Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Mapping global prevalence of depression among postpartum women | Translational Psychiatry

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-021-01663-6

  Postpartum depression (PPD) is the most common psychological condition following childbirth, and may have a detrimental effect on the social and cognitive health of spouses, infants, and children. The aim of this study was to complete a comprehensive overview of the current literature on the global epidemiology of PPD. A total of 565 studies from 80 different countries or regions were included in the final analysis. Postpartum depression was found in 17.22% (95% CI 16.0018.51) of the worlds population. Varied prevalence rates were noted in geographic regions with the highest rate found in Southern Africa (39.96%). Of interested was a significantly lower rate of PPD in developed countries or high-income countries or areas. Our results indicated that one out of every five women experiences PPD which is linked to income and geographic development. It is triggered by a variety of causes that necessitate the attention and committed intervention of primary care providers, clinicians, health authorities, and the general population.

• #2 Postpartum Depression Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Management: An Appraisal of the Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/14/7/2418

  Postpartum depression (PPD) is a severe mental health condition that affects women following childbirth and is marked by persistent sadness, anxiety, fatigue, and difficulty functioning. Globally, PPD impacts approximately 10–20% of postpartum women, with prevalence influenced by genetic, hormonal, psychological, and socio-environmental factors. Early detection is crucial, with screening tools such as the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) commonly used in clinical practice. Treatment options include pharmacological interventions such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), psychological therapies like cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT), and lifestyle modifications. Despite the growing awareness of PPD, stigma remains a significant barrier to treatment, discouraging many women from seeking help. In low-income countries, where mental health care is often underfunded, accessing professionals trained in perinatal mental health presents an even greater challenge. This gap underscores the urgent need for a collaborative, multidisciplinary approach involving obstetricians, psychiatrists, pediatricians, and midwives to ensure comprehensive support and care for affected individuals.

• #2 Mapping global prevalence of depression among postpartum women | Translational Psychiatry

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-021-01663-6

  In Western countries, the prevalence of PPD varies from 10 to 15% during the first year after birth. According to a systematic review of 47 studies from 18 low and lower-middle income countries, the prevalence is 18.6% (95% CI 18.019.2). Moreover, another review involving 143 studies from 40 countries found a broader variety of PPD prevalence rates, ranging from 0.5% to around 60%. […] The global prevalence of PPD was found to be approximately 17.22% (95% CI 16.00-18.51) in the largest meta-analysis of PPD to-date. Study findings revealed significant differences between geographic regions, with Southern Africa having the highest prevalence rate (39.96%, 95% CI 27.8153.48). Furthermore, country development and income inequalities had a major effect on PPD epidemiology. […] Postpartum depression affected one out of every five women after they gave birth which was triggered by a variety of causes. This necessitates the attention and committed intervention of primary care providers, clinicians, health authorities, and society as a whole.

• #2 Postpartum Depression Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Management: An Appraisal of the Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/14/7/2418

  Postpartum depression refers is a transient psychological condition that occurs within 12 months after childbirth. The pregnancy and postpartum periods are thought to be specifically vulnerable periods for the manifestation of maternal mental health issues, including depression. As one of the most common mental disorders occurring during the perinatal period, PPD impacts the functional ability of a woman in many domains of life and causes complex negative effects on children as well as parental and marital relationships. Thus, PPD is a severe psychiatric disorder that is underdiagnosed and underestimated in many cases, leading to serious complications including suicide. […] Reports on the worldwide prevalence of PPD provide a controversial and wide range of data. Some studies report the estimated overall prevalence of PPD at approximately 10–17%, while other studies provide data indicating a very high prevalence of up to 60%. The prevalence of PPD is reported to be higher in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) than in high-income countries. In developing countries, around 20% of women suffer from PPD. Some other epidemiological reports show that the PPD prevalence in developed countries ranges from 7% to 40%, and in Asian countries ranges from 3.5% to 63.3%. The results of a systematic review that included studies conducted in developed countries suggest that more than 19% of new mothers might suffer from PPD in the first 12 weeks of the postpartum period, with up to 7% developing major depression. A meta-analysis focusing on LMICs shows that the prevalence of non-psychotic common postpartum mental disorders is close to 20%.

• #3 Perinatal Depression – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519070/

  In a meta-analysis, the prevalence of perinatal depression was the highest in China, at 21.4%. […] The average time of onset of postpartum depression is 14 weeks after delivery. […] Overall, Black and Hispanic patients tend to report the onset of symptoms within 2 weeks of delivery, unlike Caucasian patients, who more frequently report the onset of symptoms later.

• #3 Perinatal Depression – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519070/

  Perinatal depression is a prevalent and potentially severe mood disorder that affects approximately 1 in 7 people during pregnancy or within the first year after childbirth. […] Effective recognition and management of perinatal depression are essential for optimizing the health outcomes of the parent and infant. […] Screening for perinatal depression using tools like the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) is crucial for early diagnosis. […] Perinatal depression is associated with an increased risk of parental suicide, which is the second most common cause of mortality postpartum. […] Perinatal depression affects 6.5% to 20% of postpartum individuals globally. […] The incidence varies based on contributing factors, including the country’s cultural environment and economic conditions.

• #4 Symptoms of Depression Among Women | Reproductive Health | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/reproductive-health/depression/index.html

  Postpartum depression is depression that occurs after having a baby. […] A CDC study shows about 1 in 10 women of reproductive age in the United States reported symptoms suggesting an episode of recent major depression. […] An analysis by CDC found the rate of depression diagnoses at delivery increased. The rate was seven times higher in 2015 than in 2000. CDC research shows about 1 in 8 women with a recent live birth reported symptoms of postpartum depression. […] Previous or family history of depression and little or no social support may put some women at higher risk.

