Erytrocytoza
Epidemiologia

Erytrocytoza, definiowana jako podwyższona liczba erytrocytów, występuje z częstością około 0,3% w populacji ogólnej, z wyższą częstością u kobiet powyżej 70 roku życia (około 1%) i stabilną u mężczyzn (około 0,3-0,5%). Pierwotna erytrocytoza (czerwienica prawdziwa) ma zapadalność 0,7-2,6 na 100 000 osób rocznie w USA, z różnicami geograficznymi (np. 44-57/100 000 w USA, 6,7/milion w Izraelu). Wtórna erytrocytoza jest częstsza, choć trudna do dokładnego oszacowania, z częstością niewyjaśnionej erytrocytozy na poziomie 35,1/100 000 w badaniu NHANES. Kryteria WHO z 2016 roku obniżyły progi diagnostyczne hemoglobiny do 165 g/L i hematokrytu do 49% u mężczyzn oraz 160 g/L i 48% u kobiet, co zwiększyło wykrywalność erytrocytozy, zwłaszcza u mężczyzn ambulatoryjnych (4,1%). Czynniki ryzyka obejmują niemodyfikowalne (wiek, płeć męska, rasa biała, pochodzenie europejskie) oraz modyfikowalne (palenie, otyłość, nadciśnienie, cukrzyca, hiperlipidemia). Erytrocytoza potransplantacyjna występuje u 8-15% biorców nerki, a terapia testosteronem zwiększa ryzyko erytrocytozy nawet o 315%, z częstością od 5% do 66% (hematokryt >0,50). Diagnostyka wymaga systematycznego podejścia, a wczesne skierowanie do hematologa jest wskazane u pacjentów z cechami czerwienicy prawdziwej lub idiopatycznej erytrocytozy.

Epidemiologia erytrocytozy

Erytrocytoza (czerwienica) to stan charakteryzujący się zwiększoną liczbą krwinek czerwonych i jest częstym powodem konsultacji hematologicznych. Epidemiologia erytrocytozy różni się w zależności od jej typu – pierwotnej (czerwienica prawdziwa) lub wtórnej – oraz od badanej populacji i przyjętych kryteriów diagnostycznych.12

Częstość występowania erytrocytozy

Dane epidemiologiczne wskazują, że występowanie erytrocytozy w populacji ogólnej wynosi około 0,3% przy zastosowaniu ścisłych kryteriów diagnostycznych. U kobiet częstość występowania erytrocytozy stopniowo wzrasta z wiekiem, osiągając około 1% w populacji powyżej 70 roku życia. U mężczyzn częstość jest stosunkowo stabilna we wszystkich grupach wiekowych (około 0,3%), z niewielkim wzrostem do 0,5% u mężczyzn powyżej 70 roku życia.3

Częstość występowania pierwotnej erytrocytozy (czerwienicy prawdziwej) szacuje się na:

  • 44-57 przypadków na 100 000 osób w Stanach Zjednoczonych45
  • 22 przypadki na 100 000 populacji według badań z Connecticut67
  • 6,7 przypadków na milion populacji w Izraelu8
  • 30 przypadków na 100 000 populacji w Szwecji i Włoszech9
  • 9,2 przypadków na milion mieszkańców w Norwegii10
  • Roczna zapadalność wynosi 0,7-2,6 na 100 000 w USA11

Wtórna erytrocytoza jest uznawana za znacznie częstszą niż pierwotna, jednak dokładna częstość jej występowania jest trudna do określenia ze względu na różnorodność przyczyn i ograniczone dane.1213 W jednym z badań wykorzystującym dane NHANES, częstość występowania niewyjaśnionej erytrocytozy oszacowano na 35,1 przypadków na 100 000 osób, przy czym była ona wyższa wśród mężczyzn oraz w grupach wiekowych 50-59 i 60-69 lat.14

Warto zauważyć, że po wprowadzeniu kryteriów Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia (WHO) z 2016 roku, obniżających progi diagnostyczne hemoglobiny i hematokrytu do 165g/L i 49% u mężczyzn oraz 160g/L i 48% u kobiet, szacuje się, że 4,1% mężczyzn (pacjentów ambulatoryjnych) ma poziomy hemoglobiny przekraczające te wartości.15

Charakterystyka demograficzna pacjentów z erytrocytozą

Dane demograficzne dotyczące erytrocytozy wskazują na pewne wzorce występowania:

  • Płeć: Czerwienica prawdziwa występuje częściej u mężczyzn niż u kobiet, ze stosunkiem mężczyzn do kobiet wynoszącym od 1,2:1 do 2,2:1161718
  • Wiek: Mediana wieku diagnozy czerwienicy prawdziwej wynosi około 60-64 lata, a pacjentów rzadko diagnozuje się przed 40 rokiem życia192021
  • Pochodzenie etniczne: Czerwienica prawdziwa występuje we wszystkich rasach, ale wydaje się być częstsza wśród Żydów pochodzenia wschodnioeuropejskiego niż wśród innych Europejczyków i Azjatów2223

Badanie z kliniki Mayo wykazało, że częstość występowania czerwienicy prawdziwej u osób w wieku 40 lat lub młodszych wynosi około 12%, podczas gdy do 25% diagnoz stawia się przed 50 rokiem życia.2425

Czynniki ryzyka erytrocytozy

Do czynników ryzyka erytrocytozy, w szczególności czerwienicy prawdziwej, należą:2627

Niemodyfikowalne czynniki ryzyka:

  • Starszy wiek
  • Płeć męska
  • Rasa biała
  • Pochodzenie europejskie

Modyfikowalne czynniki ryzyka:

  • Palenie tytoniu
  • Otyłość
  • Nadciśnienie tętnicze
  • Cukrzyca
  • Hiperlipidemia

W przypadku młodych dorosłych z erytrocytozą, badania wykazały, że czynniki związane ze stylem życia, takie jak palenie i otyłość, są nadreprezentowane w tej populacji w porównaniu z populacją ogólną.28

Erytrocytoza w szczególnych populacjach

Erytrocytoza u młodych dorosłych

Diagnoza erytrocytozy u młodych dorosłych może stanowić wyzwanie diagnostyczne. Badania sugerują, że w tej grupie wiekowej erytrocytoza jest głównie wtórna do czynników zewnętrznych stymulujących erytropoezę, często związanych z niewłaściwym stylem życia.29 Pomimo istnienia algorytmów diagnostycznych, młodzi dorośli z erytrocytozą często nie są kierowani do specjalistów lub nie mają odpowiedniego dalszego monitorowania po wstępnej diagnostyce.30

Erytrocytoza potransplantacyjna (PTE)

Erytrocytoza potransplantacyjna (PTE) występuje u 8-15% biorców przeszczepu nerki; niektóre badania odnotowały częstość występowania nawet do 22%. Interesujące jest to, że częstość występowania PTE wydaje się zmniejszać. Erytrocytoza definiowana jako hemoglobina >17 g/dl była zgłaszana u 19% osób po przeszczepie w latach 1993-1996, ale tylko u 8% tych, którzy przeszli przeszczep w latach 1997-2005, i 7% tych, którzy przeszli przeszczep w latach 2010-2013.31

Erytrocytoza związana z terapią testosteronem

Erytrocytoza jest najczęstszym działaniem niepożądanym zgłaszanym w randomizowanych badaniach kontrolowanych dotyczących terapii testosteronem. Mężczyźni otrzymujący terapię testosteronem mają 315% większe ryzyko rozwoju erytrocytozy w porównaniu z grupą kontrolną. Częstość występowania erytrocytozy (hematokryt >0,50) u mężczyzn z hipogonadyzmem leczonych testosteronem waha się między 5% a 66%.32

