Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Use of continuous glucose monitoring and hybrid closed-loop therapy in pregnancy – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39411880/

  Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has led to a paradigm shift in the management of pregnant women with type 1 diabetes (T1D), with improved glycaemic control, less hypoglycaemia and fewer pregnancy complications. […] In addition to CGM, other technologies, such as advanced hybrid closed-loop (AHCL) systems have further improved glycaemic management in people with T1D. AHCL therapy adapts insulin delivery via a predictive algorithm integrated with CGM and an insulin pump. […] More evidence is needed on the impact of AHCL therapy on maternal and neonatal outcomes and on which glycaemic targets with CGM should be used in pregnant women with T2D and GDM.

• #2 Use of continuous glucose monitoring and hybrid closed-loop therapy in pregnancy

  https://health.learning.wiley.com/courses/dom-15999/

  Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has led to a paradigm shift in the management of pregnant women with type 1 diabetes (T1D), with improved glycaemic control, less hypoglycaemia and fewer pregnancy complications. […] In addition to CGM, other technologies, such as advanced hybrid closed-loop (AHCL) systems have further improved glycaemic management in people with T1D. AHCL therapy adapts insulin delivery via a predictive algorithm integrated with CGM and an insulin pump. […] More evidence is needed on the impact of AHCL therapy on maternal and neonatal outcomes and on which glycaemic targets with CGM should be used in pregnant women with T2D and GDM. We review the current evidence on the use of CGM and AHCL therapy in pregnancy.

• #3 Types of Treatment for Diabetes – DOH/HSCNI Strategic Planning and Performance Group (SPPG)

  https://online.hscni.net/partnerships/diabetes-network/diabetes-network-programmes/regional-insulin-pump-service/types-of-treatment-for-diabetes/

  Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) is a less invasive way of measuring glucose compared to testing blood with a finger-prick meter and can be used whether a person wears an insulin pump or uses injections for insulin delivery. […] Continuous Glucose Monitors are becoming a popular way of monitoring diabetes control for people on intensive insulin therapy. […] Hybrid Closed Loop (HCL) systems are the next phase of technology in diabetes management. […] These systems link continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and insulin pump technology to provide People Living with Type 1 Diabetes with support 24 hours a day. […] NICE recommends that HCL systems can be used as an option for managing blood glucose levels in Type 1 diabetes for adults who have an HbA1c of 58 mmol/mol (7.5%) or more, or have disabling hypoglycaemia, despite best possible management with at least 1 of the following: continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) real-time continuous glucose monitoring (rtCGM) intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring (isCGM).

• #4 Hybrid closed loop technology (artificial pancreas) | Breakthrough T1D UK

  https://breakthrought1d.org.uk/knowledge-support/managing-type-1-diabetes/guide-to-type-1-diabetes-technology/hybrid-closed-loop-technology-artificial-pancreas/

  A hybrid closed loop system takes readings from a continuous glucose monitor and uses an algorithm to tell an insulin pump how much insulin to deliver. It does this 24 hours a day. […] With hybrid closed loop systems, you can spend more time with your glucose levels in range, with less effort. […] Hybrid closed loop technology will temporarily turn off the delivery of insulin to minimise the time you spend below target range. […] Automated insulin delivery is another term for HCL which is being used more often. […] Continuous glucose monitoring can help you manage your glucose levels in real-time and relieve the burden of having to do multiple finger prick tests throughout the day. […] Nearly 20 years of Breakthrough T1D UK research has pushed forward the development of hybrid closed loop technology, changing the lives of people living with type 1.

• #5 What Is a Closed-Loop System? | US MED

  https://www.usmed.com/what-is-a-closed-loop-system/

  Learn all about closed-loop diabetes management solutions, combining the use of a CGM and insulin pump, in this guide from US MED. […] For example, consider hybrid closed-loop insulin pumps—systems that include a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system and an insulin pump. These components can work with each other to automatically manage some aspects of blood glucose management for people living with diabetes, effectively acting as an “artificial pancreas.” […] Hybrid closed-loop insulin pumps operate automatically and continuously to replicate the pancreas’ normal production of insulin. […] Hybrid closed-loop insulin pumps can reduce a user’s risk of low blood glucose levels. […] Hybrid closed-loop insulin pumps track users’ blood glucose trends over the long term. […] Hybrid closed-loop insulin pumps may not be right for everyone with diabetes, but they can make life considerably easier for many people living with this condition.

