Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Perinatal Depression – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519070/

  Perinatal depression stems from a combination of hormonal changes, genetic predisposition, and environmental factors, yet up to 50% of cases remain undiagnosed due to the stigma surrounding the condition and patients’ reluctance to disclose symptoms. […] The exact cause of perinatal depression and postpartum blues is not fully understood, but potential underlying etiologies contributing to the development of these conditions include hormonal changes, genetic predisposition, and psychosocial stressors. […] In a meta-analysis of 33 studies, gestational diabetes, having boy infants, a history of depression, and epidural anesthesia use were noted as risk factors for perinatal depression. […] Factors associated with a high risk of developing perinatal depression or postpartum blues include: Psychological: A personal history of depression and anxiety, premenstrual syndrome, a negative attitude towards the baby, the reluctance of the baby’s sex, and a history of sexual abuse.

• #2 Causes and Risk Factors of Postnatal Depression | Hospital Clínic Barcelona

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/postnatal-depression/causes-and-risk-factors

  The exact causes of postnatal depression are unknown, but it is considered that there are different vulnerabilities that can precipitate it. […] The hypotheses that try to explain the appearance and persistence of postnatal depression are included within the general stress-vulnerability model. This model considers giving birth as a neurohormonal and immunological stress factor, and the transition to motherhood as a psychosocial stress factor. Both factors demand an adaptive effort from the body in order to respond to the demands of motherhood. The depression may be a result of the different types of psycho-biological vulnerability. […] This vulnerability arises due to several factors: Woman with genetic vulnerability […] Genetic vulnerability. Genes associated with serotonin and tryptophan depletion, the response to stress, and oestrogen receptors, have been implicated.

• #3 Postnatal depression (PND) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/postnatal-depression-pnd

  New parents can develop postnatal depression (PND) within the first few months after the arrival of their newborn baby. […] The exact causes of PND are not known, but the enormous physical, emotional and social changes involved in becoming a parent seem to play a significant role. […] The exact causes of PND are still not known. Some contributing factors might include: […] Physical changes even a relatively easy birth is an overwhelming experience for a woman’s body. In addition, the sudden drop in pregnancy hormones affects brain chemicals (neurotransmitters). Broken sleep and exhaustion can also contribute to depression. […] Emotional changes adapting to parenthood is daunting. A new mother has to deal with the constant demands of her baby, a different dynamic in her relationships and the loss of independence. Such changes are hard at the best of times, but are even more overwhelming when physically recovering from childbirth and coping with broken sleep. […] Social changes society puts lots of demands and expectations on a new mother, which a woman may feel she needs to live up to. She may find herself less able to keep up contact with her friends and workmates. Adapting to living on one wage may also be difficult.

• #4 Postpartum depression – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/postpartum-depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20376617

  There is no single cause of postpartum depression, but genetics, physical changes and emotional issues may play a role. […] Studies show that having a family history of postpartum depression especially if it was major increases the risk of experiencing postpartum depression. […] After childbirth, a dramatic drop in the hormones estrogen and progesterone in your body may contribute to postpartum depression. Other hormones produced by your thyroid gland also may drop sharply which can leave you feeling tired, sluggish and depressed. […] When you’re sleep deprived and overwhelmed, you may have trouble handling even minor problems. You may be anxious about your ability to care for a newborn. You may feel less attractive, struggle with your sense of identity or feel that you’ve lost control over your life. Any of these issues can contribute to postpartum depression.

• #5 Postpartum Depression | CAMH

  https://www.camh.ca/en/health-info/mental-illness-and-addiction-index/postpartum-depression

  Postpartum depression (PPD) is a non-psychotic depression that women may experience shortly after childbirth. […] There is no single cause of depression (and therefore PPD). Physical, hormonal, social, psychological and emotional factors may all play a part in triggering the illness. This is known as the biopsychosocial model of depression, and is accepted by most researchers and clinicians. The factor or factors that trigger PPD vary from one woman to another. For example, sleep deprivation resulting from having a new baby can make a woman vulnerable to other factors that trigger depression. […] Risk factors: personal history of depression, history of depression with a previous pregnancy, family history of depression.

• #6 Postpartum depression – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/postpartum-depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20376617

  There is no single cause of postpartum depression, but genetics, physical changes and emotional issues may play a role. […] Studies show that having a family history of postpartum depression especially if it was major increases the risk of experiencing postpartum depression. […] After childbirth, a dramatic drop in the hormones estrogen and progesterone in your body may contribute to postpartum depression. Other hormones produced by your thyroid gland also may drop sharply which can leave you feeling tired, sluggish and depressed. […] When you’re sleep deprived and overwhelmed, you may have trouble handling even minor problems. You may be anxious about your ability to care for a newborn. You may feel less attractive, struggle with your sense of identity or feel that you’ve lost control over your life. Any of these issues can contribute to postpartum depression.

• #7 Perinatal Depression – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519070/

  Recent studies have shown that a family history of psychiatric disorders is a risk factor for developing perinatal depression. […] The pathogenesis of perinatal depression and postpartum blues is currently unknown but is likely multifactorial. […] Genetic, hormonal, psychological, and social life stressors have been suggested to play a role in the development of perinatal depression. […] The rapid drop in reproductive hormones, like estradiol and progesterone, following delivery can be a potential stressor in susceptible patients. […] Elevated cortisol levels and low tryptophan levels may be noted. […] The HPA axis causes the release of cortisol in trauma and stress; with HPA axis dysfunction, the release of catecholamines is decreased, leading to a poor stress response. […] The role of reproductive hormones in depressive behavior suggests neuroendocrine pathophysiology for perinatal depression.

• #8 Postpartum Depression: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9312-postpartum-depression

  Postpartum depression (PPD) is a type of depression that happens after you give birth. […] It’s common to experience hormonal, physical, emotional, financial and social changes after having a baby. These changes can cause symptoms of postpartum depression. […] More research is needed to determine the link between the rapid drop in hormones after delivery and depression. The levels of estrogen and progesterone increase tenfold during pregnancy but drop sharply after delivery. By three days postpartum, levels of these hormones drop back to pre-pregnancy levels. […] In addition to these chemical changes, the social and psychological changes associated with having a baby increase your risk of postpartum depression. Examples of these changes include physical changes to your body, lack of sleep, worries about parenting or changes to your relationships.

• #9 Postpartum Depression: Symptoms, Causes, Risks, Types, Tests, Professional and Self-Care

  https://www.webmd.com/depression/postpartum-depression

  Theres no one cause of postpartum depression, but these physical and emotional issues may contribute: Hormones. The dramatic drop in estrogen and progesterone after you give birth may play a role. Other hormones produced by your thyroid gland also may drop sharply and make you feel tired, sluggish and depressed. […] Anxiety. You may be anxious about your ability to care for a newborn. […] Self-image. You may feel less attractive, struggle with your sense of identity, or feel that you’ve lost control over your life. Any of these issues can contribute to postpartum depression.

