Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Postpartum depression – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/postpartum-depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20376617

  Most new moms experience postpartum „baby blues” after childbirth, which commonly include mood swings, crying spells, anxiety and difficulty sleeping. […] But some new moms experience a more severe, long-lasting form of depression known as postpartum depression. […] Postpartum depression may be mistaken for baby blues at first but the symptoms are more intense and last longer. These may eventually interfere with your ability to care for your baby and handle other daily tasks. Symptoms usually develop within the first few weeks after giving birth. But they may begin earlier during pregnancy or later up to a year after birth. […] Postpartum depression symptoms may include: Depressed mood or severe mood swings, Crying too much, Difficulty bonding with your baby, Withdrawing from family and friends, Loss of appetite or eating much more than usual, Inability to sleep, called insomnia, or sleeping too much, Overwhelming tiredness or loss of energy, Less interest and pleasure in activities you used to enjoy, Intense irritability and anger, Fear that you’re not a good mother, Hopelessness, Feelings of worthlessness, shame, guilt or inadequacy, Reduced ability to think clearly, concentrate or make decisions, Restlessness, Severe anxiety and panic attacks, Thoughts of harming yourself or your baby, Recurring thoughts of death or suicide. […] Untreated, postpartum depression may last for many months or longer.

• #1 Symptoms – Postnatal depression – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/post-natal-depression/symptoms/

  The main symptoms include: feeling sad, low in mood or tearful much of the time […] feeling anxious that something bad may happen to your baby […] Postnatal depression can develop gradually and be hard to recognise. […] Depression is treatable and you can get better with the right help.

• #1 Postnatal depression (PND) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/postnatal-depression-pnd

  New parents can develop postnatal depression (PND) within the first few months after the arrival of their newborn baby. […] PND is a depression that comes on within 12 months of having a baby, usually during the first few weeks or months. It can start slowly or suddenly, and can range from very mild and transient, to severe and lingering. […] The symptoms of antenatal and postnatal depression depend on the severity of the depression, but may include: low self-esteem, feelings of inadequacy and guilt, tearfulness, sleeping difficulties, panic attacks. […] The range of symptoms experienced depends on the severity of the depression, and may include: depressed or sad mood, tearfulness, low self-esteem and lack of confidence, feelings of inadequacy and guilt, negative thoughts, feeling that life is meaningless, feeling unable to cope, tearfulness and irritability, difficulty sleeping or changes in sleeping patterns, low sex drive, anxiety, panic attacks or heart palpitations, loss of appetite, difficulty concentrating or remembering things, loss of interest in usual activities.

• #1 Postpartum Depression: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9312-postpartum-depression

  Postpartum depression involves emotional highs and lows, frequent crying, fatigue, guilt and anxiety. […] If your feelings include extreme sadness or loneliness, severe mood swings and frequent crying spells, you may have postpartum depression. […] Postpartum depression is a far more serious condition than the baby blues, affecting about 1 in 7 new moms. […] You may experience alternating highs and lows, frequent crying, irritability and fatigue, as well as feelings of guilt, anxiety and inability to care for your baby or yourself. Symptoms range from mild to severe and may appear within a week of delivery or gradually, even up to a year later. […] You may have postpartum depression if you experience some of the following: Feeling sad, worthless, hopeless or guilty; Worrying excessively or feeling on edge; Loss of interest in hobbies or things you once enjoyed; Changes in appetite or not eating; Loss of energy and motivation; Trouble sleeping or wanting to sleep all the time; Crying for no reason or excessively; Difficulty thinking or focusing; Thoughts of suicide or wishing you were dead; Lack of interest in your baby or feeling anxious around your baby; Thoughts of hurting your baby or feeling like you don’t want your baby. […] Postpartum depression can last until one year after your child is born. […] With professional help, almost all those who experience postpartum depression can overcome their symptoms.

• #1 Perinatal Depression – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/perinatal-depression

  Perinatal depression is a mood disorder that occurs during pregnancy and after childbirth. The symptoms can range from mild to severe. In rare cases, the symptoms are severe enough that a mother and her baby’s health and well-being may be at risk. […] Most episodes of perinatal depression begin within 48 weeks after the baby is born. Pregnant and postpartum women with perinatal depression experience extreme sadness, anxiety, and fatigue that may make it difficult to carry out daily tasks, including caring for themselves or others. […] Mood changes and feelings of anxiety or unhappiness that are severe or last longer than 2 weeks after childbirth may be signs of postpartum depression. Women with postpartum depression generally will not feel better without treatment. […] Some women experience a few symptoms of perinatal depression, while others experience several symptoms. Some of the more common symptoms include: Persistent sad, anxious, or empty mood most of the day, nearly every day, for at least 2 weeks; Feelings of hopelessness or pessimism; Feelings of irritability, frustration, or restlessness; Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, or helplessness; Loss of interest or pleasure in hobbies and activities; Fatigue or abnormal decrease in energy; Being restless or having trouble sitting still; Difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions; Difficulty sleeping (even when the baby is asleep), waking early in the morning, or oversleeping; Abnormal changes in appetite or unplanned weight changes; Physical aches or pains, headaches, cramps, or digestive problems that do not have a clear physical cause and do not go away with treatment; Trouble bonding or forming an emotional attachment with the baby; Persistent doubts about the ability to care for the baby; Thoughts of death or harming oneself or the baby or suicide attempts.

• #1 Postpartum depression | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/postpartum/postpartum-depression

  Postpartum depression (also called PPD) is a medical condition that many women get after having a baby. Its strong feelings of sadness, anxiety (worry) and tiredness that last for a long time after giving birth. These feelings can make it hard for you to take care of yourself and your baby. PPD can happen any time after childbirth. It often starts within 1 to 3 weeks of having a baby. It needs treatment to get better. […] You may have PPD if you have five or more signs or symptoms that last longer than 2 weeks. Signs of a condition are things someone else can see or know about you, like you have a rash or you’re coughing. Symptoms are things you feel yourself that others can’t see, like having a sore throat or feeling dizzy. Signs and symptoms of PPD include: […] Changes in your feelings: Feeling depressed most of the day every day, Feeling shame, guilt or like a failure, Feeling panicked or scared a lot of the time, Having severe mood swings.

• #1 Perinatal Depression – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519070/

  Perinatal depression is a prevalent and potentially severe mood disorder that affects approximately 1 in 7 people during pregnancy or within the first year after childbirth. […] Unlike the transient „postpartum blues,” perinatal depression is more severe, often manifesting as persistent sadness, low self-esteem, sleep disturbances, anxiety, and difficulties bonding with the baby. […] Depression symptoms, including persistent sadness, lack of interest, low self-esteem, sleep disturbances, loss of appetite, anxiety, irritability with a hostile attitude towards infants, self-blame, and feelings of humiliation characterize perinatal depression. People with perinatal depression may also experience changes in sleeping and eating patterns, difficulty bonding with their baby, and feelings of hopelessness or worthlessness.

• #1 Postpartum Depression | Brown University Health

  https://www.brownhealth.org/centers-services/multidisciplinary-obstetric-medicine-service-moms/postpartum-depression

  Being uninterested in or unable to care for the baby […] Persistent doubt in ability to care for the baby or worrying excessively about the baby. […] In rare cases, some women with postpartum depression experience delusional thoughts or hallucinations, paranoia, and obsessions, and may harm their baby. This is called postpartum psychosis and requires immediate treatment. […] Postpartum depression can develop due to a combination of hormonal, environmental, emotional, and genetic factors. […] Unlike depression that is unrelated to pregnancy, postpartum depression is linked to unique hormonal changes that occur after childbirth. […] Some women who experience postpartum depression have a history of major depression prior to or during pregnancy. […] If you think you are struggling with postpartum depression, the first and most important step you can take is seeking help.

• #1 Postpartum Depression Signs – Serious Warning Signs of PPD to Look For

  https://www.postpartumdepression.org/postpartum-depression/signs/

  In addition to emotional symptoms, a woman with PPD may experience shifts in her thoughts and mentality. Here are some of the mental symptoms of postpartum depression: Inability to concentrate, Trouble remembering details, Difficulty making decisions, Doubting your ability to care for your baby, Thinking life events are too overwhelming to handle, Thinking you have failed or are inadequate, feelings of worthlessness. […] Postpartum depression also manifests physically and creates symptoms that affect the body. Physical symptoms of postpartum depression include: Changes in appetite, such as eating too much or too little, Trouble sleeping, Oversleeping, Fatigue and loss of energy, Muscle aches and pains, Headaches, Stomach pains. […] Women with postpartum depression also experience behavioral changes, to the point they may seem as though they are behaving like a different person. Here are common behavioral symptoms of postpartum depression: Acting distant from partner or spouse, Withdrawing from loved ones and social activities, Inability to form a bond with the new baby, Unwilling to care for the baby out of fear of harming them, Not being able to enjoy time with friends and family members, Not wanting to be alone with the baby, Angry behavior toward others.

• #1 Psychiatry.org – What is Perinatal Depression (formerly Postpartum)?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/peripartum-depression/what-is-peripartum-depression

  Loss of energy or increased fatigue […] Increase in purposeless physical activity (e.g., inability to still still, pacing, handwringing) or slowed movements or speech [these actions must be severe enough to be observable by others] […] Feeling worthless or guilty […] Difficulty thinking, concentrating, or making decisions […] Thoughts of death or suicide […] Crying for no reason […] Lack of interest in the baby, not feeling bonded to the baby, or feeling very anxious about/around the baby […] Feelings of being a bad mother […] Fear of harming the baby or oneself […] A person experiencing perinatal depression usually has several of these symptoms, and the symptoms and their severity may change. These symptoms may cause a postpartum person to feel isolated, guilty, or ashamed. To be diagnosed with perinatal depression, symptoms must begin during pregnancy or within one year following delivery.

• #1 Postpartum depression | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/postpartum/postpartum-depression

  Changes in your everyday life: Having little interest in things you normally like to do, Feeling tired all the time, Eating a lot more or a lot less than is normal for you, Gaining or losing weight, Having trouble sleeping or sleeping too much, Having trouble concentrating or making decisions. […] Changes in how you think about yourself or your baby: Having trouble bonding with your baby, Thinking about hurting yourself or your baby, Thinking about suicide (killing yourself). […] If you think you have signs or symptoms of PPD, call your health care provider right away. There are things you and your provider can do to help you feel better. If you’re worried about hurting yourself or your baby, call emergency services at 911. […] Yes. PPD can make it hard for you to care for yourself and your baby. This is why it’s important to treat PPD as soon as possible. If PPD is untreated: You may skip your postpartum checkups and not follow instructions from your health care provider. You may find it hard to bond with your baby. Your baby may not breastfeed long. PPD may make it hard for you and your baby to get used to breastfeeding. Breast milk is the best food for your baby through the first year of life. Your baby may not get medical care he needs. PPD may make it hard for you to take care of your baby if she’s sick. You may not see health problems in your baby that need quick attention and care. It may be hard for you to get your baby regular well-baby care, like vaccinations. Vaccinations help protect your baby from harmful infections. Your baby may have learning, behavior and development problems and mental health conditions later in life. […] If you think you have PPD, tell your provider.