Czynniki ryzyka rozwoju erytrocytozy po terapii testosteronem obejmują:33

  • Obturacyjny bezdech senny
  • Zaawansowany wiek
  • Otyłość
  • Cukrzyca typu II
  • Podwyższony wyjściowy poziom hematokrytu (>50%)
  • Zamieszkiwanie na dużych wysokościach
  • Rodzaj preparatu testosteronu, dawkę i farmakokinetykę

Nadzór i wykrywanie erytrocytozy

Erytrocytoza jest często wykrywana przypadkowo podczas rutynowych badań laboratoryjnych wykazujących trwałe podwyższenie poziomu hematokrytu (≥52% u mężczyzn i ≥48% u kobiet).34 Systematyczne podejście do oceny klinicznej i laboratoryjnej każdego pacjenta jest wskazane, aby rozważyć różne możliwości diagnostyczne i zidentyfikować podstawową etiologię erytrocytozy w celu sformułowania odpowiedniego planu skierowania do specjalisty i zarządzania.35

Dokładny wywiad medyczny i staranne badanie fizykalne uzupełnione ukierunkowaną początkową oceną laboratoryjną umożliwi lekarzowi ogólnemu ustalenie etiologii erytrocytozy w większości przypadków.36 Pacjenci z klinicznymi i laboratoryjnymi cechami sugerującymi czerwienicę prawdziwą oraz ci, u których nie ma wyraźnej podstawowej choroby znanej jako przyczyna erytrocytozy, odnoszą korzyści z wczesnego skierowania do hematologa w celu dalszej specjalistycznej oceny diagnostycznej i rozważenia terapii.37

Zachorowalność i śmiertelność związana z erytrocytozą

Erytrocytoza, gdy jest definiowana przy użyciu ścisłych kryteriów, wiąże się ze zwiększoną zachorowalnością i śmiertelnością z przyczyn sercowo-naczyniowych oraz śmiertelnością ogólną.3839 W wielozmiennym modelu zaobserwowano zwiększoną śmiertelność ogólną (HR 1,7; 95% CI 1,2-2,6; P = 0,003) i śmiertelność z przyczyn sercowo-naczyniowych (HR 2,2; 95% CI 1,0-4,6; P = 0,042) u osób z erytrocytozą.40

Występowanie erytrocytozy (według ścisłych kryteriów) było związane z zawałem mięśnia sercowego, stosowaniem leków przeciwzakrzepowych i złożonymi zdarzeniami sercowo-naczyniowymi.41 Związek między erytrocytozą a wynikami sercowo-naczyniowymi był silniejszy u osób z współistniejącą cytozą niż u osób z izolowaną erytrocytozą.42

Co istotne, wskaźniki zdarzeń zakrzepowo-zatorowych przed diagnozą były porównywalne zarówno w populacjach z czerwienicą prawdziwą, jak i wtórną erytrocytozą, co sugeruje, że z punktu widzenia zakrzepicy wtórna erytrocytoza może nie być tak łagodna, jak sugerowały niektóre raporty.43

Choroby współistniejące i erytrocytoza

Erytrocytoza była związana z wyższymi średnimi poziomami MCV (średniej objętości krwinki) oraz wyższymi wskaźnikami leukocytozy i trombocytozy.44 W badaniach wykazano również, że klasyczne czynniki ryzyka sercowo-naczyniowego (wiek, nadciśnienie, otyłość itp.) znacząco łączą się z ryzykiem zakrzepicy, podkreślając znaczenie kontrolowania tych czynników ryzyka zarówno u pacjentów z czerwienicą prawdziwą (oprócz docelowych wartości hematokrytu), jak i u pacjentów z wtórną erytrocytozą.45

Erytrocytoza może również współistnieć z innymi schorzeniami, takimi jak zespół Gitelmana i cukrzyca typu 1, chociaż takie skojarzenia są rzadkie.46 Podobnie, wtórna erytrocytoza może być związana z otyłością47 oraz może występować na dużych wysokościach, co doprowadziło do specjalnych badań nad patologiczną erytrocytozą wysokogórską.48

Hematopoeza klonalna a erytrocytoza

Erytrocytoza była związana z wysokim występowaniem hematopoezy klonalnej (38%), w tym mutacji JAK2 V617F (5,3%) i BCOR/BCORL1 (16%).49 Jednak większość pacjentów z idiopatyczną erytrocytozą (IE) (71,4%) nie wykazuje dowodów na hematopoezę klonalną, co potwierdza hipotezę, że IE są w dużej mierze spowodowane zaburzeniami nieneoplastycznymi.50

Dane sugerują, że duża część przypadków IE jest reprezentowana przez zaburzenia linii germinalnej, charakteryzujące się obecnością powtarzających się wariantów linii germinalnej występujących na ścieżkach JAK/STAT, hipoksji i metabolizmu żelaza, wśród nich: JAK3-V722I i HIF1A-P582S.51

Wyzwania w nadzorze nad erytrocytozą

Istnieją pewne wyzwania związane z nadzorem i monitorowaniem erytrocytozy na poziomie populacyjnym:5253

  • System diagnostyczny oparty na kodach ICD prowadzi do błędnej identyfikacji w znacznej części przypadków
  • Stanowi to problem dla wykrywania przypadków czerwienicy prawdziwej lub wtórnej erytrocytozy przez rejestry oparte na ICD i badania z nich wynikające
  • Liczne zmienne, duża liczba niewyjaśnionych przypadków oraz błędna identyfikacja erytrocytozy obserwowana w niektórych przypadkach sprawiają, że gromadzenie danych jest złożone
  • Błędna identyfikacja tych przypadków może być zgodna z obecnie niskim zgłaszanym wskaźnikiem danych dotyczących wtórnej erytrocytozy

Wpływ błędnego przypisania kodów diagnostycznych może mieć wpływ na interwencje wykorzystujące dane z rejestrów zdrowia publicznego, nadzoru i kontroli chorób na poziomie populacji.54 Potrzebne są dodatkowe badania w celu lepszego zrozumienia epidemiologii wtórnej erytrocytozy.55

Stosowanie modalności przechwytywania danych ICD ma kluczowe znaczenie dla dokładnej identyfikacji określonych populacji zainteresowania w celu prowadzenia badań retrospektywnych; jednak ograniczenia są związane z możliwymi błędnie zdiagnozowanymi przypadkami.56 Badania oparte wyłącznie na kodach ICD mogą mieć potencjalny wpływ na zdrowie publiczne i opiekę nad pacjentem, a ograniczenia muszą być brane pod uwagę przy przekazywaniu wyników badań.57

Wnioski i implikacje

Dane epidemiologiczne wskazują, że erytrocytoza, gdy jest definiowana przy użyciu ścisłych kryteriów, jest związana z zachorowalnością i śmiertelnością z przyczyn sercowo-naczyniowych oraz śmiertelnością ogólną. Głównym celem terapii w erytrocytozie powinno być zmniejszenie ryzyka zakrzepicy poprzez kontrolę poziomów hematokrytu.58

Algorytm trzystopniowy jest użytecznym narzędziem do codziennej klinicznej oceny erytrocytozy. Wtórne przyczyny erytrocytozy powinny być systematycznie sprawdzane, a pacjenci z idiopatyczną erytrocytozą kierowani na badania genetyczne. Tylko pacjenci ze znaną etiologią erytrocytozy mogą być odpowiednio leczeni.59

Wytyczne dotyczące leczenia erytrocytozy nieklonalnej nie są jasne. Kontrastuje to z czerwienicą prawdziwą, gdzie utrzymywanie hematokrytu poniżej 0,45 za pomocą upustów krwi, leków przeciwpłytkowych i cytoredukcji u pacjentów wysokiego ryzyka są podstawowymi elementami leczenia.60