• #10 Postpartum Depression Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/womens-health/conditions/postpartum-depression

  Postpartum depression is the most common complication of childbirth. Any person who has had a baby, miscarriage, stillbirth, or termination can get postpartum depression. It affects first-time parents as well as those with large families. […] Although the exact cause of PPD remains unclear, several factors are likely involved. Changing family roles, new baby stress, marital strife, and a family history of mental illness can all contribute to postpartum depression. […] Physiological changes play a role, too. After childbirth, the levels of the hormones estrogen and progesterone in the brain quickly drop. This dramatic shift leads to chemical changes in the brain that may trigger mood swings. […] Also, many new parents find it difficult to get the rest they need after giving birth. Sleep deprivation can lead to body pain and exhaustion, which also may contribute to the symptoms of postpartum depression.

• #11 Postpartum Depression: Etiology, Treatment, and Consequences for Maternal Care

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/9/865

  PPD may also be associated with different sensitivity to hormonal fluctuations. […] Biological factors and social factors create intertwined rings that make women susceptible to PPD by affecting each other. […] Research on the genetic basis for PPD has taken place in recent years to identify the genes responsible for establishing targeted therapeutic methods and understanding its pathogenesis. […] The genetic risk for PPD may have a component that overlaps with the genetic risk for major depressive disorder (MDD) and/or bipolar disorder and, in addition, a component that is specific to PPD itself.

• #12 Postpartum Major Depression | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/1015/p926.html

  Because hypothyroidism may also cause depressive symptoms, physicians should measure thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in women with suspected postpartum major depression. About 8 percent of women develop postpartum autoimmune thyroiditis, which can mimic many symptoms of postpartum major depression.

• #13

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/postnatal-depression/causes/

  Postnatal depression is thought to be caused by a number of things working together. […] If you have a history of depression or had it in pregnancy before, you have a higher chance of experiencing postnatal depression. […] You may be more likely to suffer depression after having a baby if you do not have support from your partner or family. […] This sense of loss can be difficult to cope with. It can contribute to the development of depression. […] The birth of a baby can also have a huge impact on your relationships with your partner, family and friends. This can sometimes cause enormous strain. […] Recent life events, such as bereavement or serious illness, may mean that you were stressed before your baby was born. […] Some women who develop postnatal depression have low thyroid hormones. This is linked to low mood. Treating this may lead to an improvement in mood. […] Some women may be particularly vulnerable to this drop in hormones. There is no firm scientific evidence to support this, but there is ongoing research on the subject.

• #14 Postpartum depression

  https://womenshealth.gov/mental-health/mental-health-conditions/postpartum-depression

  Postpartum depression is a serious mental health condition that involves the brain and affects your behavior and physical health. […] The exact cause of PPD is not known and many different factors are likely to contribute to someone developing PPD. Hormonal changes may trigger symptoms of postpartum depression. […] Researchers think this sudden change in hormone levels may lead to depression. […] Levels of thyroid hormones may also drop after giving birth. Low levels of thyroid hormones can cause symptoms of depression. […] You may be more at risk of postpartum depression if you had depression before or during pregnancy, have a family history of depression, experienced abuse or adversity as a child, had a difficult or traumatic birth, had problems with a previous pregnancy or birth, have little or no support from family, friends, or partners, if you are now or have experienced domestic violence, have relationship struggles, money problems, or experience other stressful life events, are under the age of 20, have a hard time breastfeeding, have a baby that was born prematurely and/or has special health care needs, or had an unplanned pregnancy.

• #15 Perinatal Depression – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519070/

  Recent studies have shown that a family history of psychiatric disorders is a risk factor for developing perinatal depression. […] The pathogenesis of perinatal depression and postpartum blues is currently unknown but is likely multifactorial. […] Genetic, hormonal, psychological, and social life stressors have been suggested to play a role in the development of perinatal depression. […] The rapid drop in reproductive hormones, like estradiol and progesterone, following delivery can be a potential stressor in susceptible patients. […] Elevated cortisol levels and low tryptophan levels may be noted. […] The HPA axis causes the release of cortisol in trauma and stress; with HPA axis dysfunction, the release of catecholamines is decreased, leading to a poor stress response. […] The role of reproductive hormones in depressive behavior suggests neuroendocrine pathophysiology for perinatal depression.

• #16 Perinatal Depression – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519070/

  Recent studies have shown that a family history of psychiatric disorders is a risk factor for developing perinatal depression. […] The pathogenesis of perinatal depression and postpartum blues is currently unknown but is likely multifactorial. […] Genetic, hormonal, psychological, and social life stressors have been suggested to play a role in the development of perinatal depression. […] The rapid drop in reproductive hormones, like estradiol and progesterone, following delivery can be a potential stressor in susceptible patients. […] Elevated cortisol levels and low tryptophan levels may be noted. […] The HPA axis causes the release of cortisol in trauma and stress; with HPA axis dysfunction, the release of catecholamines is decreased, leading to a poor stress response. […] The role of reproductive hormones in depressive behavior suggests neuroendocrine pathophysiology for perinatal depression.

• #17 Postpartum depression – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/postpartum-depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20376617

  There is no single cause of postpartum depression, but genetics, physical changes and emotional issues may play a role. […] Studies show that having a family history of postpartum depression especially if it was major increases the risk of experiencing postpartum depression. […] After childbirth, a dramatic drop in the hormones estrogen and progesterone in your body may contribute to postpartum depression. Other hormones produced by your thyroid gland also may drop sharply which can leave you feeling tired, sluggish and depressed. […] When you’re sleep deprived and overwhelmed, you may have trouble handling even minor problems. You may be anxious about your ability to care for a newborn. You may feel less attractive, struggle with your sense of identity or feel that you’ve lost control over your life. Any of these issues can contribute to postpartum depression.

• #18 Perinatal Depression – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519070/

  Recent studies have shown that a family history of psychiatric disorders is a risk factor for developing perinatal depression. […] The pathogenesis of perinatal depression and postpartum blues is currently unknown but is likely multifactorial. […] Genetic, hormonal, psychological, and social life stressors have been suggested to play a role in the development of perinatal depression. […] The rapid drop in reproductive hormones, like estradiol and progesterone, following delivery can be a potential stressor in susceptible patients. […] Elevated cortisol levels and low tryptophan levels may be noted. […] The HPA axis causes the release of cortisol in trauma and stress; with HPA axis dysfunction, the release of catecholamines is decreased, leading to a poor stress response. […] The role of reproductive hormones in depressive behavior suggests neuroendocrine pathophysiology for perinatal depression.

• #19 Postpartum Major Depression | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/1015/p926.html

  Postpartum major depression is a disorder that is often unrecognized and must be distinguished from baby blues. Antenatal depressive symptoms, a history of major depressive disorder, or previous postpartum major depression significantly increase the risk of postpartum major depression. […] The etiology of postpartum major depression remains unclear. Some women may be sensitive to hormonal changes during reproductive events, specifically menses, pregnancy, and menopause. The drop in hormone levels after delivery may play a role. An association between cortisol levels and depressive symptoms during pregnancy and postpartum has been reported. Major depression may also begin during pregnancy and continue into the postpartum period. […] The strongest risk factor is a history of postpartum major depression with a previous pregnancy. Studies report that 25 to 50 percent of women who experience postpartum major depression will have a recurrence after a subsequent pregnancy. Other important risk factors include antenatal depressive symptoms (relative risk [RR] = 5.6), a history of major depressive disorder (RR = 4.5), poor social support (RR = 2.6), major life events or stressors during pregnancy (RR = 2.5), and a family history of postpartum major depression (RR = 2.4).

