Grzybica paznokci
Epidemiologia

Grzybica paznokci (onychomycosis) stanowi około 50% wszystkich chorób paznokci i 30% grzybic skóry, z globalną częstością występowania około 5,5%, choć wartości te różnią się regionalnie (np. 3-13,8% w Ameryce Północnej, do 27% w Europie, do 20% w Azji Wschodniej). Choroba dotyka głównie paznokci stóp (około 7-krotnie częściej niż rąk), a ryzyko wzrasta znacząco z wiekiem – u osób powyżej 70 lat częstość może sięgać 50-90%. Czynniki ryzyka obejmują zaawansowany wiek, cukrzycę (1,9-2,8-krotnie zwiększone ryzyko), łuszczycę, immunosupresję, choroby naczyń obwodowych, urazy paznokci, a także styl życia (np. noszenie obuwia okluzyjnego, aktywność sportowa). Dominującymi patogenami są dermatofity (60-70% zakażeń), głównie Trichophyton rubrum (około 45%), ale także drożdżaki (10-20%) i grzyby niedermatofitowe (30-40%), których udział rośnie w cieplejszych klimatach. Wzrost oporności na terbinafinę, zwłaszcza w Indiach i Europie, stanowi istotne wyzwanie terapeutyczne.

Epidemiologia grzybicy paznokci

Grzybica paznokci (onychomycosis) jest jedną z najczęściej występujących dermatologicznych chorób zakaźnych, stanowiąc około 50% wszystkich chorób paznokci na świecie oraz około 30% wszystkich grzybiczych zakażeń skóry.12 Szacuje się, że globalna częstość występowania grzybicy paznokci wynosi około 5,5%, jednak wartości te różnią się znacząco w zależności od regionu geograficznego i badanej populacji.34

W różnych badaniach epidemiologicznych obserwuje się duże rozbieżności w częstości występowania grzybicy paznokci: w Ameryce Północnej i Europie wynosi ona od 3% do 13,8% populacji ogólnej, w Europie zgłaszano rozpowszechnienie sięgające 27% w niektórych badaniach, w Wielkiej Brytanii 3-8%, natomiast w Kanadzie oszacowano ją na około 6,48%.567 Szczególnie wysokie wartości odnotowano w Azji Wschodniej, gdzie częstość występowania może sięgać nawet 20%, podczas gdy w krajach tropikalnych Azji Południowo-Wschodniej jest znacznie niższa i wynosi około 3,8%.89

Różnice geograficzne i demograficzne

Częstość występowania grzybicy paznokci wykazuje znaczące różnice geograficzne, co może być związane z czynnikami klimatycznymi, środowiskowymi i społecznymi. W klimacie tropikalnym grzybica paznokci stóp jest mniej powszechna, prawdopodobnie ze względu na mniejszą tendencję do noszenia obuwia okluzyjnego, które tworzy ciepłe i wilgotne środowisko sprzyjające rozwojowi grzybów.10 Z kolei w klimacie ciepłym i wilgotnym, jak w Indiach, odnotowuje się wyższą częstość występowania grzybicy paznokci.11

Obserwuje się również znaczące różnice w etiologii grzybicy paznokci w zależności od regionu geograficznego. W niektórych obszarach świata grzyby niebędące dermatofitami mogą być odpowiedzialne za większą liczbę przypadków niż w innych regionach.1213 Przykładowo, w badaniu przeprowadzonym w Pakistanie, wśród zakażeń grzybiczych paznokci dominowały zakażenia wywołane przez Aspergillus species (22,22%), natomiast Candida species i Epidermophyton stanowiły po 4,17% zakażeń.14

Zróżnicowanie wiekowe

Częstość występowania grzybicy paznokci wyraźnie zwiększa się wraz z wiekiem.1516 Dorośli są około 30 razy bardziej narażeni na grzybicę paznokci niż dzieci.17 W badaniach epidemiologicznych wskazuje się następujące wskaźniki występowania grzybicy paznokci w zależności od wieku:

  • U dzieci i młodzieży poniżej 18 roku życia: 0,44-2,6%1819
  • U osób dorosłych ogółem: około 3-10%2021
  • U osób w wieku 46-59 lat: zwiększone ryzyko22
  • U osób w wieku 60 lat i starszych: 18,2-28%232425
  • U osób powyżej 70 lat: może sięgać 50-90%2627

Wzrost częstości występowania grzybicy paznokci z wiekiem jest związany z wieloma czynnikami, w tym z gorszym krążeniem obwodowym, zaburzeniami immunologicznymi, częstszym występowaniem chorób towarzyszących, wolniejszym tempem wzrostu paznokci oraz dłuższym czasem ekspozycji na patogenne grzyby.2829

Różnice płciowe

Większość badań epidemiologicznych wykazuje, że grzybica paznokci częściej występuje u mężczyzn niż u kobiet, choć dane te mogą różnić się w zależności od badanej populacji.3031 Mężczyźni są nawet do trzech razy bardziej narażeni na grzybicę paznokci w porównaniu z kobietami, choć dokładne przyczyny tej różnicy nie są w pełni wyjaśnione.32 Niektóre badania sugerują, że wyższa częstość występowania u mężczyzn może być związana z:

  • Częstszym używaniem obuwia okluzyjnego33
  • Większą ekspozycją na warunki zewnętrzne34
  • Zwiększoną aktywnością fizyczną prowadzącą do częstszych urazów paznokci35

Warto jednak zauważyć, że zakażenia wywołane przez drożdżaki Candida oraz niektóre grzyby pleśniowe są częstsze u kobiet niż u mężczyzn.36 Ponadto, w niektórych badaniach z Brazylii odnotowano wyższą częstość występowania grzybicy paznokci u kobiet (29,1%), co może wskazywać na regionalne różnice w epidemiologii tej choroby.37

Lokalizacja zakażenia

Grzybica paznokci znacznie częściej dotyczy paznokci stóp niż paznokci rąk. Paznokcie stóp są około siedem razy częściej zajęte niż paznokcie rąk, głównie ze względu na trzykrotnie wolniejszy wzrost, co ułatwia kolonizację przez grzyby.38 W przypadku grzybicy paznokci stóp najczęściej zajęty jest paznokieć palucha.39

Najczęstszym rodzajem klinicznym grzybicy paznokci jest dystalno-boczna grzybica podpaznokciowa (DLSO), następnie całkowita dystroficzna grzybica paznokci, powierzchowna biała grzybica i proksymalna podpaznokciowa grzybica paznokci.40

Czynniki ryzyka grzybicy paznokci

Zidentyfikowano wiele czynników ryzyka, które zwiększają prawdopodobieństwo rozwoju grzybicy paznokci. Należą do nich czynniki zarówno osobnicze, jak i środowiskowe.4142

Wiek i czynniki demograficzne

Zaawansowany wiek jest jednym z najważniejszych czynników ryzyka rozwoju grzybicy paznokci.43 Osoby powyżej 60. roku życia są szczególnie narażone ze względu na:

  • Gorsze krążenie obwodowe44
  • Suboptymalne funkcjonowanie układu odpornościowego45
  • Wolniejszy wzrost paznokci46
  • Dłuższą ekspozycję na patogenne grzyby47
  • Zwiększoną częstość występowania chorób współistniejących48

Choroby współistniejące

Liczne choroby współistniejące zwiększają ryzyko rozwoju grzybicy paznokci:

  • Cukrzyca: pacjenci z cukrzycą mają 1,9-2,8 razy większe ryzyko rozwoju grzybicy paznokci w porównaniu z populacją ogólną. Szacuje się, że około 34-50% pacjentów z cukrzycą ma zmiany w obrębie paznokci, z czego 57-65% jest spowodowanych przez grzybicę paznokci.495051
  • Łuszczyca: grzybica paznokci występuje u około jednej trzeciej pacjentów z łuszczycą i jest u nich o 56% częstsza niż w populacji ogólnej.52
  • Zaburzenia odporności: osoby z HIV lub innymi stanami upośledzenia odporności są szczególnie narażone na grzybicę paznokci, z częstością występowania wynoszącą od 15% do 40% u osób z HIV.5354
  • Choroby naczyń obwodowych: gorsze krążenie obwodowe zwiększa ryzyko rozwoju grzybicy paznokci.55
  • Hemodializa: pacjenci poddawani hemodializie często cierpią na grzybicze zakażenia paznokci, co może być związane z pierwotną przyczyną niewydolności nerek, jak nefropatia cukrzycowa.56

Czynniki genetyczne i rodzinne

Predyspozycje genetyczne odgrywają istotną rolę w rozwoju grzybicy paznokci. Wykazano występowanie infekcji grzybiczych paznokci w schematach rodzinnych, co może sugerować pionowe rozprzestrzenianie się grzybicy paznokci w rodzinie lub wspólną predyspozycję genetyczną.57 Ponadto, mieszkanie z członkami rodziny cierpiącymi na grzybicę paznokci zwiększa ryzyko zakażenia.58

Czynniki związane ze stylem życia

Wiele czynników związanych ze stylem życia może zwiększać ryzyko rozwoju grzybicy paznokci:

  • Aktywność sportowa: intensywne uczestnictwo w zajęciach sportowych zwiększa ryzyko urazów paznokci i ekspozycji na patogeny w obiektach sportowych.59
  • Obuwie okluzyjne: noszenie zamkniętego, nieprzepuszczającego powietrza obuwia tworzy ciepłe, wilgotne środowisko sprzyjające rozwojowi grzybów.60
  • Obiekty publiczne: korzystanie ze wspólnych pryszniców, szatni i basenów zwiększa ryzyko ekspozycji na grzyby.61
  • Palenie tytoniu: palenie zostało zidentyfikowane jako czynnik ryzyka grzybicy paznokci.62
  • Urazy paznokci: powtarzające się urazy paznokci zwiększają podatność na zakażenia grzybicze.63
  • Zawód: niektóre zawody wiążące się z częstym kontaktem z wodą, chemikaliami lub narażeniem na urazy mogą zwiększać ryzyko grzybicy paznokci, w tym rolnicy, rybacy i osoby prowadzące gospodarstwo domowe.64

Czynniki kulturowe i środowiskowe

Czynniki kulturowe i środowiskowe również odgrywają rolę w epidemiologii grzybicy paznokci:

  • Chodzenie boso w miejscach publicznych65
  • Noszenie niewłaściwie dopasowanego obuwia66
  • Obgryzanie paznokci (onychofagia)67
  • Praca z chemikaliami68
  • Klimat – wilgotne i ciepłe środowisko sprzyja rozwojowi grzybów69

Etiologia grzybicy paznokci

Grzybica paznokci może być wywoływana przez różne rodzaje grzybów, przy czym rozkład czynników etiologicznych różni się w zależności od lokalizacji geograficznej.70 Główne grupy grzybów powodujących grzybicę paznokci to:

Dermatofity

Dermatofity są najczęstszymi czynnikami etiologicznymi grzybicy paznokci, odpowiadając za 60-70% wszystkich zakażeń.71 Najczęściej występującymi dermatofitami w grzybicy paznokci są:

Dermatofity najczęściej występują w paznokciach stóp, stanowiąc około 90% zakażeń paznokci stóp i 50% zakażeń paznokci rąk.74

Grzyby pleśniowe niebędące dermatofitami (NDM)

Grzyby niebędące dermatofitami mogą stanowić 30-40% wszystkich zakażeń grzybiczych paznokci.75 Zakażenia NDM głównie dotyczą paznokci stóp i okazjonalnie paznokci rąk.76 Najczęściej izolowane NDM to:

Zajęcie paznokci przez grzyby pleśniowe należy podejrzewać przy braku grzybicy stóp, wywiadzie urazu oraz zajęciu jednego lub dwóch paznokci stóp z zapaleniem okołopaznokciowym.80

Drożdżaki

Drożdżaki są odpowiedzialne za około 10-20% zakażeń grzybiczych paznokci.81 Najczęściej izolowane drożdżaki to:

Drożdżaki są teraz coraz częściej rozpoznawane jako patogeny w zakażeniach paznokci rąk, szczególnie u osób z obniżoną/upośledzoną odpornością, osób starszych, chorych na cukrzycę, z chorobami naczyniowymi i poddawanych antybiotykoterapii o szerokim spektrum.85

Nadzór i monitorowanie grzybicy paznokci

Pomimo znaczącego wpływu grzybicy paznokci na zdrowie publiczne, istniejące systemy nadzoru i monitorowania tej choroby są niewystarczające w wielu krajach.86

Ograniczenia w nadzorze

Zgłoszono, że 185 krajów ma nieodpowiednie krajowe repozytoria danych lub nie posiada centrum nadzoru nad zakażeniami grzybiczymi.87 Sytuacja ta prowadzi do niedoszacowania rzeczywistego obciążenia grzybicą paznokci i utrudnia opracowanie skutecznych strategii prewencyjnych i terapeutycznych.

W Europie tylko 3,4% lekarzy podstawowej opieki zdrowotnej i około 40% dermatologów regularnie pobiera próbki do badań mikologicznych w przypadku podejrzenia grzybicy paznokci.88 Oznacza to, że w wielu przypadkach brak jest informacji o czynnikach etiologicznych, co utrudnia wybór odpowiedniego leczenia.89

Potrzeba usprawnienia nadzoru

Istnieje pilna potrzeba opracowania krajowych strategii monitorowania zakażeń grzybiczych i projektowania sposobów zapobiegania chorobom grzybiczym.90 Właściwy nadzór nad grzybicą paznokci jest istotny z kilku powodów:

  • Umożliwienie dokładniejszych szacunków dotyczących obciążenia chorobą91
  • Monitorowanie wzorców oporności na leki przeciwgrzybicze92
  • Identyfikacja czynników ryzyka specyficznych dla danej populacji93
  • Opracowanie ukierunkowanych strategii prewencyjnych94

Rosnący problem oporności przeciwgrzybiczej

Oporna na środki przeciwgrzybicze grzybica paznokci jest pojawiającym się problemem zdrowia publicznego.95 Coraz częściej zgłaszane są przypadki oporności na terbinafine – jeden z najczęściej stosowanych leków przeciwgrzybiczych w leczeniu grzybicy paznokci – szczególnie w Indiach i Europie.96

Najczęściej identyfikowanymi gatunkami opornymi są Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton interdigitale/mentagrophytes i Trichophyton indotineae. Oporność na terbinafine powstaje, gdy dochodzi do mutacji punktowych w genie oksydazy skwalenowej.97 Pojawienie się i rozprzestrzenianie się tych opornych organizmów stanowi istotny problem zdrowia publicznego, który może mieć znaczące konsekwencje w przypadkach grzybicy paznokci.98

Wpływ na zdrowie publiczne

Grzybica paznokci, choć często postrzegana głównie jako problem kosmetyczny, ma znaczący wpływ na zdrowie publiczne i jakość życia pacjentów.99

Wpływ na jakość życia

Grzybica paznokci może powodować znaczący dyskomfort, ból i ograniczenia w codziennym funkcjonowaniu. W zaawansowanych stadiach może prowadzić do ograniczeń fizycznych i zawodowych oraz wpływać na jakość życia.100 Ponadto pacjenci mogą doświadczać stygmatyzacji społecznej związanej z widocznymi zmianami w obrębie paznokci.101

Powikłania i szerzenie zakażenia

Grzybica paznokci może prowadzić do różnych powikłań, zwłaszcza u osób z cukrzycą i obniżoną odpornością. Nieleczona może stanowić rezerwuar zakażeń grzybiczych, które mogą rozprzestrzeniać się na inne części ciała i przenosić na inne osoby.102103

Opisywane powikłania obejmują:

  • Wtórne zakażenia bakteryjne, w tym zapalenie tkanki łącznej, szczególnie u osób z cukrzycą104
  • Zapalenie szpiku kostnego i martwica u osób starszych i z cukrzycą105
  • Ból i ograniczenie funkcji u osób starszych106

Paznokcie zajęte grzybicą mogą również stanowić rezerwuar dla dermatofitoz i prowadzić do nawracającej grzybicy stóp oraz przenoszenia zakażenia przez samozakażenie na inne części ciała, takie jak ręce i pachwiny.107

Wyzwania związane z leczeniem

Leczenie grzybicy paznokci nadal stanowi wyzwanie, z wysokim wskaźnikiem nawrotów i niepowodzeń leczenia. Wskaźnik nawrotów grzybicy paznokci wynosi od 10% do 53%, niezależnie od zastosowanej metody leczenia.108 Około 16-25% pacjentów nie osiąga wyleczenia przy zastosowaniu obecnych metod leczenia.109

Wskaźniki wyleczenia mykologicznego różnią się w zależności od stosowanego leczenia i wynoszą około 76% dla terbinafine, 63% dla itrakonazolu w dawkowaniu pulsacyjnym, 59% dla itrakonazolu w dawkowaniu ciągłym i 48% dla flukonazolu.110 Pełne wskaźniki wyleczenia (zarówno mykologiczne, jak i kliniczne) są zwykle niższe i wynoszą 35-55% dla terbinafiny, 14-43% dla itrakonazolu i 21-48% dla flukonazolu.111

Zakażenia wywołane przez grzyby niebędące dermatofitami są szczególnie trudne do wyleczenia i mogą wymagać kombinacji terapii miejscowej i ogólnoustrojowej.112 Grzybica paznokci wywołana przez niedematofity często wymaga dłuższego leczenia w porównaniu z leczeniem zakażenia paznokci wywołanego przez dermatofity, a możliwość nawrotu jest również wyższa.113

Trendy w epidemiologii grzybicy paznokci

W ostatnich dziesięcioleciach obserwuje się zmiany w epidemiologii grzybicy paznokci, które mogą mieć istotne implikacje dla strategii leczenia i zapobiegania.114

Wzrost częstości występowania

Wskazuje się na trend wzrostowy częstości występowania grzybicy paznokci w wielu regionach świata.115 Wśród czynników przyczyniających się do tego wzrostu wymienia się:

  • Starzenie się populacji116
  • Rosnącą częstość występowania cukrzycy117
  • Częstsze występowanie immunosupresji118
  • Większe uczestnictwo w zajęciach sportowych119
  • Korzystanie z komercyjnych basenów120
  • Zmiany w stylu życia i praktykach higienicznych121