• #5 Vital Signs: Postpartum Depressive Symptoms and Provider Discussions About Perinatal Depression — United States, 2018 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6919a2.htm

  Perinatal depression is a complication of pregnancy associated with poor maternal and infant health outcomes. Universal screening of pregnant and postpartum women for depression is recommended. […] Although 13% of surveyed women with a recent live birth reported depressive symptoms during the postpartum period, one in five did not report a health care provider asking about depression during prenatal visits and one in eight reported they were not asked about depression during postpartum visits. […] Health care provider screening of all women in the perinatal period can increase identification of women at risk for depression and provision of care or referral for appropriate diagnosis and treatment. […] The prevalence of self-reported postpartum depressive symptoms (PDS) was 13.2%, ranging from 9.7% in Illinois to 23.5% in Mississippi.

• #5 Vital Signs: Postpartum Depressive Symptoms and Provider Discussions About Perinatal Depression — United States, 2018 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6919a2.htm

  The prevalence of women reporting that a health care provider asked about depression during prenatal care visits was 79.1% overall, ranging from 51.3% in Puerto Rico to 90.7% in Alaska. […] The prevalence of women reporting that a provider asked about depression during postpartum visits was 87.4% overall, ranging from 50.7% in Puerto Rico to 96.2% in Vermont. […] The prevalence of inquiry about depression by a health care provider was higher during postpartum than prenatal visits, both overall and in 21 (68%) of 31 participating sites. […] Despite the observed increase in the percentage of health care providers asking women about depression over time, one in eight women with a live birth in 2018 reported not being asked about depression during a postpartum visit, and one in five did not report being asked at a prenatal visit. […] Ongoing, site-specific surveillance with PRAMS can be used to monitor estimates of PDS and provider discussions about depression in the perinatal period and identify opportunities for providers, health systems, and states to better support women and their families.

• #6 Postpartum Depression Statistics | Research and Data On PPD (2024)

  https://www.postpartumdepression.org/resources/statistics/

  When including women who have miscarried or have had a stillbirth, around 900,000 women suffer from postpartum depression annually in the U.S. […] Postpartum depression is a global issue as well. The condition affects tens if not hundreds of millions annually if all countries are accounted for. […] Data released in 2019 indicates that 23% of new mothers in Canada experienced symptoms of postpartum depression or anxiety after childbirth. […] Similar to the U.S., the number of new mothers in the UK who experience postpartum depression, also called perinatal depression, is around 1 in 10. […] According to data from the 2010 Australian National Infant Feeding Survey, approximately 56,000 new mothers reported having a postpartum depression diagnosis. […] A multicenter study published in 2019 reported that 16.4% of new mothers in the Philippines experienced postpartum depression at the 6-week mark following delivery.

• #6 Postpartum Depression Statistics | Research and Data On PPD (2024)

  https://www.postpartumdepression.org/resources/statistics/

  Postpartum depression is a condition that takes many forms and can remain undiagnosed for long periods of time. […] Awareness of postpartum depression first arose in the late 1980s. Since then, many studies have been conducted on its incidence, risk factors, and successful treatment rates among the worlds population. […] Some healthcare providers believe the conditions prevalence could be at least twice as much as what is actually reported and diagnosed. If postpartum depression symptoms go unreported and untreated, they cannot be accounted for in public health statistics. […] The reported rate of some type of clinical postpartum depression among new mothers is between 10% to 20%. […] One recent study found that 1 in 7 women may experience postpartum depression in the year after giving birth.

• #7 Depression, depressive symptoms and treatments in women who have recently given birth: UK cohort study | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/8/10/e022152

  Of 206517 women, 23623 (11%) had a record of depressive diagnosis or symptoms in the year after delivery and more than one in eight women received antidepressant treatment. […] More than 1 in 10 women had electronic health records indicating depression diagnoses or depressive symptoms within a year after delivery and more than one in eight women received antidepressant treatment in this period. […] Younger women were most likely to have records of depression and depressive symptoms. […] The risk of depression, postnatal depression and depressive symptoms increased with increasing social deprivation. […] The time to the initiation of SSRI treatment after the delivery has become earlier in the more recent years. […] The overall rate of initiation of SSRI within the year after delivery, however, has not changed noticeably.

• #8 Prevalence of postpartum depression and interventions utilized for its management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5941764/

  Postpartum depression is a mood disorder that affects approximately 10-15% of adult mothers yearly. This study sought to determine the prevalence of postpartum depression and interventions utilized for its management in a Health facility in Ghana. […] Postpartum depression was prevalent among 7% of all mothers selected. The severity ranged from minimal depression to severe depression. Psychosocial support proved to be the most effective intervention (p=0.001) that has been used by the healthcare workers to reduce depressive symptoms. […] Postpartum depression is prevalent among mothers although at a lower rate and psychosocial support has been the most effective intervention in its management. […] Prevalence of PPD has been difficult to determine because of the difference in criteria for the time of onset used by the DSM-IV and that used by most epidemiological studies.

• #8 Prevalence of postpartum depression and interventions utilized for its management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5941764/

  Despite the growing recognition as a global childbirth-related problem, the importance of detecting and treating it has until recently been largely overlooked in practice and it seems that knowledge about this problem is not very high. […] PPD is a serious social issue due to its consequences, including an increased risk of suicide and infanticide. PPD is often under-diagnosed and untreated; therefore, efforts are needed to improve perinatal mental healthcare. […] The most common interventions used in the management of postpartum depression among respondents were psychosocial support, professionally based postpartum home visits, interpersonal psychotherapy, and cognitive therapy. However, among these interventions the one which had a significant influence on the reduction of depressive symptomatology (positive outcome) was the psychosocial support while the others had minimal influence.

• #9 Exploring predictors and prevalence of postpartum depression among mothers: Multinational study | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-024-18502-0

  Postpartum depression (PPD) affects around 10% of women, or 1 in 7 women, after giving birth. Undiagnosed PPD was observed among 50% of mothers. PPD has an unfavorable relationship with womens functioning, marital and personal relationships, the quality of the mother-infant connection, and the social, behavioral, and cognitive development of children. We aim to determine the frequency of PPD and explore associated determinants or predictors (demographic, obstetric, infant-related, and psychosocial factors) and coping strategies from June to August 2023 in six countries. […] The overall frequency of PPD in the total sample was 92(13.6%). It ranged from 2.3% in Syria to 26% in Ghana. Only 42 (6.2%) were diagnosed. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed there were significant predictors of PPD.