Chociaż dąży się do operacyjnego rozróżnienia między różnymi formami erytrocytozy, dane porównawcze oceniające populacje z wtórną erytrocytozą i czerwienicą prawdziwą są skąpe. Te, które istnieją, wskazują na różne profile kliniczne, podczas gdy doniesienia o wynikach, w tym zakrzepicy, były niespójne.61

Obecne obserwacje wymagają ponownej oceny praktyk diagnostycznych i zarządzania oraz budzą obawy o potencjalnie zwiększone powikłania zakrzepowe w tej niedostatecznie zbadanej populacji.62

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  1. 14.04.2026
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Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 The diagnosis and management of erythrocytosis | The BMJ
    https://www.bmj.com/content/347/bmj.f6667
    Erythrocytosis is a common reason for referral to haematology services and is usually secondary in origin. […] In a recent study from the United States, the prevalence of primary erythrocytosis (known as polycythaemia vera) was 44-57 per 100000. The prevalence of secondary erythrocytosis is considerably higher but is difficult to quantify owing to the diversity of causes and paucity of data. […] This review aims to provide an update on the diagnostic pathway for patients presenting with erythrocytosis, as well as up to date appraised data on the management of such patients.
  • #2 Retrospective Study of High Hemoglobin Levels in 56 Young Adults | Desnoyers | Journal of Hematology
    https://thejh.org/index.php/jh/article/view/375/332
    Erythrocytosis is a frequent request for consultation in the hematologic field. The diagnostic approach is well established in the general population but in a young adult, finding the etiology of erythrocytosis can be a real diagnostic challenge. […] Even though general etiological profile and clear management indications are already established in medical literature, data is still lacking regarding the etiologic profile on the population level, especially in young adults. The purpose of this study was to answer this very question by interrogating the population of young adults at the Sherbrooke University Hospital Center (CHUS), in Quebec. […] The main conclusion emerging from this study is that erythrocytosis in young adults is predominantly secondary to an external factor that stimulates erythropoiesis. Poor lifestyle habits such as smoking and obesity are over-represented in this particular population in comparison with the general population.
  • #3 Erythrocytosis in the general population: clinical characteristics and association with clonal hematopoiesis
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7757002/
    Erythrocytosis, only when defined using strict criteria, was associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and all-cause mortality. […] Erythrocytosis was associated with high prevalence of clonal hematopoiesis (38%) (including JAK2 V617F [5.3%] and BCOR/BCORL1 [16%]). […] Our data indicate that only when defined using strict criteria erythrocytosis is associated with cardiovascular morbidity (especially in the presence of CH), cardiovascular mortality, and all-cause mortality. […] The prevalence of erythrocytosis in females gradually increased with age to approximately 1% in the population 70 years. […] In males, the prevalence was relatively stable across age categories (around 0.3%), with an increase to 0.5% for males 70 years. […] Erythrocytosis was associated with higher mean corpuscular volume (MCV) levels and higher rates of leukocytosis and thrombocytosis.
  • #4 The diagnosis and management of erythrocytosis | The BMJ
    https://www.bmj.com/content/347/bmj.f6667
    Erythrocytosis is a common reason for referral to haematology services and is usually secondary in origin. […] In a recent study from the United States, the prevalence of primary erythrocytosis (known as polycythaemia vera) was 44-57 per 100000. The prevalence of secondary erythrocytosis is considerably higher but is difficult to quantify owing to the diversity of causes and paucity of data. […] This review aims to provide an update on the diagnostic pathway for patients presenting with erythrocytosis, as well as up to date appraised data on the management of such patients.
  • #5 Polycythemia vera – Knowledge @ AMBOSS
    https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/polycythemia-vera/
    Prevalence: approximately 44 per 100,000 population […] Age at diagnosis: variable; more common in individuals aged 60 years […] Risk factors for polycythemia vera include older age, male sex, white race, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and smoking. […] Epidemiological data refers to the US, unless otherwise specified. […] Erythrocytosis associated with normal oxygen saturation and decreased serum EPO levels is strongly suggestive of polycythemia vera. Erythrocytosis associated with elevated serum EPO or decreased oxygen saturation suggests secondary polycythemia caused by chronic hypoxia. […] An elevated EPO suggests secondary polycythemia.
  • #6 Polycythemia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526081/
    The prevalence of polycythemia vera has been estimated to be approximately 22 cases per 100,000 population. It is believed to occur more frequently among Jewish patients of Eastern European descent than other Europeans and Asians. Polycythemia vera shows a male preponderance in all races and ethnicities, with a male-to-female ratio of approximately 2 to 1. The median age of presentation of PV is 60 years, with patients seldom seen before the age of 40. Polycythemia due to hemoglobinopathies and congenital cyanotic heart diseases is likely to be detected in significantly younger patients.
  • #7 Pediatric Polycythemia Vera: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/957470-overview
    The incidence of polycythemia vera is reported to be 4.9 cases per million population in Baltimore. A review of the disease in Connecticut reported an incidence of 22 cases per 100,000 population. […] The incidence of polycythemia vera is reported to be 6.7 cases per million population in Israel, and reviews have estimated 30 cases per 100,000 population in Sweden and Italy. In Norway, the prevalence of polycythemia vera is reported to be 9.2 cases per million inhabitants. […] Polycythemia vera is seen in every race. However, it appears to be more common in Jews of European extraction than in most non-Jewish populations. […] Males are preferentially affected over females, with the male-to-female ratio being 1.2-2.2:1. […] Onset is typically in the sixth decade, and the peak incidence is at age 60-80 years. A study from the Mayo Clinic reported that the incidence of polycythemia vera in persons aged 40 years or younger is about 12%.
  • #8 Pediatric Polycythemia Vera: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/957470-overview
    The incidence of polycythemia vera is reported to be 4.9 cases per million population in Baltimore. A review of the disease in Connecticut reported an incidence of 22 cases per 100,000 population. […] The incidence of polycythemia vera is reported to be 6.7 cases per million population in Israel, and reviews have estimated 30 cases per 100,000 population in Sweden and Italy. In Norway, the prevalence of polycythemia vera is reported to be 9.2 cases per million inhabitants. […] Polycythemia vera is seen in every race. However, it appears to be more common in Jews of European extraction than in most non-Jewish populations. […] Males are preferentially affected over females, with the male-to-female ratio being 1.2-2.2:1. […] Onset is typically in the sixth decade, and the peak incidence is at age 60-80 years. A study from the Mayo Clinic reported that the incidence of polycythemia vera in persons aged 40 years or younger is about 12%.
  • #9 Pediatric Polycythemia Vera: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/957470-overview
    The incidence of polycythemia vera is reported to be 4.9 cases per million population in Baltimore. A review of the disease in Connecticut reported an incidence of 22 cases per 100,000 population. […] The incidence of polycythemia vera is reported to be 6.7 cases per million population in Israel, and reviews have estimated 30 cases per 100,000 population in Sweden and Italy. In Norway, the prevalence of polycythemia vera is reported to be 9.2 cases per million inhabitants. […] Polycythemia vera is seen in every race. However, it appears to be more common in Jews of European extraction than in most non-Jewish populations. […] Males are preferentially affected over females, with the male-to-female ratio being 1.2-2.2:1. […] Onset is typically in the sixth decade, and the peak incidence is at age 60-80 years. A study from the Mayo Clinic reported that the incidence of polycythemia vera in persons aged 40 years or younger is about 12%.
  • #10 Pediatric Polycythemia Vera: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/957470-overview