Zmiany w etiologii

Obserwuje się również zmiany w spektrum patogenów powodujących grzybicę paznokci. Badania wykazują, że zakażenia mieszane, zakażenia niedematofitami i drożdżakami są bardziej powszechne niż wcześniej sądzono, szczególnie w cieplejszych klimatach.122

Ponadto, wzór czynników etiologicznych i objawów klinicznych grzybicy paznokci różni się w zależności od regionu geograficznego i wieku, dlatego powtarzające się badania epidemiologiczne grzybicy paznokci wydają się być fundamentalne.123

Wpływ pandemi COVID-19

Pandemia COVID-19 miała wpływ na diagnozowanie i leczenie grzybicy paznokci. Zakażenia grzybicze paznokci pozostawały niezauważone podczas pandemii COVID-19, a przepływ pacjentów w przychodniach był celowo zmniejszany przez pracowników służby zdrowia, co powodowało zaniedbanie innych zakażeń.124

Co interesujące, w jednym z badań zidentyfikowano grzybicę paznokci jako istotny niezależny czynnik ryzyka wielu złych wyników klinicznych związanych z COVID-19, w tym hospitalizacji, wyższego poziomu intensywności początkowej opieki, wymogu tlenoterapii uzupełniającej i ciężkiego przebiegu choroby.125 Sugeruje to, że pacjenci z grzybicą paznokci mogą mieć gorsze wyniki leczenia COVID-19.126

Znaczenie diagnostyki w nadzorze nad grzybicą paznokci

Dokładna diagnoza grzybicy paznokci jest niezbędna nie tylko dla skutecznego leczenia, ale także dla właściwego nadzoru epidemiologicznego.127

Wyzwania diagnostyczne

Samo badanie kliniczne nie jest wystarczające do diagnozy grzybicy paznokci; w wielu przypadkach podejrzenia grzybicy paznokci ze zmianami w obrębie paznokci, badanie mikologiczne nie potwierdza zakażenia grzybiczego.128 W jednym z badań tylko 71,6% uczestników ze zmianami w obrębie paznokci miało potwierdzenie etiologii grzybiczej.129

Z tego powodu zarówno badanie kliniczne, jak i mikologiczne są ważne dla ustalenia diagnozy i wyboru najbardziej odpowiedniego środka przeciwgrzybiczego, co jest możliwe tylko wtedy, gdy patogen podstawowy jest prawidłowo zidentyfikowany.130

Metody diagnostyczne

Diagnoza grzybicy paznokci zazwyczaj obejmuje:

  • Bezpośrednia mikroskopia: badanie KOH (wodorotlenek potasu) jest powszechnie stosowaną metodą ze względu na niski koszt i łatwość wykonania. Skrawki lub fragmenty paznokci są umieszczane w kropli KOH i badane pod mikroskopem w poszukiwaniu elementów grzybiczych.131
  • Hodowla grzybów: niezbędna do potwierdzenia diagnozy i określenia dokładnego czynnika etiologicznego grzybów. W jednym z badań, gdyby opierano się tylko na mikroskopii z wodorotlenkiem potasu, pominięto by 23,9% przypadków.132
  • Histopatologia: może być konieczna, gdy badanie bezpośrednie i hodowla są wielokrotnie ujemne u pacjentów z podejrzeniem grzybicy paznokci.133

Pomimo dostępności tych metod diagnostycznych, istnieje znaczący deficyt w ich rutynowym stosowaniu. W jednym z badań stwierdzono, że badanie bezpośrednie było zlecane u 56,8% pacjentów z grzybicą paznokci, ale wynik był znany tylko dla 22,9% tych osób. Hodowla grzybów była zlecana tylko w 18,9% przypadków.134

Implikacje dla nadzoru epidemiologicznego

Niedostateczna diagnostyka grzybicy paznokci prowadzi do niepełnych i niedokładnych danych epidemiologicznych, co utrudnia opracowanie skutecznych strategii przeciwdziałania tej chorobie. Ponadto, bez potwierdzenia diagnostycznego, lekarze mogą nie wiedzieć, kiedy zakończyć terapię, co może prowadzić do nieefektywnego leczenia lub niepotrzebnego przedłużania terapii.135

W związku z tym, badania epidemiologiczne grzybicy paznokci powinny obejmować zarówno ocenę kliniczną, jak i potwierdzenie laboratoryjne, aby zapewnić dokładne dane na temat rozpowszechnienia i wzorców etiologicznych tej choroby.136

Region Częstość występowania grzybicy paznokci Dominujący patogen Główne czynniki ryzyka
Europa 3-27% Dermatofity (T. rubrum) Wiek, cukrzyca, immunosupresja
Ameryka Północna 2-13,8% Dermatofity (82% przypadków) Wiek, cukrzyca, otyłość
Azja Wschodnia Do 20% Mieszane (dermatofity, drożdżaki) Klimat, choroby współistniejące
Azja Południowo-Wschodnia Około 3,8% Zróżnicowane Klimat tropikalny, higiena
Indie 0,5-5% Zróżnicowane (T. rubrum, Aspergillus) Chodzenie boso, niewłaściwe obuwie
Brazylia 28,3% (w badaniach klinicznych) T. rubrum Płeć żeńska, wiek >45 lat, aktywność fizyczna

Podsumowanie epidemiologii grzybicy paznokci

Grzybica paznokci jest powszechną infekcją grzybiczą o znaczącym wpływie na zdrowie publiczne, dotykającą około 5,5% populacji światowej i stanowiącą 50% wszystkich chorób paznokci.137 Choć często postrzegana jako problem głównie kosmetyczny, może prowadzić do znaczących powikłań, zwłaszcza u osób z obniżoną odpornością i cukrzycą.138

Częstość występowania grzybicy paznokci zwiększa się wraz z wiekiem, przy czym osoby starsze są szczególnie narażone. Do innych istotnych czynników ryzyka należą płeć męska, cukrzyca, łuszczyca, choroby naczyń obwodowych, urazy paznokci i upośledzenie odporności.139140

Wzorzec czynników etiologicznych i objawów klinicznych grzybicy paznokci różni się w zależności od regionu geograficznego i wieku, co podkreśla potrzebę ukierunkowanych strategii nadzoru i zapobiegania.141 Wzrost oporności na środki przeciwgrzybicze stanowi pojawiający się problem zdrowia publicznego, który może mieć istotne konsekwencje dla zarządzania grzybicą paznokci.142

Pomimo znaczącego wpływu na zdrowie publiczne, systemy nadzoru nad grzybicą paznokci są niewystarczające w wielu krajach, co prowadzi do niedostatecznego rozpoznania i leczenia tego schorzenia.143 Istnieje pilna potrzeba opracowania krajowych strategii monitorowania zakażeń grzybiczych i projektowania sposobów zapobiegania chorobom grzybiczym.144