• #6 Which Insulin Pumps Are Closed-Loop? – Gluroo

  https://gluroo.com/blog/diabetes-101/closed-loop-insulin-pumps/

  A closed-loop insulin system is also known as an automated insulin delivery system or an artificial pancreas. […] This is because closed-loop pumps can adjust insulin doses automatically by communicating with the continuous glucose monitor (CGM) attached to your skin. […] As the closed-loop system can adjust insulin delivery automatically, its very efficient at managing hyperglycemia (high blood glucose) or preventing hypoglycemia (low blood glucose). This can be a game changer for managing type 1 diabetes. […] Usually, if someone says they use a closed-loop insulin pump, they are actually using a hybrid closed-loop system. […] The hybrid systems are as far as weve gotten with closed-loop research so far. […] A hybrid closed-loop insulin pump uses a combination of a CGM sensor, a program, and an insulin pump. However, the system is not fully closed-loop, as it still requires some manual input from the user for bolus doses during meals.

• #7 Artificial Pancreas Device Systems

  https://www.southcarolinablues.com/web/public/brands/medicalpolicy/external-policies/artificial-pancreas-device-systems/

  Automated insulin delivery systems, also known as artificial pancreas device systems, link a glucose monitor to an insulin infusion pump that automatically takes action (e.g., suspends or adjusts insulin infusion) based on the glucose monitor reading. These devices are proposed to improve glycemic control in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes, in particular, reduction of nocturnal hypoglycemia. […] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) describes the basic design of an artificial pancreas device system as a continuous glucose monitoring linked to an insulin pump with the capability to automatically stop, reduce, or increase insulin infusion based on specified thresholds of measured interstitial glucose. […] A hybrid closed-loop system also uses automated insulin delivery with continuous basal insulin delivery adjustments. However, at mealtime, the patient enters the number of carbohydrates they are eating in order for the insulin pump to determine the bolus meal dose of insulin.

• #8 What are Automated Insulin Delivery Systems? | Medtronic

  https://www.medtronicdiabetes.com/treatments/automated-insulin-delivery

  Automated insulin delivery (AID) systems combine an insulin pump and continuous glucose monitor (CGM) to help people living with type 1 diabetes manage their blood sugar levels. […] AID systems, also known as hybrid closed loop systems, can detect changes in a persons sugar levels in real time and automatically adjust insulin doses in response. […] The MiniMed 780G system is intended for continuous delivery of basal insulin at selectable rates, and the administration of insulin boluses at selectable amounts for the management of type 1 diabetes mellitus in persons seven years of age and older requiring insulin as well as for the continuous monitoring and trending of glucose levels in the fluid under the skin. […] The MiniMed 780G system includes SmartGuard technology, which can be programmed to automatically adjust insulin delivery based on the continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensor glucose values and can suspend delivery of insulin when the sensor glucose (SG) value falls below or is predicted to fall below predefined threshold values.

• #9 At a glance factsheet: Hybrid closed-loop therapy – DiabetesontheNet

  https://diabetesonthenet.com/diabetes-primary-care/factsheet-hybrid-closed-loop-therapy/

  In December 2023, NICE published the TA943 guidance, which lays out recommendations for use of hybrid closed-loop (HCL) systems in the management of type 1 diabetes, with a 5-year roll-out plan. […] An HCL system, also known as an artificial pancreas or Automated Insulin Delivery (AID) system, refers to the use of an insulin pump that is looped with an algorithm that continuously takes data from a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) device to make and communicate decisions on insulin dosing to maintain glucose levels within the target range. […] The CGM device measures interstitial glucose every 15 minutes and transmits data by Bluetooth to the insulin management algorithm on either the pump or the smartphone. […] There is high-quality evidence that HCL technology results in better glycaemic control than insulin pump or sensor-augmented pump therapy, achieving more time in target glycaemic range, less time in hyper- and hypoglycaemia, less severe hypoglycaemia and improved HbA1c.

• #10 Hybrid Closed Loop Systems for Adults

  https://www.hweclinicalguidance.nhs.uk/clinical-policies/hybrid-closed-loop-systems-for-adults/

  A hybrid closed loop system, sometimes referred to as an „artificial pancreas,” links an insulin pump and continuous glucose monitor (CGM) with a mathematical control algorithm that can calculate and automatically deliver the amount of insulin someone needs based on blood sugar readings. This allows the system to do some of the work to help manage blood sugar levels. Manual input is still needed to alert the system when eating or doing exercise. […] A NICE Technology Appraisal (TA954) on hybrid closed loops in type 1 diabetes was published on 19th December 2023. This states that hybrid closed loop systems are recommended as an option for: all children and young people, all people who are pregnant or planning a pregnancy, and adults with a HbA1c of 58mmol/mol or more or who have disabling hypoglycaemia, despite best management with a pump or CGM.