• #20 Postpartum Depression Causes, Symptoms, Treatments | Evernorth

  https://www.evernorth.com/articles/postpartum-depression

  If a patient successfully recovers from PPD after their first child, they may think that they are in the clear for future pregnancies. In actuality, a diagnosis of PPD increases a patients risk level to 30% for subsequent pregnancies. […] PPD is commonly thought of as a condition that only new mothers suffer from, but about 10% of new fathers also experience PPD as a result of changes in their hormone levels, new relationship dynamics and increased feelings of pressure or guilt associated with parenthood.

• #21 Causes and Risk Factors of Postnatal Depression | Hospital Clínic Barcelona

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/postnatal-depression/causes-and-risk-factors

  The exact causes of postnatal depression are unknown, but it is considered that there are different vulnerabilities that can precipitate it. […] The hypotheses that try to explain the appearance and persistence of postnatal depression are included within the general stress-vulnerability model. This model considers giving birth as a neurohormonal and immunological stress factor, and the transition to motherhood as a psychosocial stress factor. Both factors demand an adaptive effort from the body in order to respond to the demands of motherhood. The depression may be a result of the different types of psycho-biological vulnerability. […] This vulnerability arises due to several factors: Woman with genetic vulnerability […] Genetic vulnerability. Genes associated with serotonin and tryptophan depletion, the response to stress, and oestrogen receptors, have been implicated.

• #22 Postpartum Depression: Etiology, Treatment, and Consequences for Maternal Care

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/9/865

  PPD may also be associated with different sensitivity to hormonal fluctuations. […] Biological factors and social factors create intertwined rings that make women susceptible to PPD by affecting each other. […] Research on the genetic basis for PPD has taken place in recent years to identify the genes responsible for establishing targeted therapeutic methods and understanding its pathogenesis. […] The genetic risk for PPD may have a component that overlaps with the genetic risk for major depressive disorder (MDD) and/or bipolar disorder and, in addition, a component that is specific to PPD itself.

• #23 Risk Factors of Postpartum Depression

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9711915/

  Postpartum depression (PPD) is a widespread mental health problem and one of the prime causes of maternal suffering and ill health. […] Symptoms generally appear within the first four to six weeks, which is the high-risk period. However, it may develop up to one year post-delivery. […] Some risk factors for PPD are similar to those for classic depression; however, obstetrical and pediatric factors are also involved. […] The factors identified spanned sociodemographic, biological, psychological, and obstetric domains. These included socioeconomic standing, marital relationship, history of psychiatric illness, social support, gestational diabetes, vitamin D deficiency, immigration status, delivery method, violence and abuse, birth experience, and biological and epigenetic markers. […] A previous history of depression or psychiatric illness, depressive symptoms during pregnancy, gestational diabetes, and a lack of spousal and social support were the most powerful risk factors. Other significant factors include complications during pregnancy, low socioeconomic status, and stressful life events.

• #24 Risk Factors of Postpartum Depression

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9711915/

  Numerous factors have thus been implicated as being positively correlated with PPD across various studies. […] The risk of PPD is considered to increase in mothers with poor physical health or those having a history of severe medical illness. […] Suffering from depression or anxiety during pregnancy or having a history of depressive disorders is among the strongest predictors of postpartum depression. […] A meta-analysis conducted in 2001 analyzed the strength of the association of risk of PPD with prenatal depression and prior history of depression and found both to be in the medium effect range, with r being 0.48 and 0.38, respectively. […] It has repeatedly been observed that past depression is a significant and among the most potent risk factors for PPD. […] A recently observed but fairly significant predictor of PPD, self-esteem, was found to lower the negative emotions attached to stressful life events.

• #25 Postpartum Major Depression | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/1015/p926.html

  Postpartum major depression is a disorder that is often unrecognized and must be distinguished from baby blues. Antenatal depressive symptoms, a history of major depressive disorder, or previous postpartum major depression significantly increase the risk of postpartum major depression. […] The etiology of postpartum major depression remains unclear. Some women may be sensitive to hormonal changes during reproductive events, specifically menses, pregnancy, and menopause. The drop in hormone levels after delivery may play a role. An association between cortisol levels and depressive symptoms during pregnancy and postpartum has been reported. Major depression may also begin during pregnancy and continue into the postpartum period. […] The strongest risk factor is a history of postpartum major depression with a previous pregnancy. Studies report that 25 to 50 percent of women who experience postpartum major depression will have a recurrence after a subsequent pregnancy. Other important risk factors include antenatal depressive symptoms (relative risk [RR] = 5.6), a history of major depressive disorder (RR = 4.5), poor social support (RR = 2.6), major life events or stressors during pregnancy (RR = 2.5), and a family history of postpartum major depression (RR = 2.4).

• #26 Postpartum Major Depression | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/1015/p926.html

  Postpartum major depression is a disorder that is often unrecognized and must be distinguished from baby blues. Antenatal depressive symptoms, a history of major depressive disorder, or previous postpartum major depression significantly increase the risk of postpartum major depression. […] The etiology of postpartum major depression remains unclear. Some women may be sensitive to hormonal changes during reproductive events, specifically menses, pregnancy, and menopause. The drop in hormone levels after delivery may play a role. An association between cortisol levels and depressive symptoms during pregnancy and postpartum has been reported. Major depression may also begin during pregnancy and continue into the postpartum period. […] The strongest risk factor is a history of postpartum major depression with a previous pregnancy. Studies report that 25 to 50 percent of women who experience postpartum major depression will have a recurrence after a subsequent pregnancy. Other important risk factors include antenatal depressive symptoms (relative risk [RR] = 5.6), a history of major depressive disorder (RR = 4.5), poor social support (RR = 2.6), major life events or stressors during pregnancy (RR = 2.5), and a family history of postpartum major depression (RR = 2.4).

• #27 Postpartum Major Depression | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/1015/p926.html

  Postpartum major depression is a disorder that is often unrecognized and must be distinguished from baby blues. Antenatal depressive symptoms, a history of major depressive disorder, or previous postpartum major depression significantly increase the risk of postpartum major depression. […] The etiology of postpartum major depression remains unclear. Some women may be sensitive to hormonal changes during reproductive events, specifically menses, pregnancy, and menopause. The drop in hormone levels after delivery may play a role. An association between cortisol levels and depressive symptoms during pregnancy and postpartum has been reported. Major depression may also begin during pregnancy and continue into the postpartum period. […] The strongest risk factor is a history of postpartum major depression with a previous pregnancy. Studies report that 25 to 50 percent of women who experience postpartum major depression will have a recurrence after a subsequent pregnancy. Other important risk factors include antenatal depressive symptoms (relative risk [RR] = 5.6), a history of major depressive disorder (RR = 4.5), poor social support (RR = 2.6), major life events or stressors during pregnancy (RR = 2.5), and a family history of postpartum major depression (RR = 2.4).

• #28 Risk Factors of Postpartum Depression

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9711915/

  Numerous factors have thus been implicated as being positively correlated with PPD across various studies. […] The risk of PPD is considered to increase in mothers with poor physical health or those having a history of severe medical illness. […] Suffering from depression or anxiety during pregnancy or having a history of depressive disorders is among the strongest predictors of postpartum depression. […] A meta-analysis conducted in 2001 analyzed the strength of the association of risk of PPD with prenatal depression and prior history of depression and found both to be in the medium effect range, with r being 0.48 and 0.38, respectively. […] It has repeatedly been observed that past depression is a significant and among the most potent risk factors for PPD. […] A recently observed but fairly significant predictor of PPD, self-esteem, was found to lower the negative emotions attached to stressful life events.