• #9 Exploring predictors and prevalence of postpartum depression among mothers: Multinational study | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-024-18502-0

  The frequency of PPD among the mothers varied significantly across different countries. PPD has many protective and potential factors. […] Postpartum depression (PPD) is among the most prevalent mental health issues. The onset of depressive episodes after childbirth occurs at a pivotal point in a womans life and can last for an extended period of 3 to 6 months; however, this varies based on several factors. PPD can develop at any time within the first year after childbirth and last for years. […] According to estimates, almost 50% of mothers with PPD go undiagnosed. […] Approximately 1 in 10 women will experience PPD after giving birth, with some studies reporting 1 in 7 women. Globally, the prevalence of PPD is estimated to be 17.22% (95% CI: 16.0018.05). […] The occurrence of postpartum depression is influenced by various factors, including social aspects like marital status, education level, lack of social support, violence, and financial difficulties, as well as other factors such as maternal age (particularly among younger women), obstetric stressors, parity, and unplanned pregnancy.

• #9 Exploring predictors and prevalence of postpartum depression among mothers: Multinational study | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-024-18502-0

  A round one in seven women can develop PPD. […] The prevalence of postpartum depression varies depending on the assessment method, timing of assessment, and cultural disparities among countries. […] The study included 674 participants. […] PPD is significant. Higher among single or widowed women and mothers who had both medical, mental, or psychological problems. […] The majority of the studied mothers were on no hormonal treatment or contraceptive pills, the current pregnancy was unplanned and wanted, they gained 10kg, delivered a healthy baby, and were on breastfeeding. […] There was a significant association observed between PPD, which was significantly higher among mothers on contraceptive methods, and those who had interpregnancy space for less than 2 years. […] The majority of mothers were unaware of the symptoms of PPD, and only 236 (35.3%) experienced cultural stigma or judgment about PPD in the community.

• #9 Exploring predictors and prevalence of postpartum depression among mothers: Multinational study | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-024-18502-0

  A p-value of less than 0.001 demonstrates a highly statistically significant association with the presence of PPD. […] A round half of the mothers didn’t feel comfortable discussing mental health. […] There were different causes for not receiving the treatment and reactions to PPD, in descending order: social norms, cultural or traditional beliefs, personal barriers, geographical or regional disparities in mental health resources, language or communication barriers, and financial constraints. […] The aOR among PPD mothers who were not receiving support or treatment relative to those receiving support or treatment was 9.784. […] The aOR among PPD mothers who lacked awareness of symptoms and risk factors relative to those with awareness was 2.902. […] The aOR among PPD mothers who had experienced cultural stigma or judgment in the community relative to those who have not was 4.406.

• #10 Prevalence of postpartum depression and associated factors among postnatal care attendees in Debre Berhan, Ethiopia, 2018 | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-020-02873-4

  Postpartum depression explains various groups of depressive symptoms and syndromes that can take place during the first 6 weeks following birth. The postpartum period is a critical time where both mild and severe mood disorders can occur. Understanding the prevalence and associated factors of postpartum depression is mandatory for early detection and treatment. […] The prevalence of postpartum depression was found to be 15.6% (95%CI=11.7, 19.8). Being widowed/widower, having poor social support, having a current hospitalized child, and experienced a death of family member or close relative were significantly associated with postpartum depression. […] The prevalence of postpartum depression was lower than most studies done in different areas. Major life events and traumas are associated with an increased risk of postpartum depression.

• #10 Prevalence of postpartum depression and associated factors among postnatal care attendees in Debre Berhan, Ethiopia, 2018 | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-020-02873-4

  The overall prevalence of postpartum depression was 15.6% (95%CI=11.7, 19.8). […] The variables that showed a significance level (p<0.05) during bivariate analysis were added to the multivariate regression model. [...] The results showed that women who were widowed/widower had an association with postpartum depression; and were four times more likely to experience postpartum depression than those who were married. [...] In addition, respondents who had poor social support were five times more likely to be depressed than those who had strong social support. [...] Respondents who had a current hospitalized children were nearly 3 times more likely to be depressed as compared to respondents who does not have a current hospitalized child. [...] In a similar dimension, participants who had experienced a death of a family member or close relative in the last 6 months were three times more likely to be depressed than those who did not experience this.

• #11 Prevalence and associated factors of post-partum depression in Ethiopia. A systematic review and meta-analysis | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0247005

  A total of 11 studies with 7,582 participants were included in this meta-analysis. The estimated pooled prevalence of post-partum depression (PPD) was 22.08%, with a 95% CI (17.66%, 26.49). […] The estimated pooled prevalence of post-partum depression was high in Ethiopia. Unplanned pregnancy, poor social support, and domestic violence were factors affecting PPD. […] The pooled prevalence of post-partum depression in Ethiopia in our meta-analysis was 22.08%, with a 95% CI (17.66%, 26.49). […] Postnatal mothers who had poor social support were about 4 [OR = 3.57; 95% CI (2.29,5.54)] times more likely to have depression when compared to mothers who had strong social support. […] Mothers who had a history of domestic violence were about 3 [OR = 3.14; 95% CI (2.59,3.80)] times more likely to have depression than their counterparts.

• #11 Prevalence and associated factors of post-partum depression in Ethiopia. A systematic review and meta-analysis | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0247005

  Women whose pregnancy was unplanned were 3[(OR = 2.84; 95% CI (2.04, 3.97)] times more likely to have depression when compared with mothers who gave birth after a planned pregnancy. […] In low and middle-income countries, post-partum depression is even more prevalent; the reason might be biological factors like (illness, and biological predisposition); psychosocial aspects (greater exposure to violence, the difficulty of living conditions, childhood maltreatment, social exclusion, and unplanned pregnancy), and economical (poverty and food insecurity). […] The disorder is often unrecognized and untreated, despite the potentially deleterious effects of PPD on the mother, infant, and children.