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  1. 09.04.2026
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Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Onychomycosis: Diagnosis and management – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
    https://ijdvl.com/onychomycosis-diagnosis-and-management/
    Onychomycosis is a common condition affecting 5.5% of the population worldwide and represents 20-40% of all onychopathies and about 30% of cutaneous mycotic infections. […] The prevalence of onychomycosis is determined by age, occupation, climate, and frequency of travel. Increase in the aged population, HIV infection or immunosuppressive therapy, avid sports participation, commercial swimming pools, and occlusive foot wear are responsible for an increased incidence. […] Men are affected more frequently possibly due to more frequent nail damage from sports and leisure activities. […] Toe nails are about seven times more frequently affected than fingernails due to three times slower growth rate. […] Walking barefoot, wearing ill-fitting shoes, nail biting (onychophagia), and working with chemicals further predispose Indian patients to onychomycosis.
  • #2 Onychomycosis: Old and New
    https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/9/5/559
    Onychomycosis is a chronic fungal infection of the nail that results in discoloration, onycholysis, and nail plate thickening. The infection most commonly occurs in the toenails and can involve any component of the nail unit, including the nail bed, nail matrix, and nail plate. Onychomycosis affects patients of all ages. However, several studies have established higher prevalence with older age. Other risk factors include diabetes, tinea pedis, poor circulation, immunosuppression, psoriasis, Down syndrome, occlusive footwear, and obesity. […] The worldwide prevalence of onychomycosis is estimated at 10% and accounts for up to 50% of nail diseases. Dermatophytes are a common culprit of onychomycosis, with the species Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes responsible for 60–70% of infections. Yeasts are responsible for approximately 20% of onychomycosis, and non-dermatophytes account for the remaining 10%. Studies have demonstrated that mixed infections, non-dermatophytes, and yeasts are more prevalent than previously thought, especially in warmer climates.
  • #3 Onychomycosis: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment in a Changing Landscape – JDDonline – Journal of Drugs in Dermatology
    https://jddonline.com/articles/onychomycosis-epidemiology-diagnosis-and-treatment-in-a-changing-landscape-S1545961615P0223X
    Onychomycosis is an often overlooked and/or undertreated disease. […] Changing demographic characteristics such as the relative aging of the population; the increasing prevalence of diabetes and peripheral vascular disease, and widespread iatrogenic immunosuppression; and changes in lifestyle practices such as earlier and greater participation in sports, are likely to lead to an increased prevalence of onychomycosis in both adults and children. […] Disease prevalence estimates vary widely across studies; however, a recent meta-analysis calculated a rate of approximately 4% in North America/Europe. […] Prevalence is clearly higher in males and increases with age. […] The incidence of onychomycosis will likely rise due to projected increases in important risk factors such as age, diabetes, and PVD. […] Approximately half (46-50%) of patients with diabetes have toenail abnormalities, of which 57-65% are due to onychomycosis.
  • #4 Onychomycosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441853/
    Onychomycosis is a common infection that is increasing in incidence. […] Prevalence estimates range from 1% to 8%, and the incidence is increasing. […] Risk factors include aging, diabetes, tinea pedis, psoriasis, immunodeficiency, and living with family members with onychomycosis.
  • #5 Onychomycosis: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1000/p359.html
    The estimated point prevalence of onychomycosis in North America is up to 13.8% for adults and 0.44% for children and adolescents younger than 18 years. […] Age older than 60 years is an important risk factor because of poor peripheral circulation, suboptimal immune function, slower nail growth, and longer exposure to pathogenic fungi. […] Other risk factors include recurrent nail trauma, tobacco use, and certain comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, obesity, psoriasis, malignancy, HIV, peripheral vascular disease, immunocompromised state).
  • #6 Fungal Nail Infections: Causes and Treatment | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/fungal-nail-infections-pro
    This is one of the most commonly occurring dermatological conditions. International prevalence reports a range from 3-26% worldwide. UK prevalence studies report a range of 3-8% in the UK. The incidence of new cases of onychomycosis (OM) appears to be rising due to the increasing prevalence of diabetes in the population, more frequent incidence of immunosuppression and an ageing population. […] Age – adults are ~30 times more likely than children to suffer the condition. It affects 2.6% of children younger than 18 years. The figure in people over 60 is nearer 20%. […] This is one of the most commonly occurring dermatological conditions. International prevalence reports a range from 3-26% worldwide. UK prevalence studies report a range of 3-8% in the UK. The incidence of new cases of onychomycosis (OM) appears to be rising due to the increasing prevalence of diabetes in the population, more frequent incidence of immunosuppression and an ageing population.
  • #7 Onychomycosis – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onychomycosis
    A 2003 survey of diseases of the foot in 16 European countries found onychomycosis to be the most frequent fungal foot infection and estimated its prevalence at 27%. […] Prevalence was observed to increase with age. […] In Canada, the prevalence was estimated to be 6.48%. […] Onychomycosis affects approximately one-third of diabetics and is 56% more frequent in people with psoriasis.
  • #8 Fungal Nail Infections (Onychomycosis): A Never-Ending Story? | PLOS Pathogens
    https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1004105
    The prevalence of onychomycosis has been reported to be as high as 23% across Europe and 20% in East Asia. […] In North America, the incidence of onychomycosis is up to 14%, with fungal infection responsible for 50% of all nail disease. […] The most prevalent predisposing risk factor for developing onychomycosis is advanced age, which is reported to be 18.2% in patients 60-79 years of age, compared to 0.7% in patients younger than 19 years of age. […] Further, men are up to three times more likely to have onychomycosis than women, though the reasons for this gender difference are not clear. […] Other risk factors include diabetes and conditions contributing to poor peripheral circulation. […] In fact, onychomycosis may represent an important predictor for the development of diabetic foot syndrome and foot ulcers.
  • #9 How To Tell If You Have A Fungal Nail Infection? – Medical Channel Asia
    https://medicalchannelasia.com/how-to-tell-if-you-have-a-fungal-nail-infection/
    Fungal nail infection is one of the most commonly occurring dermatological complications. The rate of fungal infection has increased in Asia lately with the increasing incidence of Diabetes and expanding aging population. Among a wide variety of superficial fungal infections, the most difficult to cure is toenail onychomycosis. The prevalence of onychomycosis has been reported to be 20% in East Asia whereas in Southeast Asia the prevalence of onychomycosis is relatively low. This was partially confirmed by a large scale-survey in Asia in the late 1990s in which the prevalence of onychomycosis was lower in tropical countries (3.8%) than in subtropical countries and the countries in the temperate zone (18%) […] The prognosis is variable and depends upon the type of infection as well as host factors such as immune status, comorbidities and age. Fingernails have a much higher rate of cure, usually 70 %. If left untreated, fungal infections are usually progressive and can even lead to the destruction of the nail plate.
  • #10 Fungal Nail Infections (Onychomycosis): A Never-Ending Story? | PLOS Pathogens
    https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1004105
    The prevalence of onychomycosis has been reported to be as high as 23% across Europe and 20% in East Asia. […] In North America, the incidence of onychomycosis is up to 14%, with fungal infection responsible for 50% of all nail disease. […] The most prevalent predisposing risk factor for developing onychomycosis is advanced age, which is reported to be 18.2% in patients 60-79 years of age, compared to 0.7% in patients younger than 19 years of age. […] Further, men are up to three times more likely to have onychomycosis than women, though the reasons for this gender difference are not clear. […] Other risk factors include diabetes and conditions contributing to poor peripheral circulation. […] In fact, onychomycosis may represent an important predictor for the development of diabetic foot syndrome and foot ulcers.
  • #11 Incidence and Epidemiology of Onychomycosis in Patients Visiting a Tertiary Care Hospital in India | MDedge
    https://mdedge.com/cutis/article/96294/hair-nails/incidence-and-epidemiology-onychomycosis-patients-visiting-tertiary
    Onychomycosis is a chronic fungal infection of the nails that is largely underdiagnosed in developing countries such as India due to poor health care facilities. […] Onychomycosis affects 5.5% of the world population and represents 20% to 40% of all onychopathies and approximately 30% of cutaneous mycotic infections. […] The incidence of onychomycosis ranges from 0.5% to 5% in the general population in India. […] The incidence is particularly high in warm humid climates such as India. […] Several studies have shown that the prevalence of onychomycosis increases with age, possibly due to poor peripheral circulation, diabetes mellitus, repeated nail trauma, prolonged exposure to pathogenic fungi, suboptimal immune function, inactivity, or inability to trim the toenails and care for the feet. […] Our hospital-based study sought to determine the incidence and epidemiology of onychomycosis with an analysis of 134 participants with clinically suspected onychomycosis.
  • #12
    https://journals.lww.com/armh/fulltext/2014/02010/fungal_nail_disease__onychomycosis___challenges.10.aspx
    Onychomycosis (fungal nail infection) is caused by three groups of fungal pathogens namely dermatophyte molds (DM), non-DM (NDM) and yeasts. […] There seems to be a great geographic variation in the incidence of onychomycosis. Several factors such as age, climate, occupation, travel and hygiene seems to play a role in the prevalence of the disease. […] There is great variation in the agents causing onychomycosis in various geographic areas. Undoubtedly, dermatophytes are the most common causative organisms. […] Prevalence as high as 51.6% for NDM has been reported, but in general it is much less. […] Studies show various prevalence, but approximately 90% in toenail and 50% in fingernail infections may be caused by dermatophytes. […] It is difficult to distinguish dermatophytic infections from NDM infections by clinical features alone.
  • #13
    https://journals.lww.com/armh/fulltext/2014/02010/fungal_nail_disease__onychomycosis___challenges.10.aspx
    Nondermatophytes are often accountable for a significant number of onychomycosis and may outnumber that caused by dermatophytes in certain geographic areas. […] There have been controversies regarding the therapy of onychomycosis. […] Uniform guidelines for the therapy are also lacking. […] Newer regimes, drugs and even laser and light based therapies are being explored. […] For the future, it is an important area of research for the dermatologists and mycologists.
  • #14 Estimating the Prevalence of Fungal Nail Infections and Potential Concerns for Central Disease Surveillance Hub in Pakistan – Best Diagnostic Center & Medical Centre in Pakistan -IDC Pvt.LTD
    https://idc.net.pk/estimating-the-prevalence-of-fungal-nail-infections-and-potential-concerns-for-central-disease-surveillance-hub-in-pakistan/
    Estimating the Prevalence of Fungal Nail Infections and Potential Concerns for Central Disease Surveillance Hub in Pakistan […] Nail fungal infections remained unnoticed during COVID-19 pandemic. Herein, we first-time reported national data acquired from 100 branches of IDC Pakistan against Aspergillus species, Penicillium species, Epidermophyton species, Candida species, Candia albicans, Trichophyton species, Bipolaris species or Unidentified fungal infections. Among 497 participants, 22.22% of infections were of Aspergillus species. However, 4.17% of infections were of Candida species and Epidermophyton. The penicillium and Candida albicans species were prevalent at 2.7% among suspected people. However the prevalence of bipolaris species were 1.38%. The unidentified species were also 1.38% among suspected patients, which is potential point of concern. Our results depicted higher level of nail fungal infections among females as compared to males. There is an urgent need for development of national strategies to monitor fungal infections and designing ways for prevention of fungal disease.
  • #15 Onychomycosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441853/
    Onychomycosis is a common infection that is increasing in incidence. […] Prevalence estimates range from 1% to 8%, and the incidence is increasing. […] Risk factors include aging, diabetes, tinea pedis, psoriasis, immunodeficiency, and living with family members with onychomycosis.
  • #16 Fungal Nail Infections: Causes and Treatment | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/fungal-nail-infections-pro
    This is one of the most commonly occurring dermatological conditions. International prevalence reports a range from 3-26% worldwide. UK prevalence studies report a range of 3-8% in the UK. The incidence of new cases of onychomycosis (OM) appears to be rising due to the increasing prevalence of diabetes in the population, more frequent incidence of immunosuppression and an ageing population. […] Age – adults are ~30 times more likely than children to suffer the condition. It affects 2.6% of children younger than 18 years. The figure in people over 60 is nearer 20%. […] This is one of the most commonly occurring dermatological conditions. International prevalence reports a range from 3-26% worldwide. UK prevalence studies report a range of 3-8% in the UK. The incidence of new cases of onychomycosis (OM) appears to be rising due to the increasing prevalence of diabetes in the population, more frequent incidence of immunosuppression and an ageing population.
  • #17 Onychomycosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1105828-overview
    The proliferation of fungal infections in the United States over the past few decades may be traceable to the large immigration of dermatophytes, especially T rubrum, from West Africa and Southeast Asia to North America and Europe. The incidence of OM in particular has been increasing, owing to such factors as diabetes, immunosuppression, and increasing age. […] OM accounts for half of all nail disorders and is the most common nail disease in adults. Toenails are much more likely to be infected than fingernails. About 30% of patients with a cutaneous fungal infection also have OM. The global prevalence of onychomycosis has been estimated at 5.5%. […] Adults are 30 times more likely to have OM than children are. OM has been reported to occur in 2.6% of children younger than 18 years but in as many as 90% of elderly people. Elderly people are more likely to have infections caused by nondermatophyte molds and yeasts. […] Although OM affects males more commonly than females, candidal infections and nondermatophyte mold infections are more common in women than in men. OM affects persons of all races.
  • #18 Onychomycosis: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1000/p359.html
    The estimated point prevalence of onychomycosis in North America is up to 13.8% for adults and 0.44% for children and adolescents younger than 18 years. […] Age older than 60 years is an important risk factor because of poor peripheral circulation, suboptimal immune function, slower nail growth, and longer exposure to pathogenic fungi. […] Other risk factors include recurrent nail trauma, tobacco use, and certain comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, obesity, psoriasis, malignancy, HIV, peripheral vascular disease, immunocompromised state).
  • #19 Onychomycosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1105828-overview
    The proliferation of fungal infections in the United States over the past few decades may be traceable to the large immigration of dermatophytes, especially T rubrum, from West Africa and Southeast Asia to North America and Europe. The incidence of OM in particular has been increasing, owing to such factors as diabetes, immunosuppression, and increasing age. […] OM accounts for half of all nail disorders and is the most common nail disease in adults. Toenails are much more likely to be infected than fingernails. About 30% of patients with a cutaneous fungal infection also have OM. The global prevalence of onychomycosis has been estimated at 5.5%. […] Adults are 30 times more likely to have OM than children are. OM has been reported to occur in 2.6% of children younger than 18 years but in as many as 90% of elderly people. Elderly people are more likely to have infections caused by nondermatophyte molds and yeasts. […] Although OM affects males more commonly than females, candidal infections and nondermatophyte mold infections are more common in women than in men. OM affects persons of all races.
  • #20
    https://step2.medbullets.com/dermatology/120060/onychomycosis
    3% prevalence in adults […] 20% prevalence in adults 60 years old […] Risk factors include moist and warm environment, increasing age, immunosuppression, occlusive shoes, and communal baths.
  • #21 Onychomycosis
    https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Derm/Fungus/Onychmycs.htm
    Prevalence General population: 10% Prevalence (worldwide) […] Age under 20 years: 3% Prevalence (U.S.) […] Age over 60 years: 28% Prevalence (U.S.) […] Most common Nail Disorder (accounts for 50% of Nail Disorders) […] Rarely occurs in children unless predisposing factors.
  • #22 SciELO Brazil – An observational and descriptive study of the epidemiology of and therapeutic approach to onychomycosis in dermatology offices in Brazil An observational and descriptive study of the epidemiology of and therapeutic approach to onychomycos
    https://www.scielo.br/j/abd/a/5nXvB3jS7VD78fGBMhgWNPR/
    The prevalence of onychomycosis in the general population has been estimated to be between 2% and 9%. […] These numbers have increased considerably in the past decades and are related to diabetes, peripheral arterial disease, psoriasis, immunodepression, and aging. […] Onychomycosis is found in over 90% of the elderly population. […] This is the first epidemiological study on onychomycosis of broad coverage in Brazil. […] To date, very few studies have investigated the prevalence, etiology and treatment of onychomycosis simultaneously in different Brazilian states. […] In this study, onychomycosis was found in 28.3% of participants. […] Our study has also shown greater prevalence of onychomycosis in women (29.1%). […] The age group most affected by onychomycosis was that of patients aged 60 years, followed by the range between 46 and 59 years. […] Considering the joint analysis of gender, age, practice of exercises, and history of onychomycosis, we noticed that all of these variables significantly influence the likelihood of one being affected by onychomycosis.
  • #23
    https://step2.medbullets.com/dermatology/120060/onychomycosis
    3% prevalence in adults […] 20% prevalence in adults 60 years old […] Risk factors include moist and warm environment, increasing age, immunosuppression, occlusive shoes, and communal baths.
  • #24 Fungal Nail Infections (Onychomycosis): A Never-Ending Story? | PLOS Pathogens
    https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1004105
    The prevalence of onychomycosis has been reported to be as high as 23% across Europe and 20% in East Asia. […] In North America, the incidence of onychomycosis is up to 14%, with fungal infection responsible for 50% of all nail disease. […] The most prevalent predisposing risk factor for developing onychomycosis is advanced age, which is reported to be 18.2% in patients 60-79 years of age, compared to 0.7% in patients younger than 19 years of age. […] Further, men are up to three times more likely to have onychomycosis than women, though the reasons for this gender difference are not clear. […] Other risk factors include diabetes and conditions contributing to poor peripheral circulation. […] In fact, onychomycosis may represent an important predictor for the development of diabetic foot syndrome and foot ulcers.
  • #25 Onychomycosis
    https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Derm/Fungus/Onychmycs.htm
    Prevalence General population: 10% Prevalence (worldwide) […] Age under 20 years: 3% Prevalence (U.S.) […] Age over 60 years: 28% Prevalence (U.S.) […] Most common Nail Disorder (accounts for 50% of Nail Disorders) […] Rarely occurs in children unless predisposing factors.
  • #26 Onychomycosis: Current Trends in Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/1201/p762.html
    Onychomycosis occurs in 10% of the general population, 20% of persons older than 60 years, and 50% of those older than 70 years. […] The risk of onychomycosis is 1.9 to 2.8 times higher in persons with diabetes compared with the general population. […] In patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection, the prevalence ranges from 15% to 40%. […] The increased prevalence in older adults is related to peripheral vascular disease, immunologic disorders, and diabetes mellitus. […] Onychomycosis affects toenails more often than fingernails because of their slower growth, reduced blood supply, and frequent confinement in dark, moist environments. […] It is also more common in smokers and in those who use occlusive footwear and shared bathing facilities. […] Despite treatment, the recurrence rate of onychomycosis is 10% to 50% as a result of reinfection or lack of mycotic cure.
  • #27 Onychomycosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1105828-overview
    The proliferation of fungal infections in the United States over the past few decades may be traceable to the large immigration of dermatophytes, especially T rubrum, from West Africa and Southeast Asia to North America and Europe. The incidence of OM in particular has been increasing, owing to such factors as diabetes, immunosuppression, and increasing age. […] OM accounts for half of all nail disorders and is the most common nail disease in adults. Toenails are much more likely to be infected than fingernails. About 30% of patients with a cutaneous fungal infection also have OM. The global prevalence of onychomycosis has been estimated at 5.5%. […] Adults are 30 times more likely to have OM than children are. OM has been reported to occur in 2.6% of children younger than 18 years but in as many as 90% of elderly people. Elderly people are more likely to have infections caused by nondermatophyte molds and yeasts. […] Although OM affects males more commonly than females, candidal infections and nondermatophyte mold infections are more common in women than in men. OM affects persons of all races.
  • #28 Onychomycosis: Current Trends in Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/1201/p762.html
    Onychomycosis occurs in 10% of the general population, 20% of persons older than 60 years, and 50% of those older than 70 years. […] The risk of onychomycosis is 1.9 to 2.8 times higher in persons with diabetes compared with the general population. […] In patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection, the prevalence ranges from 15% to 40%. […] The increased prevalence in older adults is related to peripheral vascular disease, immunologic disorders, and diabetes mellitus. […] Onychomycosis affects toenails more often than fingernails because of their slower growth, reduced blood supply, and frequent confinement in dark, moist environments. […] It is also more common in smokers and in those who use occlusive footwear and shared bathing facilities. […] Despite treatment, the recurrence rate of onychomycosis is 10% to 50% as a result of reinfection or lack of mycotic cure.