• #11 Closing the loop with insulin pumps – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/closing-the-loop-with-insulin-pumps

  As technology advances, new products are available to help patients with diabetes. A hybrid closed-loop insulin pump is a new tool to manage the disease and make life a bit easier for people living with diabetes. […] An insulin pump is a small, computerized device worn outside of the body that delivers insulin under the skin. A hybrid closed loop insulin pump attempts to mimic the body’s natural communication loop by linking with a secondary device called a continuous glucose monitor, or CGM, sensor and automatically adjusting some of the insulin delivered based on continually monitored blood sugar levels. […] Research has shown that hybrid closed loop insulin pumps provide many benefits for people living with diabetes, including: Reduced risk of low blood sugars Clinical trials have shown that hybrid closed loop insulin pumps reduce the risk of low blood sugar. […] Improved monitoring and response to trends All hybrid closed loop insulin pumps will monitor blood sugar trends over time. […] Hybrid closed loop insulin pumps are exciting new tools that can significantly improve into the health and wellness of people living with diabetes.

• #12 Artificial Pancreas Device Systems

  https://www.southcarolinablues.com/web/public/brands/medicalpolicy/external-policies/artificial-pancreas-device-systems/

  An artificial pancreas device system may also be referred to as a closed-loop system. A closed-loop system has automated insulin delivery and continuous glucose sensing and insulin delivery without patient intervention. The systems utilize a control algorithm that autonomously and continually increases and decreases the subcutaneous insulin delivery based on real-time sensor glucose levels. […] The purpose of a hybrid closed-loop insulin delivery system in individuals who have type 1 diabetes is to provide a treatment option that is an alternative to or an improvement on existing therapies. […] The therapy being considered is a hybrid closed-loop insulin delivery system. A hybrid closed-loop system continuously adjusts insulin delivery. However, at mealtime, the patient enters the number of carbohydrates being consumed in order for the insulin pump to determine the bolus meal dose of insulin.

• #13 Is a hybrid closed-loop system safe for my son who has T1D?

  https://www.icliniq.com/qa/continuous-glucose-monitoring-sensor/do-hybrid-closed-loop-systems-benefit-t1d-management

  Unexplained blood sugar spikes could indicate that his pump settings, especially basal and bolus ratios need adjustment. […] Regularly reviewing and adjusting his insulin settings is essential as his body changes. […] Guidelines for teenagers: Regular monitoring: Analyze CGM (continuous glucose monitor) data to optimize insulin settings. […] Adjustments: Modify basal rates and carbohydrate-to-insulin ratios as needed. […] Consulting with his healthcare team can help fine-tune his management plan.

• #14 Hybrid closed-loop systems for managing blood glucose levels in type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and economic modelling – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39673446/

  Randomised controlled trials of hybrid closed-loop interventions in comparison with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion + continuous glucose monitoring achieved a statistically significant improvement in glycated haemoglobin per cent in time in range between 3.9 and 10 mmol/l, and in hyperglycaemic levels. […] Studies that looked at hybrid closed loop in people with type 1 diabetes mellitus seem to suggest that it is better for diabetes management in terms of glucose levels, better time in range between 3.9 and 10 mmol/l, and less hyperglycaemic levels.

• #15 Long-term assessment of the NHS hybrid closed-loop real-world study on glycaemic outcomes, time-in-range, and quality of life in children and young people with type 1 diabetes | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-024-03396-x

  Hybrid closed-loop (HCL) systems seamlessly interface continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) with insulin pumps, employing specialised algorithms and user-initiated automated insulin delivery. […] This study aimed to assess the efficacy of HCLs at 12 months post-initiation on glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), time-in-range (TIR), hypoglycaemia frequency, and quality of life measures among children and young people (CYP) with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and their caregivers in a real-world setting. […] Results demonstrated significant improvements in HbA1c (average reduction at 12 months 7 mmol/mol; P0.001), time-in-range (TIR) (average increase 13.4%; P0.001), hypoglycaemia frequency (50% reduction), hypoglycaemia fear, and quality of sleep (P0.001) among CYP over a 12-month period of HCL usage.