    The incidence of polycythemia vera is reported to be 4.9 cases per million population in Baltimore. A review of the disease in Connecticut reported an incidence of 22 cases per 100,000 population. […] The incidence of polycythemia vera is reported to be 6.7 cases per million population in Israel, and reviews have estimated 30 cases per 100,000 population in Sweden and Italy. In Norway, the prevalence of polycythemia vera is reported to be 9.2 cases per million inhabitants. […] Polycythemia vera is seen in every race. However, it appears to be more common in Jews of European extraction than in most non-Jewish populations. […] Males are preferentially affected over females, with the male-to-female ratio being 1.2-2.2:1. […] Onset is typically in the sixth decade, and the peak incidence is at age 60-80 years. A study from the Mayo Clinic reported that the incidence of polycythemia vera in persons aged 40 years or younger is about 12%.
  • #11 SEER Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Neoplasm Database
    https://seer.cancer.gov/seertools/hemelymph/51f6cf57e3e27c3994bd538d/
    Age: 60 years median age […] Incidence: 0.7 to 2.6 per 100,000 in US […] Sex: Slight male predominance […] Survival: 10 years with treatment
  • #12 Polycythemia – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycythemia
    The prevalence of primary polycythemia (polycythemia vera) was estimated to be approximately 4457 per 100,000 individuals in the United States. […] Secondary polycythemia is considered to be more common, but its exact prevalence is unknown. […] In one study using the NHANES dataset, the prevalence of unexplained erythrocytosis is 35.1 per 100,000, and was higher among males and among individuals between ages 50-59 and 60-69.
  • #13 Secondary Polycythemia: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/205039-overview
    The frequency of secondary polycythemia depends on the underlying disease. The mortality and morbidity of secondary polycythemia depend on the underlying condition. […] The prognosis of patients with secondary polycythemia is driven by the underlying disorder. The polycythemia itself, when physiologic and not sufficiently extreme to cause significant hyperviscosity, generally has no effect on life span. However, patients with secondary polycythemia generally have a shorter survival following diagnosis than patients with polycythemia vera. This is believed to reflect the dire conditions that underlie many cases of secondary polycythemia.
  • #14 Polycythemia – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycythemia
    The prevalence of primary polycythemia (polycythemia vera) was estimated to be approximately 4457 per 100,000 individuals in the United States. […] Secondary polycythemia is considered to be more common, but its exact prevalence is unknown. […] In one study using the NHANES dataset, the prevalence of unexplained erythrocytosis is 35.1 per 100,000, and was higher among males and among individuals between ages 50-59 and 60-69.
  • #15 Phenotypical differences and thrombosis rates in secondary erythrocytosis versus polycythemia vera | Blood Cancer Journal
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41408-021-00463-x
    Erythrocytosis is a common condition and an increasingly frequent reason for consultation in hematology. Since the inception of the 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) 2016 criteria, in lowering the hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct) diagnostic thresholds to 165g/L and 49% in men, and 160g/L and 48% in women, respectively, it has been estimated that 4.1% of unselected males (outpatients) have Hb levels exceeding these values. With only a minority of these having polycythemia vera (PV), hematologists are witnessing a new preponderance of referrals for secondary erythrocytosis (SE) which has yielded novel and significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. […] Though efforts have been made to operationally discriminate between the various forms of erythrocytosis, data comparatively assessing SE and PV populations are scarce. These support different clinical profiles, while reports of outcomes, including thrombosis, have been inconsistent.
  • #16 Polycythemia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526081/
    The prevalence of polycythemia vera has been estimated to be approximately 22 cases per 100,000 population. It is believed to occur more frequently among Jewish patients of Eastern European descent than other Europeans and Asians. Polycythemia vera shows a male preponderance in all races and ethnicities, with a male-to-female ratio of approximately 2 to 1. The median age of presentation of PV is 60 years, with patients seldom seen before the age of 40. Polycythemia due to hemoglobinopathies and congenital cyanotic heart diseases is likely to be detected in significantly younger patients.
  • #17 Pediatric Polycythemia Vera: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/957470-overview
    The incidence of polycythemia vera is reported to be 4.9 cases per million population in Baltimore. A review of the disease in Connecticut reported an incidence of 22 cases per 100,000 population. […] The incidence of polycythemia vera is reported to be 6.7 cases per million population in Israel, and reviews have estimated 30 cases per 100,000 population in Sweden and Italy. In Norway, the prevalence of polycythemia vera is reported to be 9.2 cases per million inhabitants. […] Polycythemia vera is seen in every race. However, it appears to be more common in Jews of European extraction than in most non-Jewish populations. […] Males are preferentially affected over females, with the male-to-female ratio being 1.2-2.2:1. […] Onset is typically in the sixth decade, and the peak incidence is at age 60-80 years. A study from the Mayo Clinic reported that the incidence of polycythemia vera in persons aged 40 years or younger is about 12%.
  • #18 SEER Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Neoplasm Database
    https://seer.cancer.gov/seertools/hemelymph/51f6cf57e3e27c3994bd538d/
    Age: 60 years median age […] Incidence: 0.7 to 2.6 per 100,000 in US […] Sex: Slight male predominance […] Survival: 10 years with treatment
  • #19 Polycythemia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526081/
    The prevalence of polycythemia vera has been estimated to be approximately 22 cases per 100,000 population. It is believed to occur more frequently among Jewish patients of Eastern European descent than other Europeans and Asians. Polycythemia vera shows a male preponderance in all races and ethnicities, with a male-to-female ratio of approximately 2 to 1. The median age of presentation of PV is 60 years, with patients seldom seen before the age of 40. Polycythemia due to hemoglobinopathies and congenital cyanotic heart diseases is likely to be detected in significantly younger patients.
  • #20 Polycythemia Vera: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0601/p680.html
    The annual incidence of PV is 0.01 to 2.61 per 100,000 people, and the prevalence is 0.49 to 46.88 per 100,000. Median age at diagnosis is 64 years (range = 19 to 95 years), and up to 25% of diagnoses occur before 50 years of age. Nonmodifiable risk factors for PV include older age, male sex, White race, and European descent. Modifiable risk factors for PV include smoking, obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia. […] Smoking cessation decreases the risk of thrombosis.
  • #21 SEER Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Neoplasm Database
    https://seer.cancer.gov/seertools/hemelymph/51f6cf57e3e27c3994bd538d/
    Age: 60 years median age […] Incidence: 0.7 to 2.6 per 100,000 in US […] Sex: Slight male predominance […] Survival: 10 years with treatment
  • #22 Polycythemia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526081/
    The prevalence of polycythemia vera has been estimated to be approximately 22 cases per 100,000 population. It is believed to occur more frequently among Jewish patients of Eastern European descent than other Europeans and Asians. Polycythemia vera shows a male preponderance in all races and ethnicities, with a male-to-female ratio of approximately 2 to 1. The median age of presentation of PV is 60 years, with patients seldom seen before the age of 40. Polycythemia due to hemoglobinopathies and congenital cyanotic heart diseases is likely to be detected in significantly younger patients.
  • #23 Pediatric Polycythemia Vera: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/957470-overview
    The incidence of polycythemia vera is reported to be 4.9 cases per million population in Baltimore. A review of the disease in Connecticut reported an incidence of 22 cases per 100,000 population. […] The incidence of polycythemia vera is reported to be 6.7 cases per million population in Israel, and reviews have estimated 30 cases per 100,000 population in Sweden and Italy. In Norway, the prevalence of polycythemia vera is reported to be 9.2 cases per million inhabitants. […] Polycythemia vera is seen in every race. However, it appears to be more common in Jews of European extraction than in most non-Jewish populations. […] Males are preferentially affected over females, with the male-to-female ratio being 1.2-2.2:1. […] Onset is typically in the sixth decade, and the peak incidence is at age 60-80 years. A study from the Mayo Clinic reported that the incidence of polycythemia vera in persons aged 40 years or younger is about 12%.
  • #24 Pediatric Polycythemia Vera: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/957470-overview