• #1 Perinatal Depression – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519070/

  If left untreated, perinatal depression can interfere with the ability to care for the child. It may contribute to long-term developmental issues in the child (eg, emotional and behavioral problems). […] The symptoms above can lead to significant distress and impairment. […] The signs and symptoms of perinatal depression are identical to nonpuerperal depression with an additional history of pregnancy or childbirth. Symptoms include depressed mood, loss of interest, changes in sleep patterns, change in appetite, feelings of worthlessness, inability to concentrate, and suicidal ideation. […] A pivotal factor in the duration of perinatal depression is delayed treatment. Approximately 25% of patients with perinatal depression will have symptoms for 3 years after giving birth. […] Perinatal depression affects the parents and the infant and can lead to a chronic depressive disorder if untreated. Even if treated, perinatal depression can be a risk for future episodes of major depression. […] When untreated, perinatal depression is associated with negative consequences for those who are postpartum, including disrupted health behaviors, relationships, physiology, and parenting.

• #1

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/postnatal-depression/

  Postnatal depression is the term used for depression that some women experience during pregnancy or in the first year after having a baby. […] Symptoms may start as baby blues and then get worse. They may take some time to develop or they may come on very fast. You may develop symptoms at any point in the first year. […] Postnatal depression can last for a number of months. If not treated, it can last much longer. The earlier it is recognised, diagnosed, and treated, the quicker you will recover. […] Postnatal depression can have a broad range of symptoms. These can vary in how severe they are. […] You may be feeling sad, anxious and alone. You may be feeling guilty, irritable and angry. You may be experiencing panic attacks. You may not enjoy being with people, even your baby. […] You may have overwhelming fears, for example about your baby dying. Some mothers have recurring thoughts about harming their baby. Very few mothers ever act on this.

• #1 Postnatal Depression: Symptoms and Treatment | Pampers UK

  https://www.pampers.co.uk/newborn-baby/tips/article/what-are-the-signs-of-postpartum-depression

  If these feelings linger beyond two weeks postpartum, it could be a sign of postnatal depression and seeking help from your GP, midwife or health visitor is important. […] Recognising the signs and symptoms of postnatal depression may help you know when to seek support. […] Some common postnatal depression symptoms include: Persistent sadness or feeling low, Severe anxiety or frequent panic attacks, Intense mood swings, irritability or anger, Difficulty bonding with your baby or feeling detached from them, Feeling hopeless, guilty or inadequate, Trouble sleeping (insomnia) or sleeping too much, Constant fatigue or lack of energy, Changes in appetite, such as eating much more or much less than usual, Withdrawing from loved ones or social activities, Losing interest in things you once enjoyed, Difficulty concentrating or making decisions, Physical symptoms, like headaches or stomach problems, without a clear cause, Recurrent thoughts of self-harm, harming your baby or suicide.

• #1 Postpartum Major Depression | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/1015/p926.html

  Studies report that 25 to 50 percent of women who experience postpartum major depression will have a recurrence after a subsequent pregnancy. […] Symptoms of postpartum major depression may differ from nonpostpartum major depression. […] Women with postpartum major depression are less likely to report feeling sad, but have notable feelings of guilt or worthlessness, and a lack of enjoyment or interest in pleasurable activities. […] Up to 60 percent of women with postpartum major depression have obsessive thoughts focusing on aggression toward the infant. […] Because suicide is a leading cause of maternal death, physicians should ask women suspected of having postpartum major depression about suicidal ideation. […] The diagnosis of postpartum major depression should also include asking patients about past manic episodes.

• #1 Postnatal depression – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/post-natal-depression/overview/

  Postnatal depression can start any time in the first year after giving birth. […] If your symptoms last longer or start later, you could have postnatal depression. […] Signs that you or someone you know might be depressed include: a persistent feeling of sadness and low mood, lack of enjoyment and loss of interest in the wider world, lack of energy and feeling tired all the time, trouble sleeping at night and feeling sleepy during the day, finding it difficult to look after yourself and your baby, withdrawing from contact with other people, problems concentrating and making decisions, frightening thoughts for example, about hurting your baby. […] Many women do not realise they have postnatal depression because it can develop gradually. […] Postnatal depression can be lonely, distressing and frightening, but support and effective treatments are available. […] Unlike the „baby blues”, postnatal depression can persist for months if left untreated and in a minority of cases it can become a long-term problem.

• #1 Postpartum depression: When it starts, early warning signs, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/when-does-postpartum-depression-start

  Postpartum depression (PPD) usually occurs within 46 weeks of giving birth. It is different than baby blues, which is a common condition that usually occurs very shortly after birth. […] PPD most commonly occurs within 6 weeks of giving birth. However, according to the newest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5-TR), PPD may also begin when a person is pregnant. The manual states that PPD is any new episode of depression that begins during pregnancy or within 4 weeks of delivery. […] Some early warning signs include: feeling very sad all or most of the time, being unable to experience joy or pleasure, having symptoms similar to those of an earlier depression episode, having difficulty bonding with the baby, experiencing feelings of sadness or despair that last longer than a few days, having thoughts of self-harm.

• #1 Postpartum Depression (PPD)

  https://www.whattoexpect.com/first-year/postpartum-depression

  Postpartum depression symptoms can begin anytime within the first year after birth from right after birth to when you get your first period postpartum or wean your baby off breastfeeding. Postpartum depression symptoms tend to be both more pronounced and more enduring, lasting weeks, months, or even a year or longer. […] If you think you have postpartum depression, it’s critical that you talk about it with your practitioner, your partner and/or other loved ones. […] Left untreated, PPD can last for several months or sometimes even longer, and affect your relationship with your baby and others. […] Experts believe that untreated postpartum depression may increase the chance of a baby having language delays, increased crying and behavior problems.

• #1 Postpartum Depression Timeline – How Long Does PPD Last?

  https://www.postpartumdepression.org/postpartum-depression/timeline/

  The timeline for postpartum depression (PPD) varies among individuals. Some may experience symptoms immediately after giving birth, while others may not show signs for years. […] Postnatal depression symptoms can begin during various stages before and after childbirth. […] The symptoms of postpartum depression (PPD) vary significantly among individuals, both in their qualities and timing. […] Common symptoms of postpartum depression include mood swings, extreme feelings of sadness, overall depressed mood, feelings of worthlessness, trouble sleeping, and side effects on existing health problems. […] Most cases of postpartum depression start 1 to 6 months following childbirth. It is common for postpartum depression to begin sometime within the first 3 months after giving birth. […] Some women may not show any symptoms until 6 months following childbirth. These delayed symptoms can be shocking for many new parents to cope with.

• #1 Timing of Postpartum Depressive Symptoms

  https://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2023/23_0107.htm

  Postpartum depression is common and can last long-term. Few studies have examined depressive symptoms late (9-10 months) in the postpartum period. […] We found 7.2% of postpartum women had depressive symptoms at 9 to 10 months after giving birth, 57.4% of whom did not have postpartum depressive symptoms at 2 to 6 months after giving birth. About 3.1% had symptoms of depression at both times. […] Nearly 3 in 5 women with PDS at 9 to 10 months did not report PDS at 2 to 6 months. Screening for depression throughout the first postpartum year can identify women who are not symptomatic early in the postpartum period but later develop symptoms. […] The prevalence of PDS at 9 to 10 months was 7.2%. Of those with PDS at 9 to 10 months, 57.4% had not reported depressive symptoms at 2 to 6 months.

• #1 Postpartum depression: How long does it last?

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/271217

  Birthgivers may experience mood changes, anxiety, and tearfulness following childbirth. However, for some, these symptoms may become more persistent and severe, which could indicate postpartum, or postnatal, depression. […] Postpartum depression usually begins within the first 3 months after giving birth, according to a 2014 review of clinical studies. According to the authors, it can remain a long term problem for some women, especially if they do not receive treatment. […] Without treatment, postpartum depression can last for months or even years. However, effective treatment is available that can help women manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life. […] The researchers behind a review of studies looking at risk factors that make some women more prone than others to persistent postpartum depression found that the symptoms of postpartum depression often decreased over time. However, the results also suggested that 38% of women with postpartum depression experienced chronic symptoms and ongoing depression.

• #1 Postnatal depression – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/512

  Postnatal depression may present with symptoms of depressed mood, anhedonia, weight changes, sleep disturbance, psychomotor problems, low energy, excessive guilt, loss of confidence or self-esteem, poor concentration, or suicidal ideation. […] Episodes of postnatal depression last 3 to 6 months on average, but may last for months or even years. […] Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, depressed mood, anhedonia, decreased energy or increased fatigability, suicidal ideation, loss of confidence or self-esteem, unreasonable feelings of self-reproach or excessive and inappropriate guilt, and poor concentration. […] Other diagnostic factors include change in psychomotor activity, sleep disturbance, change in appetite, change in weight, obsessive/intrusive thoughts, significant self-harm or neglect or mistreatment of children, personal or family history of hypomania or mania, and psychotic symptoms.

• #1 Postpartum depression: How long does it last?

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/271217

  About 50% of the women who were receiving medical care for depression continued to experience symptoms more than 1 year after childbirth. […] Of those with postpartum depression who were not receiving clinical treatment, 30% still had symptoms of depression up to 3 years after giving birth. […] The symptoms of postpartum depression include: feeling sad, worried, anxious, and overwhelmed; having fears of not being able to love or look after the baby; crying more than usual; feeling moody, restless, or angry; difficulty sleeping; eating too much or too little; experiencing aches and pains, including headaches, without a clear reason; social isolation and avoiding activities that used to be enjoyable; thoughts of self-harming or harming the baby; difficulty taking care of herself, the baby, and the family; feelings of worthlessness or guilt; difficulty focusing and making decisions.

• #1 Postnatal depression | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/mental-health/postnatal-depression/

  Postnatal depression affects everyone differently. It can start at any point in the first year after giving birth. It can continue from depression in pregnancy. It may develop suddenly or gradually. […] If your symptoms last longer or start later, you could have postnatal depression. […] The main symptoms of postnatal depression include: a persistent feeling of sadness and low mood, loss of interest in the world around you, no longer enjoying things that used to give you pleasure, lack of energy and feeling tired all the time, trouble sleeping at night, feeling sleepy during the day, feeling that you’re unable to look after your baby, problems concentrating and making decisions, loss of appetite or an increased appetite (comfort eating), feeling agitated, irritable or very apathetic (you can’t be bothered), feelings of guilt, hopelessness and self-blame, difficulty bonding with your baby feeling of indifference and no sense of enjoyment in their company, frightening thoughts, for example, about hurting your baby these can be scary, but they’re very rarely acted upon, thinking about suicide and self-harm. […] These symptoms can affect your day-to-day life and your relationships with your baby, family and friends.