• #16 Glycemic outcomes of Advanced Hybrid Closed Loop system in children and adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes, previously treated with Multiple Daily Injections (MiniMed 780G system in T1D individuals, previously treated with MDI) | BMC Endocrine Disorders | F

  https://bmcendocrdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12902-022-00996-7

  The objective of this study was to evaluate the glycemic outcome using a structured initiation protocol for AHCL Minimed 780G system in children and adolescents with T1D on MDI therapy. […] The primary outcome was the TIR change and HbA1c from baseline (MDI+CGM, 1 week) to study phase (AHCL,12 weeks). […] HbA1c decreased from 8.61.7% (7018.6 mmol/mol) at baseline, to 6.50.7% (487.7 mmol/mol) at the end of the study (p=0.001) and TIR (70-180 mg/dL) increased from 42.118.7% at baseline to 78.86.1% in study phase (p<0.001). [...] The high AHCL engagement in our study was demonstrated by high sensor usage and percent time in automated insulin delivery (AHCL use). [...] The significant TIR improvement reaching more than 70% after only 7 days of AHCL use which indicates the rapid adaptation on the algorithm to the specific needs of the individual, as well the effectiveness of our structured initiation protocol.

• #17 Advances in Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Integrated Devices for Management of Diabetes with Insulin-Based Therapy: Improvement in Glycemic Control

  https://www.e-dmj.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.4093/dmj.2022.0271

  Technological advances including continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), connected insulin pens (CIPs), insulin pumps, and automated insulin delivery (AID) algorithms combined with education have made it possible to achieve the optimal control of diabetes using insulin. […] The effectiveness of rtCGM has been confirmed in various randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with different types of diabetes and insulin regimens. […] The glycemic outcome was different based on the glycemic status of the study population included. […] The use of rtCGM reduces HbA1c by about 0.3% to 0.6%. […] The use of rtCGM without education limits better glycemic outcomes. […] The CIP is a new technology with a function that displays the last dose of insulin and timing and has reminder alerts that integrate with a smart app.

• #18 Glycemic outcomes of Advanced Hybrid Closed Loop system in children and adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes, previously treated with Multiple Daily Injections (MiniMed 780G system in T1D individuals, previously treated with MDI) | BMC Endocrine Disorders | F

  https://bmcendocrdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12902-022-00996-7

  The reduction in HbA1c, by a mean of 2.1% (23 mmol/mol), observed in our study are more than 1.6% reduction with a previous HCL (MiniMed 670G) system, greater than 0.6% in sub-optimally controlled patients with T1D and 0.6% in children with T1D, both using different AHCL algorithms. […] Our protocol is based on using the system in open loop for only 72 h before initiating AHCL, which is sufficient time for the algorithm to generate personal automated insulin delivery patterns. […] The intensive 10-Day initiation protocol could be an additional limitation for some people with T1D to complete all visits in a short period. […] A 10-day structured protocol on AHCL MiniMed 780G system provides a novel therapeutic approach to optimize glycemic control in people with T1D, previously treated with MDI without prior pump experience.

• #19 Closed-Loop Insulin System Keeps Glucose Levels in Range Longer Than Standard Care in Children With Type 1 Diabetes

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/closed-loop-insulin-system-keeps-glucose-levels-in-range-longer-than-standard-care-in-children-with-type-1-diabetes

  Young children using the t:slim X2 insulin pump with Control-IQ Technology system maintained target glucose levels for 3 hours longer than children using an insulin pump or daily injections with a continuous glucose monitor. […] A hybrid closed-loop system was shown to improve and maintain glucose levels in children aged between 2 and 6 years with type 1 diabetes (T1D) better than standard care. […] The t:slim X2 insulin pump with Control-IQ Technology system is a hybrid closed-loop system that automatically monitors and regulates blood glucose through advanced control algorithms. […] We infer that the finding that patients with higher baseline glycated hemoglobin levels had the greatest improvement in the percentage of time that the glucose level was in the target range may be of public health importance for the prevention of long-term complications of type 1 diabetes, the authors said.

• #20 Closed loop systems | Diabetes tech | Diabetes UK

  https://www.diabetes.org.uk/about-diabetes/looking-after-diabetes/technology/closed-loop-systems

  People with type 1 diabetes using a hybrid closed loop system can have a better quality of life, research shows, because of the benefits it brings. […] Blood sugar levels may be more stable and there are no insulin injections to do and fewer finger prick tests. […] As the amount of insulin given is calculated more precisely and given more often, this can help keep blood sugar levels more stable. […] Research shows the benefits brought by closed loop systems can help give people with type 1 diabetes and people caring for them a better quality of life. […] You no longer need to do insulin injections for yourself or someone else unless there is a failure of the technology, because insulin is released via the pump. […] It can help prevent hypos by suspending insulin and prevent high blood sugars by increasing insulin doses.