    The incidence of polycythemia vera is reported to be 4.9 cases per million population in Baltimore. A review of the disease in Connecticut reported an incidence of 22 cases per 100,000 population. […] The incidence of polycythemia vera is reported to be 6.7 cases per million population in Israel, and reviews have estimated 30 cases per 100,000 population in Sweden and Italy. In Norway, the prevalence of polycythemia vera is reported to be 9.2 cases per million inhabitants. […] Polycythemia vera is seen in every race. However, it appears to be more common in Jews of European extraction than in most non-Jewish populations. […] Males are preferentially affected over females, with the male-to-female ratio being 1.2-2.2:1. […] Onset is typically in the sixth decade, and the peak incidence is at age 60-80 years. A study from the Mayo Clinic reported that the incidence of polycythemia vera in persons aged 40 years or younger is about 12%.
  • #25 Polycythemia Vera: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0601/p680.html
    The annual incidence of PV is 0.01 to 2.61 per 100,000 people, and the prevalence is 0.49 to 46.88 per 100,000. Median age at diagnosis is 64 years (range = 19 to 95 years), and up to 25% of diagnoses occur before 50 years of age. Nonmodifiable risk factors for PV include older age, male sex, White race, and European descent. Modifiable risk factors for PV include smoking, obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia. […] Smoking cessation decreases the risk of thrombosis.
  • #26 Polycythemia Vera: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0601/p680.html
    The annual incidence of PV is 0.01 to 2.61 per 100,000 people, and the prevalence is 0.49 to 46.88 per 100,000. Median age at diagnosis is 64 years (range = 19 to 95 years), and up to 25% of diagnoses occur before 50 years of age. Nonmodifiable risk factors for PV include older age, male sex, White race, and European descent. Modifiable risk factors for PV include smoking, obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia. […] Smoking cessation decreases the risk of thrombosis.
  • #27 Polycythemia vera – Knowledge @ AMBOSS
    https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/polycythemia-vera/
    Prevalence: approximately 44 per 100,000 population […] Age at diagnosis: variable; more common in individuals aged 60 years […] Risk factors for polycythemia vera include older age, male sex, white race, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and smoking. […] Epidemiological data refers to the US, unless otherwise specified. […] Erythrocytosis associated with normal oxygen saturation and decreased serum EPO levels is strongly suggestive of polycythemia vera. Erythrocytosis associated with elevated serum EPO or decreased oxygen saturation suggests secondary polycythemia caused by chronic hypoxia. […] An elevated EPO suggests secondary polycythemia.
  • #28 Retrospective Study of High Hemoglobin Levels in 56 Young Adults | Desnoyers | Journal of Hematology
    https://thejh.org/index.php/jh/article/view/375/332
    Erythrocytosis is a frequent request for consultation in the hematologic field. The diagnostic approach is well established in the general population but in a young adult, finding the etiology of erythrocytosis can be a real diagnostic challenge. […] Even though general etiological profile and clear management indications are already established in medical literature, data is still lacking regarding the etiologic profile on the population level, especially in young adults. The purpose of this study was to answer this very question by interrogating the population of young adults at the Sherbrooke University Hospital Center (CHUS), in Quebec. […] The main conclusion emerging from this study is that erythrocytosis in young adults is predominantly secondary to an external factor that stimulates erythropoiesis. Poor lifestyle habits such as smoking and obesity are over-represented in this particular population in comparison with the general population.
  • #29 Retrospective Study of High Hemoglobin Levels in 56 Young Adults | Desnoyers | Journal of Hematology
    https://thejh.org/index.php/jh/article/view/375/332
    Erythrocytosis is a frequent request for consultation in the hematologic field. The diagnostic approach is well established in the general population but in a young adult, finding the etiology of erythrocytosis can be a real diagnostic challenge. […] Even though general etiological profile and clear management indications are already established in medical literature, data is still lacking regarding the etiologic profile on the population level, especially in young adults. The purpose of this study was to answer this very question by interrogating the population of young adults at the Sherbrooke University Hospital Center (CHUS), in Quebec. […] The main conclusion emerging from this study is that erythrocytosis in young adults is predominantly secondary to an external factor that stimulates erythropoiesis. Poor lifestyle habits such as smoking and obesity are over-represented in this particular population in comparison with the general population.
  • #30 Retrospective Study of High Hemoglobin Levels in 56 Young Adults | Desnoyers | Journal of Hematology
    https://thejh.org/index.php/jh/article/view/375/332
    This study also highlighted the fact that a rise in hemoglobin is often trivialized. Indeed, more than half of these young adults had no referral or follow-up by any specialist. […] To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the etiological profile of erythrocytosis in the young adults (16 – 35 years old). Despite its retrospective nature, it reveals a management that is often discordant with the current algorithms recommended in the literature for management of erythrocytosis at all ages and a frequent absence of follow-up after the initial investigations.
  • #31 Kidney transplantation in adults: Posttransplant erythrocytosis – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/kidney-transplantation-in-adults-posttransplant-erythrocytosis
    PTE occurs in 8 to 15 percent of kidney transplant recipients; a few studies have reported incidences as high as 22 percent. […] The incidence of PTE appears to be decreasing. Erythrocytosis defined as hemoglobin >17 g/dL was reported in 19 percent of those transplanted between 1993 and 1996 but only 8 percent of those transplanted between 1997 and 2005 and 7 percent of those transplanted between 2010 and 2013.
  • #32 Testosterone Therapy and Erythrocytosis • The Blood Project
    https://www.thebloodproject.com/cases-archive/testosterone-therapy-and-erythrocytosis-2/
    Erythrocytosis is the most frequent adverse event reported in randomized control trials of testosterone therapy. […] Men receiving testosterone therapy have a 315% greater risk for developing erythrocytosis when compared to control. […] Prevalence of erythrocytosis (hematocrit >0.50) in testosterone-treated hypogonadal cis men ranges between 5% and 66%. […] Risk factors for developing erythrocytosis after testosterone therapy include: Obstructive sleep apnea, Advanced age, Obesity, Type II diabetes mellitus, Elevated baseline hematocrit (>50%), Those who live in high altitudes, Testosterone formulation, dose and pharmacokinetics. […] Testosterone therapy has been associated with: Dose-dependent decrease in hepcidin, which is hypothesized to increase absorption of iron, iron availability and erythropoiesis.
  • #33 Testosterone Therapy and Erythrocytosis • The Blood Project
    https://www.thebloodproject.com/cases-archive/testosterone-therapy-and-erythrocytosis-2/
    Erythrocytosis is the most frequent adverse event reported in randomized control trials of testosterone therapy. […] Men receiving testosterone therapy have a 315% greater risk for developing erythrocytosis when compared to control. […] Prevalence of erythrocytosis (hematocrit >0.50) in testosterone-treated hypogonadal cis men ranges between 5% and 66%. […] Risk factors for developing erythrocytosis after testosterone therapy include: Obstructive sleep apnea, Advanced age, Obesity, Type II diabetes mellitus, Elevated baseline hematocrit (>50%), Those who live in high altitudes, Testosterone formulation, dose and pharmacokinetics. […] Testosterone therapy has been associated with: Dose-dependent decrease in hepcidin, which is hypothesized to increase absorption of iron, iron availability and erythropoiesis.
  • #34
    https://scholars.duke.edu/publication/1062111
    Erythrocytosis is frequently encountered as an incidental abnormality on laboratory testing that reveals persistent elevation of the hematocrit level (52% in men and 48% in women). […] A systematic approach to the clinical and laboratory evaluation of each patient is indicated to consider diverse differential diagnosis possibilities and to identify the underlying etiology of erythrocytosis in order to formulate appropriate subspecialist referral and management plans. […] A thorough medical history and meticulous physical examination supplemented by a focused initial laboratory evaluation will enable the general practitioner to ascertain the etiology of erythrocytosis in the majority of cases. […] Patients with clinical and laboratory features suggestive of polycythemia vera and those patients without an apparent underlying condition known to cause erythrocytosis benefit from early referral to a hematologist for further specialized diagnostic evaluation and therapy considerations.