• #1 Postpartum Depression Vs. Postnatal Depression – Roanoke, VA

  https://ignitewellnessva.com/postpartum-depression-vs-postnatal-depression/

  Postpartum depression, also known as postpartum mood disorder, is a form of depression that occurs within the first year after giving birth. It is characterized by feelings of sadness, anxiety, and irritability that persist and interfere with daily functioning. […] One of the key challenges in recognizing postpartum depression is distinguishing it from the normal “baby blues” experienced by many new mothers. While the baby blues typically last for a few days or weeks and resolve on their own, postpartum depression persists for a longer duration and requires professional intervention. […] Some common symptoms include: Constant feelings of sadness or hopelessness: Mothers with postpartum depression may experience a deep and persistent sadness that affects their overall mood. Loss of interest in activities once enjoyed: Hobbies and activities that used to bring joy may no longer hold any appeal for mothers with postpartum depression. Changes in appetite and sleep patterns: Postpartum depression can disrupt eating and sleeping habits, leading to changes in appetite and sleep quality. Difficulty bonding with the baby: Mothers may find it challenging to form a strong emotional bond with their newborn, which can further contribute to feelings of guilt and sadness. Intense feelings of guilt or worthlessness: Postpartum depression can lead to a distorted sense of self-worth, with mothers feeling an overwhelming sense of guilt or worthlessness.

• #1 Timing of Postpartum Depression Onset May Predict Symptom Pattern – MGH Center for Women’s Mental Health

  https://womensmentalhealth.org/posts/ppd-onset-symptom-pattern/

  Postpartum depression (PPD) is a common and complicated illness, affecting about 15% of women in the perinatal period. Recent research from the PACT consortium (Postpartum Depression: Action Toward Causes and Treatment) has sought to classify the many potential subtypes of this heterogenous illness and has found emerging differences in time of onset, severity, comorbid anxiety, and suicidal ideation. […] The divergence of symptoms among women who begin to experience PPD symptoms before delivery compared to those who only experience symptoms after delivery suggests that time of onset may play an important role in treatment considerations. […] Five subtypes of perinatal depression were identified by isolating symptom patterns in women that differed in severity, time of onset, and type of symptoms:

• #1 Timing of Postpartum Depression Onset May Predict Symptom Pattern – MGH Center for Women’s Mental Health

  https://womensmentalhealth.org/posts/ppd-onset-symptom-pattern/

  Subtype 1: Severe anxious depression most typically emerged in the first trimester of pregnancy or more than 8 weeks after birth. Ninety-eight percent (98%) of women with this subtype were categorized in the moderate to severe or very severe EPDS categories (mean EPDS score 20.2) and suffered severe depression and anxiety symptoms but did not have comparably high rates of anhedonia (inability to feel pleasure). Nearly all women in this category (99%) endorsed thoughts of self-harm. […] Subtype 2: Moderate anxious depression shared a similar onset pattern as severe anxious depression. Women experienced moderate anxiety and depression symptoms (mean EPDS score 16.0), and most also endorsed thoughts of self-harm (76%). Many of these women also reported depression symptoms prior to pregnancy.

• #1 Timing of Postpartum Depression Onset May Predict Symptom Pattern – MGH Center for Women’s Mental Health

  https://womensmentalhealth.org/posts/ppd-onset-symptom-pattern/

  Subtype 3: Anxious anhedonia, like subtype 1, resulted in high rates of moderate to severe and very severe EPDS scores (mean EPDS score 19.2). Symptoms emerged most frequently within 8 weeks postpartum, with rare onset during pregnancy, and carried high anxiety and high anhedonia, but few thoughts of self-harm. […] Subtype 4: Pure anhedonia showed lower EPDS scores (mean 14.9) but about half of the women endorsed thoughts of self-harm (47%). Few women had onset during the immediate postpartum period (0-4 weeks), but otherwise time of onset was spread evenly across all pregnancy and postpartum periods of study. […] Subtype 5: Resolved depression showed an onset of symptoms during the perinatal period which had resolved at time of EPDS assessment. Symptoms typically emerged during the third trimester of pregnancy, and this subtype was characterized much lower EPDS scores (mean 4.1) than other subtypes.

• #1 Timing of Postpartum Depression Onset May Predict Symptom Pattern – MGH Center for Women’s Mental Health

  https://womensmentalhealth.org/posts/ppd-onset-symptom-pattern/

  Several clinically-important findings were also noted. During pregnancy, onset of depression symptoms in the second or third trimesters was associated with better outcomes in postpartum EPDS assessments. Conversely, onset of symptoms during the first 8 weeks of the postpartum period was associated with higher rates of severe depression (almost 4 times higher than women who reported onset during pregnancy). […] Comorbid anxiety and anhedonia were additionally associated with both pregnancy and obstetric complications.

• #1 Can men get postnatal depression? | UNICEF Europe and Central Asia

  https://www.unicef.org/eca/stories/can-men-get-postnatal-depression

  Postnatal depression in men is often misunderstood, and rarely spoken about. But it turns out it isn’t just mothers who can get postnatal depression: fathers can, too. Here’s why. […] For decades, health professionals have been aware of a condition known as postnatal, or postpartum, depression. This is a mental health condition that is similar to depression, but arises within a year of a baby’s birth. Symptoms can include feeling low or „empty”, lacking energy, and feeling little joy in what used to bring you pleasure. But it can also include behaviours like alcohol abuse or irritability, or physical symptoms, like headaches. […] Today, however, we know better. In fact, it is now estimated that around one in ten fathers experience postnatal depression. […] All of this is normal. But all of these big changes in fathers’ lives can put them at risk of developing postnatal depression, too.

• #1 Psychiatry.org – What is Perinatal Depression (formerly Postpartum)?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/peripartum-depression/what-is-peripartum-depression

  Many people with perinatal depression also experience symptoms of anxiety. One study found that nearly two-thirds of people with perinatal depression also had an anxiety disorder (Fairbrother et al 2016). […] Untreated perinatal depression is not only a problem for the individuals health and quality of life but can affect the well-being of the baby who can be born prematurely, with low birth weight. Perinatal depression can cause problems with bonding with the baby and can contribute to sleeping and feeding problems for the baby. In the longer term, children of mothers with perinatal depression are at greater risk for cognitive, emotional, developmental and verbal deficits and impaired social skills (Field 2010; Brand Brennan 2009). […] New fathers/co-parents can also experience symptoms of perinatal depression. Symptoms may include irritability, frustration, guilt, fatigue and changes in eating or sleeping, and any of the other perinatal depression symptoms listed above. An estimated 10% of fathers experience depression in the first year after their child’s birth (Paulson Bazemore 2010).

• #1 1 in 10 dads experience postpartum depression, anxiety: How to spot the signs | Your Pregnancy Matters | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/medblog/paternal-postpartum-depression/

  Postpartum depression in dads is real and just as serious as when mothers get it. Know the symptoms of paternal postpartum depression and when to get help. […] Studies show that 1 in 10 dads struggle with postpartum depression and anxiety as well. Their symptoms are slowly becoming more recognized, diagnosed, and treated. […] Women often show symptoms of postpartum depression within four to six weeks after delivery, but signs can appear as late as three months after birth. […] A 2019 meta-analysis of studies found that the highest risk of depression during pregnancy for expecting fathers occurred during the first trimester. The study also showed that postpartum depression was highest among men when the baby was 3- to 6-months-old. […] Common symptoms for paternal prenatal or postpartum depression include: Anger, sudden outbursts, or violent behavior; Increase in impulsive or risk-taking behavior, including turning to substances such as alcohol or prescription drugs; Irritability; Low motivation; Physical symptoms such as headaches, muscle aches, stomach, or digestion issues; Poor concentration; Suicidal thoughts; Withdrawing from relationships; Working a lot more or a lot less.

• #1 Male Postpartum Depression

  https://www.unitypoint.org/news-and-articles/male-postpartum-depression–unitypoint-health

  Additional risk factors include: Lack of sleep, A personal history of mental illness, A strained relationship with the spouse, Concerns or high expectations about becoming a father, Financial concerns, Fears about the changing dynamics within the family structure. […] A lot of people try to simplify postpartum depression as just the drop in hormones that women experience. […] With male postpartum depression, research suggests theres a hormone change in men in the form of changes to testosterone levels when baby is born. […] It tends to be someone else, not the father himself who identifies the depression in a new dad, Berendzen says. […] Berendzen says a male diagnosed with postpartum depression will often get help in the form of therapy and possibly medication. […] Male postpartum depression is a genuine and often overlooked condition that can significantly impact new fathers and their families. Recognizing the signssuch as irritability, detachment or increased stressis crucial for early intervention.

• #1 Can men get postnatal depression? | UNICEF Europe and Central Asia

  https://www.unicef.org/eca/stories/can-men-get-postnatal-depression

  Symptoms of male postnatal depression include: a lack of confidence, such as in their ability to be a father; avoiding caregiving activities; a feeling of being 'trapped’; withdrawal from social situations; acting indecisive, or overly rigid; irritability, anger, or cynicism; alcohol or drug use; negative parenting behaviours, such as a lack of warmth or responsiveness; physical ailments, such as stomach problems, appetite changes, or headaches; difficulty sleeping; increased partner conflict; aggression or violent behaviour. […] Men are most at risk of developing postnatal depression three to six months after birth. Fathers who are the most at risk are those who have had depression in the past, have a partner with postnatal depression, lack social support, are in a difficult or dissatisfying relationship with their partner, are unemployed or have financial difficulties, have a child with special needs, or are in poor physical health. […] An increasing number of researchers and health practitioners are urging that, while all fathers should be screened by health professionals for symptoms of postnatal depression or other mental health conditions, there should be special attention paid to dads who are most at risk.

• #1 Postpartum Depression | CAMH

  https://www.camh.ca/en/health-info/mental-illness-and-addiction-index/postpartum-depression

  Signs of depression are often missed in new mothers because significant changes in sleeping patterns, interests, cognitions, energy levels, moods and body weight are a normal part of new motherhood. […] PPD if prolonged and untreated is detrimental to the mothers health and can disrupt family relations, undermine infant-mother attachment and impair the childs long-term development. […] Treatment of PPD is generally the same as that for depression that occurs any other time in a womans life. […] The risk of having another postpartum episode may be as high as 40 per cent, with approximately 24 per cent of all recurrences occurring within the first two weeks postpartum.

• #1 Postpartum depression in Vietnam: a scoping review of symptoms, consequences, and management | BMC Women’s Health | Full Text

  https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12905-023-02519-5

  A significant number of mothers had more severe symptoms in which 37.9% of them had suicidal thoughts. […] The consequences of PPD have an impact on both the mother and her child(ren). Mothers could face a higher risk of future common mental disorders, or in some severe cases, mothers suffering from PPD may have suicidal thoughts. […] Non-psychotic PPD required proper care including timing screening, early interventions, and follow-up assessment in order not to worsen to the more severe situations. […] Follow-up after delivery and long-term management of PPD has been a significant maternal healthcare gap in Vietnam over the past decade. […] Early detection of PPD and long-term follow-up play essential roles in effective treatment of this common mood disorder.

