneurol.2018.30

  Ivermectin is a potent inhibitor of flavivirus replication specifically targeting NS3 helicase activity: new prospects for an old drug. […] Novel strategy for treatment of Japanese encephalitis using arctigenin, a plant lignan. […] Nitazoxanide inhibits the replication of Japanese encephalitis virus in cultured cells and in a mouse model. […] Antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects of rosmarinic acid in an experimental murine model of Japanese encephalitis. […] Minocycline neuroprotects, reduces microglial activation, inhibits caspase 3 induction, and viral replication following Japanese encephalitis. […] Fenofibrate reduces mortality and precludes neurological deficits in survivors in murine model of Japanese encephalitis viral infection. […] Pentoxifylline inhibits replication of Japanese encephalitis virus: a comparative study with ribavirin.

• #15 Japanese encephalitis — the prospects for new treatments | Nature Reviews Neurology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrneurol.2018.30

  Many potential treatment targets exist for Japanese encephalitis, and pathogenesis and virological studies have uncovered mechanisms by which these drugs could work. […] In this Review, we summarize the epidemiology, clinical features, prevention and treatment of Japanese encephalitis and focus on potential new therapeutic strategies, based on repurposing existing compounds that are already suitable for human use and could be trialled without delay. […] A preliminary randomized double blind placebo-controlled trial of intravenous immunoglobulin for Japanese encephalitis in Nepal. […] Randomized, controlled trial of oral ribavirin for Japanese encephalitis in children in Uttar Pradesh, India. […] Minocycline trial in japanese encephalitis: a double blind, randomized placebo study. […] Potential chemotherapeutic targets for Japanese encephalitis: current status of antiviral drug development and future challenges.

• #15 Japanese encephalitis — the prospects for new treatments | Nature Reviews Neurology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrneurol.2018.30

  Japanese encephalitis is a severe disease caused by Japanese encephalitis virus, genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae, which is endemic to most of rural Asia and for which no specific treatment exists. […] Pathogenesis studies indicate that inhibition of viral replication, viral spread and the host response are needed in combination for optimal therapy. […] Animal models and in vitro experiments highlight a number of compounds that are potentially suitable for treatment of Japanese encephalitis in humans that could be tested without delay. […] The minimum clinically significant treatment effect has probably been underestimated, and previous clinical trials of Japanese encephalitis have been too small; larger, pragmatic trials are needed. […] Despite substantial advances in our understanding of Japanese encephalitis from in vitro studies and animal models, studies of pathogenesis and treatment in humans are lagging behind.

• #16 Current Advances in Japanese Encephalitis Virus Drug Development

  https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/16/2/202

  One novel compound is CW-33 (ethyl 2-(3′,5′-dimethylanilino)-4-oxo-4,5-dihydrofuran-3-carboxylate), which acts as an inhibitor displaying inhibitory activity against JEV. […] Minocycline offered protection to JEV-infected mice when administered on day six following infection and after the onset of encephalitic symptoms. […] The proposed mechanism is probably the interference of JEV replication at the post-translational modification stage, leading to an indirect impact on the ER microenvironment. […] The path to host-directed antivirals for the treatment of JEV infection is promising, and investment in a deep understanding of the JEV life cycle, from viral attachment and entry to replication, maturation, and release at the molecular level, could also contribute to novel and effective treatment strategies.

• #16 Current Advances in Japanese Encephalitis Virus Drug Development

  https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/16/2/202

  Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) belongs to the Flaviviridae family and is a representative mosquito-borne flavivirus responsible for acute encephalitis and meningitis in humans. […] To date, there is no specific clinically approved treatment for JEV infection; only symptomatic treatments are available, highlighting the urgency and importance of developing effective therapeutics. […] A critical primary point to include in the TPP for JEV therapeutics is that drugs for acute infection must cross the BBB to reach the ultimate target cells of viral infection. […] The identification of host and viral factors involved in JEV entry has been an active area of scientific investigation in the literature. […] The JEV E protein is a class II viral fusion protein that mediates host cell entry, making interference with E protein–host receptor interactions an attractive strategy for JEV drug development.

• #16 Current Advances in Japanese Encephalitis Virus Drug Development

  https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/16/2/202

  Recently, the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), a single-chain transmembrane glycoprotein, was identified as a host factor necessary for JEV entry. […] The antiviral and anti-inflammatory compound curcumin (Cur), which originates from the roots of Curcuma longa, faces limitations in biomedical research due to its elevated cytotoxicity and extremely low solubility. […] The findings indicate that Cur-CQDs can effectively attach to the JEV surface and prevent its attachment and/or entry into the host cell by binding to the E-S123/K312 sites of the E protein. […] The RdRps of the flaviviruses are similar, with JEV and WNV sharing 70% identity with ZIKV, whereas DENV-2 and DENV-3 share 76% and 81% identity, respectively. […] The JEV NS2B-NS3 serine protease plays a key role in the cytoplasmic cleavage events that occur during viral polyprotein maturation.

• #17 1636 Intravenous immunoglobulin to treat Japanese encephalitis; a randomised controlled trial in Nepalese children | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

  https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/83/3/e1.141

  IVIG with neutralising antibody may be an effective treatment for Japanese encephalitis and other flaviviral encephalitis due to anti-inflammatory effects, immune augmentation and JEV neutralisation. […] We performed a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial of IVIG in 22 Nepalese children with suspected Japanese encephalitis, 13 of whom had serologically confirmed infection. […] There were no significant differences in outcome.