  • #29 Incidence and Epidemiology of Onychomycosis in Patients Visiting a Tertiary Care Hospital in India | MDedge Dermatology
    https://www.mdedge9-ma1.mdedge.com/dermatology/article/96294/hair-nails/incidence-and-epidemiology-onychomycosis-patients-visiting/page/0/2
    A higher prevalence in older adults, as observed in our study as well some other studies, may be due to poor peripheral circulation, diabetes mellitus, repeated nail trauma, longer exposure to pathogenic fungi, suboptimal immune function, inactivity, and poor hygiene. […] In our study, suspected onychomycosis was more common in males (58.2%) than in females (41.8%). These results are in accordance with many of the studies in the worldwide literature. […] A higher isolation rate in males worldwide may be due to common use of occlusive footwear, more exposure to outdoor conditions, and increased physical activity, leading to an increased likelihood of trauma. […] The incidence of onychomycosis was almost evenly distributed among farmers, housewives, and the miscellaneous group, whereas a high isolation rate was noted among students.
  • #30 Fungal Nail Infections (Onychomycosis): A Never-Ending Story? | PLOS Pathogens
    https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1004105
    The prevalence of onychomycosis has been reported to be as high as 23% across Europe and 20% in East Asia. […] In North America, the incidence of onychomycosis is up to 14%, with fungal infection responsible for 50% of all nail disease. […] The most prevalent predisposing risk factor for developing onychomycosis is advanced age, which is reported to be 18.2% in patients 60-79 years of age, compared to 0.7% in patients younger than 19 years of age. […] Further, men are up to three times more likely to have onychomycosis than women, though the reasons for this gender difference are not clear. […] Other risk factors include diabetes and conditions contributing to poor peripheral circulation. […] In fact, onychomycosis may represent an important predictor for the development of diabetic foot syndrome and foot ulcers.
  • #31 Incidence and Epidemiology of Onychomycosis in Patients Visiting a Tertiary Care Hospital in India | MDedge Dermatology
    https://www.mdedge9-ma1.mdedge.com/dermatology/article/96294/hair-nails/incidence-and-epidemiology-onychomycosis-patients-visiting/page/0/2
    A higher prevalence in older adults, as observed in our study as well some other studies, may be due to poor peripheral circulation, diabetes mellitus, repeated nail trauma, longer exposure to pathogenic fungi, suboptimal immune function, inactivity, and poor hygiene. […] In our study, suspected onychomycosis was more common in males (58.2%) than in females (41.8%). These results are in accordance with many of the studies in the worldwide literature. […] A higher isolation rate in males worldwide may be due to common use of occlusive footwear, more exposure to outdoor conditions, and increased physical activity, leading to an increased likelihood of trauma. […] The incidence of onychomycosis was almost evenly distributed among farmers, housewives, and the miscellaneous group, whereas a high isolation rate was noted among students.
  • #32 Fungal Nail Infections (Onychomycosis): A Never-Ending Story? | PLOS Pathogens
    https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1004105
    The prevalence of onychomycosis has been reported to be as high as 23% across Europe and 20% in East Asia. […] In North America, the incidence of onychomycosis is up to 14%, with fungal infection responsible for 50% of all nail disease. […] The most prevalent predisposing risk factor for developing onychomycosis is advanced age, which is reported to be 18.2% in patients 60-79 years of age, compared to 0.7% in patients younger than 19 years of age. […] Further, men are up to three times more likely to have onychomycosis than women, though the reasons for this gender difference are not clear. […] Other risk factors include diabetes and conditions contributing to poor peripheral circulation. […] In fact, onychomycosis may represent an important predictor for the development of diabetic foot syndrome and foot ulcers.
  • #33 Incidence and Epidemiology of Onychomycosis in Patients Visiting a Tertiary Care Hospital in India | MDedge Dermatology
    https://www.mdedge9-ma1.mdedge.com/dermatology/article/96294/hair-nails/incidence-and-epidemiology-onychomycosis-patients-visiting/page/0/2
    A higher prevalence in older adults, as observed in our study as well some other studies, may be due to poor peripheral circulation, diabetes mellitus, repeated nail trauma, longer exposure to pathogenic fungi, suboptimal immune function, inactivity, and poor hygiene. […] In our study, suspected onychomycosis was more common in males (58.2%) than in females (41.8%). These results are in accordance with many of the studies in the worldwide literature. […] A higher isolation rate in males worldwide may be due to common use of occlusive footwear, more exposure to outdoor conditions, and increased physical activity, leading to an increased likelihood of trauma. […] The incidence of onychomycosis was almost evenly distributed among farmers, housewives, and the miscellaneous group, whereas a high isolation rate was noted among students.
  • #34 Incidence and Epidemiology of Onychomycosis in Patients Visiting a Tertiary Care Hospital in India | MDedge Dermatology
    https://www.mdedge9-ma1.mdedge.com/dermatology/article/96294/hair-nails/incidence-and-epidemiology-onychomycosis-patients-visiting/page/0/2
    A higher prevalence in older adults, as observed in our study as well some other studies, may be due to poor peripheral circulation, diabetes mellitus, repeated nail trauma, longer exposure to pathogenic fungi, suboptimal immune function, inactivity, and poor hygiene. […] In our study, suspected onychomycosis was more common in males (58.2%) than in females (41.8%). These results are in accordance with many of the studies in the worldwide literature. […] A higher isolation rate in males worldwide may be due to common use of occlusive footwear, more exposure to outdoor conditions, and increased physical activity, leading to an increased likelihood of trauma. […] The incidence of onychomycosis was almost evenly distributed among farmers, housewives, and the miscellaneous group, whereas a high isolation rate was noted among students.
  • #35 Incidence and Epidemiology of Onychomycosis in Patients Visiting a Tertiary Care Hospital in India | MDedge Dermatology
    https://www.mdedge9-ma1.mdedge.com/dermatology/article/96294/hair-nails/incidence-and-epidemiology-onychomycosis-patients-visiting/page/0/2
    A higher prevalence in older adults, as observed in our study as well some other studies, may be due to poor peripheral circulation, diabetes mellitus, repeated nail trauma, longer exposure to pathogenic fungi, suboptimal immune function, inactivity, and poor hygiene. […] In our study, suspected onychomycosis was more common in males (58.2%) than in females (41.8%). These results are in accordance with many of the studies in the worldwide literature. […] A higher isolation rate in males worldwide may be due to common use of occlusive footwear, more exposure to outdoor conditions, and increased physical activity, leading to an increased likelihood of trauma. […] The incidence of onychomycosis was almost evenly distributed among farmers, housewives, and the miscellaneous group, whereas a high isolation rate was noted among students.
  • #36 Onychomycosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1105828-overview
    The proliferation of fungal infections in the United States over the past few decades may be traceable to the large immigration of dermatophytes, especially T rubrum, from West Africa and Southeast Asia to North America and Europe. The incidence of OM in particular has been increasing, owing to such factors as diabetes, immunosuppression, and increasing age. […] OM accounts for half of all nail disorders and is the most common nail disease in adults. Toenails are much more likely to be infected than fingernails. About 30% of patients with a cutaneous fungal infection also have OM. The global prevalence of onychomycosis has been estimated at 5.5%. […] Adults are 30 times more likely to have OM than children are. OM has been reported to occur in 2.6% of children younger than 18 years but in as many as 90% of elderly people. Elderly people are more likely to have infections caused by nondermatophyte molds and yeasts. […] Although OM affects males more commonly than females, candidal infections and nondermatophyte mold infections are more common in women than in men. OM affects persons of all races.
  • #37 SciELO Brazil – An observational and descriptive study of the epidemiology of and therapeutic approach to onychomycosis in dermatology offices in Brazil An observational and descriptive study of the epidemiology of and therapeutic approach to onychomycos
    https://www.scielo.br/j/abd/a/5nXvB3jS7VD78fGBMhgWNPR/
    The prevalence of onychomycosis in the general population has been estimated to be between 2% and 9%. […] These numbers have increased considerably in the past decades and are related to diabetes, peripheral arterial disease, psoriasis, immunodepression, and aging. […] Onychomycosis is found in over 90% of the elderly population. […] This is the first epidemiological study on onychomycosis of broad coverage in Brazil. […] To date, very few studies have investigated the prevalence, etiology and treatment of onychomycosis simultaneously in different Brazilian states. […] In this study, onychomycosis was found in 28.3% of participants. […] Our study has also shown greater prevalence of onychomycosis in women (29.1%). […] The age group most affected by onychomycosis was that of patients aged 60 years, followed by the range between 46 and 59 years. […] Considering the joint analysis of gender, age, practice of exercises, and history of onychomycosis, we noticed that all of these variables significantly influence the likelihood of one being affected by onychomycosis.
  • #38 Onychomycosis: Diagnosis and management – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
    https://ijdvl.com/onychomycosis-diagnosis-and-management/
    Onychomycosis is a common condition affecting 5.5% of the population worldwide and represents 20-40% of all onychopathies and about 30% of cutaneous mycotic infections. […] The prevalence of onychomycosis is determined by age, occupation, climate, and frequency of travel. Increase in the aged population, HIV infection or immunosuppressive therapy, avid sports participation, commercial swimming pools, and occlusive foot wear are responsible for an increased incidence. […] Men are affected more frequently possibly due to more frequent nail damage from sports and leisure activities. […] Toe nails are about seven times more frequently affected than fingernails due to three times slower growth rate. […] Walking barefoot, wearing ill-fitting shoes, nail biting (onychophagia), and working with chemicals further predispose Indian patients to onychomycosis.
  • #39 SciELO Brazil – An observational and descriptive study of the epidemiology of and therapeutic approach to onychomycosis in dermatology offices in Brazil An observational and descriptive study of the epidemiology of and therapeutic approach to onychomycos
    https://www.scielo.br/j/abd/a/5nXvB3jS7VD78fGBMhgWNPR/
    Onychomycosis is a type of fungal infection that accounts for over 50% of all onycopathies. Very few studies have been carried out in order to assess the epidemiology of onychomycosis in Brazil. […] To describe the epidemiological profile of onychomycosis in Brazilian dermatology offices and to assess the etiology of the disease, how often mycosis exams are requested, and the treatment adopted. […] Of the 7,852 patients, 28.3% were clinically diagnosed as having onychomycosis. […] Women over 45 years old who practiced exercises or with a personal history of the disease showed greater likelihood of having onychomycosis. […] The disease was most seen in the feet, and the majority of cases involved the hallux. […] Mycosis exams were not requested for all clinically suspected cases. […] This study was important to describe the epidemiological behavior of onychomycosis in Brazilian dermatology offices and to determine important risk factors, such as gender, age, practice of exercises, personal history of the disease, and comorbidities.
  • #40 Incidence and Epidemiology of Onychomycosis in Patients Visiting a Tertiary Care Hospital in India | MDedge Dermatology
    https://www.mdedge9-ma1.mdedge.com/dermatology/article/96294/hair-nails/incidence-and-epidemiology-onychomycosis-patients-visiting/page/0/2
    In our study, dermatophytes were the most commonly found pathogens (58.3%), which is comparable to other studies. […] In some studies, Trichophyton rubrum has been reported as the most prevalent dermatophyte, but we identified Trichophyton rubrum in only 18 participants, which can be attributed to variations in epidemiology based on geographic region. […] Nondermatophyte molds were isolated in 12.5% of participants, with Aspergillus niger being the most common isolate found in 8 cases. […] In 28 cases (29.2%) involving Candida species, Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida tropicalis were the most common pathogens, respectively, which is in accordance with many studies. […] Distal lateral subungual onychomycosis was the most prevalent clinical type found (n=66), which is comparable to other reports.
  • #41 Onychomycosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441853/
    Onychomycosis is a common infection that is increasing in incidence. […] Prevalence estimates range from 1% to 8%, and the incidence is increasing. […] Risk factors include aging, diabetes, tinea pedis, psoriasis, immunodeficiency, and living with family members with onychomycosis.
  • #42 Onychomycosis: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1000/p359.html
    The estimated point prevalence of onychomycosis in North America is up to 13.8% for adults and 0.44% for children and adolescents younger than 18 years. […] Age older than 60 years is an important risk factor because of poor peripheral circulation, suboptimal immune function, slower nail growth, and longer exposure to pathogenic fungi. […] Other risk factors include recurrent nail trauma, tobacco use, and certain comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, obesity, psoriasis, malignancy, HIV, peripheral vascular disease, immunocompromised state).
  • #43 Onychomycosis: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1000/p359.html
    The estimated point prevalence of onychomycosis in North America is up to 13.8% for adults and 0.44% for children and adolescents younger than 18 years. […] Age older than 60 years is an important risk factor because of poor peripheral circulation, suboptimal immune function, slower nail growth, and longer exposure to pathogenic fungi. […] Other risk factors include recurrent nail trauma, tobacco use, and certain comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, obesity, psoriasis, malignancy, HIV, peripheral vascular disease, immunocompromised state).
  • #44 Onychomycosis: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1000/p359.html
    The estimated point prevalence of onychomycosis in North America is up to 13.8% for adults and 0.44% for children and adolescents younger than 18 years. […] Age older than 60 years is an important risk factor because of poor peripheral circulation, suboptimal immune function, slower nail growth, and longer exposure to pathogenic fungi. […] Other risk factors include recurrent nail trauma, tobacco use, and certain comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, obesity, psoriasis, malignancy, HIV, peripheral vascular disease, immunocompromised state).
  • #45 Onychomycosis: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1000/p359.html
    The estimated point prevalence of onychomycosis in North America is up to 13.8% for adults and 0.44% for children and adolescents younger than 18 years. […] Age older than 60 years is an important risk factor because of poor peripheral circulation, suboptimal immune function, slower nail growth, and longer exposure to pathogenic fungi. […] Other risk factors include recurrent nail trauma, tobacco use, and certain comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, obesity, psoriasis, malignancy, HIV, peripheral vascular disease, immunocompromised state).
  • #46 Onychomycosis: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1000/p359.html
    The estimated point prevalence of onychomycosis in North America is up to 13.8% for adults and 0.44% for children and adolescents younger than 18 years. […] Age older than 60 years is an important risk factor because of poor peripheral circulation, suboptimal immune function, slower nail growth, and longer exposure to pathogenic fungi. […] Other risk factors include recurrent nail trauma, tobacco use, and certain comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, obesity, psoriasis, malignancy, HIV, peripheral vascular disease, immunocompromised state).
  • #47 Onychomycosis: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1000/p359.html
    The estimated point prevalence of onychomycosis in North America is up to 13.8% for adults and 0.44% for children and adolescents younger than 18 years. […] Age older than 60 years is an important risk factor because of poor peripheral circulation, suboptimal immune function, slower nail growth, and longer exposure to pathogenic fungi. […] Other risk factors include recurrent nail trauma, tobacco use, and certain comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, obesity, psoriasis, malignancy, HIV, peripheral vascular disease, immunocompromised state).
  • #48 Incidence and Epidemiology of Onychomycosis in Patients Visiting a Tertiary Care Hospital in India | MDedge Dermatology
    https://www.mdedge9-ma1.mdedge.com/dermatology/article/96294/hair-nails/incidence-and-epidemiology-onychomycosis-patients-visiting/page/0/2
    A higher prevalence in older adults, as observed in our study as well some other studies, may be due to poor peripheral circulation, diabetes mellitus, repeated nail trauma, longer exposure to pathogenic fungi, suboptimal immune function, inactivity, and poor hygiene. […] In our study, suspected onychomycosis was more common in males (58.2%) than in females (41.8%). These results are in accordance with many of the studies in the worldwide literature. […] A higher isolation rate in males worldwide may be due to common use of occlusive footwear, more exposure to outdoor conditions, and increased physical activity, leading to an increased likelihood of trauma. […] The incidence of onychomycosis was almost evenly distributed among farmers, housewives, and the miscellaneous group, whereas a high isolation rate was noted among students.
  • #49 Onychomycosis: Current Trends in Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/1201/p762.html
    Onychomycosis occurs in 10% of the general population, 20% of persons older than 60 years, and 50% of those older than 70 years. […] The risk of onychomycosis is 1.9 to 2.8 times higher in persons with diabetes compared with the general population. […] In patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection, the prevalence ranges from 15% to 40%. […] The increased prevalence in older adults is related to peripheral vascular disease, immunologic disorders, and diabetes mellitus. […] Onychomycosis affects toenails more often than fingernails because of their slower growth, reduced blood supply, and frequent confinement in dark, moist environments. […] It is also more common in smokers and in those who use occlusive footwear and shared bathing facilities. […] Despite treatment, the recurrence rate of onychomycosis is 10% to 50% as a result of reinfection or lack of mycotic cure.
  • #50 Onychomycosis: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment in a Changing Landscape – JDDonline – Journal of Drugs in Dermatology
    https://jddonline.com/articles/onychomycosis-epidemiology-diagnosis-and-treatment-in-a-changing-landscape-S1545961615P0223X
    Onychomycosis is an often overlooked and/or undertreated disease. […] Changing demographic characteristics such as the relative aging of the population; the increasing prevalence of diabetes and peripheral vascular disease, and widespread iatrogenic immunosuppression; and changes in lifestyle practices such as earlier and greater participation in sports, are likely to lead to an increased prevalence of onychomycosis in both adults and children. […] Disease prevalence estimates vary widely across studies; however, a recent meta-analysis calculated a rate of approximately 4% in North America/Europe. […] Prevalence is clearly higher in males and increases with age. […] The incidence of onychomycosis will likely rise due to projected increases in important risk factors such as age, diabetes, and PVD. […] Approximately half (46-50%) of patients with diabetes have toenail abnormalities, of which 57-65% are due to onychomycosis.
  • #51 Onychomycosis Testing
    https://www.southcarolinablues.com/web/public/brands/medicalpolicyhb/external-policies/onychomycosis-testing/
    Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of the nail that causes approximately 50% of nail disease cases (Gupta, Versteeg, Shear, 2017) and is considered the most common nail disorder based on clinical statistics (Lipner Scher, 2019). […] The global prevalence of onychomycosis is estimated at 5.5% of the total population (Angulo-Rodrguez et al., 2021; Gupta et al., 2017). Ameen et al. (2014) estimate the onychomycosis prevalence in the United Kingdom at 3% of the adult population, while Wollina et al. (2016) estimate the prevalence in both the United States and Europe at 4.3% of the total population. Further, studies with a hospital-based population report an incidence at 8.9% (Wollina et al., 2016). Both lifestyle and general climate can impact infection rates. […] Several ailments or conditions increase the risk of an onychomycosis infection, including diabetes, obesity, old age, immunosuppression, smoking, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (Gupta et al., 2017), and cancer; further, patients who receive dialysis or who have previously received a transplant also experience a greater risk of developing an onychomycosis infection (Wollina et al., 2016). Diabetics are almost three times more likely to develop onychomycosis than non-diabetics; current data suggests that an estimated 34% of all diabetics have been diagnosed with the ailment (Ameen et al., 2014).
  • #52 Onychomycosis – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onychomycosis
    A 2003 survey of diseases of the foot in 16 European countries found onychomycosis to be the most frequent fungal foot infection and estimated its prevalence at 27%. […] Prevalence was observed to increase with age. […] In Canada, the prevalence was estimated to be 6.48%. […] Onychomycosis affects approximately one-third of diabetics and is 56% more frequent in people with psoriasis.
  • #53 Onychomycosis: Current Trends in Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/1201/p762.html
    Onychomycosis occurs in 10% of the general population, 20% of persons older than 60 years, and 50% of those older than 70 years. […] The risk of onychomycosis is 1.9 to 2.8 times higher in persons with diabetes compared with the general population. […] In patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection, the prevalence ranges from 15% to 40%. […] The increased prevalence in older adults is related to peripheral vascular disease, immunologic disorders, and diabetes mellitus. […] Onychomycosis affects toenails more often than fingernails because of their slower growth, reduced blood supply, and frequent confinement in dark, moist environments. […] It is also more common in smokers and in those who use occlusive footwear and shared bathing facilities. […] Despite treatment, the recurrence rate of onychomycosis is 10% to 50% as a result of reinfection or lack of mycotic cure.
  • #54 A Review On: Onychomycosis a Fungal Nail Infection
    https://www.ijpsjournal.com/article/A+Review+On+Onychomycosis+a+Fungal+Nail+Infection++