• #12 Prevalence and associated risk factors of postpartum depression in India: A comprehensive review – Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice

  https://ruralneuropractice.com/prevalence-and-associated-risk-factors-of-postpartum-depression-in-india-a-comprehensive-review/

  Postpartum depression (PPD) is a psychological illness that affects women following delivery. According to the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR), PPD is a serious form of depression that begins four weeks following birth and continues for one year. […] The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence and risk factors of PPD in India. […] In India, the overall prevalence of PPD is 22%. However, the greatest prevalence was in the southern regions (26%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1932) and the lowest in the northern regions (15%; 95% CI: 1021). This study outlines the burden of PPD in India. […] The prevalence of PPD varies depending on the study settings. The prevalence of PPD was reported higher in hospital settings (23%; 95% CI: 19-28) compared to community settings (17%; 95% CI: 13-22). Similarly it was higher in urban settings (24%; 95% CI: 19-29) compared to rural settings (17%; 95% CI: 14-21).

• #12 Prevalence and associated risk factors of postpartum depression in India: A comprehensive review – Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice

  https://ruralneuropractice.com/prevalence-and-associated-risk-factors-of-postpartum-depression-in-india-a-comprehensive-review/

  The potential risk factors for PPD are hormonal variation in pregnancy, childbirth, genetic predisposition, birth trauma, and psychosocial and demographic characteristics. […] The psychosocial factors include a history of psychiatric illness, antepartum depression, stress (as a result of life events from parental care and all occurrences in the postpartum period), lack of social support, and adversity. […] The socioeconomic factors include poverty, poor living circumstances, financial concerns, low income, marital conflict, family conflicts, more children to care for, fewer job prospects, having a female child, a lack of maternal education, unwanted gender, and early age of pregnant mothers. […] Other risk elements of PPD are poor physical health of mothers, adverse life events, cultural practices, and poor environmental conditions.

• #13

  https://www.europeanjournalofmidwifery.eu/Exploring-prevalence-and-factors-associated-with-postpartum-depression-among-Ukrainian,188800,0,2.html

  The high prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD) in low and lower middle-income countries raises questions about its predictors. […] The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 39.0% (n=1631). […] The present study of Ukrainian women shows that women experienced depressive symptoms influenced by various factors including breastfeeding difficulties, pandemic lockdown, and financial difficulties. […] The global prevalence of PPD is about 17.7%, but this can vary by nation. […] Despite the high prevalence of PPD worldwide, many cases are not diagnosed and remain untreated, resulting in negative consequences for mother and child. […] In Ukraine, one in three people experienced at least one mental health problem in their lifetime; depression was prevalent in 6% of the general population.

• #13

  https://www.europeanjournalofmidwifery.eu/Exploring-prevalence-and-factors-associated-with-postpartum-depression-among-Ukrainian,188800,0,2.html

  There is limited epidemiological data on maternal mental health in Ukraine. […] The ongoing research aims to investigate the impact of forced displacement on perinatal mental health, including anxiety, post-traumatic stress, depression, and birth trauma symptoms. […] The prevalence of PPD in women was relatively high during COVID-19, and the pandemic highlighted existing barriers to the treatment of peripartum mood disorders. […] The multivariate logistic regression model was statistically significant, explaining 12.5% of the variance in postpartum depression and correctly classified 61.0% of cases. […] The study highlights the importance of understanding the predictors of postpartum depression among Ukrainian mothers, which should be included in the training and continuing professional development of various professionals in Ukraine.

• #14

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00127-022-02372-1

  Postpartum depression received almost no attention in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The aim was to examine the prevalence of depressive symptomatology and the associated risk factors among women in the UAE. Among the 457 women recruited, 35% exhibited depressive symptomatology within the first 6 months postpartum. The prevalence of maternal depressive symptomatology is considerable in the UAE. Risk factors change over the 6-month postpartum period suggesting the need for an innovative multidisciplinary approach to the management of postpartum depression, including follow-up screening. The overall prevalence postpartum depression symptomatology (EPDS12) over the 6-month period was 35%. The risk of having an EPDS12 was significantly higher among women who were less than 25 years old and those who worked on a part-time basis. Furthermore, women who received financial support from their families and had difficulty in managing their monthly income were more likely to have depressive symptomatology. The odds ratio for EPDS12 was significantly lower for women who felt supported mostly by their husband, their husband was employed, and they lived in their own house. Our main findings revealed that 35% of women experienced depressive symptomatology during the first 6 months postpartum. Younger women, Muslim religion, part-time employment, maternity leave more than 3 months, low socioeconomic status, and difficulty in managing family income predicted a higher likelihood of postpartum depressive symptomatology. Breastfeeding, paternal employment status, living in own house, partner support, and perception of a healthy infant predicted a lower likelihood of developing postpartum depressive symptomatology.

• #15 Validation of the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale and prevalence of depression among adolescent mothers in a Cameroonian context | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-79370-7

  The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) is the screening tool for perinatal depression, and its cut-off score varies according to context and population. […] In Cameroon, no study has yet defined a cut-off score or the prevalence of perinatal depression in adolescent mothers. […] The prevalence of perinatal depression was 60.8% (95% CI=58.5, 63.2). […] The cut-off score for this population was 11. […] This study on the validation of the EPDS and the prevalence of perinatal depression in a population of teenage mothers is new in Cameroon and central Africa. […] The prevalence of perinatal mental disorders is 15.6% in pregnant women and 19.8% in postnatal women. […] Particularly in Cameroon, a study reveals that the prevalence of perinatal mental disorders is 53.6%. […] Among these disorders, perinatal depression is by far the most prevalent, at 45.8%.