  • #35
    https://scholars.duke.edu/publication/1062111
    Erythrocytosis is frequently encountered as an incidental abnormality on laboratory testing that reveals persistent elevation of the hematocrit level (52% in men and 48% in women). […] A systematic approach to the clinical and laboratory evaluation of each patient is indicated to consider diverse differential diagnosis possibilities and to identify the underlying etiology of erythrocytosis in order to formulate appropriate subspecialist referral and management plans. […] A thorough medical history and meticulous physical examination supplemented by a focused initial laboratory evaluation will enable the general practitioner to ascertain the etiology of erythrocytosis in the majority of cases. […] Patients with clinical and laboratory features suggestive of polycythemia vera and those patients without an apparent underlying condition known to cause erythrocytosis benefit from early referral to a hematologist for further specialized diagnostic evaluation and therapy considerations.
  • #36
    https://scholars.duke.edu/publication/1062111
    Erythrocytosis is frequently encountered as an incidental abnormality on laboratory testing that reveals persistent elevation of the hematocrit level (52% in men and 48% in women). […] A systematic approach to the clinical and laboratory evaluation of each patient is indicated to consider diverse differential diagnosis possibilities and to identify the underlying etiology of erythrocytosis in order to formulate appropriate subspecialist referral and management plans. […] A thorough medical history and meticulous physical examination supplemented by a focused initial laboratory evaluation will enable the general practitioner to ascertain the etiology of erythrocytosis in the majority of cases. […] Patients with clinical and laboratory features suggestive of polycythemia vera and those patients without an apparent underlying condition known to cause erythrocytosis benefit from early referral to a hematologist for further specialized diagnostic evaluation and therapy considerations.
  • #37
    https://scholars.duke.edu/publication/1062111
    Erythrocytosis is frequently encountered as an incidental abnormality on laboratory testing that reveals persistent elevation of the hematocrit level (52% in men and 48% in women). […] A systematic approach to the clinical and laboratory evaluation of each patient is indicated to consider diverse differential diagnosis possibilities and to identify the underlying etiology of erythrocytosis in order to formulate appropriate subspecialist referral and management plans. […] A thorough medical history and meticulous physical examination supplemented by a focused initial laboratory evaluation will enable the general practitioner to ascertain the etiology of erythrocytosis in the majority of cases. […] Patients with clinical and laboratory features suggestive of polycythemia vera and those patients without an apparent underlying condition known to cause erythrocytosis benefit from early referral to a hematologist for further specialized diagnostic evaluation and therapy considerations.
  • #38 Erythrocytosis in the general population: clinical characteristics and association with clonal hematopoiesis
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7757002/
    Erythrocytosis, only when defined using strict criteria, was associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and all-cause mortality. […] Erythrocytosis was associated with high prevalence of clonal hematopoiesis (38%) (including JAK2 V617F [5.3%] and BCOR/BCORL1 [16%]). […] Our data indicate that only when defined using strict criteria erythrocytosis is associated with cardiovascular morbidity (especially in the presence of CH), cardiovascular mortality, and all-cause mortality. […] The prevalence of erythrocytosis in females gradually increased with age to approximately 1% in the population 70 years. […] In males, the prevalence was relatively stable across age categories (around 0.3%), with an increase to 0.5% for males 70 years. […] Erythrocytosis was associated with higher mean corpuscular volume (MCV) levels and higher rates of leukocytosis and thrombocytosis.
  • #39 Erythrocytosis in the general population: clinical characteristics and association with clonal hematopoiesis
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7757002/
    The presence of erythrocytosis (strict criteria) was associated with myocardial infarction, use of antithrombotic agents, and composite cardiovascular events. […] Increased all-cause (HR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2-2.6; P = .003) and cardiovascular mortality (HR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.0-4.6; P = .042) was observed for individuals with erythrocytosis, using a multivariable model. […] The association between erythrocytosis and cardiovascular outcomes was stronger in those with concurrent cytosis than in those with isolated erythrocytosis. […] Erythrocytosis had a prevalence of 0.3% and was associated with cardiovascular morbidity, cardiovascular mortality, and all-cause mortality when defined using strict criteria in this large population-based cross-sectional study.
  • #40 Erythrocytosis in the general population: clinical characteristics and association with clonal hematopoiesis
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7757002/
    The presence of erythrocytosis (strict criteria) was associated with myocardial infarction, use of antithrombotic agents, and composite cardiovascular events. […] Increased all-cause (HR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2-2.6; P = .003) and cardiovascular mortality (HR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.0-4.6; P = .042) was observed for individuals with erythrocytosis, using a multivariable model. […] The association between erythrocytosis and cardiovascular outcomes was stronger in those with concurrent cytosis than in those with isolated erythrocytosis. […] Erythrocytosis had a prevalence of 0.3% and was associated with cardiovascular morbidity, cardiovascular mortality, and all-cause mortality when defined using strict criteria in this large population-based cross-sectional study.
  • #41 Erythrocytosis in the general population: clinical characteristics and association with clonal hematopoiesis
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7757002/
    The presence of erythrocytosis (strict criteria) was associated with myocardial infarction, use of antithrombotic agents, and composite cardiovascular events. […] Increased all-cause (HR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2-2.6; P = .003) and cardiovascular mortality (HR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.0-4.6; P = .042) was observed for individuals with erythrocytosis, using a multivariable model. […] The association between erythrocytosis and cardiovascular outcomes was stronger in those with concurrent cytosis than in those with isolated erythrocytosis. […] Erythrocytosis had a prevalence of 0.3% and was associated with cardiovascular morbidity, cardiovascular mortality, and all-cause mortality when defined using strict criteria in this large population-based cross-sectional study.
  • #42 Erythrocytosis in the general population: clinical characteristics and association with clonal hematopoiesis
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7757002/
    The presence of erythrocytosis (strict criteria) was associated with myocardial infarction, use of antithrombotic agents, and composite cardiovascular events. […] Increased all-cause (HR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2-2.6; P = .003) and cardiovascular mortality (HR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.0-4.6; P = .042) was observed for individuals with erythrocytosis, using a multivariable model. […] The association between erythrocytosis and cardiovascular outcomes was stronger in those with concurrent cytosis than in those with isolated erythrocytosis. […] Erythrocytosis had a prevalence of 0.3% and was associated with cardiovascular morbidity, cardiovascular mortality, and all-cause mortality when defined using strict criteria in this large population-based cross-sectional study.
  • #43 Phenotypical differences and thrombosis rates in secondary erythrocytosis versus polycythemia vera | Blood Cancer Journal
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41408-021-00463-x
    Importantly, rates of thromboembolic events, prior to diagnosis, were comparable in both PV and SE populations, suggesting that from the standpoint of thrombosis, SE may not be as benign as some reports have intimated. While post-diagnosis thrombotic rates appeared lower in SE patients, limited follow-up in this cohort precludes accurate interpretation. Furthermore, regardless of erythrocytosis etiology, classic cardiovascular risk factors (age, hypertension, obesity, etc.) significantly clustered with thrombosis risk, emphasizing the importance of controlling these risk factors in PV (in addition to Hct targets) as well as SE patients. […] Finally, while further studies are needed to more comprehensively address the unmet needs relevant to SE, the current observations call for a reappraisal of workup and management practices, and raise concerns for potentially increased thrombotic complications in this understudied population.
