Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Onychomycosis: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC88888/

  Although not life-threatening, onychomycosis (a fungal infection of the nail, usually caused by a dermatophyte) constitutes an important public health problem because of its high prevalence (about 10% of the U.S. population) and associated morbidity. […] Dermatophyte fungi are the predominant pathogens, but yeasts (especially Candida albicans) and nondermatophyte molds may also be implicated. […] The dermatophytes are hyaline septated molds. The hyphae of these mycelial organisms penetrate the stratum corneum of the skin and nails. […] Both dermatophytes and nondermatophytes, especially Candida albicans, have been identified as sole etiologic agents of onychomycosis; however, the incidence of true mixed infections (caused by dermatophytes plus nondermatophytes) is difficult to determine accurately.

• #1 Onychomycosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1105828-overview

  OM is caused by the following three main classes of fungi: Dermatophytes, Yeasts, Nondermatophyte molds. Dermatophytes are by far the most common cause of OM. Two major pathogens have been found to be responsible for the majority (~90%) of OM cases: T rubrum and T mentagrophytes. In a study using data from one molecular diagnostic laboratory in the United States over the period from 2015 to 2024, T rubrum was found in 54.3% of onychomycosis specimens and T mentagrophytes in 6.5%. However, OM caused by nondermatophyte molds (eg, Fusarium species, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, and Aspergillus species) is becoming more common worldwide, accounting for as many an estimated 6.9% of cases. OM due to Candida is rare. T rubrum is the most common pathogen in DLSO. PSO due to T rubrum is typical of immunosuppressed patients. PSO with periungual inflammation is usually caused by molds. WSO is usually caused by T mentagrophytes; deep WSO is caused by nondermatophyte molds. Mixed infections in which both T rubrum and nondermatophyte molds are present have been reported. Candida albicans nail infection is observed in premature children, in immunocompromised patients, and in persons with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Risk factors for OM include family history, increasing age, poor health, prior trauma, warm climate, participation in fitness activities, immunosuppression (eg, HIV- or drug-induced), communal bathing, and occlusive footwear. Biomechanical problems with repetitive microtraumas to the nails cause onycholysis and other nail dystrophies that favor nail invasion by fungi.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-fungal-nail-infections.aspx

  Smokers also have a high risk of fungal nail infections. This could be due to poor blood circulation in fingers and toes due to long term smoking. […] Age of the person is a risk factor. Adults are nearly 30 times more likely than children to suffer the condition. Fungal nail infections affects 2.6% of children younger than 18 years, but as many as 90% of people older than 70 years. […] Sometimes the cause of the infection is unknown and perfectly healthy individuals may get fungal nail infections due to contact with other people with the infection. […] Organisms that lead to fungal nail infections include (2, 3): Dermatophytes this includes Trichophyton rubrum or Trichophyton mentagrophytes that causes over 90% of cases. Of these T. rubrum is responsible for about 70% cases. […] Epidermophyton spp. and Microsporum spp. are other organisms that may cause fungal nail infections. […] Around 8% (5 to 17% cases) of total infections is caused by yeast infections like Candida albicans in the UK and Malassezia furfur in tropical countries. […] Some Non-dermatophyte moulds like Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Acremonium spp and Fusarium spp. may lead to 3 to 5% of infections.

• #1 Onychomycosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441853/

  Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of the nail unit. When dermatophytes cause onychomycosis, this condition is called tinea unguium. The term onychomycosis encompasses the dermatophytes, yeasts, and saprophytic mold infections. […] The most frequent cause of onychomycosis is Trichophyton rubrum, but other dermatophytes, including Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum, can also cause it. The dermatophytes are identified in 90% of the toenail and 50% of fingernail onychomycosis. Candida albicans cases account for 2% of onychomycosis, especially in fingernails. Nondermatophytic mold onychomycosis is cultured primarily from toenails. Examples of these saprophytic molds include Fusarium, Aspergillus, Acremonium, Scytalidium, and Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, accounting for about 8% of nail infections.

• #1 Onychomycosis: Current Trends in Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/1201/p762.html/1000

  Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of the nails that causes discoloration, thickening, and separation from the nail bed. […] It is caused by a variety of organisms, but most cases are caused by dermatophytes. […] The increased prevalence in older adults is related to peripheral vascular disease, immunologic disorders, and diabetes mellitus. […] The risk of onychomycosis is 1.9 to 2.8 times higher in persons with diabetes compared with the general population. […] Onychomycosis is caused by various organisms, most often dermatophytes of the genus Trichophyton. […] Other organisms include Candida, which is more common in fingernail infections and in patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. […] Nondermatophyte molds are a less common cause in the general population. Recent studies, however, have demonstrated that they are the predominant organisms in patients with onychomycosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection.