• #29 Causes and Risk Factors of Postnatal Depression | Hospital Clínic Barcelona

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/postnatal-depression/causes-and-risk-factors

  Previous history of the disorder. This is the factor that has shown a greater risk of developing a postnatal depression in pregnancy, in previous postnatal periods or in depressions in other times of life. Together with the family history of depressive illness and, especially, depression in the postnatal period in mothers and sisters. […] Premenstrual syndrome. Women with this syndrome are vulnerable to present with depressive symptoms due to the changes in the reproductive hormones that are produced in the postnatal period. […] To experience stressful life events. During the pregnancy like, for example, an illness, death, or suffering of a loved one, a difficult or emergency delivery, not having planned the pregnancy or to have contradictory feelings, or chronic stressful situations, such as a lack of, or problems with a place to live, financial problems or to be responsible for the care of relatives.

• #30 Postpartum Depression: Causes, Risks, and Prevention

  https://www.caryobgyn.com/postpartum-depression-causes-risk-factors-and-prevention-strategies/

  History of depression or bipolar disorder: Women who have previously had clinical depression are much more likely to develop PPD. […] Severe PMS: Because postpartum depression seems partly triggered by hormonal changes after childbirth (and possibly after weaning), many experts believe that previous hormonal sensitivity raises a red flag. PPD risk may increase in women with a history of severe PMS, or in women who experienced negative mood changes while taking birth control pills.

• #31 Causes and Risk Factors of Postnatal Depression | Hospital Clínic Barcelona

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/postnatal-depression/causes-and-risk-factors

  Cognitive vulnerability. The impact of perinatal experiences is different depending on personality traits, cognitive style and the coping strategies used and family, social and logistic support. […] Neurohormonal vulnerability. The sudden decrease in oestrogens during birth and the immediate postnatal period bring about a sharp decrease in brain neurotransmitters, which contribute to the presence of the depressive symptoms in the postnatal period. […] Psychosocial vulnerability. The changes in the transition and in the combining of roles together with other psychosocial factors can affect the mood during this period: physical changes and self-image, loss of occupational status, penalisation of professional or working life, loneliness or social isolation, lack of time, and loss of freedom.

• #32 Causes and Risk Factors of Postnatal Depression | Hospital Clínic Barcelona

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/postnatal-depression/causes-and-risk-factors

  Situations of abuse or violence. Both as a child as well as in adulthood and, especially, women exposed to partner violence during the pregnancy. […] Extreme personality traits. Such as an elevated emotional instability and a tendency to worry, to low self-esteem, or to excessive perfectionism, or lack of family support, friendships, or a partner.

• #33 Perinatal Depression – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519070/

  Perinatal depression stems from a combination of hormonal changes, genetic predisposition, and environmental factors, yet up to 50% of cases remain undiagnosed due to the stigma surrounding the condition and patients’ reluctance to disclose symptoms. […] The exact cause of perinatal depression and postpartum blues is not fully understood, but potential underlying etiologies contributing to the development of these conditions include hormonal changes, genetic predisposition, and psychosocial stressors. […] In a meta-analysis of 33 studies, gestational diabetes, having boy infants, a history of depression, and epidural anesthesia use were noted as risk factors for perinatal depression. […] Factors associated with a high risk of developing perinatal depression or postpartum blues include: Psychological: A personal history of depression and anxiety, premenstrual syndrome, a negative attitude towards the baby, the reluctance of the baby’s sex, and a history of sexual abuse.

• #34 Postpartum depression – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/postpartum-depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20376617

  There is no single cause of postpartum depression, but genetics, physical changes and emotional issues may play a role. […] Studies show that having a family history of postpartum depression especially if it was major increases the risk of experiencing postpartum depression. […] After childbirth, a dramatic drop in the hormones estrogen and progesterone in your body may contribute to postpartum depression. Other hormones produced by your thyroid gland also may drop sharply which can leave you feeling tired, sluggish and depressed. […] When you’re sleep deprived and overwhelmed, you may have trouble handling even minor problems. You may be anxious about your ability to care for a newborn. You may feel less attractive, struggle with your sense of identity or feel that you’ve lost control over your life. Any of these issues can contribute to postpartum depression.

• #35 Postpartum Depression: Symptoms, Causes, Risks, Types, Tests, Professional and Self-Care

  https://www.webmd.com/depression/postpartum-depression

  Theres no one cause of postpartum depression, but these physical and emotional issues may contribute: Hormones. The dramatic drop in estrogen and progesterone after you give birth may play a role. Other hormones produced by your thyroid gland also may drop sharply and make you feel tired, sluggish and depressed. […] Anxiety. You may be anxious about your ability to care for a newborn. […] Self-image. You may feel less attractive, struggle with your sense of identity, or feel that you’ve lost control over your life. Any of these issues can contribute to postpartum depression.

• #36 Perinatal Depression – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519070/

  Perinatal depression stems from a combination of hormonal changes, genetic predisposition, and environmental factors, yet up to 50% of cases remain undiagnosed due to the stigma surrounding the condition and patients’ reluctance to disclose symptoms. […] The exact cause of perinatal depression and postpartum blues is not fully understood, but potential underlying etiologies contributing to the development of these conditions include hormonal changes, genetic predisposition, and psychosocial stressors. […] In a meta-analysis of 33 studies, gestational diabetes, having boy infants, a history of depression, and epidural anesthesia use were noted as risk factors for perinatal depression. […] Factors associated with a high risk of developing perinatal depression or postpartum blues include: Psychological: A personal history of depression and anxiety, premenstrual syndrome, a negative attitude towards the baby, the reluctance of the baby’s sex, and a history of sexual abuse.

• #37 Risk Factors of Postpartum Depression

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9711915/

  Studies have indicated that women who had marital issues while pregnant had a higher chance of PPD. […] The identification of agents posing and elevating the risk of developing PPD in mothers has been the subject of extensive research. […] The exact mechanism by which gestational diabetes results in PPD is still not entirely understood. […] The effects of vitamin D insufficiency in pregnancy and its role in pregnancy-related depression and other negative perinatal effects have only recently been studied. […] In Asian nations like India, Vietnam, and China, among others, and in some African nations like Egypt, the birth of a female child has also been identified as a risk factor. […] The risk factors for postpartum depression are numerous and may have strong to weak associations with the development of PPD.

• #38 Risk Factors of Postpartum Depression

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9711915/

  Studies have indicated that women who had marital issues while pregnant had a higher chance of PPD. […] The identification of agents posing and elevating the risk of developing PPD in mothers has been the subject of extensive research. […] The exact mechanism by which gestational diabetes results in PPD is still not entirely understood. […] The effects of vitamin D insufficiency in pregnancy and its role in pregnancy-related depression and other negative perinatal effects have only recently been studied. […] In Asian nations like India, Vietnam, and China, among others, and in some African nations like Egypt, the birth of a female child has also been identified as a risk factor. […] The risk factors for postpartum depression are numerous and may have strong to weak associations with the development of PPD.