• #1 Prognosis of Postnatal Depression | Hospital Clínic Barcelona

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/postnatal-depression/progression-of-the-disease

  The recovery from a postnatal depression is slightly slower than that of the depression in other times of the life cycle. More than 50% of the women with postnatal depression need one year to completely recover, and one in every 10 have some symptoms that will persist, particularly if they did not receive adequate treatment. […] Recovery is more difficult and longer for women that have had previous depressive episodes or during the pregnancy and in difficult socio-economic situations. […] The depressive symptoms combined with extreme tiredness and the workload of caring for the newborn child can result in an adaptive overexertion that can exacerbate the depressive symptoms and compromise maternal skills. […] The depressive symptoms can interfere in the establishment and maintenance of the bond between the mother and her baby.

• #1 Prognosis of Postnatal Depression | Hospital Clínic Barcelona

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/postnatal-depression/progression-of-the-disease

  The alterations of the mother-baby bonding may represent a risk of developing a psychiatric illness in the child that could remain until adolescence. […] Furthermore, postnatal depression, particularly if it is severe and/or has become chronic, has a negative impact on the cognitive, emotional, and behavioural development of the children. The exposure to maternal depression in the first years of life is a risk factor for neurodevelopment. This impact, however, is not irreversible. The cognitive effects can improve with adequate treatment of the PND.

• #1 Postpartum depression – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_depression

  PPD may last several months or even a year. […] Postpartum depression can interfere with normal maternal-infant bonding and adversely affect acute and long-term child development. […] Infants of mothers with PPD have higher incidences of excess crying, temperamental issues, and sleeping difficulties. […] Children and infants of PPD-affected mothers experience negative long-term impacts on their cognitive functioning, inhibitory control, and emotional regulation. […] Postpartum depression affects 8 to 10% of fathers. […] Symptoms of postpartum depression in men are extreme sadness, fatigue, anxiety, irritability, and suicidal thoughts. […] Postpartum depression in men leads to an increased risk of suicide, while also limiting healthy infant-father attachment. […] Postpartum depression may also be experienced by non-biological parents.

• #1 Postpartum depression: How long does it last?

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/271217

  Postpartum depression can affect the early relationship between a mother and her child. […] According to the Office on Womens Health, a child may experience the following if their mother has untreated depression: problems with learning and language development; behavioral issues; more frequent crying; agitation and stress; growth problems; a higher risk of obesity; difficulty adjusting to social situations and school life. […] Postpartum depression affects many women after delivery. Without treatment, it can persist for months or even years. However, treatment can help relieve symptoms and improve quality of life.

• #1 Postpartum Depression Timeline – How Long Does PPD Last?

  https://www.postpartumdepression.org/postpartum-depression/timeline/

  Less commonly, women report symptoms of postpartum depression long after childbirth. Sometimes, women may experience postpartum depression after the first year and up to 4 years after delivering their child. […] The progression toward recovery depends on how soon the mother receives appropriate treatment from a mental health professional. […] Women who don’t get treatment for their postpartum depression may experience chronic symptoms up to four years after childbirth. […] Several factors can determine the postpartum depression timeline for recovery. […] These factors can affect how soon a woman will recover from her PPD symptoms. […] Following a well-designed postpartum depression treatment plan and practicing self-care are critical factors in achieving full recovery. […] The sooner a woman or her family identifies signs of postpartum depression, the sooner she can receive treatment. […] Following a postpartum depression treatment plan can limit the impact of PPD, reduce how long postpartum depression lasts, and speed up recovery time.

• #1

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/postnatal-depression/

• #1 Postpartum depression | Description, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, & Treatment | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/postpartum-depression

  The strongest predictors of postpartum depression are a previous history of depression before or during pregnancy, poor marital relationship, lack of social support, and stressful life events, including major events and ongoing child-care stressors. […] Infants whose mothers are depressed have an elevated risk for emotional, cognitive, and behavioral difficulties, although the risk is lessened if the episode is relatively brief. […] Studies have provided evidence that psychoeducation, supportive group therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy are effective in treating postpartum depression.

• #1 Postpartum depression – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_depression

  The cause of PPD is unknown. […] The risk factors for postpartum depression can be broken down into two categories as listed above, biological and psychosocial. […] The psychosocial risk factors for postpartum depression include severe life events, some forms of chronic strain, relationship quality, and support from partner and mother. […] Rates of PPD have been shown to decrease as income increases. […] Studies in the US have also shown a correlation between a mother’s race and postpartum depression. […] The high prevalence of postpartum depression in the region may be attributed to socio-economic and cultural factors involving social and partner support, poverty, and prevailing societal views on pregnancy and motherhood. […] The criteria required for the diagnosis of postpartum depression are the same as those required to make a diagnosis of non-childbirth-related major depression or minor depression.

• #1 Postpartum Major Depression | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/1015/p926.html

  Postpartum major depression is a disorder that is often unrecognized and must be distinguished from baby blues. […] Some women with postpartum major depression may experience suicidal ideation or obsessive thoughts of harming their infants, but they are reluctant to volunteer this information unless asked directly. […] The term postpartum depression commonly includes major and minor depression, which differ in severity and prognosis, and have a combined incidence of 7 to 15 percent in the first three months postpartum. […] The overall incidence of postpartum major depression is 5 to 7 percent in the first three months, suggesting that postpartum women have rates of major depression similar to those in the general population. […] The strongest risk factor is a history of postpartum major depression with a previous pregnancy.

• #1 Postpartum depression – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/postpartum-depression/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376623

  Postpartum depression is often treated with psychotherapy also called talk therapy or mental health counseling medicine or both. […] With appropriate treatment, postpartum depression symptoms usually improve. In some cases, postpartum depression can continue and become long term, which is called chronic depression. It’s important to continue treatment after you begin to feel better. Stopping treatment too early may lead to a relapse.

• #1 Perinatal Depression – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/perinatal-depression

  Women who experience any of these symptoms should see a health care provider. A provider can determine whether the symptoms are due to perinatal depression or something else. […] Treating perinatal depression is critical for the health of the mother and her baby, as the disorder can have serious effects on both. However, with proper treatment, most women feel better and their symptoms improve. […] Treatment for perinatal depression usually includes therapy, medication, or a combination of therapy and medication. […] Several types of psychotherapy (also called talk therapy or counseling) can help women with perinatal depression by teaching them new ways of thinking and behaving and helping them change habits that contribute to depression. […] Medications used for depression (antidepressants) can effectively treat perinatal depression when used alone or in combination with psychotherapy. Antidepressants work by changing how the brain produces or uses certain chemicals involved in mood or stress.

• #1 Postpartum Major Depression | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/1015/p926.html

  The most commonly used psychotherapy modalities are interpersonal therapy and cognitive behavior therapy. […] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have become the mainstay of treatment for moderate to severe postpartum major depression because of their favorable adverse effect profiles and relative safety in overdose compared with tricyclic antidepressants. […] No evidence suggests that one antidepressant is superior to others in treating postpartum major depression. […] Because postpartum women may have increased sensitivity to adverse effects of medications, a reasonable strategy is to start at low dosages for the first four days and then titrate up. […] The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale can be used to monitor progress over time.

• #1 About Perinatal Mental Health | Postpartum Support International (PSI)SearchFacebookInstagram-1PinterestLinkedinVimeoYoutube-playScroll to top

  https://postpartum.net/perinatal-mental-health/

  Perinatal depression is treatable, and there are many options to consider when looking for the correct treatment option. You should consult your doctor or therapist, to find the right plan for you. Some may include: Social Support & Practical Help: including activities like prioritizing sleep, time for self, reading, podcasts, meditation, asking for help & support groups. Mental Health Counseling: Evidence-based therapy types may include CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy) & IPT (Interpersonal Psychotherapy), but others may be an option. […] Perinatal PTSD is treatable, and help is available. You do not need a diagnosis to reach out for help. […] Symptoms of perinatal PTSD might include: Flashback of a past traumatic event (which in this case may have been the childbirth itself), Nightmares, Avoidance of reminders associated with the event, including thoughts, feelings, people, places and details of the event, Persistent increased arousal (irritability, difficulty sleeping, hypervigilance, exaggerated startle response), Anxiety and panic attacks, Feeling a sense of unreality and detachment, Avoidance of aftercare following a birth trauma.

• #1 Postnatal depression – COPE

  https://www.cope.org.au/new-parents/postnatal-mental-health-conditions/postnatal-depression/

  If your symptoms are moderate to severe, then you may require medication to help provide relief from some of the symptoms of postnatal depression. […] Electroconvulsive therapy or ECT, is a specialist treatment that involves activating electro-currents to the brain. It can relieve a range of severe symptoms of postnatal depression and is generally prescribed if your postnatal depression is severe and medications are not having a positive effect.

• #1 Perinatal Depression – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/perinatal-depression

  Antidepressants take time—usually 4 to 8 weeks—to work. Problems with sleep, appetite, and concentration often improve before mood lifts. It is important to give a medication a chance to work before deciding whether it is right for you. You may need to try several medications to find the best one. […] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved a medication called brexanolone specifically to treat severe postpartum depression. Brexanolone, which is administered through an IV during a brief hospital stay, appears to work differently than traditional antidepressants by rapidly altering a brain chemical that may play an important role in regulating the body’s vulnerability to depression and anxiety. […] More recently, the FDA approved a pill called zuranolone as the first oral medication for postpartum depression in adults. Zuranolone acts on similar brain receptors to brexanolone. In clinical trials, the pill reduced depressive symptoms in women with severe postpartum depression more quickly than traditional antidepressants.

• #1 Postpartum Depression – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/womens-health/postpartum-depression-a-to-z

  Usually, symptoms of postpartum depression last for a few weeks before the condition is diagnosed. Without treatment, symptoms can last for months. With treatment, many women feel better within weeks. […] Most mothers with postpartum depression recover completely. This is especially true if the illness is diagnosed and treated early. About 50% of women who recover from postpartum depression develop the illness again after future pregnancies. To decrease this risk, some doctors suggest that women with a history of postpartum depression should start antidepressants immediately after the baby is delivered, before the onset of depression symptoms.

• #1 Postpartum Depression (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/ppd.html

  Although it is very rare, some women have very serious symptoms such as: thoughts of hurting the baby or themselves; hearing voices, seeing things that are not there, or feeling paranoid (very worried, suspicious, or mistrustful). […] Treatment works well for most women with postpartum depression. Within a few weeks, most women feel more like themselves and can start enjoying life’s pleasures again.

• #1 Postnatal Depression: Causes and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/postnatal-depression-pro

  Postnatal depression (PND) refers to the development of a depressive illness following childbirth and may form part of a bipolar or, more usually, a unipolar illness. […] PND presents with the same symptoms as those of depression in other circumstances. However, take into account that some of the symptoms associated with depression can be normal in the early postnatal period (sleep disturbance, tiredness, anxiety about the baby). Symptoms of depression include: Low mood. Loss of enjoyment and pleasure. Anxiety. Disturbed sleep. Loss of appetite. Poor concentration. Low self-esteem. Worthlessness and inappropriate feelings of guilt. Low energy levels. Loss of libido. Thoughts of death/suicidal thoughts. […] Depression occurring postnatally is often self-limiting within a few months; however, about one third of women are still unwell one year after childbirth, and about 13% after two years.