  • #44 Erythrocytosis in the general population: clinical characteristics and association with clonal hematopoiesis
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7757002/
    Erythrocytosis, only when defined using strict criteria, was associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and all-cause mortality. […] Erythrocytosis was associated with high prevalence of clonal hematopoiesis (38%) (including JAK2 V617F [5.3%] and BCOR/BCORL1 [16%]). […] Our data indicate that only when defined using strict criteria erythrocytosis is associated with cardiovascular morbidity (especially in the presence of CH), cardiovascular mortality, and all-cause mortality. […] The prevalence of erythrocytosis in females gradually increased with age to approximately 1% in the population 70 years. […] In males, the prevalence was relatively stable across age categories (around 0.3%), with an increase to 0.5% for males 70 years. […] Erythrocytosis was associated with higher mean corpuscular volume (MCV) levels and higher rates of leukocytosis and thrombocytosis.
  • #45 Phenotypical differences and thrombosis rates in secondary erythrocytosis versus polycythemia vera | Blood Cancer Journal
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41408-021-00463-x
    Importantly, rates of thromboembolic events, prior to diagnosis, were comparable in both PV and SE populations, suggesting that from the standpoint of thrombosis, SE may not be as benign as some reports have intimated. While post-diagnosis thrombotic rates appeared lower in SE patients, limited follow-up in this cohort precludes accurate interpretation. Furthermore, regardless of erythrocytosis etiology, classic cardiovascular risk factors (age, hypertension, obesity, etc.) significantly clustered with thrombosis risk, emphasizing the importance of controlling these risk factors in PV (in addition to Hct targets) as well as SE patients. […] Finally, while further studies are needed to more comprehensively address the unmet needs relevant to SE, the current observations call for a reappraisal of workup and management practices, and raise concerns for potentially increased thrombotic complications in this understudied population.
  • #46 Presence of erythrocytosis in a patient with concomitant type 1 diabetes mellitus and Gitelman syndrome | ECE2014 | 16th European Congress of Endocrinology | Endocrine Abstracts
    https://www.endocrine-abstracts.org/ea/0035/ea0035p385
    Presence of erythrocytosis in a patient with concomitant type 1 diabetes mellitus and Gitelman syndrome. […] The association of GS and type 1 diabetes is rare, only described in a few case reports. […] In conclusion, our patient besides having Gitelman syndrome and type 1 diabetes was complicated with idiopathic erythrocytosis, all having deleterious effects on hemodynamic features of the patient.
  • #47 Publications – Instituto Biología Celular
    https://institutobiologiacelular.org/en/publications/
    Obesity as risk factor for secondary erythrocytosis, 2024. […] Risk stratification and prognosis in pathological erythrocytoses at high altitude, 2023. […] Treatment of secondary erythrocytosis at high altitude, 2020. […] Hydroxyurea for secondary erythrocytosis treatment in old patients with contraindications for phlebotomy, 2020. […] Clinical characterization of high altitude pathological erythrocytosis, 2016. […] High altitude pathological erythrocytosis: biological characterization, diagnosis and treatment, 2013. […] High altitude pathological erythrocytosis treatment with atorvastatin: phase II clinical trial, 2006. […] Relationship between serum uric acid and high altitude erythrocytosis, 2000. […] Relation of anthropometric parameters and clinical data in high altitude erythrocytosis, 1999.
  • #48 Publications – Instituto Biología Celular
    https://institutobiologiacelular.org/en/publications/
    Obesity as risk factor for secondary erythrocytosis, 2024. […] Risk stratification and prognosis in pathological erythrocytoses at high altitude, 2023. […] Treatment of secondary erythrocytosis at high altitude, 2020. […] Hydroxyurea for secondary erythrocytosis treatment in old patients with contraindications for phlebotomy, 2020. […] Clinical characterization of high altitude pathological erythrocytosis, 2016. […] High altitude pathological erythrocytosis: biological characterization, diagnosis and treatment, 2013. […] High altitude pathological erythrocytosis treatment with atorvastatin: phase II clinical trial, 2006. […] Relationship between serum uric acid and high altitude erythrocytosis, 2000. […] Relation of anthropometric parameters and clinical data in high altitude erythrocytosis, 1999.
  • #49 Erythrocytosis in the general population: clinical characteristics and association with clonal hematopoiesis
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7757002/
    Erythrocytosis, only when defined using strict criteria, was associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and all-cause mortality. […] Erythrocytosis was associated with high prevalence of clonal hematopoiesis (38%) (including JAK2 V617F [5.3%] and BCOR/BCORL1 [16%]). […] Our data indicate that only when defined using strict criteria erythrocytosis is associated with cardiovascular morbidity (especially in the presence of CH), cardiovascular mortality, and all-cause mortality. […] The prevalence of erythrocytosis in females gradually increased with age to approximately 1% in the population 70 years. […] In males, the prevalence was relatively stable across age categories (around 0.3%), with an increase to 0.5% for males 70 years. […] Erythrocytosis was associated with higher mean corpuscular volume (MCV) levels and higher rates of leukocytosis and thrombocytosis.
  • #50
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10238-023-01283-y
    Most of IE patients (40/56: 71.4%) showed no evidence of clonal hematopoiesis, supporting the hypothesis that IE are in large part caused by a non-neoplastic disorder. […] The frequency of IE has been estimated to be 1.1 per 1000 subjects, which is higher than that observed in PV. […] Taken globally our data suggest that a large fraction of IE cases is represented by germline disorders, characterized by the presence of recurrent germline variants occurring on JAK/STAT, Hypoxia and Iron metabolism pathways, among them: JAK3-V722I and HIF1A-P582S. […] This suggests that the main goal of therapy in IE should be focused on reducing the risk of thrombosis by controlling the Hct levels.
  • #51
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10238-023-01283-y
    Most of IE patients (40/56: 71.4%) showed no evidence of clonal hematopoiesis, supporting the hypothesis that IE are in large part caused by a non-neoplastic disorder. […] The frequency of IE has been estimated to be 1.1 per 1000 subjects, which is higher than that observed in PV. […] Taken globally our data suggest that a large fraction of IE cases is represented by germline disorders, characterized by the presence of recurrent germline variants occurring on JAK/STAT, Hypoxia and Iron metabolism pathways, among them: JAK3-V722I and HIF1A-P582S. […] This suggests that the main goal of therapy in IE should be focused on reducing the risk of thrombosis by controlling the Hct levels.
  • #52 Potential limitations of diagnostic standard codes to distinguish polycythemia vera and secondary erythrocytosis | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-08606-1
    Red cell overproduction is seen in polycythemia vera (PV), a bone marrow myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by trilinear cell proliferation (WBC, platelets), as well as in secondary erythrocytosis (SE), a group of heterogeneous disorders characterized by elevated EPO gene transcription. […] The ICD code-based diagnostic system led to misidentification in an important fraction of cases. This represents a problem for the detection of PV or SE cases by ICD-based registries and their derived studies. […] The prevalence of PV is estimated to be 4755 per 100,000 in the United States. This contrasts with the paucity of accurate data on prevalence, mortality, and morbidity of SE, which can be difficult to quantify due to dependent relationships with primary etiologies and insufficient data.
  • #53 Potential limitations of diagnostic standard codes to distinguish polycythemia vera and secondary erythrocytosis | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-08606-1
    The impact of erroneous adjudication of diagnostic codes may have an impact on interventions using data from public health registries, surveillance and disease control at a population level. […] The numerous variables, the high number of unexplained cases reported, as shown in a cross-sectional study from NHANES 2007-2008 and the misidentification of erythrocytosis seen in some cases, make data collection complex. Misidentification of these cases may be consistent with the low reported data rate of SE cases at present. […] Additional studies are needed for better understanding regarding the epidemiology of SE. […] The use of ICD data capture modalities is critical to accurately identify specific populations of interest to conduct retrospective research; however, limitations are associated with possible misdiagnosed cases. Research based exclusively on ICD codes could have a potential impact on public health and patient care, and limitations must be weighed when research findings are conveyed.