• #1 Fungal Nail Infection – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/fungal-nail-infection

  Fungal nail infection is a fungus growing in and around your fingernail or toenail. […] Fungi can live on the dead tissues of the hair, nails, and outer skin layers. […] Fungal nail infections often start after a fungal infection on the feet. They occur more often in toenails than in fingernails. […] You are at higher risk of getting a fungal nail infection if you have any of the following: Diabetes, Peripheral vascular disease, Peripheral neuropathies, Minor skin or nail injuries, Deformed nail or nail disease, Moist skin for a long time, Immune system problems, Family history, Wear footwear that does not allow air to reach your feet. […] Fungal nail infections may be hard to treat. Medicines clear up fungus in about one half of the people who try them. […] Even when treatment works, the fungus may return.

• #1 What Causes Ringworm and Fungal Nail Infections | Ringworm | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/ringworm/causes/index.html

  Ringworm infections in the nails are caused by fungi getting in through cracks in the nails. […] Fungal nail infections can occur if fungi get under the nail through small cracks in the nail or surrounding skin. […] People with diabetes have a higher risk of fungal nail infections that can become severe and lead to bacterial infections. […] The same fungi that cause ringworm can cause jock itch, athlete’s foot, and nail infections.

• #1 Explainer: why do we get fungal nail infections and how can we treat them?

  https://theconversation.com/explainer-why-do-we-get-fungal-nail-infections-and-how-can-we-treat-them-75212

  Fungal infection occurs when the organism invades through an opening in the nail, meaning fungi will usually attack nails that are already damaged. After infection occurs, the growth of the fungi leads to mild inflammation, which causes the nail to thicken and the nail plate to detach from the nail bed. […] Fungal nail infections are thought to have become more prevalent during the 20th century thanks to people migration, longer life expectancy, increasing numbers of people with compromised immune systems (such as HIV sufferers), use of stifling foot wear and locker rooms in the gym.

• #1 What Causes Fungal Nails? — The Foot Company

  https://www.thefootcompany.co.uk/blog/what-causes-fungal-nails

  Fungal nail infections are common and can spread from your nails to your feet. […] The fungus that causes nail fungus feeds on keratin and can be found in your toenails. […] It’s no secret that toenail fungus is highly contagious. When dermatophytes find their way to your feet and the fungi eat the keratin in your skin, they break it down into smaller particles. You may also experience fungal toenails if you have a history of foot problems. For example, people with diabetes, a lack of circulation, and a weakened immune system are more susceptible to foot problems.

• #1 Fungal Nail Infection: Overview, Causes & Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/fungal-nail-infection

  Fungal nail infections are common and are caused by fungi that live in the environment. They enter through small cracks in your nail or the nearby skin, causing infection. […] A fungal nail infection occurs from the overgrowth of fungi in, under, or on the nail. Fungi thrive in warm, moist environments, so this type of environment can cause them to naturally overpopulate. The same fungi that cause jock itch, athletes foot, and ringworm can cause nail infections. […] There are many different causes of fungal nail infections. Each cause has a treatment of its own. […] Older adults have a high risk for getting fungal nail infections because they have poorer circulation. The nails also grow more slowly and thicken as we age. […] Fungi that are already present in or on your body can cause nail infections. If you have come in contact with someone else who has a fungal infection, you may have contracted it as well. […] Nail infections occur more often in men than in women, and the infections are found in adults more often than in children. If you have family members who often get these types of fungal infections, you’re more likely to get them as well.

• #1 Fungal Nail Infection: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/infections/fungal-nail-infection-tinea-unguium

  Fungal nail infection of nails (tinea unguium) is common, particularly in toenails in the elderly. […] What causes fungal nail infections? […] Spread from a fungal skin infection. For example, athlete’s foot (tinea pedis) is a fungal skin infection of the toes. This may spread to the toenails if the skin infection is not treated early. […] Fingernail infection may occur after a toenail infection has become established. The fungus may spread to a finger after scratching itchy toes and toenails. […] Fingernail infections are also more likely to occur in someone who washes their hands frequently or has them in water a lot, for example, cooks or cleaners. […] A nail that has recently been damaged is also more likely to become infected. […] There is an increased risk of developing a fungal nail infection with various other conditions – for example: Diabetes. Psoriasis. Poor circulation. A weakened immune system (for example, if you have AIDS or are on chemotherapy). A general poor state of health such as heavy alcohol consumption. […] Nail infections are more common in people who live in hot or humid climates. […] Smoking also increases the risk of developing a nail infection. […] In some cases there is no apparent reason. Fungal germs are common and an infection can occur 'out of the blue’.