• #18 Potential therapy for Japanese encephalitis

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nindia.2017.38

  Researchers have gained new insights into how the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) evades immune response and proliferates in the brain by using hosts RNA molecules. They have shown that inhibiting the tiny molecules activity can stop the virus replicating. […] Existing therapies for Japanese encephalitis only relieve the symptoms, but do not offer a cure. […] Treating JEV-infected mice with Morpholino, a molecule that inhibits the activity of miR-301a relieved clinical symptoms of Japanese encephalitis such as paralysis and weight loss. […] The results show that miR-301a might be a potential therapeutic target and anti-miR-301a therapy can be used to treat JEV infection in humans, says lead author Bibhabasu Hazra from the NBRC, Haryana.

• #19 What Are The Treatment Options For Japanese Encephalitis? – Klarity Health Library

  https://my.klarity.health/what-are-the-treatment-options-for-japanese-encephalitis/

  Supportive care is given as primary treatment to prevent further complications that could arise from JE. […] Symptomatic treatment is individualised for each patient and is dependent on the symptoms they experience. […] Effective management of intracranial pressure (ICP) is crucial in Japanese Encephalitis (JE), as controlling risk factors that elevate ICP significantly reduces both mortality and morbidity. […] Therefore, management of ICP in JE is mainly to prevent cerebral damage and to preserve neurological function. […] Rehabilitation post-infection is important for survivors to regain daily living skills and work towards independence.

• #20 Japanese encephalitis: Symptoms, treatment, transmission, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/181418

  There is no treatment or cure for Japanese encephalitis. […] Once a person has the disease, treatment can only relieve the symptoms. […] Antibiotics are not effective against viruses, and effective anti-viral drugs are available. […] Prevention is the best form of treatment for Japanese encephalitis. […] The main therapy is supportive care. There are medications to help the swelling in the brain, and sometimes a person might require heavy sedation and a breathing tube for a period of time until the swelling in the brain begins to improve.

• #21 Japanese Encephalitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/21061

  A safe, effective vaccine exists and may be administered in a short-course regimen. The vaccine is quite underutilized. The current Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations for the use of the Japanese encephalitis vaccine are as follows: The vaccine is recommended for travelers who plan to spend one month or more in endemic areas during the transmission season. This includes travelers who will be based primarily in urban areas. The vaccine should be considered for short-term travelers (less than one month) who are planning to spend substantial amounts of time outdoors in rural or agricultural areas, those who plan to participate in outdoor activities and those staying in areas without air conditioning, screens or bed nets. It should also be considered in travelers to an area with a known outbreak and those with uncertain destinations, activities, and duration of travel. The vaccine is not currently recommended for travelers with short-term travel plans to urban areas only.

• #21 Japanese Encephalitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/21061

  There is no effective antiviral therapy for Japanese encephalitis. Management is limited to supportive care with intravenous (IV) fluids and antipyretics. Anticonvulsants may be required for seizure control. Survivors often have poor neurologic outcomes requiring long-term care due to neurologic devastation and ongoing psychiatric symptoms. Up to 30% will suffer permanent intellectual, behavioral or neurologic issues ranging from paralysis, recurrent seizures or inability to speak or perform independent activities of daily living.[9][10] […] Since there is no effective treatment prevention is critical. This is best accomplished by avoiding mosquito bites entirely. Even very short periods of outdoor exposure can result in bites, so proper protective clothing that includes long sleeves, long pants, socks, and closed-toe shoes should be worn. Pant legs can be tucked into socks to prevent bites to exposed ankles. Transmission is common during the warmer months and mosquitoes may bite through very thin clothing so treating clothing with repellents containing permethrin, DEET or other EPA-registered insect repellants will reduce this risk. Transmission is most frequent when mosquitoes feed, between dawn and dusk, so outdoor activities during this period should be avoided. Travelers should sleep in air-conditioned spaces or use mosquito nets or screens to prevent bites during sleep.

• #22

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Pages/japanese_encephalitis.aspx

  There is no specific treatment for Japanese encephalitis. Patients with symptoms often need hospital support and sometimes intensive care. […] Vaccination against Japanese encephalitis is recommended for those at the highest risk of getting Japanese Encephalitis. […] Vaccine is also recommended to some people travelling to high-risk countries.

• #23 Japanese encephalitis virus vaccine (intramuscular route) – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/japanese-encephalitis-virus-vaccine-intramuscular-route/description/drg-20072758

  Japanese encephalitis virus vaccine, inactivated, adsorbed (Ixiaro) is used to prevent infection caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus. It works by causing your body to produce its own protection (antibodies) against the virus. […] This vaccine is to be given only by or under the direct supervision of your doctor. […] A nurse or other trained health professional will give you this vaccine. It is given as a shot into the muscle of your upper arm or thigh. […] This vaccine is given in 2 doses. Dose 2 is scheduled 28 days after Dose 1. It is very important that you receive both doses of the vaccine at least 7 days before you plan to travel out of the country. […] You may need a booster dose if you continue to be exposed to the virus or might be exposed again. Get the booster dose at least 11 months after your last scheduled dose.

• #24

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11908-022-00786-1

  JE is a neuroinvasive disease that causes symptoms ranging from simple fever to severe encephalitis and death. Despite a vast number of clinical trials on various drugs, there is still no complete cure available, and it can only be prevented by adequate vaccination. Various nanotechnological approaches for the prevention and treatment of JE are outlined in this review. […] Proposes the use of nanotechnology in the treatment of JE infection.

Zobacz więcej