    A typical nail fungal infection that can cause thickness, discolouration, and occasionally nail detachment is called onychomycosis. […] Onychomycosis affecting 50% of all nail diseases of the global population and is one of the most prevalent nail conditions in adulthood. […] The increase number of patient with diabetes mellitus and the increase in peripheral vascular disease. […] Patients with impaired immune systems, like those who have HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), may experience serious health complications from onychomycosis. […] Individuals who suffer from HIV, or human immunodeficiency virus illness, have a 25% greater prevalence. […] Additionally, the study found that diabetes patient had on 88% higher risk of developing onychomycosis than non-diabetic individual and that each year of age increases the chance of onychomycosis by 1.9%.
  • #55 Onychomycosis: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1000/p359.html
    The estimated point prevalence of onychomycosis in North America is up to 13.8% for adults and 0.44% for children and adolescents younger than 18 years. […] Age older than 60 years is an important risk factor because of poor peripheral circulation, suboptimal immune function, slower nail growth, and longer exposure to pathogenic fungi. […] Other risk factors include recurrent nail trauma, tobacco use, and certain comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, obesity, psoriasis, malignancy, HIV, peripheral vascular disease, immunocompromised state).
  • #56 Onychomycosis in Foot and Toe Malformations
    https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/10/6/399
    It has long been known that there are predisposing factors for the development of onychomycoses. Many of these factors are not amenable to treatment, such as male gender, advanced age, genetic susceptibility, and diabetes mellitus. […] Advanced age, male sex, diabetes, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and lower limb ischemia are independent risk factors for developing onychomycosis. […] Hemodialysis patients often suffer from fungal nail infections. This is probably due to the primary cause of renal failure, like diabetic nephropathy, but hemodialysis as such may also predispose the patients to fungal nail infections. […] All kinds of immune defects represent a high risk of developing an onychomycosis. This is particularly evident in transplant patients and those infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
  • #57 Onychomycosis in Foot and Toe Malformations
    https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/10/6/399
    Onychomycoses are said to be the most frequent nail diseases. Having been a rare event some 150 years ago, they are now seen in 5–20% of the population depending on the age and gender of the patients, environmental factors and climate, profession, hygiene conditions, comorbidities, and habit of wearing almost airtight shoes, to mention just a few. […] One of the most important risk factors is hereditary susceptibility, as has been proven in many family trees demonstrating a vertical spread of onychomycoses in the family. […] For approximately 50 years, onychomycoses have been considered to be the most common nail diseases. This was questioned about 10 years ago, when it was claimed that nail changes due to orthopedic foot and toe anomalies would be the most common cause of toenail alterations.
  • #58 Onychomycosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441853/
    Onychomycosis is a common infection that is increasing in incidence. […] Prevalence estimates range from 1% to 8%, and the incidence is increasing. […] Risk factors include aging, diabetes, tinea pedis, psoriasis, immunodeficiency, and living with family members with onychomycosis.
  • #59 Onychomycosis: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment in a Changing Landscape – JDDonline – Journal of Drugs in Dermatology
    https://jddonline.com/articles/onychomycosis-epidemiology-diagnosis-and-treatment-in-a-changing-landscape-S1545961615P0223X
    Onychomycosis is an often overlooked and/or undertreated disease. […] Changing demographic characteristics such as the relative aging of the population; the increasing prevalence of diabetes and peripheral vascular disease, and widespread iatrogenic immunosuppression; and changes in lifestyle practices such as earlier and greater participation in sports, are likely to lead to an increased prevalence of onychomycosis in both adults and children. […] Disease prevalence estimates vary widely across studies; however, a recent meta-analysis calculated a rate of approximately 4% in North America/Europe. […] Prevalence is clearly higher in males and increases with age. […] The incidence of onychomycosis will likely rise due to projected increases in important risk factors such as age, diabetes, and PVD. […] Approximately half (46-50%) of patients with diabetes have toenail abnormalities, of which 57-65% are due to onychomycosis.
  • #60 Onychomycosis: Current Trends in Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/1201/p762.html
    Onychomycosis occurs in 10% of the general population, 20% of persons older than 60 years, and 50% of those older than 70 years. […] The risk of onychomycosis is 1.9 to 2.8 times higher in persons with diabetes compared with the general population. […] In patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection, the prevalence ranges from 15% to 40%. […] The increased prevalence in older adults is related to peripheral vascular disease, immunologic disorders, and diabetes mellitus. […] Onychomycosis affects toenails more often than fingernails because of their slower growth, reduced blood supply, and frequent confinement in dark, moist environments. […] It is also more common in smokers and in those who use occlusive footwear and shared bathing facilities. […] Despite treatment, the recurrence rate of onychomycosis is 10% to 50% as a result of reinfection or lack of mycotic cure.
  • #61 Effective treatment of fungal nail infections | Canesten®
    https://www.canesten.com.my/skin-and-foot-health/conditions/fungal-nail
    Nail fungal infection is typically characterized by: […] Globally, nail fungus is the most frequent type of nail fungal infection, and accounts for up to 50% of all nail diseases. […] Changing rooms, public showers and unsterilized equipment in nail salons can put you at an increased risk of a nail fungal infection. […] Remember to wash your hands! Direct physical contact with a person suffering from a nail fungal infection can put you at risk of catching an infection yourself.
  • #62 Onychomycosis: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1000/p359.html
    The estimated point prevalence of onychomycosis in North America is up to 13.8% for adults and 0.44% for children and adolescents younger than 18 years. […] Age older than 60 years is an important risk factor because of poor peripheral circulation, suboptimal immune function, slower nail growth, and longer exposure to pathogenic fungi. […] Other risk factors include recurrent nail trauma, tobacco use, and certain comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, obesity, psoriasis, malignancy, HIV, peripheral vascular disease, immunocompromised state).
  • #63 Onychomycosis: Diagnosis and management – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
    https://ijdvl.com/onychomycosis-diagnosis-and-management/
    Other predisposing factors include nail trauma, peripheral vascular disease (PVD), smoking, and psoriasis. […] There is a wide variety of fungi causing onychomycosis which varies from one geographic area to another primarily due to different climatic conditions. […] Dermatophytes are the most frequently implicated causative agents in onychomycosis (approximately 90% in toenail and 50% in fingernail). […] Nondermatophyte molds (NDM) mainly affect toenails and occasionally fingernails. […] NDM account for 1.5-6% of all onychomycosis that fall into two main categories: first group encompasses fungi that are nearly always isolated from nails as etiologic agents, such as Scytalidium dimidiatum and Scytalidium hyalinum; the second group is formed by opportunistic fungi that may also be isolated as contaminants, such as Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Aspergillus sydowii, and Onychocola canadensis.
  • #64 Onychomycosis: Diagnosis and management – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
    https://ijdvl.com/onychomycosis-diagnosis-and-management/
    Involvement of molds should be suspected in the absence of tinea pedis, history of trauma, presence of one or two affected toe-nails with periungual inflammation. […] Yeasts are now increasingly recognized as pathogens in fingernail infections. […] Candida onychomycosis (CO) is increasingly found in individuals with defective/lowered immunity consequential to aging, diabetes, vascular diseases, immunosuppression, and broad spectrum antibiotics, and is common in patients with DiGeorge syndrome, agammaglobulinemia, and thymus dysplasia. […] Chronic exposure to moisture and chemicals including detergents and breached local immunity due to trauma, as seen in housewives, farmers, and fishermen, contributes to CO accompanied by Candida paronychia. […] The clinical presentation of onychomycosis may provide clues to the infecting organism; however, at times, appearance caused by different fungal species may be indistinguishable.
  • #65 Onychomycosis: Diagnosis and management – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
    https://ijdvl.com/onychomycosis-diagnosis-and-management/
    Onychomycosis is a common condition affecting 5.5% of the population worldwide and represents 20-40% of all onychopathies and about 30% of cutaneous mycotic infections. […] The prevalence of onychomycosis is determined by age, occupation, climate, and frequency of travel. Increase in the aged population, HIV infection or immunosuppressive therapy, avid sports participation, commercial swimming pools, and occlusive foot wear are responsible for an increased incidence. […] Men are affected more frequently possibly due to more frequent nail damage from sports and leisure activities. […] Toe nails are about seven times more frequently affected than fingernails due to three times slower growth rate. […] Walking barefoot, wearing ill-fitting shoes, nail biting (onychophagia), and working with chemicals further predispose Indian patients to onychomycosis.
  • #66 Onychomycosis: Diagnosis and management – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
    https://ijdvl.com/onychomycosis-diagnosis-and-management/
    Onychomycosis is a common condition affecting 5.5% of the population worldwide and represents 20-40% of all onychopathies and about 30% of cutaneous mycotic infections. […] The prevalence of onychomycosis is determined by age, occupation, climate, and frequency of travel. Increase in the aged population, HIV infection or immunosuppressive therapy, avid sports participation, commercial swimming pools, and occlusive foot wear are responsible for an increased incidence. […] Men are affected more frequently possibly due to more frequent nail damage from sports and leisure activities. […] Toe nails are about seven times more frequently affected than fingernails due to three times slower growth rate. […] Walking barefoot, wearing ill-fitting shoes, nail biting (onychophagia), and working with chemicals further predispose Indian patients to onychomycosis.
  • #67 Onychomycosis: Diagnosis and management – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
    https://ijdvl.com/onychomycosis-diagnosis-and-management/
    Onychomycosis is a common condition affecting 5.5% of the population worldwide and represents 20-40% of all onychopathies and about 30% of cutaneous mycotic infections. […] The prevalence of onychomycosis is determined by age, occupation, climate, and frequency of travel. Increase in the aged population, HIV infection or immunosuppressive therapy, avid sports participation, commercial swimming pools, and occlusive foot wear are responsible for an increased incidence. […] Men are affected more frequently possibly due to more frequent nail damage from sports and leisure activities. […] Toe nails are about seven times more frequently affected than fingernails due to three times slower growth rate. […] Walking barefoot, wearing ill-fitting shoes, nail biting (onychophagia), and working with chemicals further predispose Indian patients to onychomycosis.
  • #68 Onychomycosis: Diagnosis and management – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
    https://ijdvl.com/onychomycosis-diagnosis-and-management/
    Onychomycosis is a common condition affecting 5.5% of the population worldwide and represents 20-40% of all onychopathies and about 30% of cutaneous mycotic infections. […] The prevalence of onychomycosis is determined by age, occupation, climate, and frequency of travel. Increase in the aged population, HIV infection or immunosuppressive therapy, avid sports participation, commercial swimming pools, and occlusive foot wear are responsible for an increased incidence. […] Men are affected more frequently possibly due to more frequent nail damage from sports and leisure activities. […] Toe nails are about seven times more frequently affected than fingernails due to three times slower growth rate. […] Walking barefoot, wearing ill-fitting shoes, nail biting (onychophagia), and working with chemicals further predispose Indian patients to onychomycosis.
  • #69 Incidence and Epidemiology of Onychomycosis in Patients Visiting a Tertiary Care Hospital in India | MDedge
    https://mdedge.com/cutis/article/96294/hair-nails/incidence-and-epidemiology-onychomycosis-patients-visiting-tertiary
    Onychomycosis is a chronic fungal infection of the nails that is largely underdiagnosed in developing countries such as India due to poor health care facilities. […] Onychomycosis affects 5.5% of the world population and represents 20% to 40% of all onychopathies and approximately 30% of cutaneous mycotic infections. […] The incidence of onychomycosis ranges from 0.5% to 5% in the general population in India. […] The incidence is particularly high in warm humid climates such as India. […] Several studies have shown that the prevalence of onychomycosis increases with age, possibly due to poor peripheral circulation, diabetes mellitus, repeated nail trauma, prolonged exposure to pathogenic fungi, suboptimal immune function, inactivity, or inability to trim the toenails and care for the feet. […] Our hospital-based study sought to determine the incidence and epidemiology of onychomycosis with an analysis of 134 participants with clinically suspected onychomycosis.
  • #70 Onychomycosis: Diagnosis and management – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
    https://ijdvl.com/onychomycosis-diagnosis-and-management/
    Other predisposing factors include nail trauma, peripheral vascular disease (PVD), smoking, and psoriasis. […] There is a wide variety of fungi causing onychomycosis which varies from one geographic area to another primarily due to different climatic conditions. […] Dermatophytes are the most frequently implicated causative agents in onychomycosis (approximately 90% in toenail and 50% in fingernail). […] Nondermatophyte molds (NDM) mainly affect toenails and occasionally fingernails. […] NDM account for 1.5-6% of all onychomycosis that fall into two main categories: first group encompasses fungi that are nearly always isolated from nails as etiologic agents, such as Scytalidium dimidiatum and Scytalidium hyalinum; the second group is formed by opportunistic fungi that may also be isolated as contaminants, such as Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Aspergillus sydowii, and Onychocola canadensis.
  • #71 Onychomycosis: Epidemiology, clinical features, and diagnosis – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/onychomycosis-epidemiology-clinical-features-and-diagnosis/print
    Onychomycosis refers to chronic fungal infection of the toenails or fingernails. Causative fungi include dermatophytes, yeasts, and nondermatophyte molds. […] The epidemiology, clinical features, and diagnosis of onychomycosis will be reviewed here (algorithm 1). Other causes of nail dystrophy and the management of onychomycosis are reviewed separately. […] Dermatophyte infections (also known as tinea unguium) are most common and are estimated to account for 60 to 70 percent of infections. Nondermatophyte mold and yeast infections may account for 30 to 40 percent and 10 to 20 percent of fungal nail infections, respectively. […] In a review of multinational hospital-based prevalence studies, in which dermatophytes were found in 65 percent of cases of onychomycosis (including 82 percent of cases in North America), T. rubrum infection was most common, accounting for approximately 45 percent of infections.
  • #72 Onychomycosis: Epidemiology, clinical features, and diagnosis – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/onychomycosis-epidemiology-clinical-features-and-diagnosis/print
    Onychomycosis refers to chronic fungal infection of the toenails or fingernails. Causative fungi include dermatophytes, yeasts, and nondermatophyte molds. […] The epidemiology, clinical features, and diagnosis of onychomycosis will be reviewed here (algorithm 1). Other causes of nail dystrophy and the management of onychomycosis are reviewed separately. […] Dermatophyte infections (also known as tinea unguium) are most common and are estimated to account for 60 to 70 percent of infections. Nondermatophyte mold and yeast infections may account for 30 to 40 percent and 10 to 20 percent of fungal nail infections, respectively. […] In a review of multinational hospital-based prevalence studies, in which dermatophytes were found in 65 percent of cases of onychomycosis (including 82 percent of cases in North America), T. rubrum infection was most common, accounting for approximately 45 percent of infections.
  • #73 Onychomycosis: Old and New
    https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/9/5/559
    Onychomycosis studies often report the mycologic cure, clinical cure, and complete cure rates. A mycologic cure is achieved when both the culture and direct microscopy are negative after medical treatment. A clinical cure is defined as a normal appearance of the affected nail. A complete cure is defined as both negative mycology and absence of clinical signs in the nail. The goal of treatment is complete cure; however, patients often have nail abnormalities before the development of the fungal infections and will not achieve fully normal nails after treatment. In this review, we will focus primarily on complete cure rates. […] Terbinafine resistance is an emerging problem globally, and isolates have been documented in India and Europe with increasing frequency. The Trichophyton species is commonly identified, specifically T. rubrum, T. interdigitale/mentagrophytes, and T. indotineae. Terbinafine inhibits squalene oxidase and interferes with ergosterol production, a compound necessary for fungal plasma membrane structure. Trichophyton resistant cases arise when point mutations develop in the squalene oxidase gene. While cases of antifungal resistance have been largely reported in dermatophytic infections of the skin, the emergence and spread of these organisms is an important public health concern that can have significant consequences in onychomycosis cases.
  • #74 Onychomycosis: Old and New
    https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/9/5/559
    Onychomycosis is a chronic fungal infection of the nail that results in discoloration, onycholysis, and nail plate thickening. The infection most commonly occurs in the toenails and can involve any component of the nail unit, including the nail bed, nail matrix, and nail plate. Onychomycosis affects patients of all ages. However, several studies have established higher prevalence with older age. Other risk factors include diabetes, tinea pedis, poor circulation, immunosuppression, psoriasis, Down syndrome, occlusive footwear, and obesity. […] The worldwide prevalence of onychomycosis is estimated at 10% and accounts for up to 50% of nail diseases. Dermatophytes are a common culprit of onychomycosis, with the species Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes responsible for 60–70% of infections. Yeasts are responsible for approximately 20% of onychomycosis, and non-dermatophytes account for the remaining 10%. Studies have demonstrated that mixed infections, non-dermatophytes, and yeasts are more prevalent than previously thought, especially in warmer climates.
  • #75 Onychomycosis: Epidemiology, clinical features, and diagnosis – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/onychomycosis-epidemiology-clinical-features-and-diagnosis/print
    Onychomycosis refers to chronic fungal infection of the toenails or fingernails. Causative fungi include dermatophytes, yeasts, and nondermatophyte molds. […] The epidemiology, clinical features, and diagnosis of onychomycosis will be reviewed here (algorithm 1). Other causes of nail dystrophy and the management of onychomycosis are reviewed separately. […] Dermatophyte infections (also known as tinea unguium) are most common and are estimated to account for 60 to 70 percent of infections. Nondermatophyte mold and yeast infections may account for 30 to 40 percent and 10 to 20 percent of fungal nail infections, respectively. […] In a review of multinational hospital-based prevalence studies, in which dermatophytes were found in 65 percent of cases of onychomycosis (including 82 percent of cases in North America), T. rubrum infection was most common, accounting for approximately 45 percent of infections.
  • #76 Onychomycosis: Diagnosis and management – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
    https://ijdvl.com/onychomycosis-diagnosis-and-management/
    Other predisposing factors include nail trauma, peripheral vascular disease (PVD), smoking, and psoriasis. […] There is a wide variety of fungi causing onychomycosis which varies from one geographic area to another primarily due to different climatic conditions. […] Dermatophytes are the most frequently implicated causative agents in onychomycosis (approximately 90% in toenail and 50% in fingernail). […] Nondermatophyte molds (NDM) mainly affect toenails and occasionally fingernails. […] NDM account for 1.5-6% of all onychomycosis that fall into two main categories: first group encompasses fungi that are nearly always isolated from nails as etiologic agents, such as Scytalidium dimidiatum and Scytalidium hyalinum; the second group is formed by opportunistic fungi that may also be isolated as contaminants, such as Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Aspergillus sydowii, and Onychocola canadensis.
  • #77 Estimating the Prevalence of Fungal Nail Infections and Potential Concerns for Central Disease Surveillance Hub in Pakistan – Best Diagnostic Center & Medical Centre in Pakistan -IDC Pvt.LTD
    https://idc.net.pk/estimating-the-prevalence-of-fungal-nail-infections-and-potential-concerns-for-central-disease-surveillance-hub-in-pakistan/
    Estimating the Prevalence of Fungal Nail Infections and Potential Concerns for Central Disease Surveillance Hub in Pakistan […] Nail fungal infections remained unnoticed during COVID-19 pandemic. Herein, we first-time reported national data acquired from 100 branches of IDC Pakistan against Aspergillus species, Penicillium species, Epidermophyton species, Candida species, Candia albicans, Trichophyton species, Bipolaris species or Unidentified fungal infections. Among 497 participants, 22.22% of infections were of Aspergillus species. However, 4.17% of infections were of Candida species and Epidermophyton. The penicillium and Candida albicans species were prevalent at 2.7% among suspected people. However the prevalence of bipolaris species were 1.38%. The unidentified species were also 1.38% among suspected patients, which is potential point of concern. Our results depicted higher level of nail fungal infections among females as compared to males. There is an urgent need for development of national strategies to monitor fungal infections and designing ways for prevention of fungal disease.
  • #78 Onychomycosis: Diagnosis and management – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
    https://ijdvl.com/onychomycosis-diagnosis-and-management/