• #1 Fungal Nail Infections: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://www.thefeetpeople.com.au/symptoms-we-treat/fungal-toenails/

  Toenail fungus is also known as onychomycosis and is typically caused by dermatophytes, moulds or yeasts infecting the nail bed, matrix and plate of the nail. […] A fungal nail infection occurs when a fungal infection penetrates your nail. You can acquire this fungi from a number of sources including public swimming pools, unsterilised nail equipment, coming into contact with someone who has a fungal infection, and any other moist environments. […] Fungal nail infections are seven times more likely to occur on the toenails than on the fingernails as the inside of a shoe, where its dark, warm and moist, is the perfect environment for fungi to thrive. […] Fungal nail infections can be acquired at all ages and ethnicities however are more often present in men rather than women and in adults more so than children.

• #1 Onychomycosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441853/

  Onychomycosis is a common infection that is increasing in incidence. Initially, in the United States, Trichophyton rubrum was thought to be a culture contaminant. However, since the advent of international travel to Asia, T. rubrum has become the dominant causative organism in the United States. At least half of abnormal toenails are mycotic. Prevalence estimates range from 1% to 8%, and the incidence is increasing. Patients are genetically susceptible to dermatophyte infections in an autosomal dominant pattern. Risk factors include aging, diabetes, tinea pedis, psoriasis, immunodeficiency, and living with family members with onychomycosis.

• #1 Nail fungus: Who gets and causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/nail-fungus-causes

  Nail fungus is common, and anyone can get it. However, some people have a higher risk of developing a fungal nail infection. Your age, health, and even your lifestyle can increase your risk. […] The risk of developing a fungal nail infection increases with age. Its most common in old age and least common in children. […] Living in a hot, humid climate increases the risk of developing a fungal nail infection. […] You have an increased risk of developing a fungal nail infection if you have one or more of the following: […] Tiny, microscopic organisms called fungi (the plural of fungus) cause a fungal nail infection. […] Many people pick up the fungi when they have skin-to-skin contact with someone who has a fungal infection such as athletes foot or ringworm on their hands. […] Another common way to get a fungal nail infection is by walking barefoot in a warm, moist area such as a pool deck or locker room. These fungi thrive in warm, moist areas. […] You can also get a fungal nail infection by sharing an infected nail clipper or towel. […] The fungi usually infect a nail by getting into a: […] The area under a nail gives fungi a warm, moist place to grow. The infection can then spread to other nails and even your skin.

• #1 Fungal nail infection Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/fungal-nail-infection

  Fungal nail infection is a fungus growing in and around your fingernail or toenail. […] Fungi can live on the dead tissues of the hair, nails, and outer skin layers. […] Fungal nail infections often start after a fungal infection on the feet. They occur more often in toenails than in fingernails. […] You are at higher risk of getting a fungal nail infection if you have any of the following: Diabetes, Peripheral vascular disease, Peripheral neuropathies, Minor skin or nail injuries, Deformed nail or nail disease, Moist skin for a long time, Immune system problems, Family history, Wear footwear that does not allow air to reach your feet.

• #1 Fungal Nail Infections — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/fungal-nail-infections

  Fungal nail infections are also known as tinea unguium in the case of dermatophyte infections. […] Onychomycosis can be due to infection with dermatophytes or non-dermatophytes such as moulds and yeasts. […] Dermatophytes (over 75% of cases): Trichophyton rubrum, Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum species, Trichophyton verrucosum, Trichophyton tonsurans, Trichophyton violaceum, Trichophyton soudanense, Trichophyton krajdenii, Trichophyton equinum, and Arthoderma species. […] Non-dermatophyte moulds (10% of cases): Aspergillus species, Scopulariopsis species, Fusarium species, Acremonium species, Syncephalastrum species, Scytalidium species, Paecilomyces species, Neoscytalidium species, Chaetomium species, Onchocola species, and Alternaria species. […] Yeasts (uncommon): Candida albicans, and rarely non-albicans candida yeasts (eg, tropicalis, or parapsilosis). […] Emerging evidence of the role of biofilm in fungal nail disease may account for antifungal drug resistance and increased virulence.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-fungal-nail-infections.aspx

  Fungal nail infections are one of the most common dermatological conditions in the United Kingdom. Nearly 3 in 100 in the UK suffer from fungal nail infections at some point in their lives. […] In the UK the prevalence of fungal nail infections is as high as 26.9%. In the United States the prevalence of the condition is 18.5% and is said to be on the rise. […] The rise is due to the rising numbers of people with diabetes and poor immunity. Also since this condition affects the elderly the rise is due to increasing numbers of aging individuals. […] Causes and risk factors of getting fungal nail infections include (1-5): Those with fungal skin infections. Athletes foot is a fungal skin infection of the skin between the toes. This infection left untreated often spreads to toenails. […] Fungal skin infections are responsible for spread to finger nails due to scratching the lesions and spread of the fungal spores to the finger nails.