• #39 Causes and Risk Factors of Postnatal Depression | Hospital Clínic Barcelona

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/postnatal-depression/causes-and-risk-factors

  Cognitive vulnerability. The impact of perinatal experiences is different depending on personality traits, cognitive style and the coping strategies used and family, social and logistic support. […] Neurohormonal vulnerability. The sudden decrease in oestrogens during birth and the immediate postnatal period bring about a sharp decrease in brain neurotransmitters, which contribute to the presence of the depressive symptoms in the postnatal period. […] Psychosocial vulnerability. The changes in the transition and in the combining of roles together with other psychosocial factors can affect the mood during this period: physical changes and self-image, loss of occupational status, penalisation of professional or working life, loneliness or social isolation, lack of time, and loss of freedom.

• #40 Risk Factors of Postpartum Depression

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9711915/

  Numerous factors have thus been implicated as being positively correlated with PPD across various studies. […] The risk of PPD is considered to increase in mothers with poor physical health or those having a history of severe medical illness. […] Suffering from depression or anxiety during pregnancy or having a history of depressive disorders is among the strongest predictors of postpartum depression. […] A meta-analysis conducted in 2001 analyzed the strength of the association of risk of PPD with prenatal depression and prior history of depression and found both to be in the medium effect range, with r being 0.48 and 0.38, respectively. […] It has repeatedly been observed that past depression is a significant and among the most potent risk factors for PPD. […] A recently observed but fairly significant predictor of PPD, self-esteem, was found to lower the negative emotions attached to stressful life events.

• #41

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/postnatal-depression/causes/

  Postnatal depression is thought to be caused by a number of things working together. […] If you have a history of depression or had it in pregnancy before, you have a higher chance of experiencing postnatal depression. […] You may be more likely to suffer depression after having a baby if you do not have support from your partner or family. […] This sense of loss can be difficult to cope with. It can contribute to the development of depression. […] The birth of a baby can also have a huge impact on your relationships with your partner, family and friends. This can sometimes cause enormous strain. […] Recent life events, such as bereavement or serious illness, may mean that you were stressed before your baby was born. […] Some women who develop postnatal depression have low thyroid hormones. This is linked to low mood. Treating this may lead to an improvement in mood. […] Some women may be particularly vulnerable to this drop in hormones. There is no firm scientific evidence to support this, but there is ongoing research on the subject.

• #42 Postpartum Major Depression | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/1015/p926.html

  Postpartum major depression is a disorder that is often unrecognized and must be distinguished from baby blues. Antenatal depressive symptoms, a history of major depressive disorder, or previous postpartum major depression significantly increase the risk of postpartum major depression. […] The etiology of postpartum major depression remains unclear. Some women may be sensitive to hormonal changes during reproductive events, specifically menses, pregnancy, and menopause. The drop in hormone levels after delivery may play a role. An association between cortisol levels and depressive symptoms during pregnancy and postpartum has been reported. Major depression may also begin during pregnancy and continue into the postpartum period. […] The strongest risk factor is a history of postpartum major depression with a previous pregnancy. Studies report that 25 to 50 percent of women who experience postpartum major depression will have a recurrence after a subsequent pregnancy. Other important risk factors include antenatal depressive symptoms (relative risk [RR] = 5.6), a history of major depressive disorder (RR = 4.5), poor social support (RR = 2.6), major life events or stressors during pregnancy (RR = 2.5), and a family history of postpartum major depression (RR = 2.4).

• #43 Risk Factors of Postpartum Depression

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9711915/

  Studies have indicated that women who had marital issues while pregnant had a higher chance of PPD. […] The identification of agents posing and elevating the risk of developing PPD in mothers has been the subject of extensive research. […] The exact mechanism by which gestational diabetes results in PPD is still not entirely understood. […] The effects of vitamin D insufficiency in pregnancy and its role in pregnancy-related depression and other negative perinatal effects have only recently been studied. […] In Asian nations like India, Vietnam, and China, among others, and in some African nations like Egypt, the birth of a female child has also been identified as a risk factor. […] The risk factors for postpartum depression are numerous and may have strong to weak associations with the development of PPD.

• #44 Postpartum Depression: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | Hiwell

  https://www.hiwellapp.com/en/blog/postpartum-depression-symptoms-causes-and-treatment

  Given that these biological changes occur in every woman who gives birth, but not every woman who gives birth develops postpartum depression, it has been determined that psychosocial factors play a role in this condition. It is well known that factors such as a person’s stress, interpersonal relationships, and social support systems are effective. Postpartum social support is especially important for mothers, and if it is not provided, the mother’s stress and anxiety will skyrocket. There is a social support lack for mothers suffering from postpartum depression.

• #45 Postnatal Depression – A Problem for all the Family | Association of Child Psychotherapists

  https://childpsychotherapy.org.uk/resources-families/understanding-childhood/postnatal-depression-problem-all-family

  Many mothers suffer from some form of depression after they have given birth. It is very important for a mother not to blame herself. […] There is no simple explanation for what causes it. However, a combination of stresses and worries may make it more likely that a woman will become depressed after giving birth. […] Biochemical and hormonal changes following childbirth may trigger postnatal depression, although the effect of these is still not clear. […] A mother may perceive the birth itself as difficult or traumatic. […] Some babies feel more difficult to take care of than others. Although this doesn’t mean there’s anything wrong, it’s easy to feel overwhelmed and got at by their needs, creating a sense of not being effective as a mother. […] A woman may feel her partner is unsupportive or too demanding. […] Other difficult life events, such as redundancy, may occur around the time of the birth. […] The family may be facing chronic problems, such as unemployment, housing difficulties and lack of money.

• #46 Risk Factors of Postpartum Depression

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9711915/

  Postpartum depression (PPD) is a widespread mental health problem and one of the prime causes of maternal suffering and ill health. […] Symptoms generally appear within the first four to six weeks, which is the high-risk period. However, it may develop up to one year post-delivery. […] Some risk factors for PPD are similar to those for classic depression; however, obstetrical and pediatric factors are also involved. […] The factors identified spanned sociodemographic, biological, psychological, and obstetric domains. These included socioeconomic standing, marital relationship, history of psychiatric illness, social support, gestational diabetes, vitamin D deficiency, immigration status, delivery method, violence and abuse, birth experience, and biological and epigenetic markers. […] A previous history of depression or psychiatric illness, depressive symptoms during pregnancy, gestational diabetes, and a lack of spousal and social support were the most powerful risk factors. Other significant factors include complications during pregnancy, low socioeconomic status, and stressful life events.

• #47 Causes and Risk Factors of Postnatal Depression | Hospital Clínic Barcelona

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/postnatal-depression/causes-and-risk-factors

  Situations of abuse or violence. Both as a child as well as in adulthood and, especially, women exposed to partner violence during the pregnancy. […] Extreme personality traits. Such as an elevated emotional instability and a tendency to worry, to low self-esteem, or to excessive perfectionism, or lack of family support, friendships, or a partner.

• #48 Causes and Risk Factors of Postnatal Depression | Hospital Clínic Barcelona

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/postnatal-depression/causes-and-risk-factors

  Situations of abuse or violence. Both as a child as well as in adulthood and, especially, women exposed to partner violence during the pregnancy. […] Extreme personality traits. Such as an elevated emotional instability and a tendency to worry, to low self-esteem, or to excessive perfectionism, or lack of family support, friendships, or a partner.