  • #54 Potential limitations of diagnostic standard codes to distinguish polycythemia vera and secondary erythrocytosis | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-08606-1
    The impact of erroneous adjudication of diagnostic codes may have an impact on interventions using data from public health registries, surveillance and disease control at a population level. […] The numerous variables, the high number of unexplained cases reported, as shown in a cross-sectional study from NHANES 2007-2008 and the misidentification of erythrocytosis seen in some cases, make data collection complex. Misidentification of these cases may be consistent with the low reported data rate of SE cases at present. […] Additional studies are needed for better understanding regarding the epidemiology of SE. […] The use of ICD data capture modalities is critical to accurately identify specific populations of interest to conduct retrospective research; however, limitations are associated with possible misdiagnosed cases. Research based exclusively on ICD codes could have a potential impact on public health and patient care, and limitations must be weighed when research findings are conveyed.
  • #55 Potential limitations of diagnostic standard codes to distinguish polycythemia vera and secondary erythrocytosis | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-08606-1
    The impact of erroneous adjudication of diagnostic codes may have an impact on interventions using data from public health registries, surveillance and disease control at a population level. […] The numerous variables, the high number of unexplained cases reported, as shown in a cross-sectional study from NHANES 2007-2008 and the misidentification of erythrocytosis seen in some cases, make data collection complex. Misidentification of these cases may be consistent with the low reported data rate of SE cases at present. […] Additional studies are needed for better understanding regarding the epidemiology of SE. […] The use of ICD data capture modalities is critical to accurately identify specific populations of interest to conduct retrospective research; however, limitations are associated with possible misdiagnosed cases. Research based exclusively on ICD codes could have a potential impact on public health and patient care, and limitations must be weighed when research findings are conveyed.
  • #56 Potential limitations of diagnostic standard codes to distinguish polycythemia vera and secondary erythrocytosis | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-08606-1
    The impact of erroneous adjudication of diagnostic codes may have an impact on interventions using data from public health registries, surveillance and disease control at a population level. […] The numerous variables, the high number of unexplained cases reported, as shown in a cross-sectional study from NHANES 2007-2008 and the misidentification of erythrocytosis seen in some cases, make data collection complex. Misidentification of these cases may be consistent with the low reported data rate of SE cases at present. […] Additional studies are needed for better understanding regarding the epidemiology of SE. […] The use of ICD data capture modalities is critical to accurately identify specific populations of interest to conduct retrospective research; however, limitations are associated with possible misdiagnosed cases. Research based exclusively on ICD codes could have a potential impact on public health and patient care, and limitations must be weighed when research findings are conveyed.
  • #57 Potential limitations of diagnostic standard codes to distinguish polycythemia vera and secondary erythrocytosis | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-08606-1
    The impact of erroneous adjudication of diagnostic codes may have an impact on interventions using data from public health registries, surveillance and disease control at a population level. […] The numerous variables, the high number of unexplained cases reported, as shown in a cross-sectional study from NHANES 2007-2008 and the misidentification of erythrocytosis seen in some cases, make data collection complex. Misidentification of these cases may be consistent with the low reported data rate of SE cases at present. […] Additional studies are needed for better understanding regarding the epidemiology of SE. […] The use of ICD data capture modalities is critical to accurately identify specific populations of interest to conduct retrospective research; however, limitations are associated with possible misdiagnosed cases. Research based exclusively on ICD codes could have a potential impact on public health and patient care, and limitations must be weighed when research findings are conveyed.
  • #58
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10238-023-01283-y
    Most of IE patients (40/56: 71.4%) showed no evidence of clonal hematopoiesis, supporting the hypothesis that IE are in large part caused by a non-neoplastic disorder. […] The frequency of IE has been estimated to be 1.1 per 1000 subjects, which is higher than that observed in PV. […] Taken globally our data suggest that a large fraction of IE cases is represented by germline disorders, characterized by the presence of recurrent germline variants occurring on JAK/STAT, Hypoxia and Iron metabolism pathways, among them: JAK3-V722I and HIF1A-P582S. […] This suggests that the main goal of therapy in IE should be focused on reducing the risk of thrombosis by controlling the Hct levels.
  • #59
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00277-021-04546-4
    The treatment guidelines for non-clonal erythrocytosis are not clear. This is in contrast with PV, where maintenance of Hct below 0.45 with phlebotomies, antiplatelet drugs, and cytoreduction in high-risk patients are the mainstays of treatment. […] The three-step algorithm is a useful tool for everyday clinical evaluation of erythrocytosis. Secondary causes of erythrocytosis should be systematically checked and IE patients referred for genetic testing. Only patients with known aetiology of erythrocytosis can be properly managed.
  • #60
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00277-021-04546-4
    The treatment guidelines for non-clonal erythrocytosis are not clear. This is in contrast with PV, where maintenance of Hct below 0.45 with phlebotomies, antiplatelet drugs, and cytoreduction in high-risk patients are the mainstays of treatment. […] The three-step algorithm is a useful tool for everyday clinical evaluation of erythrocytosis. Secondary causes of erythrocytosis should be systematically checked and IE patients referred for genetic testing. Only patients with known aetiology of erythrocytosis can be properly managed.
  • #61 Phenotypical differences and thrombosis rates in secondary erythrocytosis versus polycythemia vera | Blood Cancer Journal
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41408-021-00463-x
    Erythrocytosis is a common condition and an increasingly frequent reason for consultation in hematology. Since the inception of the 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) 2016 criteria, in lowering the hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct) diagnostic thresholds to 165g/L and 49% in men, and 160g/L and 48% in women, respectively, it has been estimated that 4.1% of unselected males (outpatients) have Hb levels exceeding these values. With only a minority of these having polycythemia vera (PV), hematologists are witnessing a new preponderance of referrals for secondary erythrocytosis (SE) which has yielded novel and significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. […] Though efforts have been made to operationally discriminate between the various forms of erythrocytosis, data comparatively assessing SE and PV populations are scarce. These support different clinical profiles, while reports of outcomes, including thrombosis, have been inconsistent.
  • #62 Phenotypical differences and thrombosis rates in secondary erythrocytosis versus polycythemia vera | Blood Cancer Journal
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41408-021-00463-x
    Importantly, rates of thromboembolic events, prior to diagnosis, were comparable in both PV and SE populations, suggesting that from the standpoint of thrombosis, SE may not be as benign as some reports have intimated. While post-diagnosis thrombotic rates appeared lower in SE patients, limited follow-up in this cohort precludes accurate interpretation. Furthermore, regardless of erythrocytosis etiology, classic cardiovascular risk factors (age, hypertension, obesity, etc.) significantly clustered with thrombosis risk, emphasizing the importance of controlling these risk factors in PV (in addition to Hct targets) as well as SE patients. […] Finally, while further studies are needed to more comprehensively address the unmet needs relevant to SE, the current observations call for a reappraisal of workup and management practices, and raise concerns for potentially increased thrombotic complications in this understudied population.