• #1 Toenail Fungus (Onychomycosis/Tinea Unguium): Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11303-toenail-fungus

  With toenail fungus, your nail becomes thick and yellow and may show white spots and streaks. A type of mold called a dermatophyte causes tinea unguium, the most common nail fungus. […] When a dermatophyte causes toenail fungus, the condition is called tinea unguium. A dermatophyte is a mold that needs a protein called keratin to grow. Keratin is the main structural material of your nails that makes them hard. Dermatophytes cause 90% of toenail fungal infections. […] A type of mold called a dermatophyte causes tinea unguium. Dermatophytes are fungal microorganisms (too tiny to see with the naked eye). They feed off of keratin, a protein found in your fingernails and toenails. Keratin makes nails hard. […] Toenail fungus is very common, especially as people start to age. Medical experts estimate that onychomycosis affects 1 in 10 people overall. That number jumps to 1 in 2 (50%) for people older than 70.

• #1 Onychomycosis: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC88888/

  The clinical presentation of dystrophic nails should alert the clinician to the possibility of onychomycosis; however, because fungi cause only about half of all nail dystrophies, the use of appropriate diagnostic techniques including direct microscopy and fungal culture is important to ensure correct diagnosis and treatment.

• #1 Fungal Nail Infections: Causes and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/fungal-nail-infections-pro

  Different fungal organisms may infect the nails, with different patterns of presentation, affecting any part of the nail from the nail bed to the nail matrix and plate. […] The incidence of new cases of onychomycosis (OM) appears to be rising due to the increasing prevalence of diabetes in the population, more frequent incidence of immunosuppression and an ageing population. […] Immunosuppression – illness or medications that suppress immune responses greatly increase the likelihood of developing OM. […] Diabetes mellitus – one study found that clinical onychomycosis was found in 162 of 321 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. […] Clinical appearance does not necessarily correlate with the causative organism; thus, differentiation should be based entirely on microbiological evidence.

• #1 Fungal Nail Infections: Causes and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/fungal-nail-infections-pro

  Although at least 50% of cases of nail destruction are due to fungal infection, it is not possible to identify the cause of nail disease clinically. […] Microbiological confirmation of the diagnosis is necessary before starting antifungal therapy, as it is relatively toxic and needs to be administered for long periods. […] Only about 50% of discoloured or dystrophic-appearing nails have a fungal infection confirmed with dermatophyte on culture. […] Testing for infection is not needed if treatment would not be given. […] Nail material should be sent for microscopy. There is a high false negative rate (30-40%) and even positive results should be interpreted with caution, as fungal organisms may exist as saprophytes, rather than as an invasive infection. […] Culture of nail material should also be undertaken, as this increases sensitivity and will determine species but may take several weeks. […] The prognosis is variable and depends on the type of infection as well as host factors such as comorbidities and age.

• #1 What Causes Toenail Fungus? | Errol Gindi, DPMAccessibility ToolsIncrease TextDecrease TextGrayscaleHigh ContrastNegative ContrastLight BackgroundLinks UnderlineReadable FontReset

  https://valleystreampodiatrist.com/what-causes-toenail-fungus/

  The visible effects of nail fungus can be dramatic. Nail fungus can cause discoloration, and misshapen your toenails, causing them to thicken and crumble. […] Fungal infections occur when yeasts or molds that exist in the environment around you enter your nail or the skin of your toes, typically from splits or cracks in the nail or skin. The most common offender is a fungus called dermatophyte. These pathogens thrive in the moist, warm conditions that often surround your feet. […] You get more prone to fungal infections as you get older. Nails become more brittle and dry, creating entryways for pathogens. This can be complicated by factors such as reduced immune system performance or circulation issues in your feet. […] Athlete’s foot is also a fungal infection, and it can spread from the skin on your feet to the toenails. Walking barefoot through warm and moist environments such as gym change rooms, pools, or showers may bring your feet into contact with the pathogens that infect you.

• #1 What Causes Toenail Fungus? | Errol Gindi, DPMAccessibility ToolsIncrease TextDecrease TextGrayscaleHigh ContrastNegative ContrastLight BackgroundLinks UnderlineReadable FontReset

  https://valleystreampodiatrist.com/what-causes-toenail-fungus/

  If your fungus advances to a severe phase, it may become painful and the damage to your toenail could be permanent. It’s also possible that the fungal infection could spread to other parts of your body, particularly if you’re taking medications or have medical conditions that suppress your immune system response. […] Toenail fungus significantly increases the risk to your feet.