    Other predisposing factors include nail trauma, peripheral vascular disease (PVD), smoking, and psoriasis. […] There is a wide variety of fungi causing onychomycosis which varies from one geographic area to another primarily due to different climatic conditions. […] Dermatophytes are the most frequently implicated causative agents in onychomycosis (approximately 90% in toenail and 50% in fingernail). […] Nondermatophyte molds (NDM) mainly affect toenails and occasionally fingernails. […] NDM account for 1.5-6% of all onychomycosis that fall into two main categories: first group encompasses fungi that are nearly always isolated from nails as etiologic agents, such as Scytalidium dimidiatum and Scytalidium hyalinum; the second group is formed by opportunistic fungi that may also be isolated as contaminants, such as Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Aspergillus sydowii, and Onychocola canadensis.
  • #79 Onychomycosis: Diagnosis and management – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
    https://ijdvl.com/onychomycosis-diagnosis-and-management/
    Other predisposing factors include nail trauma, peripheral vascular disease (PVD), smoking, and psoriasis. […] There is a wide variety of fungi causing onychomycosis which varies from one geographic area to another primarily due to different climatic conditions. […] Dermatophytes are the most frequently implicated causative agents in onychomycosis (approximately 90% in toenail and 50% in fingernail). […] Nondermatophyte molds (NDM) mainly affect toenails and occasionally fingernails. […] NDM account for 1.5-6% of all onychomycosis that fall into two main categories: first group encompasses fungi that are nearly always isolated from nails as etiologic agents, such as Scytalidium dimidiatum and Scytalidium hyalinum; the second group is formed by opportunistic fungi that may also be isolated as contaminants, such as Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Aspergillus sydowii, and Onychocola canadensis.
  • #80 Onychomycosis: Diagnosis and management – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
    https://ijdvl.com/onychomycosis-diagnosis-and-management/
    Involvement of molds should be suspected in the absence of tinea pedis, history of trauma, presence of one or two affected toe-nails with periungual inflammation. […] Yeasts are now increasingly recognized as pathogens in fingernail infections. […] Candida onychomycosis (CO) is increasingly found in individuals with defective/lowered immunity consequential to aging, diabetes, vascular diseases, immunosuppression, and broad spectrum antibiotics, and is common in patients with DiGeorge syndrome, agammaglobulinemia, and thymus dysplasia. […] Chronic exposure to moisture and chemicals including detergents and breached local immunity due to trauma, as seen in housewives, farmers, and fishermen, contributes to CO accompanied by Candida paronychia. […] The clinical presentation of onychomycosis may provide clues to the infecting organism; however, at times, appearance caused by different fungal species may be indistinguishable.
  • #81 Onychomycosis: Epidemiology, clinical features, and diagnosis – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/onychomycosis-epidemiology-clinical-features-and-diagnosis/print
    Onychomycosis refers to chronic fungal infection of the toenails or fingernails. Causative fungi include dermatophytes, yeasts, and nondermatophyte molds. […] The epidemiology, clinical features, and diagnosis of onychomycosis will be reviewed here (algorithm 1). Other causes of nail dystrophy and the management of onychomycosis are reviewed separately. […] Dermatophyte infections (also known as tinea unguium) are most common and are estimated to account for 60 to 70 percent of infections. Nondermatophyte mold and yeast infections may account for 30 to 40 percent and 10 to 20 percent of fungal nail infections, respectively. […] In a review of multinational hospital-based prevalence studies, in which dermatophytes were found in 65 percent of cases of onychomycosis (including 82 percent of cases in North America), T. rubrum infection was most common, accounting for approximately 45 percent of infections.
  • #82 A Review On: Onychomycosis a Fungal Nail Infection
    https://www.ijpsjournal.com/article/A+Review+On+Onychomycosis+a+Fungal+Nail+Infection++
    A wide range of fungi can cause onychomycosis, and the main reason why this changes from one region to another is because of the climate. […] The most often identified causal agents of onychomycosis (about 90% in toenails and 50% in fingernails) are dermatophytes. […] NDM makes up 1.56% of all onychomycoses, which are separated into two categories. […] About 70% of candida albicans is the cause of onychomycosis brought on by yeast. […] The most typical signs of onychomycosis are nail thickening (hyperkeratosis) and discolouration (green, yellow, black, or white). […] Onychomycosis requires a thorough diagnosis before treatment can begin. […] Mycology should validate the onychomycosis clinical suspicion. […] Treatment options for onychomycosis include debridement, surgical nail plate removal (nail avulsion), antifungal medications applied topically and orally, as well as device-based therapies (such laser therapy).
  • #83 Incidence and Epidemiology of Onychomycosis in Patients Visiting a Tertiary Care Hospital in India | MDedge Dermatology
    https://www.mdedge9-ma1.mdedge.com/dermatology/article/96294/hair-nails/incidence-and-epidemiology-onychomycosis-patients-visiting/page/0/2
    In our study, dermatophytes were the most commonly found pathogens (58.3%), which is comparable to other studies. […] In some studies, Trichophyton rubrum has been reported as the most prevalent dermatophyte, but we identified Trichophyton rubrum in only 18 participants, which can be attributed to variations in epidemiology based on geographic region. […] Nondermatophyte molds were isolated in 12.5% of participants, with Aspergillus niger being the most common isolate found in 8 cases. […] In 28 cases (29.2%) involving Candida species, Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida tropicalis were the most common pathogens, respectively, which is in accordance with many studies. […] Distal lateral subungual onychomycosis was the most prevalent clinical type found (n=66), which is comparable to other reports.
  • #84 Incidence and Epidemiology of Onychomycosis in Patients Visiting a Tertiary Care Hospital in India | MDedge Dermatology
    https://www.mdedge9-ma1.mdedge.com/dermatology/article/96294/hair-nails/incidence-and-epidemiology-onychomycosis-patients-visiting/page/0/2
    In our study, dermatophytes were the most commonly found pathogens (58.3%), which is comparable to other studies. […] In some studies, Trichophyton rubrum has been reported as the most prevalent dermatophyte, but we identified Trichophyton rubrum in only 18 participants, which can be attributed to variations in epidemiology based on geographic region. […] Nondermatophyte molds were isolated in 12.5% of participants, with Aspergillus niger being the most common isolate found in 8 cases. […] In 28 cases (29.2%) involving Candida species, Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida tropicalis were the most common pathogens, respectively, which is in accordance with many studies. […] Distal lateral subungual onychomycosis was the most prevalent clinical type found (n=66), which is comparable to other reports.
  • #85 Onychomycosis: Diagnosis and management – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
    https://ijdvl.com/onychomycosis-diagnosis-and-management/
    Involvement of molds should be suspected in the absence of tinea pedis, history of trauma, presence of one or two affected toe-nails with periungual inflammation. […] Yeasts are now increasingly recognized as pathogens in fingernail infections. […] Candida onychomycosis (CO) is increasingly found in individuals with defective/lowered immunity consequential to aging, diabetes, vascular diseases, immunosuppression, and broad spectrum antibiotics, and is common in patients with DiGeorge syndrome, agammaglobulinemia, and thymus dysplasia. […] Chronic exposure to moisture and chemicals including detergents and breached local immunity due to trauma, as seen in housewives, farmers, and fishermen, contributes to CO accompanied by Candida paronychia. […] The clinical presentation of onychomycosis may provide clues to the infecting organism; however, at times, appearance caused by different fungal species may be indistinguishable.
  • #86 Estimating the Prevalence of Fungal Nail Infections and Potential Concerns for Central Disease Surveillance Hub in Pakistan
    https://www.fortunejournals.com/articles/estimating-the-prevalence-of-fungal-nail-infections-and-potential-concerns-for-central-disease-surveillance-hub-in-pakistan.html
    Nail fungal infections remained unnoticed during COVID-19 pandemic. […] There is an urgent need for development of national strategies to monitor fungal infections and designing ways for prevention of fungal disease. […] Fungal nail infections are major public health problem worldwide. […] It has been reported that 185 countries had inadequate national data repository or no surveillance center for fungal infections. […] Current study is critical for constructing novel mechanisms to prevent of fungal infections. This study is not only critical for national policy making or strategic organizations of Pakistan, but also provides guidelines for the accurate determination of fungal infections, surveillance and monitoring of fungal infections worldwide.
  • #87 Estimating the Prevalence of Fungal Nail Infections and Potential Concerns for Central Disease Surveillance Hub in Pakistan
    https://fortuneonline.org/articles/estimating-the-prevalence-of-fungal-nail-infections-and-potential-concerns-for-central-disease-surveillance-hub-in-pakistan.html
    Nail fungal infections are major public health problem worldwide. It has been reported that globally, each year; more than 300 million people of all ages suffer from serious fungal infections. It has been reported that 185 countries had inadequate national data repository or no surveillance center for fungal infections. To date, more than 3.2 million people are living with fungal infections in Pakistan. Our results depicted higher level of nail fungal infections among females as compared to males. Current study is critical for constructing novel mechanisms to prevent of fungal infections. This study is not only critical for national policy making or strategic organizations of Pakistan, but also provides guidelines for the accurate determination of fungal infections, surveillance and monitoring of fungal infections worldwide. […] There is an urgent need for development of national strategies to monitor fungal infections and designing ways for prevention of fungal disease.
  • #88 The information – fungal nail infection – Pulse Today
    https://www.pulsetoday.co.uk/clinical-feature/clinical-areas/dermatology-and-wound-care/the-information-fungal-nail-infection/
    Fungal nail infections, or onychomycosis, have three patterns. […] In the UK the prevalence of fungal nail infections is roughly 3%. […] Diagnosis is made through clinical appearance matched with positive microscopy and culture of nail clippings. […] A recent survey from Europe showed this was undertaken by only 3.4% of primary care physicians and roughly 40% of dermatologists. […] There is no data on progression of untreated fungal nail disease. […] Fungal nail disease has been documented in patterns within families that would be consistent with transmission within the home or shared genetic disposition.
  • #89 (PDF) Epidemiology of nail infection due to keratinophilic fungi
    https://www.academia.edu/83752936/Epidemiology_of_nail_infection_due_to_keratinophilic_fungi
    Onychomycosis remains the most common nail disorder with a significant burden. There is need for prevention through practice of good personal hygiene and prescribed treatment of onychomycosis as it can have a considerable impact on patients’ quality of life. […] Onychomycosis was detected in 11 patients with psoriasis (25.6%) (hand and/or foot), while in 17 patients (39.5%) in control group. There was no statistically significant difference between two groups (p=0.170). […] Onychomycosis, a nail fungus infection is the most frequent nail ailment, constituting about half of all nail disorders. It can be caused by dermatophytes, non-dermatophytes, yeasts and Prothoteca spp. […] One of the most interesting novel findings was that sampling requests were often not made [only 3.4% of general physicians (GPs) and 39.6% of dermatologists]. This means that no information about causative agent(s) was available, hindering appropriate treatment choice.
  • #90 Estimating the Prevalence of Fungal Nail Infections and Potential Concerns for Central Disease Surveillance Hub in Pakistan
    https://fortuneonline.org/articles/estimating-the-prevalence-of-fungal-nail-infections-and-potential-concerns-for-central-disease-surveillance-hub-in-pakistan.html
    Nail fungal infections are major public health problem worldwide. It has been reported that globally, each year; more than 300 million people of all ages suffer from serious fungal infections. It has been reported that 185 countries had inadequate national data repository or no surveillance center for fungal infections. To date, more than 3.2 million people are living with fungal infections in Pakistan. Our results depicted higher level of nail fungal infections among females as compared to males. Current study is critical for constructing novel mechanisms to prevent of fungal infections. This study is not only critical for national policy making or strategic organizations of Pakistan, but also provides guidelines for the accurate determination of fungal infections, surveillance and monitoring of fungal infections worldwide. […] There is an urgent need for development of national strategies to monitor fungal infections and designing ways for prevention of fungal disease.
  • #91 Estimating the Prevalence of Fungal Nail Infections and Potential Concerns for Central Disease Surveillance Hub in Pakistan
    https://fortuneonline.org/articles/estimating-the-prevalence-of-fungal-nail-infections-and-potential-concerns-for-central-disease-surveillance-hub-in-pakistan.html
    Nail fungal infections are major public health problem worldwide. It has been reported that globally, each year; more than 300 million people of all ages suffer from serious fungal infections. It has been reported that 185 countries had inadequate national data repository or no surveillance center for fungal infections. To date, more than 3.2 million people are living with fungal infections in Pakistan. Our results depicted higher level of nail fungal infections among females as compared to males. Current study is critical for constructing novel mechanisms to prevent of fungal infections. This study is not only critical for national policy making or strategic organizations of Pakistan, but also provides guidelines for the accurate determination of fungal infections, surveillance and monitoring of fungal infections worldwide. […] There is an urgent need for development of national strategies to monitor fungal infections and designing ways for prevention of fungal disease.
  • #92 Clinical Overview of Ringworm and Fungal Nail Infections | Ringworm | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/ringworm/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html
    Onychomycosis (fungal nail infection often associated with dermatophytes) occasionally leads to serious secondary bacterial infections, especially in people with diabetes. […] Onychomycosis is estimated to affect around 14% of the general population and is especially common in older adults. People with diabetes are at increased risk for fungal nail infections. […] Antimicrobial-resistant ringworm and onychomycosis are an emerging public health concern. […] Antimicrobial-resistant ringworm is emerging and is a current public health concern.
  • #93 The epidemiology and etiology of onychomycosis in 2 laboratory centers affiliated to Tehran university of medical sciences during 2019–2020
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9168250/
    Onychomycosis is caused by dermatophyte species, non-dermatophyte moulds (NDMs), and accounts for roughly 50% of all nail diseases. […] The present investigation aims to determine the epidemiological profile of onychomycosis in 2 mycology laboratories. […] The pattern of etiologic agents and clinical signs of onychomycosis differs according to geographical region and age, so repeated epidemiological surveys of onychomycosis seem to be fundamental. […] Based on recent published epidemiologic researches, the prevalence of onychomycosis is about 5.5% globally. […] The present study tries to identify the etiologic agents of onychomycosis and assess the current epidemiology of this infection based on age, gender, and site of illness in patients referred to a mycology hospital center and a faculty laboratory in Tehran province, Iran.
  • #94 Estimating the Prevalence of Fungal Nail Infections and Potential Concerns for Central Disease Surveillance Hub in Pakistan – Best Diagnostic Center & Medical Centre in Pakistan -IDC Pvt.LTD
    https://idc.net.pk/estimating-the-prevalence-of-fungal-nail-infections-and-potential-concerns-for-central-disease-surveillance-hub-in-pakistan/
    We aimed to estimate the Pakistan burden of nail fungal infections. To examine the national burden of prevailing fungal nail infections between January 2019 and April 2022 in Pakistan, a cross-sectional, multicenter study was conducted in Islamabad Diagnostic Center Pakistan (IDC), having 100 branches covering all major cities and rural areas of Pakistan. The analysis revealed that 27.7% of suspected fungal nail infections occurred in people of less than 30 years of age. However, 59.7% of the fungal nail infections were reported from people between 30 years to 60 years age group. While 12.5% of the fungal nail infections were reported among people of more than 60 years of age. […] Among suspected patient samples 40.27% depicted fungal growth in nails. Among 497 suspected fungal cultures, 72 nail isolates were determined. Aspergillus species followed by Epidermophyton, Trichophyton species and unidentified fungal species were common among subjects of <30 years of age. Aspergillus species followed by candida species, candida albicans, Penicillium species, Epidermophyton, and Bipolaris species were observed among people between 30 to 60 years of age. However among more than 60 years of age Aspergillus species were reported to cause nail fungal infections. Among suspected people with nail infections, 22.22% of infections were of Aspergillus species. However, 4.17% of infections were of Candida species and Epidermophyton. The penicillium and Candida albicans species were prevalent at 2.7% among suspected people. However the prevalence of bipolaris species were 1.38%. The unidentified species were also 1.38% among suspected patients, which is potential point of concern. Current study is critical for constructing novel mechanisms to prevent of fungal infections. This study is not only critical for national policy making or strategic organizations of Pakistan, but also provides guidelines for the accurate determination of fungal infections, surveillance and monitoring of fungal infections worldwide.
  • #95 Clinical Overview of Ringworm and Fungal Nail Infections | Ringworm | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/ringworm/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html
    Onychomycosis (fungal nail infection often associated with dermatophytes) occasionally leads to serious secondary bacterial infections, especially in people with diabetes. […] Onychomycosis is estimated to affect around 14% of the general population and is especially common in older adults. People with diabetes are at increased risk for fungal nail infections. […] Antimicrobial-resistant ringworm and onychomycosis are an emerging public health concern. […] Antimicrobial-resistant ringworm is emerging and is a current public health concern.
  • #96 Onychomycosis: Old and New
    https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/9/5/559
    Onychomycosis studies often report the mycologic cure, clinical cure, and complete cure rates. A mycologic cure is achieved when both the culture and direct microscopy are negative after medical treatment. A clinical cure is defined as a normal appearance of the affected nail. A complete cure is defined as both negative mycology and absence of clinical signs in the nail. The goal of treatment is complete cure; however, patients often have nail abnormalities before the development of the fungal infections and will not achieve fully normal nails after treatment. In this review, we will focus primarily on complete cure rates. […] Terbinafine resistance is an emerging problem globally, and isolates have been documented in India and Europe with increasing frequency. The Trichophyton species is commonly identified, specifically T. rubrum, T. interdigitale/mentagrophytes, and T. indotineae. Terbinafine inhibits squalene oxidase and interferes with ergosterol production, a compound necessary for fungal plasma membrane structure. Trichophyton resistant cases arise when point mutations develop in the squalene oxidase gene. While cases of antifungal resistance have been largely reported in dermatophytic infections of the skin, the emergence and spread of these organisms is an important public health concern that can have significant consequences in onychomycosis cases.
  • #97 Onychomycosis: Old and New
    https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/9/5/559
    Onychomycosis studies often report the mycologic cure, clinical cure, and complete cure rates. A mycologic cure is achieved when both the culture and direct microscopy are negative after medical treatment. A clinical cure is defined as a normal appearance of the affected nail. A complete cure is defined as both negative mycology and absence of clinical signs in the nail. The goal of treatment is complete cure; however, patients often have nail abnormalities before the development of the fungal infections and will not achieve fully normal nails after treatment. In this review, we will focus primarily on complete cure rates. […] Terbinafine resistance is an emerging problem globally, and isolates have been documented in India and Europe with increasing frequency. The Trichophyton species is commonly identified, specifically T. rubrum, T. interdigitale/mentagrophytes, and T. indotineae. Terbinafine inhibits squalene oxidase and interferes with ergosterol production, a compound necessary for fungal plasma membrane structure. Trichophyton resistant cases arise when point mutations develop in the squalene oxidase gene. While cases of antifungal resistance have been largely reported in dermatophytic infections of the skin, the emergence and spread of these organisms is an important public health concern that can have significant consequences in onychomycosis cases.
  • #98 Onychomycosis: Old and New
    https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/9/5/559
    Onychomycosis studies often report the mycologic cure, clinical cure, and complete cure rates. A mycologic cure is achieved when both the culture and direct microscopy are negative after medical treatment. A clinical cure is defined as a normal appearance of the affected nail. A complete cure is defined as both negative mycology and absence of clinical signs in the nail. The goal of treatment is complete cure; however, patients often have nail abnormalities before the development of the fungal infections and will not achieve fully normal nails after treatment. In this review, we will focus primarily on complete cure rates. […] Terbinafine resistance is an emerging problem globally, and isolates have been documented in India and Europe with increasing frequency. The Trichophyton species is commonly identified, specifically T. rubrum, T. interdigitale/mentagrophytes, and T. indotineae. Terbinafine inhibits squalene oxidase and interferes with ergosterol production, a compound necessary for fungal plasma membrane structure. Trichophyton resistant cases arise when point mutations develop in the squalene oxidase gene. While cases of antifungal resistance have been largely reported in dermatophytic infections of the skin, the emergence and spread of these organisms is an important public health concern that can have significant consequences in onychomycosis cases.
  • #99 Fungal Nail Infections — DermNet
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/fungal-nail-infections