• #16

  https://bpac.org.nz/bpj/2010/nataldep/postnatal.aspx

  Postnatal depression is the most common and serious disorder of the first year after childbirth. It affects approximately 15% of all women who give birth and is common in all age groups, ethnicities, cultures and socioeconomic classes. […] Studies in New Zealand using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS, Appendix 1) have reported rates of postnatal depression of 8-13%. A meta-analysis of studies, mainly based in resource-rich (developed) countries, found the incidence of postnatal depression to be 12-13%. Other studies have shown higher incidences in resource-poor (developing) countries, but little is known about the rates of postnatal depression in different ethnicities, within multicultural societies or in immigrant populations. […] All people involved in a mothers care need to be aware of the risk factors and early signs of postnatal depression as many women may not realise that they are becoming unwell. Early detection and collaborative management can significantly improve health outcomes for both the mother and infant.

• #17

  https://www.who.int/teams/mental-health-and-substance-use/promotion-prevention/maternal-mental-health

  Worldwide about 10% of pregnant women and 13% of women who have just given birth experience a mental disorder, primarily depression. In developing countries this is even higher, i.e. 15.6% during pregnancy and 19.8% after child birth. […] A recent meta-analysis showed that about 20 % of mothers in developing countries experience clinical depression after childbirth. This is much higher than the previous figures on prevalence coming mostly from high income countries. […] Globally maternal mental health problems are considered as a major public health challenge. […] The mental health Gap Intervention Guide provides guidelines about identification and management of mental disorders by non-specialized mental health providers including in pregnant and postpartum mothers.

• #18

  https://abcnews.go.com/Health/rates-postpartum-depression-doubled-decade/story?id=116059096

  Rates of postpartum depression — a serious mood disorder affecting new moms within the first 12 months after childbirth — have doubled over the last decade, according to a new study of more than 440,000 people from Kaiser Permanente Southern California. The rate of diagnosis jumped from about 9% in 2010 to 19% in 2021. […] Mental health conditions are now the leading cause of pregnancy-related deaths in the U.S., according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. […] While all racial and ethnic groups saw a rise in postpartum depression, non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic white people had the highest rates of depression, the new study found. However, the largest increases were seen in Asian and Pacific Islanders and non-Hispanic Black individuals at 280% and 140%, respectively.

• #19 New Study IDs Moms at Highest Risk for Postpartum Depression

  https://newsroom.uvahealth.com/2022/02/22/new-study-identifies-moms-highest-risk-postpartum-depression/

  The risk for postpartum depression is highest among first-time mothers, mothers younger than 25 years old and mothers of twins, according to a survey of more than 1.1 million moms worldwide. […] Moms older than 40 years old having twins are at the highest risk, researchers from the University of Virginia School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University and Flo Health found. […] It is vital to better identify the risk factors for postpartum depression, the researchers said, because of the potential health effects on both moms and their children. […] Children of women who experience postpartum depression are more likely to develop major depression and other psychiatric disorders, the researchers note. […] There is a growing necessity to identify risk factors that place women at elevated risk, prior to the onset of affective illness, during this vulnerable time-period so that preventive measures can be instituted, the researchers write.

• #20 New Study IDs Moms at Highest Risk for Postpartum Depression

  https://newsroom.uvahealth.com/2022/02/22/new-study-identifies-moms-highest-risk-postpartum-depression/

  By age group, the percentage of women self-reporting postpartum depression symptoms was highest among 18- to 24-year-olds, at 10%. […] Women who had twins were more likely to report postpartum depression 11.3% of mothers of twins reported symptoms, compared with 8.3% of mothers of a single child. […] Women older than 40 having twins, the researchers concluded, are at markedly high risk for postpartum depression. […] Most women with postpartum depression are not diagnosed or treated. Clinicians caring for new mothers can be aware of factors like age, first pregnancy and twin pregnancies that put women at a higher risk of developing postpartum depression and screen and intervene early, Payne said. Early intervention can prevent the negative outcomes associated with postpartum depression for both mothers and their children.

• #21 Explore Postpartum Depression in the United States | AHR

  https://www.americashealthrankings.org/explore/measures/postpartum_depression

  12.7% […] Percentage of women with a recent live birth who reported experiencing depressive symptoms […] Postpartum depression occurs following pregnancy and delivery. It is one of the most common medical complications during the six months following childbirth and is associated with adverse outcomes for both the mother and child. Approximately 1 in 7 mothers experience postpartum depression. […] The prevalence of postpartum depression is higher among: American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian/Pacific Islander and Black women compared with non-Hispanic white and Hispanic women. […] The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends that providers screen for postpartum depression and anxiety as part of the comprehensive postpartum visit. […] Healthy People 2030 has an objective to increase the proportion of women who are screened for postpartum depression at their postpartum checkups.

• #22 Postpartum Depression Statistics | Research and Data On PPD (2024)

  https://www.postpartumdepression.org/resources/statistics/

  Women with a history of depression, anxiety disorders, or serious mood disorders are 30% to 35% more likely to develop postpartum depression. […] If a pregnant woman has experienced postpartum depression with previous births, she has an increased risk (10% to 50%) of experiencing it again. […] It is believed that 50% of women who develop postpartum depression begin experiencing symptoms during pregnancy. […] While postpartum depression can affect people of all backgrounds, people in poverty or who have poor access to education and health care may run a higher risk. […] The overall success rate for treating postpartum depression is 80%, making it essential for anyone who wants to heal.

• #23 Epidemiology of postnatal depression and its associated factors in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0231940

  A history of maternal health problems during pregnancy (such as hypertension, gestational diabetes, HIV/AIDS, TB, and other health problems during pregnancy) (POR = 2.75; 95% CI; 1.89, 3.98; I2 = 81.7%) was associated with the risk of PND. […] Women with inadequate support from husband, family or any other source during pregnancy (POR = 2.06; 95% CI; 1.05, 4.05; I2 = 83.2%) were more likely to have PND compared to those who had good support. […] The result also showed that low economic status (explained by financial hardship or low perceived wealth, experienced hunger in the past months) was significantly increased the odds of PND (POR = 2.57; 95% CI: 1.97, 3.34; I2 = 12.9%). […] Exposure to different forms of violence, such as physical, sexual, and psychological, was also significantly affected the occurrence of PND. Accordingly, the odds of depression among mothers who had exposure to a different form of IPV was 2.68 (POR = 2.68; 95% CI: 1.84, 3.89; I2 = 85.5%) times higher.