• #1 Onychomycosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onychomycosis

  Onychomycosis, also known as tinea unguium, is a fungal infection of the nail. […] A number of different types of fungus can cause onychomycosis, including dermatophytes and Fusarium. […] The causative pathogens of onychomycosis are all in the fungus kingdom and include dermatophytes, Candida (yeasts), and nondermatophytic molds. […] Dermatophytes are the fungi most commonly responsible for onychomycosis in the temperate western countries; while Candida and nondermatophytic molds are more frequently involved in the tropics and subtropics with a hot and humid climate. […] When onychomycosis is due to a dermatophyte infection, it is termed tinea unguium. […] Other causative pathogens include Candida and nondermatophytic molds, in particular members of the mold genus Scytalidium, Scopulariopsis, and Aspergillus.

• #2 Explainer: why do we get fungal nail infections and how can we treat them?

  https://theconversation.com/explainer-why-do-we-get-fungal-nail-infections-and-how-can-we-treat-them-75212

  About 10% of us (including 20% of people over 60 and 50% of people over 70) suffer from fungal nail infections. […] Fungal nail infections are caused by different types of fungi, yeasts (such as Candida) and moulds. Fingernail fungal infections are typically caused by yeast fungi, especially Candida. […] Fungal nail infections are more common among people who are of lower socioeconomic background, older, male, diabetic, obese, immune deficient (such as HIV or cancer), lacking personal hygiene, and environmental factors such as fungal contamination of swimming pools, public toilets and communal bathing facilities. […] One of the problems with treating fungal nail infections is the fungus that causes it is difficult if not impossible to eliminate from the environment. These fungi thrive in warm, moist environments that you typically find in gyms, swimming pools, bathrooms, socks of unnatural fibres and enclosed shoes.

• #2 Fungal Nail Infections — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/fungal-nail-infections

  Fungal nail infections are also known as tinea unguium in the case of dermatophyte infections. […] Onychomycosis can be due to infection with dermatophytes or non-dermatophytes such as moulds and yeasts. […] Dermatophytes (over 75% of cases): Trichophyton rubrum, Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum species, Trichophyton verrucosum, Trichophyton tonsurans, Trichophyton violaceum, Trichophyton soudanense, Trichophyton krajdenii, Trichophyton equinum, and Arthoderma species. […] Non-dermatophyte moulds (10% of cases): Aspergillus species, Scopulariopsis species, Fusarium species, Acremonium species, Syncephalastrum species, Scytalidium species, Paecilomyces species, Neoscytalidium species, Chaetomium species, Onchocola species, and Alternaria species. […] Yeasts (uncommon): Candida albicans, and rarely non-albicans candida yeasts (eg, tropicalis, or parapsilosis). […] Emerging evidence of the role of biofilm in fungal nail disease may account for antifungal drug resistance and increased virulence.

• #2 Nail fungal infection: Causes, treatment, and symptoms

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/151952

  Nail fungal infections include onychomycosis and tinea unguium. […] Fungus is typically present on the body, but overgrowth can lead to a fungal infection. […] Microscopic organisms called fungi cause nail fungal infections; they do not require sunlight to survive so can thrive in these areas. […] Most commonly, a group of fungi called dermatophytes (such as Candida) is responsible for nail fungal infections. However, some yeasts and molds also cause these infections. […] Pathogens that cause nail fungus infection usually enter the skin through tiny cuts or small separations between the nail and nail bed. The fungi grow when the nail provides a suitably warm and moist environment.

• #2 Nail fungus: Who gets and causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/nail-fungus-causes

  Nail fungus is common, and anyone can get it. However, some people have a higher risk of developing a fungal nail infection. Your age, health, and even your lifestyle can increase your risk. […] The risk of developing a fungal nail infection increases with age. Its most common in old age and least common in children. […] Living in a hot, humid climate increases the risk of developing a fungal nail infection. […] You have an increased risk of developing a fungal nail infection if you have one or more of the following: […] Tiny, microscopic organisms called fungi (the plural of fungus) cause a fungal nail infection. […] Many people pick up the fungi when they have skin-to-skin contact with someone who has a fungal infection such as athletes foot or ringworm on their hands. […] Another common way to get a fungal nail infection is by walking barefoot in a warm, moist area such as a pool deck or locker room. These fungi thrive in warm, moist areas. […] You can also get a fungal nail infection by sharing an infected nail clipper or towel. […] The fungi usually infect a nail by getting into a: […] The area under a nail gives fungi a warm, moist place to grow. The infection can then spread to other nails and even your skin.

• #2 Fungal nail infection

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/fungal-nail-infection/

  Fungal nail infections are common. […] If you have athlete’s foot, the fungus causing athlete’s foot can spread to your toenails. This will cause a fungal nail infection. […] You can get a fungal nail infection by: walking barefoot where someone with a fungal nail infection or athletes foot has walked, such as in changing rooms and showers, touching your foot against the affected skin of someone with a fungal nail infection or athlete’s foot. […] You’re more likely to get it if you have wet or sweaty feet.