    Fungal infection of the nail, also known as onychomycosis, compromises over 50% of all nail disease with an estimated prevalence of 5.5%. […] Onychomycosis is common in older aged adults (over 65 years), diabetics, immunocompromised patients (especially those with HIV disease), and athletes. […] Emerging evidence of the role of biofilm in fungal nail disease may account for antifungal drug resistance and increased virulence. […] Fungal nail infections are often regarded as a trivial cosmetic problem. However, the effect it may have on ones quality of life is undervalued as it can cause significant pain affecting full mobility and activities, and social stigma. […] Approximately 2025% of treated onychomycosis unfortunately relapse due to patient or pathogen factors such as poor circulation, advancing age, diabetes, immunosuppression, severe fungal nail clinical findings, mixed infections, and incomplete treatment.
  • #100 SciELO Brazil – An observational and descriptive study of the epidemiology of and therapeutic approach to onychomycosis in dermatology offices in Brazil An observational and descriptive study of the epidemiology of and therapeutic approach to onychomycos
    https://www.scielo.br/j/abd/a/5nXvB3jS7VD78fGBMhgWNPR/?lang=en
    Onychomycosis is a type of fungal infection that accounts for over 50% of all onycopathies. Very few studies have been carried out in order to assess the epidemiology of onychomycosis in Brazil. To describe the epidemiological profile of onychomycosis in Brazilian dermatology offices and to assess the etiology of the disease, how often mycosis exams are requested, and the treatment adopted. Of the 7,852 patients, 28.3% were clinically diagnosed as having onychomycosis. Women over 45 years old who practiced exercises or with a personal history of the disease showed greater likelihood of having onychomycosis. The disease was most seen in the feet, and the majority of cases involved the hallux. Mycosis exams were not requested for all clinically suspected cases. When exams were done, results showed that the most common fungus was Trichophyton rubrum. This study was important to describe the epidemiological behavior of onychomycosis in Brazilian dermatology offices and to determine important risk factors, such as gender, age, practice of exercises, personal history of the disease, and comorbidities. The prevalence of onychomycosis in the general population has been estimated to be between 2% and 9%. These numbers have increased considerably in the past decades and are related to diabetes, peripheral arterial disease, psoriasis, immunodepression, and aging. Adults are 30 times more likely to have onychomycosis than children. Onychomycosis is found in over 90% of the elderly population. In advanced stages, onychomycosis can cause pain, discomfort, physical and occupational limitations, and it may interfere with quality of life. This is the first epidemiological study on onychomycosis of broad coverage in Brazil. To date, very few studies have investigated the prevalence, etiology and treatment of onychomycosis simultaneously in different Brazilian states. In this study, onychomycosis was found in 28.3% of participants. Our study has also shown greater prevalence of onychomycosis in women (29.1%). The age group most affected by onychomycosis was that of patients aged 60 years, followed by the range between 46 and 59 years. Considering the joint analysis of gender, age, practice of exercises, and history of onychomycosis, we noticed that all of these variables significantly influence the likelihood of one being affected by onychomycosis. As for location, the feet were more affected than the hands. The most common clinical type both in the hands and feet was distal-lateral subungual, followed by total dystrophic, white superficial and proximal subungual, respectively. Direct exam was requested of 56.8% patients with onychomycosis. However, the result was only known for 22.9% of these individuals. Culture for fungi was requested in 18.9% of cases. Dermatophytes were the most common fungi and Trichophyton rubrum was the most isolated fungus in cultures. We also noticed that 41% of patients diagnosed with onychomycosis were also affected by some other comorbidity. Diabetes, high blood pressure and peripheral arterial disease were the most common. As for treatment, we observed that a combination of systemic and topical medication, followed by topical monotherapy, was the most common (38.4% and 36.3%, respectively). This study was significantly relevant to establish the prevalence of onychomycosis in Brazilian offices and the relationship between variables such as gender, age, practice of exercises, prior personal history of onychomycosis and comorbidities.
  • #101 Fungal Nail Infections — DermNet
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/fungal-nail-infections
    Fungal infection of the nail, also known as onychomycosis, compromises over 50% of all nail disease with an estimated prevalence of 5.5%. […] Onychomycosis is common in older aged adults (over 65 years), diabetics, immunocompromised patients (especially those with HIV disease), and athletes. […] Emerging evidence of the role of biofilm in fungal nail disease may account for antifungal drug resistance and increased virulence. […] Fungal nail infections are often regarded as a trivial cosmetic problem. However, the effect it may have on ones quality of life is undervalued as it can cause significant pain affecting full mobility and activities, and social stigma. […] Approximately 2025% of treated onychomycosis unfortunately relapse due to patient or pathogen factors such as poor circulation, advancing age, diabetes, immunosuppression, severe fungal nail clinical findings, mixed infections, and incomplete treatment.
  • #102 Incidence and Epidemiology of Onychomycosis in Patients Visiting a Tertiary Care Hospital in India | MDedge
    https://blogs.the-hospitalist.org/content/incidence-and-epidemiology-onychomycosis-patients-visiting-tertiary-care-hospital-india
    If onychomycosis is not successfully treated, it can act as a reservoir of fungal infection affecting other parts of the body with the potential to pass infection on to others. […] Clinical examination alone is not sufficient for diagnosing onychomycosis; in many cases of suspected onychomycosis with nail changes, mycologic examination does not confirm fungal infection.
  • #103 Fungal nail infection: diagnosis and management | The BMJ
    https://www.bmj.com/content/348/bmj.G1800.abstract
    Onychomycosis is the term used for fungal infections of nail. A recent review of population based studies of onychomycosis in Europe and the United States found a mean prevalence of 4.3%.1 […] Untreated patients can act as source of infection for family members and potentially contaminate communal areas. […] Infection may be chronic and resistant to treatment, with 16-25% of patients not achieving cure by current treatments.3 No spontaneous clearing is known to occur.
  • #104 Clinical Overview of Ringworm and Fungal Nail Infections | Ringworm | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/ringworm/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html
    Onychomycosis (fungal nail infection often associated with dermatophytes) occasionally leads to serious secondary bacterial infections, especially in people with diabetes. […] Onychomycosis is estimated to affect around 14% of the general population and is especially common in older adults. People with diabetes are at increased risk for fungal nail infections. […] Antimicrobial-resistant ringworm and onychomycosis are an emerging public health concern. […] Antimicrobial-resistant ringworm is emerging and is a current public health concern.
  • #105 How To Tell If You Have A Fungal Nail Infection? – Medical Channel Asia
    https://medicalchannelasia.com/how-to-tell-if-you-have-a-fungal-nail-infection/
    The outcome of fungal infection may not be good in some cases, and may result in complications such as: Poor cosmetic appearance of hand and feet, Disfigurement of the nail plate, Cellulitis (skin infection), osteomyelitis (bone infection), sepsis, and necrosis in elderly people and people with diabetes. Pain and limitation of function in elderly people.
  • #106 How To Tell If You Have A Fungal Nail Infection? – Medical Channel Asia
    https://medicalchannelasia.com/how-to-tell-if-you-have-a-fungal-nail-infection/
    The outcome of fungal infection may not be good in some cases, and may result in complications such as: Poor cosmetic appearance of hand and feet, Disfigurement of the nail plate, Cellulitis (skin infection), osteomyelitis (bone infection), sepsis, and necrosis in elderly people and people with diabetes. Pain and limitation of function in elderly people.
  • #107 Superficial fungal infections
    https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2019/october/superficial-fungal-infections
    In recurrent cases of tinea, it is essential to identify any potential reservoir for dermatophytosis. Toenails are a common reservoir for tinea and can result in recurrent tinea pedis as well as transmission by autoinoculation to other body parts, such as the hand and groin. […] As it is common for dermatophytes to concurrently affect more than one body part at the same time, a full skin examination should be performed to determine the extent of involvement and potential reservoir. […] In these cases, animals may also be reservoirs. Microsporum canis is the most common dermatophyte isolate in tinea capitis, with cats and dogs recognised as important natural hosts. […] A diagnosis of tinea infection may be suspected on the basis of clinical history and examination. […] Since many conditions can mimic tinea infections, it is recommended that investigations are performed to confirm the diagnosis. […] Without the diagnostic confirmation, prescribers may not know when to stop the therapy. […] Tinea is a common infection in the general community. It is a diagnosis that is frequently missed unless we think of it and test for it.
  • #108 Onychomycosis: Current Trends in Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/1201/p762.html
    A meta-analysis of treatments for toenail onychomycosis determined that mycotic cure rates were 76% for terbinafine, 63% for itraconazole with pulse dosing, 59% for itraconazole with continuous dosing, and 48% for fluconazole. […] The reported rate of clinical recurrence of onychomycosis ranges from 10% to 53%, regardless of the treatment method used.
  • #109 Fungal nail infection: diagnosis and management | The BMJ
    https://www.bmj.com/content/348/bmj.G1800.abstract
    Onychomycosis is the term used for fungal infections of nail. A recent review of population based studies of onychomycosis in Europe and the United States found a mean prevalence of 4.3%.1 […] Untreated patients can act as source of infection for family members and potentially contaminate communal areas. […] Infection may be chronic and resistant to treatment, with 16-25% of patients not achieving cure by current treatments.3 No spontaneous clearing is known to occur.
  • #110 Onychomycosis: Current Trends in Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/1201/p762.html
    A meta-analysis of treatments for toenail onychomycosis determined that mycotic cure rates were 76% for terbinafine, 63% for itraconazole with pulse dosing, 59% for itraconazole with continuous dosing, and 48% for fluconazole. […] The reported rate of clinical recurrence of onychomycosis ranges from 10% to 53%, regardless of the treatment method used.
  • #111 Onychomycosis: Old and New
    https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/9/5/559
    Onychomycosis is challenging to treat and is associated with high recurrence rates and treatment failure. Given the limited cure rates with topical antifungals, oral antifungals may be needed in most cases. Oral treatments require lengthy duration of treatment, which poses a risk of adverse effects and drug interactions. Relapse rate can be as high as 25%, and recurrence rates can vary from 6.5% to 53%. Terbinafine and itraconazole are the only approved oral therapies, but fluconazole is commonly utilized off-label. However, complete cure rates (both mycologic clearance and visually clear nails) are limited, and they can range from 35%–55% for terbinafine, 14–43% for itraconazole, and 21–48% for fluconazole. Recently, there are reports of concerning reports of terbinafine resistance in superficial mycoses in India and Europe, and novel agents may play an important role to achieve a cure.
  • #112 Non-dermatophyte mould onychomycosis: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment – DermNet
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/non-dermatophyte-mould-onychomycosis
    Non-dermatophyte mould onychomycosis constitutes approximately 10% of onychomycosis cases globally. Recent reports suggest a rise in prevalence, especially cases presenting with a dermatophyte co-infection. […] Risk factors identified for NDMO are similar to those for onychomycosis as a whole. […] Mould infections are more difficult to clear than dermatophyte infections and may require a combination of topical and oral therapies to clear the fungal infection. […] Non-dermatophyte mould onychomycosis often requires a longer duration of treatment compared to treatment for dermatophyte nail infection. The possibility of relapse is also higher.
  • #113 Non-dermatophyte mould onychomycosis: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment – DermNet
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/non-dermatophyte-mould-onychomycosis
    Non-dermatophyte mould onychomycosis constitutes approximately 10% of onychomycosis cases globally. Recent reports suggest a rise in prevalence, especially cases presenting with a dermatophyte co-infection. […] Risk factors identified for NDMO are similar to those for onychomycosis as a whole. […] Mould infections are more difficult to clear than dermatophyte infections and may require a combination of topical and oral therapies to clear the fungal infection. […] Non-dermatophyte mould onychomycosis often requires a longer duration of treatment compared to treatment for dermatophyte nail infection. The possibility of relapse is also higher.
  • #114 Onychomycosis: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment in a Changing Landscape – JDDonline – Journal of Drugs in Dermatology
    https://jddonline.com/articles/onychomycosis-epidemiology-diagnosis-and-treatment-in-a-changing-landscape-S1545961615P0223X
    Onychomycosis is an often overlooked and/or undertreated disease. […] Changing demographic characteristics such as the relative aging of the population; the increasing prevalence of diabetes and peripheral vascular disease, and widespread iatrogenic immunosuppression; and changes in lifestyle practices such as earlier and greater participation in sports, are likely to lead to an increased prevalence of onychomycosis in both adults and children. […] Disease prevalence estimates vary widely across studies; however, a recent meta-analysis calculated a rate of approximately 4% in North America/Europe. […] Prevalence is clearly higher in males and increases with age. […] The incidence of onychomycosis will likely rise due to projected increases in important risk factors such as age, diabetes, and PVD. […] Approximately half (46-50%) of patients with diabetes have toenail abnormalities, of which 57-65% are due to onychomycosis.
  • #115 Onychomycosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1105828-overview
    The proliferation of fungal infections in the United States over the past few decades may be traceable to the large immigration of dermatophytes, especially T rubrum, from West Africa and Southeast Asia to North America and Europe. The incidence of OM in particular has been increasing, owing to such factors as diabetes, immunosuppression, and increasing age. […] OM accounts for half of all nail disorders and is the most common nail disease in adults. Toenails are much more likely to be infected than fingernails. About 30% of patients with a cutaneous fungal infection also have OM. The global prevalence of onychomycosis has been estimated at 5.5%. […] Adults are 30 times more likely to have OM than children are. OM has been reported to occur in 2.6% of children younger than 18 years but in as many as 90% of elderly people. Elderly people are more likely to have infections caused by nondermatophyte molds and yeasts. […] Although OM affects males more commonly than females, candidal infections and nondermatophyte mold infections are more common in women than in men. OM affects persons of all races.
  • #116 Fungal Nail Infections: Causes and Treatment | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/fungal-nail-infections-pro
    This is one of the most commonly occurring dermatological conditions. International prevalence reports a range from 3-26% worldwide. UK prevalence studies report a range of 3-8% in the UK. The incidence of new cases of onychomycosis (OM) appears to be rising due to the increasing prevalence of diabetes in the population, more frequent incidence of immunosuppression and an ageing population. […] Age – adults are ~30 times more likely than children to suffer the condition. It affects 2.6% of children younger than 18 years. The figure in people over 60 is nearer 20%. […] This is one of the most commonly occurring dermatological conditions. International prevalence reports a range from 3-26% worldwide. UK prevalence studies report a range of 3-8% in the UK. The incidence of new cases of onychomycosis (OM) appears to be rising due to the increasing prevalence of diabetes in the population, more frequent incidence of immunosuppression and an ageing population.
  • #117 Fungal Nail Infections: Causes and Treatment | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/fungal-nail-infections-pro
    This is one of the most commonly occurring dermatological conditions. International prevalence reports a range from 3-26% worldwide. UK prevalence studies report a range of 3-8% in the UK. The incidence of new cases of onychomycosis (OM) appears to be rising due to the increasing prevalence of diabetes in the population, more frequent incidence of immunosuppression and an ageing population. […] Age – adults are ~30 times more likely than children to suffer the condition. It affects 2.6% of children younger than 18 years. The figure in people over 60 is nearer 20%. […] This is one of the most commonly occurring dermatological conditions. International prevalence reports a range from 3-26% worldwide. UK prevalence studies report a range of 3-8% in the UK. The incidence of new cases of onychomycosis (OM) appears to be rising due to the increasing prevalence of diabetes in the population, more frequent incidence of immunosuppression and an ageing population.
  • #118 Fungal Nail Infections: Causes and Treatment | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/fungal-nail-infections-pro
    This is one of the most commonly occurring dermatological conditions. International prevalence reports a range from 3-26% worldwide. UK prevalence studies report a range of 3-8% in the UK. The incidence of new cases of onychomycosis (OM) appears to be rising due to the increasing prevalence of diabetes in the population, more frequent incidence of immunosuppression and an ageing population. […] Age – adults are ~30 times more likely than children to suffer the condition. It affects 2.6% of children younger than 18 years. The figure in people over 60 is nearer 20%. […] This is one of the most commonly occurring dermatological conditions. International prevalence reports a range from 3-26% worldwide. UK prevalence studies report a range of 3-8% in the UK. The incidence of new cases of onychomycosis (OM) appears to be rising due to the increasing prevalence of diabetes in the population, more frequent incidence of immunosuppression and an ageing population.
  • #119 Onychomycosis: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment in a Changing Landscape – JDDonline – Journal of Drugs in Dermatology
    https://jddonline.com/articles/onychomycosis-epidemiology-diagnosis-and-treatment-in-a-changing-landscape-S1545961615P0223X
    Onychomycosis is an often overlooked and/or undertreated disease. […] Changing demographic characteristics such as the relative aging of the population; the increasing prevalence of diabetes and peripheral vascular disease, and widespread iatrogenic immunosuppression; and changes in lifestyle practices such as earlier and greater participation in sports, are likely to lead to an increased prevalence of onychomycosis in both adults and children. […] Disease prevalence estimates vary widely across studies; however, a recent meta-analysis calculated a rate of approximately 4% in North America/Europe. […] Prevalence is clearly higher in males and increases with age. […] The incidence of onychomycosis will likely rise due to projected increases in important risk factors such as age, diabetes, and PVD. […] Approximately half (46-50%) of patients with diabetes have toenail abnormalities, of which 57-65% are due to onychomycosis.
  • #120 Onychomycosis: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment in a Changing Landscape – JDDonline – Journal of Drugs in Dermatology
    https://jddonline.com/articles/onychomycosis-epidemiology-diagnosis-and-treatment-in-a-changing-landscape-S1545961615P0223X
    Onychomycosis is an often overlooked and/or undertreated disease. […] Changing demographic characteristics such as the relative aging of the population; the increasing prevalence of diabetes and peripheral vascular disease, and widespread iatrogenic immunosuppression; and changes in lifestyle practices such as earlier and greater participation in sports, are likely to lead to an increased prevalence of onychomycosis in both adults and children. […] Disease prevalence estimates vary widely across studies; however, a recent meta-analysis calculated a rate of approximately 4% in North America/Europe. […] Prevalence is clearly higher in males and increases with age. […] The incidence of onychomycosis will likely rise due to projected increases in important risk factors such as age, diabetes, and PVD. […] Approximately half (46-50%) of patients with diabetes have toenail abnormalities, of which 57-65% are due to onychomycosis.
  • #121 The epidemiology and etiology of onychomycosis in 2 laboratory centers affiliated to Tehran university of medical sciences during 2019–2020
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9168250/
    Onychomycosis is caused by dermatophyte species, non-dermatophyte moulds (NDMs), and accounts for roughly 50% of all nail diseases. […] The present investigation aims to determine the epidemiological profile of onychomycosis in 2 mycology laboratories. […] The pattern of etiologic agents and clinical signs of onychomycosis differs according to geographical region and age, so repeated epidemiological surveys of onychomycosis seem to be fundamental. […] Based on recent published epidemiologic researches, the prevalence of onychomycosis is about 5.5% globally. […] The present study tries to identify the etiologic agents of onychomycosis and assess the current epidemiology of this infection based on age, gender, and site of illness in patients referred to a mycology hospital center and a faculty laboratory in Tehran province, Iran.
  • #122 Onychomycosis: Old and New
    https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/9/5/559
    Onychomycosis is a chronic fungal infection of the nail that results in discoloration, onycholysis, and nail plate thickening. The infection most commonly occurs in the toenails and can involve any component of the nail unit, including the nail bed, nail matrix, and nail plate. Onychomycosis affects patients of all ages. However, several studies have established higher prevalence with older age. Other risk factors include diabetes, tinea pedis, poor circulation, immunosuppression, psoriasis, Down syndrome, occlusive footwear, and obesity. […] The worldwide prevalence of onychomycosis is estimated at 10% and accounts for up to 50% of nail diseases. Dermatophytes are a common culprit of onychomycosis, with the species Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes responsible for 60–70% of infections. Yeasts are responsible for approximately 20% of onychomycosis, and non-dermatophytes account for the remaining 10%. Studies have demonstrated that mixed infections, non-dermatophytes, and yeasts are more prevalent than previously thought, especially in warmer climates.
  • #123 The epidemiology and etiology of onychomycosis in 2 laboratory centers affiliated to Tehran university of medical sciences during 2019–2020
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9168250/