• #1 Postpartum Depression | Brown University Health

  https://www.brownhealth.org/centers-services/multidisciplinary-obstetric-medicine-service-moms/postpartum-depression

  If you have any symptoms of depression, call your doctor to set up an appointment to discuss your issues and treatment options. […] It’s important to call your doctor as soon as possible if your depression symptoms exhibit any of these features: Remain after two weeks, Are worsening over time, Make it hard for you to care for your baby, Make it hard to complete everyday tasks, Include thoughts of harming yourself or your baby.

• #1 What is postpartum depression? | UNICEF Parenting

  https://www.unicef.org/parenting/mental-health/what-postpartum-depression

  The symptoms of postnatal depression are similar to the symptoms of depression. They include: feeling sad or low, being unable to enjoy things that normally bring you pleasure, tiredness or loss of energy, poor concentration or attention span, low self-esteem and self-confidence, disturbed sleep, even when your baby is asleep, changes in appetite. […] You may feel detached from your baby or partner, and even have thoughts of hurting yourself or your baby. […] If any of your symptoms are becoming stronger after two weeks or lasting more than two weeks, you should consider seeking support. […] There are many trustworthy medical professionals who will respond to your questions confidentially and with kindness.

• #1 Postpartum Major Depression | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/1015/p926.html

  A diagnosis of major depressive disorder requires the presence of five key symptoms that last at least two weeks and impair normal function. […] The diagnosis of postpartum major depression should be strongly considered in women who score above 12 on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, experience symptoms that cause moderate to severe social dysfunction, report any suicidal ideation, or experience symptoms for more than 10 days. […] Many women with postpartum major depression have no psychiatric history and may be reluctant to volunteer symptoms or to seek help. […] The shame and guilt associated with these intrusive images or thoughts can reduce the likelihood of divulging this symptom. […] A woman who has active suicidal ideation or thoughts that her child or family would benefit from her death requires emergent psychiatric evaluation and possible hospitalization.

• #2 Postpartum Depression | Brown University Health

  https://www.brownhealth.org/centers-services/multidisciplinary-obstetric-medicine-service-moms/postpartum-depression

  Postpartum depression can develop any time during the first year after birth, but it most commonly affects mothers during the first three weeks after birth. […] Postpartum depression symptoms are prolonged and severe. If you experience strong negative feelings, such as sadness, hopelessness, and lack of interest, that interfere with daily life and last for prolonged periods of time for weeks or even months you may have postpartum depression. […] Symptoms usually develop within the first few weeks after giving birth, but may begin up to six months after birth. You may have postpartum depression if you experience the following symptoms for most of the day, every day, for at least two consecutive weeks: Feelings of extreme sadness, emptiness, or hopelessness […] Difficulty bonding or forming an emotional attachment with the baby

• #2 Postpartum depression – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/postpartum-depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20376617

  Most new moms experience postpartum „baby blues” after childbirth, which commonly include mood swings, crying spells, anxiety and difficulty sleeping. […] But some new moms experience a more severe, long-lasting form of depression known as postpartum depression. […] Postpartum depression may be mistaken for baby blues at first but the symptoms are more intense and last longer. These may eventually interfere with your ability to care for your baby and handle other daily tasks. Symptoms usually develop within the first few weeks after giving birth. But they may begin earlier during pregnancy or later up to a year after birth. […] Postpartum depression symptoms may include: Depressed mood or severe mood swings, Crying too much, Difficulty bonding with your baby, Withdrawing from family and friends, Loss of appetite or eating much more than usual, Inability to sleep, called insomnia, or sleeping too much, Overwhelming tiredness or loss of energy, Less interest and pleasure in activities you used to enjoy, Intense irritability and anger, Fear that you’re not a good mother, Hopelessness, Feelings of worthlessness, shame, guilt or inadequacy, Reduced ability to think clearly, concentrate or make decisions, Restlessness, Severe anxiety and panic attacks, Thoughts of harming yourself or your baby, Recurring thoughts of death or suicide. […] Untreated, postpartum depression may last for many months or longer.

• #2 Perinatal Depression – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519070/

  Perinatal depression is a prevalent and potentially severe mood disorder that affects approximately 1 in 7 people during pregnancy or within the first year after childbirth. […] Unlike the transient „postpartum blues,” perinatal depression is more severe, often manifesting as persistent sadness, low self-esteem, sleep disturbances, anxiety, and difficulties bonding with the baby. […] Depression symptoms, including persistent sadness, lack of interest, low self-esteem, sleep disturbances, loss of appetite, anxiety, irritability with a hostile attitude towards infants, self-blame, and feelings of humiliation characterize perinatal depression. People with perinatal depression may also experience changes in sleeping and eating patterns, difficulty bonding with their baby, and feelings of hopelessness or worthlessness.

• #2 Postpartum Depression Signs – Serious Warning Signs of PPD to Look For

  https://www.postpartumdepression.org/postpartum-depression/signs/

  Sometimes, these milder baby blues symptoms do not fade and instead intensify or worsen within three to four weeks following pregnancy. When women experience increased or ongoing symptoms, this could be an indication of postpartum depression or even postpartum psychosis. More severe symptoms of postpartum depression include: Excessive crying, Panic attacks, Loss of appetite, Insomnia, Loss of energy and motivation, Withdrawal and isolation, Severe mood swings, Thoughts of harming the baby or yourself. […] Postpartum depression symptoms can manifest in multiple ways and forms, affecting women emotionally, mentally, physically, and behaviorally. During postpartum depression, also known as perinatal depression, women most commonly experience emotional symptoms that affect their feelings. These emotional symptoms include: Excessive and uncontrollable crying, Persistent feelings of sadness and hopelessness, Feeling numb or empty, Extremes in mood swings, Irritability and restlessness, Feeling anger and rage, Becoming easily frustrated, Feeling anxious and afraid, Feeling guilt and shame.

• #2 Postpartum Depression Signs – Serious Warning Signs of PPD to Look For

  https://www.postpartumdepression.org/postpartum-depression/signs/

  In addition to emotional symptoms, a woman with PPD may experience shifts in her thoughts and mentality. Here are some of the mental symptoms of postpartum depression: Inability to concentrate, Trouble remembering details, Difficulty making decisions, Doubting your ability to care for your baby, Thinking life events are too overwhelming to handle, Thinking you have failed or are inadequate, feelings of worthlessness. […] Postpartum depression also manifests physically and creates symptoms that affect the body. Physical symptoms of postpartum depression include: Changes in appetite, such as eating too much or too little, Trouble sleeping, Oversleeping, Fatigue and loss of energy, Muscle aches and pains, Headaches, Stomach pains. […] Women with postpartum depression also experience behavioral changes, to the point they may seem as though they are behaving like a different person. Here are common behavioral symptoms of postpartum depression: Acting distant from partner or spouse, Withdrawing from loved ones and social activities, Inability to form a bond with the new baby, Unwilling to care for the baby out of fear of harming them, Not being able to enjoy time with friends and family members, Not wanting to be alone with the baby, Angry behavior toward others.

• #2 What is postpartum depression? | UNICEF Parenting

  https://www.unicef.org/parenting/mental-health/what-postpartum-depression

  Having a new baby brings on a lot of big feelings – love, joy, excitement, frustration, and nervousness to name a few. […] But for many, feelings of depression and anxiety can overshadow the celebration of welcoming your new family member. […] Postpartum depression or postnatal depression is different from the baby blues. It usually occurs two to eight weeks after giving birth but can happen up to a year after the baby is born. […] Feelings of intense anxiety are also a common feature of postpartum depression. […] Some symptoms of postpartum depression to look out for include feeling overwhelmed, persistent crying, lack of bonding with your baby and doubting your ability to care for yourself and your baby. […] Another warning sign for postpartum depression is not being able to sleep, even when your baby is sleeping.

• #2 8 Early Warning Signs of Postpartum Depression

  https://www.webmd.com/depression/postpartum-depression/early-warning-signs-postpartum-depression

  Your strong emotions after childbirth don’t get better. It’s common to have a dip in mood during your baby’s first 2 weeks. After that, you should feel better. But if you’re still sad or even hopeless weeks later and the feelings are growing stronger, that’s more than the early emotions that are more common after childbirth. […] Sadness or guilt take over your thoughts. Some parents may feel upset every so often. But if you have frequent crying spells, or you often feel unhappy about being a parent, or you’re often „down on yourself” as a parent, these may be among the first signs of postpartum depression. […] You lose interest and motivation to do things you enjoy. If you notice a change in your interest in doing certain activities you used to do before you were pregnant and had your baby, you may be experiencing postpartum depression.

• #2

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/postnatal-depression/

  Postnatal depression is the term used for depression that some women experience during pregnancy or in the first year after having a baby. […] Symptoms may start as baby blues and then get worse. They may take some time to develop or they may come on very fast. You may develop symptoms at any point in the first year. […] Postnatal depression can last for a number of months. If not treated, it can last much longer. The earlier it is recognised, diagnosed, and treated, the quicker you will recover. […] Postnatal depression can have a broad range of symptoms. These can vary in how severe they are. […] You may be feeling sad, anxious and alone. You may be feeling guilty, irritable and angry. You may be experiencing panic attacks. You may not enjoy being with people, even your baby. […] You may have overwhelming fears, for example about your baby dying. Some mothers have recurring thoughts about harming their baby. Very few mothers ever act on this.

• #2

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/postnatal-depression/

  Other symptoms of postnatal depression include: loss of appetite, poor concentration, tiredness all the time, problems sleeping, being agitated, crying easily. […] Feelings and thoughts you might experience include: feeling inadequate, feeling panicked, feeling rejected by your baby, worrying a lot about your baby. […] You have symptoms of postnatal depression that have lasted for more than 2 weeks. […] Your family and friends may notice that you have postnatal depression before you do. If they mention this to you, take it seriously and seek help from your GP or public health nurse.

• #2 Postnatal depression (PND) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/postnatal-depression-pnd

  New parents can develop postnatal depression (PND) within the first few months after the arrival of their newborn baby. […] PND is a depression that comes on within 12 months of having a baby, usually during the first few weeks or months. It can start slowly or suddenly, and can range from very mild and transient, to severe and lingering. […] The symptoms of antenatal and postnatal depression depend on the severity of the depression, but may include: low self-esteem, feelings of inadequacy and guilt, tearfulness, sleeping difficulties, panic attacks. […] The range of symptoms experienced depends on the severity of the depression, and may include: depressed or sad mood, tearfulness, low self-esteem and lack of confidence, feelings of inadequacy and guilt, negative thoughts, feeling that life is meaningless, feeling unable to cope, tearfulness and irritability, difficulty sleeping or changes in sleeping patterns, low sex drive, anxiety, panic attacks or heart palpitations, loss of appetite, difficulty concentrating or remembering things, loss of interest in usual activities.