• #23 Epidemiology of postnatal depression and its associated factors in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0231940

  The current systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to present the pooled estimate and risk factors of PND in Africa precisely. […] The pooled prevalence of postnatal depression before adjusting for publication bias was 16.84% (95% CI: 14.49-19.19, I2 = 98.7%, Eggers test = 0.001). […] In the random effect model, the following factors were identified as a risk factor for PND. The odds of PND was higher among women with a history of the poor obstetric condition (such as Hyperemesis Gravidurum and cesarean section delivery) (Pooled odds Ratio (POR) = 1.72; 95% CI: 1.36, 2.17; I2 = 70.7%). […] A history of adverse birth and infant health outcomes (such as low birth weight, preterm, stillbirth or infant loss after delivery) (POR = 2.38; 95% CI: 1.56, 3.64; I2 = 74.5%) were associated with an increased odds of PND.

• #23 Epidemiology of postnatal depression and its associated factors in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0231940

  The burden of PND is a significant public health concern in low and middle-income countries. […] According to the World Health Organization (WHO) 2017 report, more than 322 million people had depression, and of this, about 29.9 million (9%) were in Africa. […] Postnatal depression increases maternal morbidity, social problems, physical damage, and leads to suicide. […] In the low-and middle-income countries, about 80% of patients with psychological, neurological, and substance use conditions do not access services. […] Despite its burden, depression during the postnatal period is still under-investigated and undertreated in Africa. […] The prevalence of PND can be affected by factors such as age, low household income, unwanted pregnancy, having emesis during pregnancy, depression during the first two trimesters of pregnancy, psychiatric problems during pregnancy, delivery by cesarean section, lack of satisfaction in marital status, co-morbid condition like anemia, gestational Diabetic Mellitus (DM), social factors, low self-esteem, prematurity, and behavioral factors such as smoking.

• #24 Depression, depressive symptoms and treatments in women who have recently given birth: UK cohort study | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/8/10/e022152

  The risk of having a record of depression, postnatal depression and depressive symptoms increased with increasing social deprivation. […] More than 1 in 10 women had electronic health records indicating depression or depressive symptoms within a year after delivery, and more than one in eight women received antidepressant treatment in this period.

• #25 Postpartum Depression: Overview, Risk Factors for Postpartum Mood Disorders, Screening for Postpartum Mood Disorders

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/271662-overview

  Women with a previous history of depression, a family history of a mood disorder, or depression during the current pregnancy are at increased risk for postpartum depression. […] A meta-analysis by Zacher Kjeldsen et al found that women who have a family history of any psychiatric disorder have almost two times the risk of postpartum depression as do women without such a history. […] Furthermore, women with a previous history of postpartum depression or psychosis have a risk of recurrence of up to 90%. […] Postpartum depression is 20 times more likely to occur in women with a history of depression. […] Despite multiple contacts with medical professionals during the postpartum period, patients and their caregivers often overlook postpartum affective illness. […] Screening of all mothers during the antepartum and postpartum period is indicated.

• #25 Postpartum Depression: Overview, Risk Factors for Postpartum Mood Disorders, Screening for Postpartum Mood Disorders

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/271662-overview

  During the postpartum period, up to 85% of women experience some type of mood disturbance; the AAP estimates that more than 400,000 infants are born each year to mothers who are depressed. […] Although for most women, symptoms of mood disturbance are transient and relatively mild (ie, postpartum blues), 10-15% of women experience a more disabling and persistent form of depression, and 0.1-0.2% of women experience postpartum psychosis. […] Although predicting who is at risk for postpartum psychiatric illness is difficult, hormonal, psychosocial, and biologic factors are considered to be risk factors for postpartum mood disorders. […] Women who report inadequate social supports, marital discord or dissatisfaction, or recent negative life events, such as a death in the family, financial difficulties, or loss of employment, are more likely to experience postpartum depression.

• #25 Postpartum Depression: Overview, Risk Factors for Postpartum Mood Disorders, Screening for Postpartum Mood Disorders

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/271662-overview

  ACOG recommends that screening for perinatal depression occur at the initial prenatal visit, later in pregnancy, and at postpartum visits. […] The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) is a 10-item, self-rated questionnaire used extensively for detection of postpartum depression. […] Screening women for depressive symptoms during pregnancy may also help to identify those women at higher risk for postpartum depression. […] Depression screening should include systems in place to follow up positive results with subsequent diagnosis and treatment. […] Postpartum depression occurs in 10-15% of women in the general population. […] One of the most important objectives is to increase awareness across the spectrum of health-care professionals who care for women during pregnancy and the puerperium so that postpartum mood disorders may be identified early and treated appropriately.

• #25 Postpartum Depression: Overview, Risk Factors for Postpartum Mood Disorders, Screening for Postpartum Mood Disorders

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/271662-overview

  Patients and their caregivers frequently overlook postpartum depression, despite the fact that effective nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic treatments are available for this condition. […] Untreated postpartum affective illness places the mother and infant at risk and is associated with significant long-term effects on child development and behavior. […] Therefore, appropriate screening for and prompt recognition and treatment of depression are essential for maternal and infant well-being and can improve outcomes. […] The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommends mental health screening during pregnancy and postpartum, with systems in place to ensure timely evaluation and diagnosis, effective therapy, and appropriate monitoring and follow-up. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has encouraged pediatric practices to create a system to better identify postpartum depression to ensure a healthier parent-child relationship.