• #49 Postnatal depression – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/post-natal-depression/overview/

  Postnatal depression is a type of depression that many parents experience after having a baby. […] The cause of postnatal depression is not completely clear. […] There are a number of things that may make you more likely to have postnatal depression. These include: a history of mental health problems, particularly depression, earlier in life; a history of mental health problems during pregnancy; having no close family or friends to support you; a difficult relationship with your partner; recent stressful life events, such as a bereavement; physical or psychological trauma, such as domestic violence. […] Even if you do not have any of these, having a baby is a life-changing event that can sometimes trigger depression.

• #50 Causes and Risk Factors of Postnatal Depression | Hospital Clínic Barcelona

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/postnatal-depression/causes-and-risk-factors

  Previous history of the disorder. This is the factor that has shown a greater risk of developing a postnatal depression in pregnancy, in previous postnatal periods or in depressions in other times of life. Together with the family history of depressive illness and, especially, depression in the postnatal period in mothers and sisters. […] Premenstrual syndrome. Women with this syndrome are vulnerable to present with depressive symptoms due to the changes in the reproductive hormones that are produced in the postnatal period. […] To experience stressful life events. During the pregnancy like, for example, an illness, death, or suffering of a loved one, a difficult or emergency delivery, not having planned the pregnancy or to have contradictory feelings, or chronic stressful situations, such as a lack of, or problems with a place to live, financial problems or to be responsible for the care of relatives.

• #51

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/postnatal-depression/causes/

  Postnatal depression is thought to be caused by a number of things working together. […] If you have a history of depression or had it in pregnancy before, you have a higher chance of experiencing postnatal depression. […] You may be more likely to suffer depression after having a baby if you do not have support from your partner or family. […] This sense of loss can be difficult to cope with. It can contribute to the development of depression. […] The birth of a baby can also have a huge impact on your relationships with your partner, family and friends. This can sometimes cause enormous strain. […] Recent life events, such as bereavement or serious illness, may mean that you were stressed before your baby was born. […] Some women who develop postnatal depression have low thyroid hormones. This is linked to low mood. Treating this may lead to an improvement in mood. […] Some women may be particularly vulnerable to this drop in hormones. There is no firm scientific evidence to support this, but there is ongoing research on the subject.

• #52 Risk Factors of Postpartum Depression

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9711915/

  Postpartum depression (PPD) is a widespread mental health problem and one of the prime causes of maternal suffering and ill health. […] Symptoms generally appear within the first four to six weeks, which is the high-risk period. However, it may develop up to one year post-delivery. […] Some risk factors for PPD are similar to those for classic depression; however, obstetrical and pediatric factors are also involved. […] The factors identified spanned sociodemographic, biological, psychological, and obstetric domains. These included socioeconomic standing, marital relationship, history of psychiatric illness, social support, gestational diabetes, vitamin D deficiency, immigration status, delivery method, violence and abuse, birth experience, and biological and epigenetic markers. […] A previous history of depression or psychiatric illness, depressive symptoms during pregnancy, gestational diabetes, and a lack of spousal and social support were the most powerful risk factors. Other significant factors include complications during pregnancy, low socioeconomic status, and stressful life events.

• #53 Perinatal Depression – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519070/

  Perinatal depression stems from a combination of hormonal changes, genetic predisposition, and environmental factors, yet up to 50% of cases remain undiagnosed due to the stigma surrounding the condition and patients’ reluctance to disclose symptoms. […] The exact cause of perinatal depression and postpartum blues is not fully understood, but potential underlying etiologies contributing to the development of these conditions include hormonal changes, genetic predisposition, and psychosocial stressors. […] In a meta-analysis of 33 studies, gestational diabetes, having boy infants, a history of depression, and epidural anesthesia use were noted as risk factors for perinatal depression. […] Factors associated with a high risk of developing perinatal depression or postpartum blues include: Psychological: A personal history of depression and anxiety, premenstrual syndrome, a negative attitude towards the baby, the reluctance of the baby’s sex, and a history of sexual abuse.

• #54 Postnatal depression | Mental Health Foundation

  https://mentalhealth.org.nz/conditions/condition/postnatal-depression

  Being a sole parent, having little support from family or friends, getting very little sleep and being financially under stress all make caring for a baby very difficult and increase the risk of postnatal depression. […] Risk factors related to the birth can include: birth complications, such as an unplanned caesarean delivery, leading to experiencing birth trauma, the birth not meeting your expectations, a baby with health problems, including injuries caused by birth. […] Risk factors after birth: ongoing postnatal low mood, sleep problems, a baby that is fussy, has problems feeding or has colic or reflux.

• #55 Risk Factors of Postpartum Depression

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9711915/

  Studies have indicated that women who had marital issues while pregnant had a higher chance of PPD. […] The identification of agents posing and elevating the risk of developing PPD in mothers has been the subject of extensive research. […] The exact mechanism by which gestational diabetes results in PPD is still not entirely understood. […] The effects of vitamin D insufficiency in pregnancy and its role in pregnancy-related depression and other negative perinatal effects have only recently been studied. […] In Asian nations like India, Vietnam, and China, among others, and in some African nations like Egypt, the birth of a female child has also been identified as a risk factor. […] The risk factors for postpartum depression are numerous and may have strong to weak associations with the development of PPD.

• #56 Risk Factors of Postpartum Depression

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9711915/

  Studies have indicated that women who had marital issues while pregnant had a higher chance of PPD. […] The identification of agents posing and elevating the risk of developing PPD in mothers has been the subject of extensive research. […] The exact mechanism by which gestational diabetes results in PPD is still not entirely understood. […] The effects of vitamin D insufficiency in pregnancy and its role in pregnancy-related depression and other negative perinatal effects have only recently been studied. […] In Asian nations like India, Vietnam, and China, among others, and in some African nations like Egypt, the birth of a female child has also been identified as a risk factor. […] The risk factors for postpartum depression are numerous and may have strong to weak associations with the development of PPD.

• #57 Understanding Postnatal Depression

  https://www.healthhub.sg/live-healthy/understanding-postnatal-depression

  Postnatal depression (PND), sometimes referred to as post-partum depression, is sometimes confused with baby blues. […] It’s more likely to be for a few reasons rather than just one. […] Certain circumstances may make you more vulnerable to PND including: […] Being depressed before, having previous problems with mental health or depression […] An unsupportive partner and/or no support system (family or friends) […] Money, work or relationship problems […] A difficult pregnancy and labour with resulting health problems […] A premature baby that requires a lot of attention or an unwell baby […] Difficulty in breastfeeding.

• #58 Postnatal depression | Mental Health Foundation

  https://mentalhealth.org.nz/conditions/condition/postnatal-depression

  Being a sole parent, having little support from family or friends, getting very little sleep and being financially under stress all make caring for a baby very difficult and increase the risk of postnatal depression. […] Risk factors related to the birth can include: birth complications, such as an unplanned caesarean delivery, leading to experiencing birth trauma, the birth not meeting your expectations, a baby with health problems, including injuries caused by birth. […] Risk factors after birth: ongoing postnatal low mood, sleep problems, a baby that is fussy, has problems feeding or has colic or reflux.