• #2 Psychiatry.org – What is Perinatal Depression (formerly Postpartum)?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/peripartum-depression/what-is-peripartum-depression

  Loss of energy or increased fatigue […] Increase in purposeless physical activity (e.g., inability to still still, pacing, handwringing) or slowed movements or speech [these actions must be severe enough to be observable by others] […] Feeling worthless or guilty […] Difficulty thinking, concentrating, or making decisions […] Thoughts of death or suicide […] Crying for no reason […] Lack of interest in the baby, not feeling bonded to the baby, or feeling very anxious about/around the baby […] Feelings of being a bad mother […] Fear of harming the baby or oneself […] A person experiencing perinatal depression usually has several of these symptoms, and the symptoms and their severity may change. These symptoms may cause a postpartum person to feel isolated, guilty, or ashamed. To be diagnosed with perinatal depression, symptoms must begin during pregnancy or within one year following delivery.

• #2 Postpartum depression: How long does it last?

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/271217

  About 50% of the women who were receiving medical care for depression continued to experience symptoms more than 1 year after childbirth. […] Of those with postpartum depression who were not receiving clinical treatment, 30% still had symptoms of depression up to 3 years after giving birth. […] The symptoms of postpartum depression include: feeling sad, worried, anxious, and overwhelmed; having fears of not being able to love or look after the baby; crying more than usual; feeling moody, restless, or angry; difficulty sleeping; eating too much or too little; experiencing aches and pains, including headaches, without a clear reason; social isolation and avoiding activities that used to be enjoyable; thoughts of self-harming or harming the baby; difficulty taking care of herself, the baby, and the family; feelings of worthlessness or guilt; difficulty focusing and making decisions.

• #2 Postnatal depression – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/512

  Postnatal depression may present with symptoms of depressed mood, anhedonia, weight changes, sleep disturbance, psychomotor problems, low energy, excessive guilt, loss of confidence or self-esteem, poor concentration, or suicidal ideation. […] Episodes of postnatal depression last 3 to 6 months on average, but may last for months or even years. […] Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, depressed mood, anhedonia, decreased energy or increased fatigability, suicidal ideation, loss of confidence or self-esteem, unreasonable feelings of self-reproach or excessive and inappropriate guilt, and poor concentration. […] Other diagnostic factors include change in psychomotor activity, sleep disturbance, change in appetite, change in weight, obsessive/intrusive thoughts, significant self-harm or neglect or mistreatment of children, personal or family history of hypomania or mania, and psychotic symptoms.

• #2 Postpartum Depression: Symptoms, Causes, Risks, Types, Tests, Professional and Self-Care

  https://www.webmd.com/depression/postpartum-depression

  Postpartum depression (PPD) is a complex mix of physical, emotional, and behavioral changes that happen in some women after giving birth. According to the DSM-5, a manual used to diagnose mental disorders, PPD is a form of major depression that begins within 4 weeks after delivery. The diagnosis of postpartum depression is based not only on the length of time between delivery and onset but on the severity of the depression. […] Symptoms of postpartum depression can be hard to detect. Many women have these symptoms following childbirth: Trouble sleeping, Appetite changes, Severe fatigue, Lower libido, Frequent mood changes. […] With PPD, these come along with other symptoms of major depression, which aren’t typical after childbirth, and may include: Being uninterested in your baby or feeling like you’re not bonding with them, Crying all the time, often for no reason, Depressed mood, Severe anger and crankiness, Loss of pleasure, Feelings of worthlessness, hopelessness, and helplessness, Thoughts of death or suicide, Thoughts of hurting someone else, Trouble concentrating or making decisions.

• #2 Postnatal depression – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/post-natal-depression/overview/

  Postnatal depression can start any time in the first year after giving birth. […] If your symptoms last longer or start later, you could have postnatal depression. […] Signs that you or someone you know might be depressed include: a persistent feeling of sadness and low mood, lack of enjoyment and loss of interest in the wider world, lack of energy and feeling tired all the time, trouble sleeping at night and feeling sleepy during the day, finding it difficult to look after yourself and your baby, withdrawing from contact with other people, problems concentrating and making decisions, frightening thoughts for example, about hurting your baby. […] Many women do not realise they have postnatal depression because it can develop gradually. […] Postnatal depression can be lonely, distressing and frightening, but support and effective treatments are available. […] Unlike the „baby blues”, postnatal depression can persist for months if left untreated and in a minority of cases it can become a long-term problem.

• #2 About Perinatal Mental Health | Postpartum Support International (PSI)SearchFacebookInstagram-1PinterestLinkedinVimeoYoutube-playScroll to top

  https://postpartum.net/perinatal-mental-health/

  Perinatal depression, including postpartum depression, occurs more often than most people realize. Studies show that 1 in 5 women and 1 in 10 men may experience depression and anxiety during the perinatal period. However, the numbers are likely higher and increase for high-stress parenting groups. […] It is important to know the signs and symptoms of Perinatal Depression. Perinatal Depression is treatable, and help is available. You do not need a diagnosis to reach out for help. […] Symptoms can start anytime during the perinatal period and they may differ for each person. They might include the following: Feelings of anger, irritability and/or rage, Lack of interest in the baby, Disturbances of sleep and appetite, Crying and sadness, Feelings of guilt, shame or hopelessness, Loss of interest, joy or pleasure in things you used to enjoy, Possible thoughts of harming the baby or yourself.

• #2 Postpartum Depression – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/womens-health/postpartum-depression-a-to-z

  Postpartum depression is a different matter. It affects up to 15% of new mothers. It may begin at any time in the first two to three months after giving birth. The mother feels sad or hopeless and sometimes guilty or worthless. She is unable to concentrate and unable to take any interest in anything, even the baby. In some cases, the mother may feel overwhelmed by the baby’s needs and become intensely anxious. This may lead to persistent troubling thoughts or obsessions about the baby’s well-being and compulsive repetitive actions, such as checking on the baby constantly or phoning the pediatrician repeatedly to ask questions. […] A woman with postpartum depression can have any of the following symptoms: feeling depressed, with tearfulness or crying spells; feeling anxious, sometimes with obsessions and compulsions, often about the baby’s welfare or about being able to carry out responsibilities as a mother; feeling hopeless, worthless, or guilty; feeling irritable or burdened; losing interest or pleasure in all activities, including pleasure in being a mother; changes in appetite (either overeating or not eating enough); sleep problems (for example, difficulty falling asleep or waking especially early); appearing slowed or agitated; extreme exhaustion beyond the normal fatigue caused by caring for a newborn; poor concentration or indecisiveness; persistent thoughts about death, including suicide; difficulty caring for the baby. These symptoms may develop in the first days after birth or as long as three months later.

• #2 8 Signs of Postpartum Depression You Can’t Ignore – Bold Health

  https://boldhealthinc.com/8-signs-of-postpartum-depression-you-cant-ignore/

  While breastfeeding moms need more calories to nourish their babies properly, frequently eating past the point of fullness is one of the signs of postpartum depression people often ignore. […] If you notice significant weight loss or gain after giving birth, it may be PPD. […] One of the signs of postpartum depression that may catch you off guard is when you find yourself having intrusive, disturbing thoughts. […] These types of thoughts are a big red flag of postpartum depression. […] It’s crucial to note that just because you have these intrusive thoughts does not make you a bad mother. […] Perhaps you thought it would be easy to connect with your newborn. […] Postpartum depression is the culprit of this unfortunate lack of interest in your baby. […] One of the surprising signs of postpartum depression is a feeling of emptiness.

• #2 8 Early Warning Signs of Postpartum Depression

  https://www.webmd.com/depression/postpartum-depression/early-warning-signs-postpartum-depression

  You lose motivation, energy, and interest in your baby. If you notice a change in how active you’re able to be or if you have a decrease in interest in your baby or feel like you don’t want your baby, talk to your doctor as soon as possible. This is another symptom of postpartum depression. […] You think about harming yourself or your baby. Thoughts of suicide, or hurting yourself or your baby, are advanced signs of postpartum depression and even postpartum psychosis, a rare and serious mental illness that happens with postpartum depression. If you’re having any kind of suicidal thoughts, you’re in crisis and need to call your doctor or the Suicide Crisis Lifeline at 988 immediately to get help. […] Some warning signs you may have postpartum depression include: Your depression becomes stronger over time. Your strong emotions last for more than 2 weeks. You have trouble taking care of your baby. It’s difficult to handle normal daily tasks. You have thoughts about hurting yourself or your baby.

• #2 Postpartum Depression (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/ppd.html

  Although it is very rare, some women have very serious symptoms such as: thoughts of hurting the baby or themselves; hearing voices, seeing things that are not there, or feeling paranoid (very worried, suspicious, or mistrustful). […] Treatment works well for most women with postpartum depression. Within a few weeks, most women feel more like themselves and can start enjoying life’s pleasures again.

• #2 Postnatal depression | Mental Health Foundation

  https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/explore-mental-health/a-z-topics/postnatal-depression

  You may feel detached from your baby or partner. You may even have thoughts of hurting yourself or your baby. It can be very frightening to have thoughts of harming your baby but remember, this doesnt mean youre actually going to hurt them. […] There are many reasons why someone can develop postnatal depression. These include: previous mental health problems, hormonal changes during and after pregnancy, your circumstances: for example, a lack of social support, stressful living conditions, losing your job, bereavement, childhood experiences such as abuse, neglect or trauma. […] For many people, a combination of factors causes postnatal depression. […] If you have symptoms of postnatal depression, speak to your GP, health visitor and/or midwife. Its never too late to seek help: you can feel better even if youve had symptoms for a long time.

• #2 Postpartum depression: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007215.htm

  Postpartum depression is moderate to severe depression in a woman after she has given birth. It may occur soon after delivery or up to a year later. Most of the time, it occurs within the first 3 months after delivery. […] Feelings of anxiety, irritation, tearfulness, and restlessness are common in the week or two after you have your baby. These postpartum feelings are often called the „baby blues.” They almost always go away soon, without the need for treatment. […] Postpartum depression may occur when the baby blues do not fade away or when signs

• #2 Psychiatry.org – What is Perinatal Depression (formerly Postpartum)?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/peripartum-depression/what-is-peripartum-depression

  Perinatal depression refers to depression occurring during pregnancy or after childbirth. The use of the term perinatal recognizes that depression associated with having a baby often begins during pregnancy. (Postpartum depression refers to depression experienced after childbirth.) […] Perinatal depression is a serious, but treatable medical illness involving feelings of extreme sadness, indifference and/or anxiety, as well as changes in energy, sleep, and appetite. It carries risks for the mother and child. An estimated one in seven women experiences perinatal depression (Dave, et al 2010). […] Symptoms of perinatal depression include (APA2022): […] Feeling sad or having a depressed mood […] Loss of interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed […] Changes in appetite […] Trouble sleeping or sleeping too much

• #2 Timing of Postpartum Depressive Symptoms

  https://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2023/23_0107.htm

  Postpartum depression is common and can last long-term. Few studies have examined depressive symptoms late (9-10 months) in the postpartum period. […] We found 7.2% of postpartum women had depressive symptoms at 9 to 10 months after giving birth, 57.4% of whom did not have postpartum depressive symptoms at 2 to 6 months after giving birth. About 3.1% had symptoms of depression at both times. […] Nearly 3 in 5 women with PDS at 9 to 10 months did not report PDS at 2 to 6 months. Screening for depression throughout the first postpartum year can identify women who are not symptomatic early in the postpartum period but later develop symptoms. […] The prevalence of PDS at 9 to 10 months was 7.2%. Of those with PDS at 9 to 10 months, 57.4% had not reported depressive symptoms at 2 to 6 months.