• #2 Fungal Nail Infections: Symptoms Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/fungal-nail-infections

  A fungal nail infection occurs when a fungus attacks a fingernail, a toenail, or the skin under the nail, called the nail bed. […] You get an infection when a crack in your nail or the skin around it allows fungus to get inside and grow. […] Since fungus thrives in dark, warm places, your toenails are more likely to be affected than your fingernails. […] You’re more likely to get a fungal nail infection if you: Are a man, Are older, since nails become more brittle and likely to crack as you age, Have a weak immune system or ongoing health problems like diabetes, Wear shoes that make your feet hot and sweaty, Walk barefoot through gym showers, swimming pools, and locker rooms places where fungus spreads easily, Live with someone who has a fungal infection, Have athletes foot, as the fungus that causes it can spread to your nails, Recently had an injury or surgery on your nail, or had a previous infection, Wear plastic gloves or keep your hands wet for long periods.

• #2 Onychomycosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onychomycosis

  Advancing age (usually over the age of 60) is the most common risk factor for onychomycosis due to diminished blood circulation, longer exposure to fungi, nails which grow more slowly and thicken, and reduced immune function increasing susceptibility to infection. […] Other risk factors include perspiring heavily, being in a humid or moist environment, psoriasis, wearing socks and shoes that hinder ventilation and do not absorb perspiration, going barefoot in damp public places such as swimming pools, gyms and shower rooms, having athlete’s foot (tinea pedis), minor skin or nail injury, damaged nail, or other infection, and having diabetes, circulation problems, which may also lead to lower peripheral temperatures on hands and feet, or a weakened immune system.

• #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-fungal-nail-infections.aspx

  Fingernail infection may occur after a toenail infection has become established. This also occurs due to excessive scratching. […] Damaged and broken nails allow fungi to infect them. Constant nail biting and use of artificial and cosmetic nails may also raise the risk of fungal nail infections. […] Those who wash hands repeatedly e.g. cleaners, cooks and other occupations where working with water for long durations is necessary are also at risk. […] Constant washing may damage the protective skin at the base of the nail. This may allow fungi to enter and infect the nails. […] Individuals living in hot and humid climates are at an increased risk. […] Those with chronic health conditions are at risk of fungal nail infections. This includes individuals with: diabetes, psoriasis, poor blood circulation in the fingers and toes, suppressed or poor immune system for example in individuals with AIDS or those on cancer or other chemotherapy, those with a generally poor state of health.

• #2 Fungal nail infection: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001330.htm

  Fungal nail infection is a fungus growing in and around your fingernail or toenail. […] Fungal nail infections often start after a fungal infection on the feet. They occur more often in toenails than in fingernails. They are most often seen in adults as they age. […] You are at higher risk of getting a fungal nail infection if you have any of the following: Diabetes, Peripheral vascular disease, Peripheral neuropathies, Minor skin or nail injuries, Deformed nail or nail disease, Moist skin for a long time, Immune system problems, Family history, Wear footwear that does not allow air to reach your feet.

• #2 Fungal Nail Infections: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://www.thefeetpeople.com.au/symptoms-we-treat/fungal-toenails/

  Although being common in such a diverse group, there are certain risk factors that heighten your chance of acquiring it. These include: Being over the age of 65, Frequent use of shellac as the nail does not have time to break and it can become weakened and susceptible to infections, Recurrent use of unsterilised equipment, especially if it has been in contact with other nails, Public swimming pools and change rooms, Tight fitting footwear, Current nail injuries, Foot deformities, Certain sporting activities e.g. running or swimming, Existing medical conditions such as diabetes, HIV or tinea pedis (fungus on the skin of the foot), Being immunocompromised or peripheral arterial disease, Obesity, Smoking. […] It is important to consult your podiatrist for advice and preferred treatment plans as there are multiple factors that must be considered before starting a treatment pathway to resolve your fungal infection.

• #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-fungal-nail-infections.aspx

  Smokers also have a high risk of fungal nail infections. This could be due to poor blood circulation in fingers and toes due to long term smoking. […] Age of the person is a risk factor. Adults are nearly 30 times more likely than children to suffer the condition. Fungal nail infections affects 2.6% of children younger than 18 years, but as many as 90% of people older than 70 years. […] Sometimes the cause of the infection is unknown and perfectly healthy individuals may get fungal nail infections due to contact with other people with the infection. […] Organisms that lead to fungal nail infections include (2, 3): Dermatophytes this includes Trichophyton rubrum or Trichophyton mentagrophytes that causes over 90% of cases. Of these T. rubrum is responsible for about 70% cases. […] Epidermophyton spp. and Microsporum spp. are other organisms that may cause fungal nail infections. […] Around 8% (5 to 17% cases) of total infections is caused by yeast infections like Candida albicans in the UK and Malassezia furfur in tropical countries. […] Some Non-dermatophyte moulds like Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Acremonium spp and Fusarium spp. may lead to 3 to 5% of infections.