• #59 Peripartum Depression: Symptoms, causes, treatments, and your questions answered.

  https://examine.com/conditions/peripartum-depression/?srsltid=AfmBOoqhaIqxB6MwdP8_KQV7Q7W5aa6RUg3igxdG-BtOxjzl3oLz7n2r

  Postpartum depression is a transient depressive state that occurs after the birth of a child and is a target for antidepressant compounds that have been confirmed to be safe for both mother and child. […] Peripartum depression (PPD) is an episode of depression that begins either during pregnancy or following delivery. […] While no single cause of PPD has been determined, many risk factors have been identified. A 2023 meta-analysis found the following as major risk factors: a personal history of mental illness, childcare stress, the baby’s temperament (e.g., infantile colic, inconsolable crying), stressful life events, inadequate social support, the maternity blues, and conflict or dissatisfaction with one’s partner. […] Low socioeconomic status, abuse, gestational diabetes, vitamin D deficiency, and pregnancy or delivery complications have also been identified as risk factors for PPD. […] Neuroendocrinological factors, genetic predisposition and family history may also be at play. […] Exclusive breastfeeding is associated with a lower risk of PPD, although it’s unclear whether this is a cause or effect.

• #60 Causes and Risk Factors of Postnatal Depression | Hospital Clínic Barcelona

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/postnatal-depression/causes-and-risk-factors

  The exact causes of postnatal depression are unknown, but it is considered that there are different vulnerabilities that can precipitate it. […] The hypotheses that try to explain the appearance and persistence of postnatal depression are included within the general stress-vulnerability model. This model considers giving birth as a neurohormonal and immunological stress factor, and the transition to motherhood as a psychosocial stress factor. Both factors demand an adaptive effort from the body in order to respond to the demands of motherhood. The depression may be a result of the different types of psycho-biological vulnerability. […] This vulnerability arises due to several factors: Woman with genetic vulnerability […] Genetic vulnerability. Genes associated with serotonin and tryptophan depletion, the response to stress, and oestrogen receptors, have been implicated.

• #61 Causes and Risk Factors of Postnatal Depression | Hospital Clínic Barcelona

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/postnatal-depression/causes-and-risk-factors

  The exact causes of postnatal depression are unknown, but it is considered that there are different vulnerabilities that can precipitate it. […] The hypotheses that try to explain the appearance and persistence of postnatal depression are included within the general stress-vulnerability model. This model considers giving birth as a neurohormonal and immunological stress factor, and the transition to motherhood as a psychosocial stress factor. Both factors demand an adaptive effort from the body in order to respond to the demands of motherhood. The depression may be a result of the different types of psycho-biological vulnerability. […] This vulnerability arises due to several factors: Woman with genetic vulnerability […] Genetic vulnerability. Genes associated with serotonin and tryptophan depletion, the response to stress, and oestrogen receptors, have been implicated.

• #62 Causes and Risk Factors of Postnatal Depression | Hospital Clínic Barcelona

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/postnatal-depression/causes-and-risk-factors

  Cognitive vulnerability. The impact of perinatal experiences is different depending on personality traits, cognitive style and the coping strategies used and family, social and logistic support. […] Neurohormonal vulnerability. The sudden decrease in oestrogens during birth and the immediate postnatal period bring about a sharp decrease in brain neurotransmitters, which contribute to the presence of the depressive symptoms in the postnatal period. […] Psychosocial vulnerability. The changes in the transition and in the combining of roles together with other psychosocial factors can affect the mood during this period: physical changes and self-image, loss of occupational status, penalisation of professional or working life, loneliness or social isolation, lack of time, and loss of freedom.

• #63 Postpartum Depression: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | Hiwell

  https://www.hiwellapp.com/en/blog/postpartum-depression-symptoms-causes-and-treatment

  Knowing the risk factors for postpartum depression ahead of time is critical for protecting new mothers and babies. According to research, the following are the major risk factors: Prenatal depression and/or anxiety, Experiencing childcare-related stress, Marriage not going well, Low self-confidence, Socioeconomic status, Whether pregnancy was desired or not, Family history of depression, Number of births, Education level, Premature birth, Problems during pregnancy. […] Although the exact cause of postpartum depression is unknown, biological and psychosocial factors are known to be effective. The abrupt drop in postpartum estrogen, which increases during pregnancy, has been linked to postpartum depression for biological reasons. Thyroid disorders are also linked to late-onset postpartum depression.

• #64 1 in 10 dads experience postpartum depression, anxiety: How to spot the signs | Your Pregnancy Matters | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/medblog/paternal-postpartum-depression/

  Postpartum depression in dads is real and just as serious as when mothers get it. […] Studies show that 1 in 10 dads struggle with postpartum depression and anxiety as well. Their symptoms are slowly becoming more recognized, diagnosed, and treated. […] A variety of factors can play a role in dad developing prenatal or postpartum depression, including: […] Hormones: Research has shown that fathers experience hormonal changes during and after their partners pregnancy, particularly declines in testosterone. […] Partners depression: Up to half of men with depressed partners show signs of depression as well. […] Personal or family history of depression: Any history of depression or other mental illness raises the risk of prenatal or postpartum depression. […] Other factors that may contribute to paternal postpartum depression include having a colicky or premature baby, financial stress, relationship problems, recent loss or trauma, and lack of social support for parenting, such as not having parental leave at work. […] In 2019, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended that postpartum depression screenings not be solely the responsibility of obstetricians. […] Sometimes, self-help isn’t enough. Professional treatment may be necessary.

• #65 Male Postpartum Depression

  https://www.unitypoint.org/news-and-articles/male-postpartum-depression–unitypoint-health

  Male postpartum depression is also known as paternal postnatal depression (PPND). […] We know that 50 percent of men whose partner has postpartum depression, have an increased risk of postpartum depression themselves. […] With male postpartum depression, research suggests theres a hormone change in men in the form of changes to testosterone levels when baby is born. […] A few other differences between male postpartum depression and female postpartum depression: 1 in 10 men experience postpartum depression compared to 1 in 7 women. […] Male postpartum depression is a genuine and often overlooked condition that can significantly impact new fathers and their families.

• #66 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-Postnatal-Depression-in-Fathers.aspx

  Paternal postnatal depression (PPND) is a real but underdiagnosed entity. This may be due to the masculine reluctance to talk about their feelings, to admit failure in their perceived roles as fathers or husbands, or the lack of support. […] Paternal PND is more insidious in onset than in mothers. Its incidence is lowest after a child is born, possibly because of minimal involvement in caring for the baby at this time, in addition to the feelings of love and pride associated with having a new baby. […] Many studies suggest that lack of support from the female partner is associated with a higher risk of paternal PND. This may be because of failure to return to pre-pregnancy levels of sexual activity, maternal PND, and increased stress to provide financial and domestic support within the family.

• #67 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-Postnatal-Depression-in-Fathers.aspx

  The presence of depression in the mother is consistently linked to a 2.5 fold increase in the rate of depression in fathers 6 weeks after childbirth. This is the most closely associated risk factor, and men whose wives suffer from PND have a 24 to 50 percent incidence of depression themselves. […] Level of many hormones, including the sex hormones testosterone and estrogen, the stress hormone cortisol, and bonding hormones such as vasopressin and prolactin, fluctuate during the postpartum period. These may contribute to the risk of PND. […] Other factors include: The need to earn more to provide for a new baby and possibly a depressed or sick wife, Lack of sleep, Loss of free time for recreation, family dates, and building relationships with the partner, Stress from having to care for sick or fussy babies, Fear of inadvertently harming the baby, Fear about the baby’s health, Lack of social support, Lack of know-how with respect to baby care, Increased need to help out at home.