• #2 Delayed postpartum depression: What you should know

  https://flo.health/being-a-mom/recovering-from-birth/emotions-after-delivery/how-to-identify-and-treat-delayed-postpartum-depression

  Delayed postpartum depression is a mood disorder that can affect new parents up to a year after their baby is born. […] If your symptoms include crying spells, mood swings, anxiety, guilt, or sadness up to one year after giving birth, then these symptoms match those of delayed postpartum depression, and you should get help. […] Postpartum depression typically develops within the first few weeks after giving birth, but it can start anytime during your child’s first year. The onset of PPD can be delayed. […] Postpartum depression symptoms usually develop within one to three weeks after giving birth, but they can start anytime during pregnancy and up to the first year postpartum. […] Postpartum depression can be delayed and start at six months. If you experience symptoms of depression at any time, reach out to your doctor.

• #2 Timing of Postpartum Depressive Symptoms

  https://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2023/23_0107.htm

  More than half of women with PDS at 9 to 10 months (57.0%) reported having prior depression (before or during pregnancy). Notably, more than half (57.4%) of women with PDS at 9 to 10 months did not report depressive symptoms earlier in the postpartum period (i.e., at 2-6 months). […] Our findings, that more than half of women with PDS at 9 to 10 months did not report symptoms earlier in the postpartum period and that 3 in 5 women with PDS at 9 to 10 months had comorbid anxiety symptoms, underscore the importance of screening for depression, anxiety, and substance use throughout the perinatal period.

• #2 How Long Does Postpartum Depression (PPD) Last?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/depression/how-long-does-postpartum-depression-last

  If it’s been more than 2 weeks since your baby was born, and you are experiencing feelings of sadness and fatigue and are having difficulty bonding with your baby it’s possible you may have PPD. […] For some people, PPD can last for several months or longer. Depression affects your whole body not just your brain and it takes time to feel like yourself again. You can recover faster by getting help for your PPD as soon as possible.

• #2 Postpartum depression: How long does it last?

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/271217

  Birthgivers may experience mood changes, anxiety, and tearfulness following childbirth. However, for some, these symptoms may become more persistent and severe, which could indicate postpartum, or postnatal, depression. […] Postpartum depression usually begins within the first 3 months after giving birth, according to a 2014 review of clinical studies. According to the authors, it can remain a long term problem for some women, especially if they do not receive treatment. […] Without treatment, postpartum depression can last for months or even years. However, effective treatment is available that can help women manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life. […] The researchers behind a review of studies looking at risk factors that make some women more prone than others to persistent postpartum depression found that the symptoms of postpartum depression often decreased over time. However, the results also suggested that 38% of women with postpartum depression experienced chronic symptoms and ongoing depression.

• #2 Timing of Postpartum Depression Onset May Predict Symptom Pattern – MGH Center for Women’s Mental Health

  https://womensmentalhealth.org/posts/ppd-onset-symptom-pattern/

  Subtype 1: Severe anxious depression most typically emerged in the first trimester of pregnancy or more than 8 weeks after birth. Ninety-eight percent (98%) of women with this subtype were categorized in the moderate to severe or very severe EPDS categories (mean EPDS score 20.2) and suffered severe depression and anxiety symptoms but did not have comparably high rates of anhedonia (inability to feel pleasure). Nearly all women in this category (99%) endorsed thoughts of self-harm. […] Subtype 2: Moderate anxious depression shared a similar onset pattern as severe anxious depression. Women experienced moderate anxiety and depression symptoms (mean EPDS score 16.0), and most also endorsed thoughts of self-harm (76%). Many of these women also reported depression symptoms prior to pregnancy.

• #2 Timing of Postpartum Depression Onset May Predict Symptom Pattern – MGH Center for Women’s Mental Health

  https://womensmentalhealth.org/posts/ppd-onset-symptom-pattern/

  Subtype 3: Anxious anhedonia, like subtype 1, resulted in high rates of moderate to severe and very severe EPDS scores (mean EPDS score 19.2). Symptoms emerged most frequently within 8 weeks postpartum, with rare onset during pregnancy, and carried high anxiety and high anhedonia, but few thoughts of self-harm. […] Subtype 4: Pure anhedonia showed lower EPDS scores (mean 14.9) but about half of the women endorsed thoughts of self-harm (47%). Few women had onset during the immediate postpartum period (0-4 weeks), but otherwise time of onset was spread evenly across all pregnancy and postpartum periods of study. […] Subtype 5: Resolved depression showed an onset of symptoms during the perinatal period which had resolved at time of EPDS assessment. Symptoms typically emerged during the third trimester of pregnancy, and this subtype was characterized much lower EPDS scores (mean 4.1) than other subtypes.

• #2 Male Postpartum Depression

  https://www.unitypoint.org/news-and-articles/male-postpartum-depression–unitypoint-health

  Its supposed to be the happiest time of your life the arrival of a new baby. But, it isnt always so great. New moms can suffer from an array of perinatal disorders, but male postpartum depression is also very real, and can leave a family struggling. […] Berendzen explains male postpartum depression as a change in a new fathers mood and functionality within the first year after a baby is born, adopted or added to the family structure. Male postpartum depression is also known as paternal postnatal depression (PPND). […] Male postpartum depression can manifest in many ways. However, there are some common, identifiable symptoms to look for in any new dad. […] We know that 50 percent of men whose partner has postpartum depression, have an increased risk of postpartum depression themselves.

• #2 Postpartum depression – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_depression

  PPD may last several months or even a year. […] Postpartum depression can interfere with normal maternal-infant bonding and adversely affect acute and long-term child development. […] Infants of mothers with PPD have higher incidences of excess crying, temperamental issues, and sleeping difficulties. […] Children and infants of PPD-affected mothers experience negative long-term impacts on their cognitive functioning, inhibitory control, and emotional regulation. […] Postpartum depression affects 8 to 10% of fathers. […] Symptoms of postpartum depression in men are extreme sadness, fatigue, anxiety, irritability, and suicidal thoughts. […] Postpartum depression in men leads to an increased risk of suicide, while also limiting healthy infant-father attachment. […] Postpartum depression may also be experienced by non-biological parents.

• #2 Signs of Postpartum Depression: How To Tell

  https://forwhenhelpline.org.au/parent-resources/signs-postpartum-depression/

  Symptoms in non-birth parents may differ from those typically seen in birth mothers: Increased irritability or anger, such as outbursts or constant frustration; Feeling disconnected from family or emotionally numb towards the baby; Doing risky behaviours, such as an increase in substance use or reckless driving; Working excessively as a form of escape from home life; Experiencing physical symptoms like ongoing headaches, gut issues, or changes in appetite; Difficulty concentrating or making decisions, even on simple tasks; Feelings of worthlessness or feeling trapped by new responsibilities. […] Early recognition of these unique symptoms and risk factors is key to ensuring all parents receive the support and treatment they need during the transition to parenthood. […] Self care is important when managing symptoms of postnatal depression /or anxiety.

• #2 Postpartum depression | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/postpartum/postpartum-depression

  Changes in your everyday life: Having little interest in things you normally like to do, Feeling tired all the time, Eating a lot more or a lot less than is normal for you, Gaining or losing weight, Having trouble sleeping or sleeping too much, Having trouble concentrating or making decisions. […] Changes in how you think about yourself or your baby: Having trouble bonding with your baby, Thinking about hurting yourself or your baby, Thinking about suicide (killing yourself). […] If you think you have signs or symptoms of PPD, call your health care provider right away. There are things you and your provider can do to help you feel better. If you’re worried about hurting yourself or your baby, call emergency services at 911. […] Yes. PPD can make it hard for you to care for yourself and your baby. This is why it’s important to treat PPD as soon as possible. If PPD is untreated: You may skip your postpartum checkups and not follow instructions from your health care provider. You may find it hard to bond with your baby. Your baby may not breastfeed long. PPD may make it hard for you and your baby to get used to breastfeeding. Breast milk is the best food for your baby through the first year of life. Your baby may not get medical care he needs. PPD may make it hard for you to take care of your baby if she’s sick. You may not see health problems in your baby that need quick attention and care. It may be hard for you to get your baby regular well-baby care, like vaccinations. Vaccinations help protect your baby from harmful infections. Your baby may have learning, behavior and development problems and mental health conditions later in life. […] If you think you have PPD, tell your provider.

• #2 Postpartum Depression: Symptoms, Causes, Risks, Types, Tests, Professional and Self-Care

  https://www.webmd.com/depression/postpartum-depression

  Untreated postpartum depression can be dangerous for new moms and their children. A new mom should seek professional help when: Symptoms persist beyond 2 weeks, They can’t function normally, They can’t cope with everyday situations, They have thoughts of harming themselves or their baby, They’re feeling extremely anxious, scared, and panicked most of the day. […] Postpartum depression can happen a few days or even months after childbirth. PPD can happen after the birth of any child, not just the first child. You can have feelings similar to the baby blues — sadness, despair, anxiety, crankiness — but you feel them much more strongly. PPD often keeps you from doing the things you need to do every day. When your ability to function is affected, you need to see a health care provider, such as your OB/GYN or primary care doctor. This doctor can screen you for depression symptoms and come up with a treatment plan. If you don’t get treatment for PPD, symptoms can get worse. While PPD is a serious condition, it can be treated with medication and counseling. […] Postpartum depression that’s not treated can last for months or longer, even turning into a chronic depressive disorder. Even with treatment, postpartum depression can make you more likely to have episodes of depression in the future.

• #2 Postpartum depression: How long does it last?

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/271217

  Postpartum depression can affect the early relationship between a mother and her child. […] According to the Office on Womens Health, a child may experience the following if their mother has untreated depression: problems with learning and language development; behavioral issues; more frequent crying; agitation and stress; growth problems; a higher risk of obesity; difficulty adjusting to social situations and school life. […] Postpartum depression affects many women after delivery. Without treatment, it can persist for months or even years. However, treatment can help relieve symptoms and improve quality of life.