• #2 Fungal Nail Infections: Causes and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/fungal-nail-infections-pro

  Although at least 50% of cases of nail destruction are due to fungal infection, it is not possible to identify the cause of nail disease clinically. […] Microbiological confirmation of the diagnosis is necessary before starting antifungal therapy, as it is relatively toxic and needs to be administered for long periods. […] Only about 50% of discoloured or dystrophic-appearing nails have a fungal infection confirmed with dermatophyte on culture. […] Testing for infection is not needed if treatment would not be given. […] Nail material should be sent for microscopy. There is a high false negative rate (30-40%) and even positive results should be interpreted with caution, as fungal organisms may exist as saprophytes, rather than as an invasive infection. […] Culture of nail material should also be undertaken, as this increases sensitivity and will determine species but may take several weeks. […] The prognosis is variable and depends on the type of infection as well as host factors such as comorbidities and age.

• #2 Toenail Fungus: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/hs/toenail-fungus/prevention-and-treatment/

  The risk may increase if you: […] Have a history of toenail infections. […] Have certain genetic factors that increase your risk. […] Have a compromised immune system. […] Onychomycosis can spread to other nails and other people and potentially cause complications if left untreated. […] For instance, it can: […] Increase the risk of bacterial infections, such as cellulitis and paronychia.

• #2

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=hw268101

  A fungal nail infection is an infection that occurs when a fungus attacks your fingernail, toenail, or nail bed. Fungal nail infections can be caused by yeasts, moulds, and other kinds of fungus. […] Fungi grow best in warm, moist places. They can spread from person to person. You can get a fungal nail infection from walking barefoot in public showers or pools or by sharing personal items, such as towels and nail clippers. If you have athlete’s foot, the fungus can spread from your skin to your nails. […] If you are susceptible to fungal infections, they tend to return. They can come back even after successful treatment and especially if you don’t do something to prevent them.

• #2 Onychomycosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441853/

  Onychomycosis is a common infection that is increasing in incidence. Initially, in the United States, Trichophyton rubrum was thought to be a culture contaminant. However, since the advent of international travel to Asia, T. rubrum has become the dominant causative organism in the United States. At least half of abnormal toenails are mycotic. Prevalence estimates range from 1% to 8%, and the incidence is increasing. Patients are genetically susceptible to dermatophyte infections in an autosomal dominant pattern. Risk factors include aging, diabetes, tinea pedis, psoriasis, immunodeficiency, and living with family members with onychomycosis.

• #3 Nail Fungus Pictures, Types, Causes, Symptoms, Best Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/fungal_nails/article.htm

  Fungal infection of the nails sometimes makes the condition sound contagious or related to poor hygiene. In fact, up to 14% of all adults in Western countries have a fungal infection of the nails. This percentage increases to 20% of adults who are age 60 or older. […] In normal, healthy people, fungal infections of the nails are most commonly caused by a fungus that is caught in moist, wet areas. […] Elderly people and people with certain underlying disease states are also at higher risk. Anything that impairs your immune system can make you prone to getting infected with the fungus. These include conditions such as AIDS, diabetes, cancer, psoriasis, or taking any immunosuppressive medications like steroids. […] Although toenail fungus can affect anyone, certain risk factors can increase the chances of developing the condition: Older age, especially older than 60 years; Family history of nail infections; Tinea pedis (athletes foot); Nail injury or deformity; Diabetes; Hyperhidrosis (a disorder characterized by increased sweating); Psoriasis; Poor blood circulation due to peripheral vascular disease or venous insufficiency; Weakened immune system, such as from an autoimmune disorder or HIV. […] Toenail fungus is much more common than fingernail fungus.

• #3 Types of Nail Mold Fungus: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/types-of-nail-fungus

  Fungal nail infections are called onychomycosis. Many types of fungi can cause nail infections, but some common types include Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton interdigitale. […] Dermatophytes are responsible for most nail fungal infections. […] About 90% of toenail fungal infections and 50% of fingernail fungal infections are caused by dermatophytes. […] Common causes of fungal nail infections include skin-to-skin contact with people or animals who have it, shared towels, bedsheets, or other objects, shared surfaces like locker room floors, excessive sweating, tight socks and shoes, contact sports, and walking barefoot in public showers or locker rooms. […] Risk factors for fungal nail infections include having a condition that weakens your immune system, such as HIV, experiencing exposure to others with fungal skin or nail infections, experiencing trauma to your nails, increasing age, and living in tropical or subtropical regions, for mold infections. […] Dermatophytes cause most fungal nail infections in humans. Molds and yeasts can also cause infections.