    Onychomycosis is caused by dermatophyte species, non-dermatophyte moulds (NDMs), and accounts for roughly 50% of all nail diseases. […] The present investigation aims to determine the epidemiological profile of onychomycosis in 2 mycology laboratories. […] The pattern of etiologic agents and clinical signs of onychomycosis differs according to geographical region and age, so repeated epidemiological surveys of onychomycosis seem to be fundamental. […] Based on recent published epidemiologic researches, the prevalence of onychomycosis is about 5.5% globally. […] The present study tries to identify the etiologic agents of onychomycosis and assess the current epidemiology of this infection based on age, gender, and site of illness in patients referred to a mycology hospital center and a faculty laboratory in Tehran province, Iran.
  • #124 Estimating the Prevalence of Fungal Nail Infections and Potential Concerns for Central Disease Surveillance Hub in Pakistan – Best Diagnostic Center & Medical Centre in Pakistan -IDC Pvt.LTD
    https://idc.net.pk/estimating-the-prevalence-of-fungal-nail-infections-and-potential-concerns-for-central-disease-surveillance-hub-in-pakistan/
    Fungal nail infections are major public health problem worldwide. It has been reported that globally, each year; more than 300 million people of all ages suffer from serious fungal infections. Due to rising global burden of diseases, the international funding on fungal infection related projects were limited, especially during the pandemic. It has been reported that 185 countries had inadequate national data repository or no surveillance center for fungal infections. Since decades the area of fungal disease has remained neglected due to negligence of healthcare professionals or policymakers in Pakistan. To date, more than 3.2 million people are living with fungal infections in Pakistan. During the first four waves of SARS-CoV-2 infections during 2019-2022, out-patient department patient flow was deliberately reduced by health professionals causing negligence of other infections burden regionally.
  • #125
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00403-021-02299-8
    Onychomycosis is a common and often chronic fungal nail infection caused by dermatophytes, non-dermatophyte molds and yeast. […] This study identified onychomycosis as a significant independent risk factor for multiple poor COVID-19 related clinical outcomes, including being hospitalized, higher acuity level of initial care, requiring supplemental oxygen therapy, and experiencing severe disease. […] Our findings suggest that patients with onychomycosis have poor COVID-19 outcomes. […] In conclusion, the present study suggests that onychomycosis is an indicator of more severe COVID-19 and poor outcomes.
  • #126
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00403-021-02299-8
    Onychomycosis is a common and often chronic fungal nail infection caused by dermatophytes, non-dermatophyte molds and yeast. […] This study identified onychomycosis as a significant independent risk factor for multiple poor COVID-19 related clinical outcomes, including being hospitalized, higher acuity level of initial care, requiring supplemental oxygen therapy, and experiencing severe disease. […] Our findings suggest that patients with onychomycosis have poor COVID-19 outcomes. […] In conclusion, the present study suggests that onychomycosis is an indicator of more severe COVID-19 and poor outcomes.
  • #127 Incidence and Epidemiology of Onychomycosis in Patients Visiting a Tertiary Care Hospital in India | MDedge Dermatology
    https://www.mdedge9-ma1.mdedge.com/dermatology/article/96294/hair-nails/incidence-and-epidemiology-onychomycosis-patients-visiting/page/0/2
    Of 134 suspected cases of onychomycosis, 71.6% were confirmed by both direct microscopy and fungal culture, but only 56.7% were confirmed by direct microscopy alone. […] Therefore, nail scrapings should always be subjected to fungal culture as well as direct microscopy, as both are necessary for accurate diagnosis and treatment of onychomycosis. […] If onychomycosis is not successfully treated, it can act as a reservoir of fungal infection affecting other parts of the body with the potential to pass infection on to others. […] In our study, only 71.6% of participants with nail changes proved to be of fungal etiology. Other researchers from different geographic locations have reported similar results with lower incidence of fungal etiology in such cases. […] Therefore, both clinical and mycologic examinations are important for establishing the diagnosis and selecting the most suitable antifungal agent, which is possible only if the underlying pathogen is correctly identified.
  • #128 Incidence and Epidemiology of Onychomycosis in Patients Visiting a Tertiary Care Hospital in India | MDedge
    https://blogs.the-hospitalist.org/content/incidence-and-epidemiology-onychomycosis-patients-visiting-tertiary-care-hospital-india
    If onychomycosis is not successfully treated, it can act as a reservoir of fungal infection affecting other parts of the body with the potential to pass infection on to others. […] Clinical examination alone is not sufficient for diagnosing onychomycosis; in many cases of suspected onychomycosis with nail changes, mycologic examination does not confirm fungal infection.
  • #129 Incidence and Epidemiology of Onychomycosis in Patients Visiting a Tertiary Care Hospital in India | MDedge Dermatology
    https://www.mdedge9-ma1.mdedge.com/dermatology/article/96294/hair-nails/incidence-and-epidemiology-onychomycosis-patients-visiting/page/0/2
    Of 134 suspected cases of onychomycosis, 71.6% were confirmed by both direct microscopy and fungal culture, but only 56.7% were confirmed by direct microscopy alone. […] Therefore, nail scrapings should always be subjected to fungal culture as well as direct microscopy, as both are necessary for accurate diagnosis and treatment of onychomycosis. […] If onychomycosis is not successfully treated, it can act as a reservoir of fungal infection affecting other parts of the body with the potential to pass infection on to others. […] In our study, only 71.6% of participants with nail changes proved to be of fungal etiology. Other researchers from different geographic locations have reported similar results with lower incidence of fungal etiology in such cases. […] Therefore, both clinical and mycologic examinations are important for establishing the diagnosis and selecting the most suitable antifungal agent, which is possible only if the underlying pathogen is correctly identified.
  • #130 Incidence and Epidemiology of Onychomycosis in Patients Visiting a Tertiary Care Hospital in India | MDedge Dermatology
    https://www.mdedge9-ma1.mdedge.com/dermatology/article/96294/hair-nails/incidence-and-epidemiology-onychomycosis-patients-visiting/page/0/2
    Of 134 suspected cases of onychomycosis, 71.6% were confirmed by both direct microscopy and fungal culture, but only 56.7% were confirmed by direct microscopy alone. […] Therefore, nail scrapings should always be subjected to fungal culture as well as direct microscopy, as both are necessary for accurate diagnosis and treatment of onychomycosis. […] If onychomycosis is not successfully treated, it can act as a reservoir of fungal infection affecting other parts of the body with the potential to pass infection on to others. […] In our study, only 71.6% of participants with nail changes proved to be of fungal etiology. Other researchers from different geographic locations have reported similar results with lower incidence of fungal etiology in such cases. […] Therefore, both clinical and mycologic examinations are important for establishing the diagnosis and selecting the most suitable antifungal agent, which is possible only if the underlying pathogen is correctly identified.
  • #131 Fungal Nail Infections| Fungal Diseases | CDC
    http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/fungal/nail-infections.html
    Fungal nail infections are common infections of the fingernails or toenails that can cause the nail to become discolored, thick, and more likely to crack and break. Infections are more common in toenails than fingernails. The technical name for a fungal nail infection is onychomycosis. […] Anyone can get a fungal nail infection. Some people may be more likely than others to get a fungal nail infection, including older adults and people who have the following conditions: A nail injury or nail surgery, Diabetes, A weakened immune system, Blood circulation problems, Athlete’s foot (ringworm on the foot). […] Diagnosis of onychomycosis can often be made by visual inspection alone; laboratory tests may not be needed, but include: Microscopy: Potassium hydroxide (KOH) stain is a commonly-used method because it is inexpensive and easy to perform. Nail clippings or scrapings are placed in a drop of KOH and examined under a microscope for the presence of fungal elements. […] Oral terbinafine is considered to be the first-line treatment for confirmed onychomycosis; the treatment course is generally 6 weeks for fingernails and 12 weeks for toenails.
  • #132 Incidence and Epidemiology of Onychomycosis in Patients Visiting a Tertiary Care Hospital in India | MDedge
    https://community.the-hospitalist.org/content/incidence-and-epidemiology-onychomycosis-patients-visiting-tertiary-care-hospital-india
    Of 134 suspected cases of onychomycosis, 71.6% were confirmed by both direct microscopy and fungal culture, but only 56.7% were confirmed by direct microscopy alone. If we had relied on microscopy with potassium hydroxide only, we would have missed 23.9% of cases. Therefore, nail scrapings should always be subjected to fungal culture as well as direct microscopy, as both are necessary for accurate diagnosis and treatment of onychomycosis. If onychomycosis is not successfully treated, it can act as a reservoir of fungal infection affecting other parts of the body with the potential to pass infection on to others. […] Clinical examination alone is not sufficient for diagnosing onychomycosis; in many cases of suspected onychomycosis with nail changes, mycologic examination does not confirm fungal infection. In our study, only 71.6% of participants with nail changes proved to be of fungal etiology. Other researchers from different geographic locations have reported similar results with lower incidence of fungal etiology in such cases. Therefore, both clinical and mycologic examinations are important for establishing the diagnosis and selecting the most suitable antifungal agent, which is possible only if the underlying pathogen is correctly identified.
  • #133 Onychomycosis: Diagnosis and management – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
    https://ijdvl.com/onychomycosis-diagnosis-and-management/
    It is important to identify the causative fungus before initiating treatment, because some therapies are more effective against certain organisms than others. […] Proper specimen collection is essential to avoid false negative results and to eliminate contaminants. […] Direct microscopy is the quickest and easiest technique to confirm fungal nail infection. […] Culture is essential for confirming the diagnosis and ascertaining the exact etiologic fungus. […] Various improvisations have been adopted for sample collection to improve fungal yield. […] Histopathology of nail specimens may be necessary when KOH and culture are repeatedly negative in patients with suspected onychomycosis. […] Despite the availability of various treatment modalities for onychomycosis, the search for an ideal antifungal drug is going on.
  • #134 SciELO Brazil – An observational and descriptive study of the epidemiology of and therapeutic approach to onychomycosis in dermatology offices in Brazil An observational and descriptive study of the epidemiology of and therapeutic approach to onychomycos
    https://www.scielo.br/j/abd/a/5nXvB3jS7VD78fGBMhgWNPR/?lang=en
    Onychomycosis is a type of fungal infection that accounts for over 50% of all onycopathies. Very few studies have been carried out in order to assess the epidemiology of onychomycosis in Brazil. To describe the epidemiological profile of onychomycosis in Brazilian dermatology offices and to assess the etiology of the disease, how often mycosis exams are requested, and the treatment adopted. Of the 7,852 patients, 28.3% were clinically diagnosed as having onychomycosis. Women over 45 years old who practiced exercises or with a personal history of the disease showed greater likelihood of having onychomycosis. The disease was most seen in the feet, and the majority of cases involved the hallux. Mycosis exams were not requested for all clinically suspected cases. When exams were done, results showed that the most common fungus was Trichophyton rubrum. This study was important to describe the epidemiological behavior of onychomycosis in Brazilian dermatology offices and to determine important risk factors, such as gender, age, practice of exercises, personal history of the disease, and comorbidities. The prevalence of onychomycosis in the general population has been estimated to be between 2% and 9%. These numbers have increased considerably in the past decades and are related to diabetes, peripheral arterial disease, psoriasis, immunodepression, and aging. Adults are 30 times more likely to have onychomycosis than children. Onychomycosis is found in over 90% of the elderly population. In advanced stages, onychomycosis can cause pain, discomfort, physical and occupational limitations, and it may interfere with quality of life. This is the first epidemiological study on onychomycosis of broad coverage in Brazil. To date, very few studies have investigated the prevalence, etiology and treatment of onychomycosis simultaneously in different Brazilian states. In this study, onychomycosis was found in 28.3% of participants. Our study has also shown greater prevalence of onychomycosis in women (29.1%). The age group most affected by onychomycosis was that of patients aged 60 years, followed by the range between 46 and 59 years. Considering the joint analysis of gender, age, practice of exercises, and history of onychomycosis, we noticed that all of these variables significantly influence the likelihood of one being affected by onychomycosis. As for location, the feet were more affected than the hands. The most common clinical type both in the hands and feet was distal-lateral subungual, followed by total dystrophic, white superficial and proximal subungual, respectively. Direct exam was requested of 56.8% patients with onychomycosis. However, the result was only known for 22.9% of these individuals. Culture for fungi was requested in 18.9% of cases. Dermatophytes were the most common fungi and Trichophyton rubrum was the most isolated fungus in cultures. We also noticed that 41% of patients diagnosed with onychomycosis were also affected by some other comorbidity. Diabetes, high blood pressure and peripheral arterial disease were the most common. As for treatment, we observed that a combination of systemic and topical medication, followed by topical monotherapy, was the most common (38.4% and 36.3%, respectively). This study was significantly relevant to establish the prevalence of onychomycosis in Brazilian offices and the relationship between variables such as gender, age, practice of exercises, prior personal history of onychomycosis and comorbidities.
  • #135 Superficial fungal infections
    https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2019/october/superficial-fungal-infections
    In recurrent cases of tinea, it is essential to identify any potential reservoir for dermatophytosis. Toenails are a common reservoir for tinea and can result in recurrent tinea pedis as well as transmission by autoinoculation to other body parts, such as the hand and groin. […] As it is common for dermatophytes to concurrently affect more than one body part at the same time, a full skin examination should be performed to determine the extent of involvement and potential reservoir. […] In these cases, animals may also be reservoirs. Microsporum canis is the most common dermatophyte isolate in tinea capitis, with cats and dogs recognised as important natural hosts. […] A diagnosis of tinea infection may be suspected on the basis of clinical history and examination. […] Since many conditions can mimic tinea infections, it is recommended that investigations are performed to confirm the diagnosis. […] Without the diagnostic confirmation, prescribers may not know when to stop the therapy. […] Tinea is a common infection in the general community. It is a diagnosis that is frequently missed unless we think of it and test for it.
  • #136 The epidemiology and etiology of onychomycosis in 2 laboratory centers affiliated to Tehran university of medical sciences during 2019–2020
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9168250/
    Onychomycosis is caused by dermatophyte species, non-dermatophyte moulds (NDMs), and accounts for roughly 50% of all nail diseases. […] The present investigation aims to determine the epidemiological profile of onychomycosis in 2 mycology laboratories. […] The pattern of etiologic agents and clinical signs of onychomycosis differs according to geographical region and age, so repeated epidemiological surveys of onychomycosis seem to be fundamental. […] Based on recent published epidemiologic researches, the prevalence of onychomycosis is about 5.5% globally. […] The present study tries to identify the etiologic agents of onychomycosis and assess the current epidemiology of this infection based on age, gender, and site of illness in patients referred to a mycology hospital center and a faculty laboratory in Tehran province, Iran.
  • #137 Onychomycosis: Old and New
    https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/9/5/559
    Onychomycosis is a chronic fungal infection of the nail that results in discoloration, onycholysis, and nail plate thickening. The infection most commonly occurs in the toenails and can involve any component of the nail unit, including the nail bed, nail matrix, and nail plate. Onychomycosis affects patients of all ages. However, several studies have established higher prevalence with older age. Other risk factors include diabetes, tinea pedis, poor circulation, immunosuppression, psoriasis, Down syndrome, occlusive footwear, and obesity. […] The worldwide prevalence of onychomycosis is estimated at 10% and accounts for up to 50% of nail diseases. Dermatophytes are a common culprit of onychomycosis, with the species Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes responsible for 60–70% of infections. Yeasts are responsible for approximately 20% of onychomycosis, and non-dermatophytes account for the remaining 10%. Studies have demonstrated that mixed infections, non-dermatophytes, and yeasts are more prevalent than previously thought, especially in warmer climates.
  • #138 Clinical Overview of Ringworm and Fungal Nail Infections | Ringworm | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/ringworm/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html
    Onychomycosis (fungal nail infection often associated with dermatophytes) occasionally leads to serious secondary bacterial infections, especially in people with diabetes. […] Onychomycosis is estimated to affect around 14% of the general population and is especially common in older adults. People with diabetes are at increased risk for fungal nail infections. […] Antimicrobial-resistant ringworm and onychomycosis are an emerging public health concern. […] Antimicrobial-resistant ringworm is emerging and is a current public health concern.
  • #139 Onychomycosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441853/
    Onychomycosis is a common infection that is increasing in incidence. […] Prevalence estimates range from 1% to 8%, and the incidence is increasing. […] Risk factors include aging, diabetes, tinea pedis, psoriasis, immunodeficiency, and living with family members with onychomycosis.
  • #140 Onychomycosis: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/1000/p359.html
    The estimated point prevalence of onychomycosis in North America is up to 13.8% for adults and 0.44% for children and adolescents younger than 18 years. […] Age older than 60 years is an important risk factor because of poor peripheral circulation, suboptimal immune function, slower nail growth, and longer exposure to pathogenic fungi. […] Other risk factors include recurrent nail trauma, tobacco use, and certain comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, obesity, psoriasis, malignancy, HIV, peripheral vascular disease, immunocompromised state).
  • #141 The epidemiology and etiology of onychomycosis in 2 laboratory centers affiliated to Tehran university of medical sciences during 2019–2020
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9168250/
    Onychomycosis is caused by dermatophyte species, non-dermatophyte moulds (NDMs), and accounts for roughly 50% of all nail diseases. […] The present investigation aims to determine the epidemiological profile of onychomycosis in 2 mycology laboratories. […] The pattern of etiologic agents and clinical signs of onychomycosis differs according to geographical region and age, so repeated epidemiological surveys of onychomycosis seem to be fundamental. […] Based on recent published epidemiologic researches, the prevalence of onychomycosis is about 5.5% globally. […] The present study tries to identify the etiologic agents of onychomycosis and assess the current epidemiology of this infection based on age, gender, and site of illness in patients referred to a mycology hospital center and a faculty laboratory in Tehran province, Iran.
  • #142 Clinical Overview of Ringworm and Fungal Nail Infections | Ringworm | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/ringworm/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html
    Onychomycosis (fungal nail infection often associated with dermatophytes) occasionally leads to serious secondary bacterial infections, especially in people with diabetes. […] Onychomycosis is estimated to affect around 14% of the general population and is especially common in older adults. People with diabetes are at increased risk for fungal nail infections. […] Antimicrobial-resistant ringworm and onychomycosis are an emerging public health concern. […] Antimicrobial-resistant ringworm is emerging and is a current public health concern.
  • #143 Estimating the Prevalence of Fungal Nail Infections and Potential Concerns for Central Disease Surveillance Hub in Pakistan
    https://www.fortunejournals.com/articles/estimating-the-prevalence-of-fungal-nail-infections-and-potential-concerns-for-central-disease-surveillance-hub-in-pakistan.html
    Nail fungal infections remained unnoticed during COVID-19 pandemic. […] There is an urgent need for development of national strategies to monitor fungal infections and designing ways for prevention of fungal disease. […] Fungal nail infections are major public health problem worldwide. […] It has been reported that 185 countries had inadequate national data repository or no surveillance center for fungal infections. […] Current study is critical for constructing novel mechanisms to prevent of fungal infections. This study is not only critical for national policy making or strategic organizations of Pakistan, but also provides guidelines for the accurate determination of fungal infections, surveillance and monitoring of fungal infections worldwide.
  • #144 Estimating the Prevalence of Fungal Nail Infections and Potential Concerns for Central Disease Surveillance Hub in Pakistan
    https://fortuneonline.org/articles/estimating-the-prevalence-of-fungal-nail-infections-and-potential-concerns-for-central-disease-surveillance-hub-in-pakistan.html
    Nail fungal infections are major public health problem worldwide. It has been reported that globally, each year; more than 300 million people of all ages suffer from serious fungal infections. It has been reported that 185 countries had inadequate national data repository or no surveillance center for fungal infections. To date, more than 3.2 million people are living with fungal infections in Pakistan. Our results depicted higher level of nail fungal infections among females as compared to males. Current study is critical for constructing novel mechanisms to prevent of fungal infections. This study is not only critical for national policy making or strategic organizations of Pakistan, but also provides guidelines for the accurate determination of fungal infections, surveillance and monitoring of fungal infections worldwide. […] There is an urgent need for development of national strategies to monitor fungal infections and designing ways for prevention of fungal disease.