• #2 Prognosis of Postnatal Depression | Hospital Clínic Barcelona

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/postnatal-depression/progression-of-the-disease

  The recovery from a postnatal depression is slightly slower than that of the depression in other times of the life cycle. More than 50% of the women with postnatal depression need one year to completely recover, and one in every 10 have some symptoms that will persist, particularly if they did not receive adequate treatment. […] Recovery is more difficult and longer for women that have had previous depressive episodes or during the pregnancy and in difficult socio-economic situations. […] The depressive symptoms combined with extreme tiredness and the workload of caring for the newborn child can result in an adaptive overexertion that can exacerbate the depressive symptoms and compromise maternal skills. […] The depressive symptoms can interfere in the establishment and maintenance of the bond between the mother and her baby.

• #2 Postpartum Major Depression | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/1015/p926.html

  A diagnosis of major depressive disorder requires the presence of five key symptoms that last at least two weeks and impair normal function. […] The diagnosis of postpartum major depression should be strongly considered in women who score above 12 on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, experience symptoms that cause moderate to severe social dysfunction, report any suicidal ideation, or experience symptoms for more than 10 days. […] Many women with postpartum major depression have no psychiatric history and may be reluctant to volunteer symptoms or to seek help. […] The shame and guilt associated with these intrusive images or thoughts can reduce the likelihood of divulging this symptom. […] A woman who has active suicidal ideation or thoughts that her child or family would benefit from her death requires emergent psychiatric evaluation and possible hospitalization.

• #2 Postpartum Major Depression | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/1015/p926.html

  Studies report that 25 to 50 percent of women who experience postpartum major depression will have a recurrence after a subsequent pregnancy. […] Symptoms of postpartum major depression may differ from nonpostpartum major depression. […] Women with postpartum major depression are less likely to report feeling sad, but have notable feelings of guilt or worthlessness, and a lack of enjoyment or interest in pleasurable activities. […] Up to 60 percent of women with postpartum major depression have obsessive thoughts focusing on aggression toward the infant. […] Because suicide is a leading cause of maternal death, physicians should ask women suspected of having postpartum major depression about suicidal ideation. […] The diagnosis of postpartum major depression should also include asking patients about past manic episodes.

• #2 Perinatal Depression – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/perinatal-depression

  Women who experience any of these symptoms should see a health care provider. A provider can determine whether the symptoms are due to perinatal depression or something else. […] Treating perinatal depression is critical for the health of the mother and her baby, as the disorder can have serious effects on both. However, with proper treatment, most women feel better and their symptoms improve. […] Treatment for perinatal depression usually includes therapy, medication, or a combination of therapy and medication. […] Several types of psychotherapy (also called talk therapy or counseling) can help women with perinatal depression by teaching them new ways of thinking and behaving and helping them change habits that contribute to depression. […] Medications used for depression (antidepressants) can effectively treat perinatal depression when used alone or in combination with psychotherapy. Antidepressants work by changing how the brain produces or uses certain chemicals involved in mood or stress.

• #2 The Signs of Postnatal DepressionCloseleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowCloseReconfirm cookies choice

  https://www.tommys.org/pregnancy-information/im-pregnant/mental-health-wellbeing/postnatal-depression-pnd

  Very common. More than 1 in every 10 women and birthing people get postnatal depression within a year of giving birth. New fathers and partners can get postnatal depression too. […] We do not know exactly what causes postnatal depression. But childbirth and the stress of looking after a new baby may trigger depression in some people. […] The good news is that postnatal depression can be treated – it is a temporary illness that you can recover from. The treatment is likely to depend on how much your depression affects your life. […] If you have mild depression, the doctor may recommend an exercise programme and/or guided self-help. Your doctor may offer you medication if you have had severe depression in the past. […] If you have moderate or severe depression, your doctor may offer you: a talking (psychological) therapy, such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT); antidepressants; a combination of talking therapies and anti-depressants.

• #2 About Perinatal Mental Health | Postpartum Support International (PSI)SearchFacebookInstagram-1PinterestLinkedinVimeoYoutube-playScroll to top

  https://postpartum.net/perinatal-mental-health/

  Perinatal depression is treatable, and there are many options to consider when looking for the correct treatment option. You should consult your doctor or therapist, to find the right plan for you. Some may include: Social Support & Practical Help: including activities like prioritizing sleep, time for self, reading, podcasts, meditation, asking for help & support groups. Mental Health Counseling: Evidence-based therapy types may include CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy) & IPT (Interpersonal Psychotherapy), but others may be an option. […] Perinatal PTSD is treatable, and help is available. You do not need a diagnosis to reach out for help. […] Symptoms of perinatal PTSD might include: Flashback of a past traumatic event (which in this case may have been the childbirth itself), Nightmares, Avoidance of reminders associated with the event, including thoughts, feelings, people, places and details of the event, Persistent increased arousal (irritability, difficulty sleeping, hypervigilance, exaggerated startle response), Anxiety and panic attacks, Feeling a sense of unreality and detachment, Avoidance of aftercare following a birth trauma.

• #2 Postpartum depression – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_depression

  Postpartum blues, commonly known as „baby blues,” is a transient postpartum mood disorder characterized by milder depressive symptoms than postpartum depression. […] Postpartum psychosis is not a formal diagnosis, but is widely used to describe a psychiatric emergency that appears to occur in about 1 in 1000 pregnancies. […] Screening for postpartum depression is critical as up to 50% of cases go undiagnosed in the US, emphasizing the significance of comprehensive screening measures. […] Treatment for mild to moderate PPD includes psychological interventions or antidepressants. […] Both individual social and psychological interventions appear equally effective in the treatment of PPD. […] There is low-certainty evidence which suggests that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are an effective treatment for PPD. […] Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has shown efficacy in women with severe PPD who have either failed multiple trials of medication-based treatment or cannot tolerate the available antidepressants.

• #2 Postnatal depression – COPE

  https://www.cope.org.au/new-parents/postnatal-mental-health-conditions/postnatal-depression/

  If your symptoms are moderate to severe, then you may require medication to help provide relief from some of the symptoms of postnatal depression. […] Electroconvulsive therapy or ECT, is a specialist treatment that involves activating electro-currents to the brain. It can relieve a range of severe symptoms of postnatal depression and is generally prescribed if your postnatal depression is severe and medications are not having a positive effect.

• #2 Treating Postpartum Depression – Whole Health Library

  https://www.va.gov/WHOLEHEALTHLIBRARY/tools/treating-postpartum-depression.asp

  Dietary supplementation with omega-3 fats prenatally may decrease the risk of developing postpartum depression, as well as reduce some depressive symptoms in the postpartum period. […] Studies suggest a link between low serum vitamin D levels and an increased risk of postpartum depression. […] Correction of vitamin D deficiency may play a significant role in the recovery from postpartum depression. […] Exercise and fresh air can be very therapeutic to mothers, who often find themselves spending a lot of time indoors, tending to their baby’s needs. […] Movement is one of the most important, low-cost, and effective treatments for depression. […] Social connection is necessary during the postpartum time.

• #2 Postpartum depression – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/postpartum-depression/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376623

  Postpartum depression is often treated with psychotherapy also called talk therapy or mental health counseling medicine or both. […] With appropriate treatment, postpartum depression symptoms usually improve. In some cases, postpartum depression can continue and become long term, which is called chronic depression. It’s important to continue treatment after you begin to feel better. Stopping treatment too early may lead to a relapse.

• #2 Psychiatry.org – What is Perinatal Depression (formerly Postpartum)?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/peripartum-depression/what-is-peripartum-depression

  With proper treatment, most new mothers find relief from their symptoms. Given the high risk of relapse, people who are treated for perinatal depression should continue treatment even after they feel better and discuss with their medical providers the decision to discontinue treatment. If treatment is stopped too soon, symptoms can recur.

• #2 Postpartum Depression Signs – Serious Warning Signs of PPD to Look For

  https://www.postpartumdepression.org/postpartum-depression/signs/

  It is incredibly common for women to experience postpartum symptoms in the days and weeks after giving birth. But how do you know when the condition is severe enough to seek help? You may need help for postpartum depression if you: Constantly feel sad or empty, Spend a lot of time crying, Are frequently irritable or angry, Have symptoms that are growing worse over time, Have a history of depression or mental illness that required treatment, such as bipolar disorder or other mood disorders, Have a loss of interest in things you usually enjoy, Have difficulty caring for your baby or completing daily tasks, Have thoughts of suicide or harming your baby. […] If postpartum depression is left untreated, the symptoms can last several months and even years after the birth of the baby. If treated, symptoms can resolve quickly for new moms, usually within several weeks or a few months.

• #2 Postpartum Depression

  https://www.cham.org/HealthwiseArticle.aspx?id=tn9653

  An especially serious symptom of depression is thinking about death and suicide. Some women with postpartum depression have fleeting, frightening thoughts of harming their babies. […] If you have at least five of the above symptoms for 2 weeks or longer, and one of the symptoms is either sadness or loss of interest, you may have depression and may need treatment. […] Postpartum psychosis is a rare, severe, and dangerous form of postpartum depression. This condition is most likely to affect women who have bipolar disorder or a history of postpartum psychosis. Symptoms usually start during the first 3 weeks (as soon as 1 to 2 days) after childbirth. Symptoms can include: feeling removed from your baby, other people, and your surroundings (depersonalization), disturbed sleep, even when your baby is sleeping, extremely confused and disorganized thinking, increasing your risk of harming yourself, your baby, or another person, extreme mood changes and strange behavior, extreme agitation or restlessness, hallucinations, and delusional thinking that isn’t based in reality.

• #2 About Perinatal Mental Health | Postpartum Support International (PSI)SearchFacebookInstagram-1PinterestLinkedinVimeoYoutube-playScroll to top

  https://postpartum.net/perinatal-mental-health/

  Perinatal psychosis is temporary and treatable with professional help, but it is an emergency, and it is essential that you receive immediate help. If you feel you or someone you know may be suffering from this illness, know that it is not your fault and you are not to blame. It is important to stay with the perinatal individual and the child to ensure everyone’s safety. Call your doctor or an emergency crisis hotline right away so that you can get the help you need.

• #3 Timing of Postpartum Depression Onset May Predict Symptom Pattern – MGH Center for Women’s Mental Health

  https://womensmentalhealth.org/posts/ppd-onset-symptom-pattern/

  Subtype 3: Anxious anhedonia, like subtype 1, resulted in high rates of moderate to severe and very severe EPDS scores (mean EPDS score 19.2). Symptoms emerged most frequently within 8 weeks postpartum, with rare onset during pregnancy, and carried high anxiety and high anhedonia, but few thoughts of self-harm. […] Subtype 4: Pure anhedonia showed lower EPDS scores (mean 14.9) but about half of the women endorsed thoughts of self-harm (47%). Few women had onset during the immediate postpartum period (0-4 weeks), but otherwise time of onset was spread evenly across all pregnancy and postpartum periods of study. […] Subtype 5: Resolved depression showed an onset of symptoms during the perinatal period which had resolved at time of EPDS assessment. Symptoms typically emerged during the third trimester of pregnancy, and this subtype was characterized much lower EPDS scores (mean 4.1) than other subtypes.

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