• #26 Postnatal Depression | Article | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/article/heading/vol-7–maternal-mental-health-in-pregnancy–postnatal-depression/id/409553

  One of the greatest risk factors for postnatal depression is antenatal depression or anxiety. Women with untreated depression during pregnancy have been found to be seven times more likely to experience postnatal depression compared with women with no antenatal depression. Therefore, screening for depressive symptoms in pregnancy as well as the postnatal period is highlighted in clinical guidance. […] Similarly to depression at other times of life, PND is associated with reduced functioning across social, occupational and educational domains, as well as impacting negatively on relationships and leading to personal suffering. The report Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care produced by the MBRRACE-UK collaboration states that maternal suicide is the leading cause of death in the postnatal period, with 1 in 7 women who die in the period between 6 weeks and 1 year after pregnancy dying by suicide.

• #27 Gender differences in postpartum depression: a longitudinal cohort study | Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health

  https://jech.bmj.com/content/65/4/320

  To our knowledge, this is one of the largest longitudinal cohort studies of depression from the third trimester of pregnancy to 1year after childbirth; it included both mothers and fathers attending the prenatal programme in primary care centres of the Valencian Community (Spain). […] This paper reports the longitudinal patterns of depression from the third trimester of pregnancy to 1year after childbirth among mothers and fathers and presents both similarities and differences in the effect of psychosocial (marital satisfaction, social support) and personal (partner’s depression, history of depression, negative life events and depression during the third trimester of pregnancy) factors on depression during the first year after childbirth, measured by the EPDS. […] A strong predictor of postnatal depression for both mothers and fathers is depression during pregnancy. […] Most psychosocial and personal factors associated with depression 1year after childbirth were similar for both sexes (marital satisfaction, partner’s depression, pregnancy depression).

• #28 The Malaysian Women’s Experience of Care and Management of Postnatal Depression

  https://clinical-practice-and-epidemiology-in-mental-health.com/VOLUME/17/PAGE/10/FULLTEXT/

  Postnatal Depression (PND) is a public health concern affecting 4% to 63.9% of new mothers. PND refers to a depressive illness that often begins two to three weeks after birth and may last for a year. Early detection and intervention of PND are imperative to prevent devastating consequences for mothers, babies, children, and spouses. In Malaysia, PND has not been formally assessed and detected within the primary healthcare settings. Since there are currently no guidelines that explicitly focus on PND management, it is unclear whether PND women receive proper care and treatment. […] The findings of this study indicated that women did not acknowledge the roles of Healthcare Practitioners (HCPs) in alleviating their emotional distress. Also, they perceived PND as a personal problem and less serious emotional condition. It is due to this perception that the women adopted self-help care as their primary coping strategy for PND. The analysis of participants descriptions indicated that their help-seeking behaviour was more likely to be influenced by their perceptions of the roles and responsibilities of HCPs and their feelings about the reaction of HCPs to their emotional distress.

• #29 Diagnosis and Management of Postpartum Depression

  http://www.fortunejournals.com/articles/diagnosis-and-management-of-postpartum-depression.html

  The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), the onset of major postpartum depression can occur prior to or after parturition. […] The World Health Organization’s International Classification of Diseases – 10th Revision (ICD-10) requires the onset of the episode within six weeks of delivery. […] Postpartum depression impairs maternal functioning, is associated with poor nutrition and health in the offspring, and can interfere with breastfeeding, maternal-infant bonding, care of the infant and other children, and the woman’s relationship with her partner. […] In addition, postpartum depression is associated with abnormal development, cognitive impairment, and psychopathology in children. […] The most widely used instrument for screening postpartum women for major depression is the self-report, 10-item EPDS. […] Based upon practice guidelines issued by the United States Preventive Services Task Force primary care clinicians (including obstetricians, gynaecologists, or pediatricians) should screen all postpartum women for depression.

• #29 Diagnosis and Management of Postpartum Depression

  http://www.fortunejournals.com/articles/diagnosis-and-management-of-postpartum-depression.html

  Postpartum Depression (PPD) is a severe mental health problem that affects up to 15% of mothers. […] Global prevalence according to a meta-analysis of 27 studies from 16 countries and regions for more than 130,000 postpartum women, In each study, the subjects were assessed with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, which is a screening tool and is thus not intended to make a diagnosis. The estimated prevalence of postpartum unipolar depression was around 15%. […] The obstetrician, pediatrician and primary health care physicians have a crucial role in screening for and treating PPD. […] Postpartum depression onset occurs before or during pregnancy in approximately 50%. Most commonly occurs within six weeks after childbirth. […] In many reviews and studies, the postpartum period defines broadly as the first 12 months after birth.

• #30 What is postpartum depression? Who’s most at-risk of developing it? | USAFacts

  https://usafacts.org/articles/what-is-postpartum-depression/

  Other factors that may increase the risk of developing postpartum depression include a history with depression, experiencing intimate partner or domestic violence, or living at or near the poverty line: women who received benefits from the governments nutrition program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) reported higher rates (17.0%) compared to those who did not (11.2%). […] The CDC recommends that healthcare providers screen pregnant and postpartum women for depressive symptoms so they can treat issues as soon as possible, refer them to helpful resources, and follow up on their progress.

• #31 Depression During Pregnancy Is Tied to Increased Emergency Department Visits for Infants After Birth | Rutgers University

  https://www.rutgers.edu/news/depression-during-pregnancy-tied-increased-emergency-department-visits-infants-after-birth

  Mild and moderate to severe perinatal depressive symptoms among new mothers are associated with the increased use of emergency rooms to treat their infants, according to Rutgers Health research. […] Perinatal mental health conditions affect up to 20 percent of pregnant or postpartum people and are associated with a wide range of adverse outcomes for the child, including increased use of a hospitals emergency department. […] Rokicki, who linked birth record data for the years 2016-2018 to hospital discharge records for infants in their first year of life, found that infants of mothers with moderate to severe depressive symptoms had 21 percent more emergency department visits than those who had no depression, while infants of mothers with mild symptoms had 10 percent more emergency department visits.