• #68 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-Postnatal-Depression-in-Fathers.aspx

  The presence of depression in the mother is consistently linked to a 2.5 fold increase in the rate of depression in fathers 6 weeks after childbirth. This is the most closely associated risk factor, and men whose wives suffer from PND have a 24 to 50 percent incidence of depression themselves. […] Level of many hormones, including the sex hormones testosterone and estrogen, the stress hormone cortisol, and bonding hormones such as vasopressin and prolactin, fluctuate during the postpartum period. These may contribute to the risk of PND. […] Other factors include: The need to earn more to provide for a new baby and possibly a depressed or sick wife, Lack of sleep, Loss of free time for recreation, family dates, and building relationships with the partner, Stress from having to care for sick or fussy babies, Fear of inadvertently harming the baby, Fear about the baby’s health, Lack of social support, Lack of know-how with respect to baby care, Increased need to help out at home.

• #69 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-Postnatal-Depression-in-Fathers.aspx

  Sexual frustration due to dramatic changes in the life phase, fatigue, and less sexual interest on the part of the partner, lack of earlier intimacy due to busyness or other obstacles, and possibly having to adjust to the presence of in-laws for a short or long period. […] Slow bonding with the baby – unlike the almost immediate mother-infant bonding, fathers bond to their babies over a longer period, extending over the first two months of postpartum life. […] Feelings of negativity towards the infant for disrupting the quality of the husband-wife relationship. […] Feelings of inadequacy as a man, especially if the mother is weak or depressed. […] Lack of a good role model associated with poor knowledge of parenting skills, despite the need and expectation of engaging in parenting to a greater extent than in earlier generations, may lead to a feeling of incompetence.

• #70 Postpartum Depression: Overview, Risk Factors for Postpartum Mood Disorders, Screening for Postpartum Mood Disorders

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/271662-overview

  Furthermore, women with a previous history of postpartum depression or psychosis have a risk of recurrence of up to 90%. […] Postpartum depression is more persistent and debilitating than postpartum blues, often interfering with the mother’s ability to care for herself or her child. […] The postpartum period is the most vulnerable time for a woman to develop psychiatric illness with postpartum depression occurring in 10-15% of women in the general population. […] Women at highest risk for postpartum depression are those with a personal history of depression, who have suffered a previous episode of postpartum depression, or who have experienced depression during pregnancy. […] Signs and symptoms of postpartum depression are clinically indistinguishable from major depression that occurs in women at other times. […] Failure to treat or inadequate treatment may result in deterioration of the relationship between the mother and the baby or the partner. […] It can also increase the risk of morbidity in both mother and infant, as well as compromise the infant’s social and educational development.

• #71 Postpartum depression

  https://womenshealth.gov/mental-health/mental-health-conditions/postpartum-depression

  Researchers believe postpartum depression in a mother can affect the healthy development of her child which can cause delays in language development and problems learning, problems with mother-child bonding, behavior problems, more crying or agitation, shorter height and higher risk of obesity in pre-schoolers, and problems dealing with stress and adjusting to school and other social situations.

• #72 Postpartum Depression: Overview, Risk Factors for Postpartum Mood Disorders, Screening for Postpartum Mood Disorders

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/271662-overview

  Furthermore, women with a previous history of postpartum depression or psychosis have a risk of recurrence of up to 90%. […] Postpartum depression is more persistent and debilitating than postpartum blues, often interfering with the mother’s ability to care for herself or her child. […] The postpartum period is the most vulnerable time for a woman to develop psychiatric illness with postpartum depression occurring in 10-15% of women in the general population. […] Women at highest risk for postpartum depression are those with a personal history of depression, who have suffered a previous episode of postpartum depression, or who have experienced depression during pregnancy. […] Signs and symptoms of postpartum depression are clinically indistinguishable from major depression that occurs in women at other times. […] Failure to treat or inadequate treatment may result in deterioration of the relationship between the mother and the baby or the partner. […] It can also increase the risk of morbidity in both mother and infant, as well as compromise the infant’s social and educational development.

• #73 Postpartum Depression | CAMH

  https://www.camh.ca/en/health-info/mental-illness-and-addiction-index/postpartum-depression

  Postpartum depression (PPD) is a non-psychotic depression that women may experience shortly after childbirth. […] There is no single cause of depression (and therefore PPD). Physical, hormonal, social, psychological and emotional factors may all play a part in triggering the illness. This is known as the biopsychosocial model of depression, and is accepted by most researchers and clinicians. The factor or factors that trigger PPD vary from one woman to another. For example, sleep deprivation resulting from having a new baby can make a woman vulnerable to other factors that trigger depression. […] Risk factors: personal history of depression, history of depression with a previous pregnancy, family history of depression.

• #74 Postpartum Depression: Etiology, Treatment, and Consequences for Maternal Care

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/9/865

  Postpartum depression (PPD) is a disabling condition that has recently shown an increase in prevalence, becoming an essential public health problem. […] The most prevalent risk factors were detected in the areas of economic and social factors, obstetrical history, lifestyle, and history of mental illness. Research on the genetic basis for PPD has taken place in recent years to identify the genes responsible for establishing targeted therapeutic methods and understanding its pathogenesis. […] There is evidence that biological factors, such as hormonal factors, genetics, and immune function, among other types of causes, play an essential role in triggering PPD. […] The following demographic risk factors can be grouped according to the strength of association with PPD: depression and anxiety in pregnancy, history of depression, excessive stress caused by life events, poor marital relations, lack of social support, and low self-esteem are strongly associated with PPD.

• #75 Postpartum depression: The worst kept secret – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/postpartum-depression-worst-kept-secret-2017020811008

  For some women, depressive symptoms continue well past those first two weeks or develop over the next several months after having a baby. […] We don’t fully understand what causes postpartum depression. It is thought that the abrupt decrease in hormone levels after having a baby can lead to the development of postpartum depression in susceptible women. […] We do know that the strongest predictor of postpartum depression is a personal history of a mood disorder or anxiety, especially if present and untreated during pregnancy. In fact, women with a history of depression during pregnancy are seven times more likely to experience significant postpartum depression. Other factors that may contribute to postpartum depression include social stressors including poor family support and financial concern. […] The key to the prevention and successful treatment of postpartum depression is early intervention.

• #76 Contributing factors: postnatal anxiety and depression

  https://www.panda.org.au/articles/contributing-factors-postnatal-anxiety-and-depression

  Postnatal anxiety and depression can affect anyone, including women and their non-birthing partners. […] Some new parents are considered at higher risk of developing postnatal anxiety or depression due to a range of contributing factors (see below). […] However, its important to note that many new parents can develop postnatal anxiety or depression even if they dont have any particular risk factors. After a baby is born, changes to mental health and emotional wellbeing can happen to any new parent. […] Factors that may contribute to postnatal anxiety and depression include family or personal history of anxiety or depression, stressful life events, traumatic birth, birth disappointment, pregnancy complications, fertility issues or previous pregnancy loss, relationship difficulties, family violence and controlling behaviour, history of abuse and trauma, financial difficulties, difficult childhood experiences, and limited social support.

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