• #3 Causes of Toenail Fungus: AllCare Foot & Ankle Center: Podiatry

  https://www.allcarefootdoc.com/blog/causes-of-toenail-fungus

  The root cause of nail fungus are microscopic organisms that cause an overgrowth of fungi. This can occur in, under, or on the nail. Your toenails more often develop fungus because they are usually inside your shoes, where the warm environment allows fungi to thrive. […] If you have developed a nail fungal infection, but arent sure how, here are some common causes: Walking barefoot in public: try to avoid walking around barefoot when at a public swimming pool or in a public shower. Injury to the nail: acute or blunt trauma can cause a fungal infection. This could be when an infection occurs again and again; when you wear tight fitted shoes, for example. Or a blunt trauma can cause your nail to be more susceptible to an infection. Circulatory issues: Those with diabetes have a greater chance of developing an infection. Athletes Foot: Because this condition involves the same fungus, one can trigger the other.

• #3 Fungal Nail Infections: Causes and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/fungal-nail-infections-pro

  Different fungal organisms may infect the nails, with different patterns of presentation, affecting any part of the nail from the nail bed to the nail matrix and plate. […] The incidence of new cases of onychomycosis (OM) appears to be rising due to the increasing prevalence of diabetes in the population, more frequent incidence of immunosuppression and an ageing population. […] Immunosuppression – illness or medications that suppress immune responses greatly increase the likelihood of developing OM. […] Diabetes mellitus – one study found that clinical onychomycosis was found in 162 of 321 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. […] Clinical appearance does not necessarily correlate with the causative organism; thus, differentiation should be based entirely on microbiological evidence.

• #3 Nail Fungus & Underlying Health Issues | Prevention and Tips

  https://thefootpractice.com/prevent-nail-fungus-for-people-with-underlying-health-conditions/

  Nail fungal infections are not comfortable to talk about, but they’re even more uncomfortable to have. […] However, nail fungal infections, known as onychomycosis in medical terms, are a chronic condition that remains on toenails or fingernails for a very long time. […] Its widespread nature can also be attributed to genetics: one study found that children of people prone to onychomycosis are more likely to catch it. […] Thats only one of many invisible factors that can lead to toenail fungal infections, with other risk factors including diabetes, arterial disease, and neuropathy or immunodeficient conditions like undergoing chemotherapy. […] Diabetics or immunosuppressed individuals are even more susceptible to recurrence, potentially leading to years of continuous treatment. […] Something as simple as a stubbed toe or a badly clipped toenail can lead to a toenail fungal infection.

• #4 Onychomycosis: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC88888/

  The most common etiologic agent in WSO is T. mentagrophytes. In addition, several nondermatophyte molds, including Aspergillus terreus, Acremonium roseogrisum (later confirmed to be Acremonium potronii), and Fusarium oxysporum, have been implicated. […] The most common yeast that is involved is C. albicans. Of the nondermatophytic filamentous fungi, agents implicated in onychomycosis include members of Scopulariopsis (particularly S. brevicaulis) and Scytalidium (the two most common genera), which are both thought to digest keratin in vivo, as well as members of the genera Alternaria, Aspergillus, Acremonium, and Fusarium. […] The term dermatophytosis is used to describe infection by members of the genera Microsporum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton. The species that most often cause onychomycosis in North America and parts of Europe are T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, and Epidermophyton floccosum: the first two species are much more often implicated than E. floccosum.

• #4 Fungal Nail Infection: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/infections/fungal-nail-infection-tinea-unguium

  Fungal nail infection of nails (tinea unguium) is common, particularly in toenails in the elderly. […] What causes fungal nail infections? […] Spread from a fungal skin infection. For example, athlete’s foot (tinea pedis) is a fungal skin infection of the toes. This may spread to the toenails if the skin infection is not treated early. […] Fingernail infection may occur after a toenail infection has become established. The fungus may spread to a finger after scratching itchy toes and toenails. […] Fingernail infections are also more likely to occur in someone who washes their hands frequently or has them in water a lot, for example, cooks or cleaners. […] A nail that has recently been damaged is also more likely to become infected. […] There is an increased risk of developing a fungal nail infection with various other conditions – for example: Diabetes. Psoriasis. Poor circulation. A weakened immune system (for example, if you have AIDS or are on chemotherapy). A general poor state of health such as heavy alcohol consumption. […] Nail infections are more common in people who live in hot or humid climates. […] Smoking also increases the risk of developing a nail infection. […] In some cases there is no apparent reason. Fungal germs are common and an infection can occur 'out of the blue’.

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