• #31 Depression During Pregnancy Is Tied to Increased Emergency Department Visits for Infants After Birth | Rutgers University

  https://www.rutgers.edu/news/depression-during-pregnancy-tied-increased-emergency-department-visits-infants-after-birth

  According to the study, for infants whose delivery was paid for by Medicaid, the total emergency department charges in the first year were 43 percent higher for infants with mothers with moderate to severe depression and 19 percent higher for mothers with mild symptoms compared to those with no symptoms. […] The studys findings suggest that universal screening of perinatal people at delivery may be beneficial in identifying those who may be at risk of postpartum depression before they leave the hospital. […] Additionally, routine screening in emergency departments may also help identify parental mental health conditions and connect individuals to resources. […] We know from prior research that postpartum depression screenings in pediatric emergency departments are feasible, said Rokicki.

• #32 Postpartum Depression | Department of Health | Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

  https://www.pa.gov/agencies/health/programs/maternal-health-and-infant-care/postpartum-depression.html

  Approximately 1 in 5 new moms experience mental health challenges during or after pregnancy. […] The Governors 2025-2026 budget proposal provides $5 million to fund maternal health initiatives, including identifying and addressing postpartum depression and anxiety. […] The proposal directs DOH to prepare doctors and nurses to identify signs of postpartum mood disorders more quickly and speed up referrals to mental health professionals and other resources. […] Postpartum depression screenings are extraordinarily effective and allow us to find the individuals who are suffering in silence.

• #33 Ethnoepidemiology of postnatal depression | The British Journal of Psychiatry | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/ethnoepidemiology-of-postnatal-depression/F383A19E44DEB76D2054CAC50DFAEF8C

  Our study showed that the risk factors for postnatal depression established in Western societies are also applicable to a Chinese population. Among our participants, marital dissatisfaction, antenatal life events, past depression, late antenatal depressive symptoms and lack of social support predicted postnatal affective morbidity. Similar patterns of risk factors have been reported in other non-Western societies, including India, Taiwan, South Africa, Turkey and Dubai. It thus appears that there is substantial universality in the causation of postnatal depression across cultures.

• #33 Ethnoepidemiology of postnatal depression | The British Journal of Psychiatry | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/ethnoepidemiology-of-postnatal-depression/F383A19E44DEB76D2054CAC50DFAEF8C

  In many industrialised countries postnatal depression has become the most common complication of childbirth. Epidemiological studies generally show that 10-15% of recently delivered women are affected by postnatal depression. It is now recognised that the formation of postnatal depression is shaped by risk factors at several levels. Marital discord, inadequate social support, past depression, personality vulnerability and life events during pregnancy or near delivery have consistently been shown to predict postnatal depression. A close connection between antenatal depressive mood and postnatal depression has also been observed. Sociocultural factors have also been implicated in the formation of postnatal depression. […] Thus far, the epidemiology research has overlooked the role of conflict between mother-in-law/daughter-in-law in causing postnatal depression.

• #34 Postpartum Depression Statistics

  https://psychcentral.com/depression/postpartum-depression-statistics

  Postpartum depression is a common mental health issue. Beyond those giving birth, it can also affect non-pregnant partners, people who experience miscarriage, and adoptive parents. […] Postpartum depression is a common occurrence in the weeks and months following giving birth to a baby. Suggested rates of postpartum depression range from 6-20% of all people who give birth. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found that nearly 1 in 8 women experienced postpartum depression symptoms shortly after live birth. […] They also noted that several factors including race, location, and age affect rates of postpartum depression. […] The actual rate may be higher due to underreporting of symptoms and depression. […] Less data is available on how many non-pregnant partners develop or experience postpartum depression.

• #35 Prevalence and factors associated with male postnatal depression in China

  https://www.jomh.org/articles/10.31083/jomh.v17i1.324

  Male postnatal depression has recently begun to attract more research attention. […] However, it often remains unrecognized despite affecting not only the health of the child but also the spousal relationship and family welfare. […] This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of male postnatal depressive symptoms in Guangzhou, South China. […] The prevalence of postnatal depression was 24.1% assessed by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale cutoff score of 10. […] Depressive symptoms were found to be significantly associated with employment status and vulnerable personality traits. […] Higher family income, wanted pregnancy, having a child of the desired gender, more family support and objective support were all protective factors for depressive symptoms among new Chinese fathers.

• #35 Prevalence and factors associated with male postnatal depression in China

  https://www.jomh.org/articles/10.31083/jomh.v17i1.324

  This study indicated that there is a need to routinely screen for postnatal depressive symptoms in men. […] Early identification and timely referral to healthcare professionals may prevent postnatal depression and improve the mental health of new fathers. […] It is important for healthcare providers to develop and evaluate information resources in print and online so as to establish how best to identify and manage paternal postnatal mental health needs. […] This study also suggests that new fathers need to be provided with targeted resources concerning postnatal mental health and informed as to how to access them and who can be approached for professional support.

• #36

  https://ibis.utah.gov/epht-view/indicator/view/PPD.Intention.html

  Postpartum depression is the most common complication related to childbirth. […] While postpartum depression is treatable, many women who suffer from it remain undiagnosed. […] The data here represent self-reported postpartum depression symptoms and not clinical diagnoses of postpartum depression. […] The percentage of Utah women who reported postpartum depression symptoms divided by the number of Utah women who delivered a live infant. […] In 2022, 15.0% of women reported symptoms of postpartum depression. […] Utah’s rate was 14.9% compared to 12.9% among the 46 states reporting. […] The Maternal and Infant Health Program (MIHP) has been working on increasing awareness of postpartum depression and the need to screen for it among health care providers through a variety of methods. […] The UWNQC published the Maternal Mental Health Provider toolkit in Fall 2022 to provide screening, treatment, and referral recommendations to providers in Utah. […] The National Maternal Mental Health Hotline can help.

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