• #21 Type 1 Diabetes: Hybrid Closed-Loop and Open-Loop…

  https://www.dzd-ev.de/en/press/press-releases/press-releases-2025/type-1-diabetes-hybrid-closed-loop-and-open-loop-systems/index.html

  People with type 1 diabetes require continuous insulin treatment and must regularly measure their glucose levels. […] A study with the involvement of the German Center for Diabetes Research showed that hybrid closed-loop systems offer improved long-term blood sugar values (HbA1c levels) and a lower risk of hypoglycemic coma, but lead to a higher rate of diabetic ketoacidosis. […] The researchers investigated whether and how the rates of severe hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis differed between hybrid closed-loop insulin therapy and sensor-augmented (open-loop) pump therapy in young people with type 1 diabetes. […] The results: People using hybrid closed-loop therapy had a significantly lower rate of rate of hypoglycemic coma (0.62 per 100 patient-years) than those using open-loop therapy (0.91 per 100 patient-years).

• #22 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20250213/Hybrid-closed-loop-insulin-pumps-improve-time-in-range-but-increase-ketoacidosis.aspx

  People with type 1 diabetes require continuous insulin treatment and must regularly measure their glucose levels. […] A study with the involvement of the German Center for Diabetes Research showed that hybrid closed-loop systems offer improved long-term blood sugar values (HbA1c levels) and a lower risk of hypoglycemic coma, but lead to a higher rate of diabetic ketoacidosis. […] Researchers have therefore now investigated whether the rates of severe low blood sugar levels (hypoglycemia) and diabetic ketoacidosis are lower with hybrid closed-loop insulin therapy compared with sensor-augmented (open-loop) pump therapy. […] The results: People using hybrid closed-loop therapy had a significantly lower rate of rate of hypoglycemic coma (0.62 per 100 patient-years) than those using open-loop therapy (0.91 per 100 patient-years).

• #23 Hybrid Closed-Loop System Favorable for Type 1 Diabetes

  https://www.pharmacytimes.com/view/hybrid-closedloop-system-favorable-for-type-1-diabetes

  These systems also assist patients during the day in decreasing the magnitude of both high- and low-glucose fluctuations. […] The investigators discovered that automated dosing of glucagon plus insulin during and after exercise dropped hypoglycemia from 6.3% to 3% compared with insulin monotherapy. […] Our findings show that fully automated insulin and glucagon delivery, combined with wearable physical activity sensors that detect exercise, effectively controlled glucose levels, reduced exercise-induced hypoglycemia and can safely be used in a home environment, said investigator Peter G. Jacobs, PhD. […] These findings suggest that the dual-hormone closed-loop system should be used for patients with type 1 diabetes who are at risk of exercise-induced hypoglycemia.

• #24 Hybrid closed loop systems recommended for people living with type 1 diabetes – Diabetes Research & Wellness Foundation

  https://www.drwf.org.uk/news-and-events/news/hybrid-closed-loop-systems-recommended-for-people-living-with-type-1-diabetes/

  Hybrid closed loop management system is expected to be available via the NHS following a recommendation from NICE. […] The hybrid closed loop system, also referred to as an artificial pancreas, can help people living with type 1 diabetes to improve management of their blood glucose levels. […] Hybrid closed loop (HCL) systems work by linking an insulin pump and continuous glucose monitor (CGM) with a computer algorithm that can calculate the amount of insulin someone needs based on their blood glucose readings, helping people manage diabetes with minimal user interaction. […] According to HCL users participating in the study there were numerous benefits to HCL, including improvements in quality of life (52%), time in range (46%), productivity at work (44%), sleep (42%) and reduced stress related to diabetes (40%).

• #25 Can hybrid closed-loop systems improve well-being for adults with type 1 diabetes? – ACBRD

  https://acbrd.org.au/2025/03/27/can-hybrid-closed-loop-systems-improve-well-being-for-adults-with-type-1-diabetes/

  Hybrid closed-loop is medical device which helps people to manage their type 1 diabetes. It combines an insulin pump and continuous glucose monitor. It measures the wearers glucose levels and adjusts the amount of insulin they receive accordingly. […] Hybrid closed-loop helps people keep their glucose levels in range. And they alert the person, via an alarm, if their glucose levels get too high or low. This helps to keep them safe. […] Our research aimed to find out how hybrid closed-loop affects peoples psychological health and well-being. […] By the end of the six months, people who used hybrid closed-loop had: Higher diabetes positive well-being. E.g. They felt more positive about diabetes and able to cope better with diabetes challenges. […] Lower fear of hypos. E.g. They were less worried about having a hypo. […] This study helps us to better understand how diabetes technology affects peoples psychological health. The results show hybrid closed-loop can support improved well-being.

• #26 NHS England » Implementation of hybrid closed loop technologies in England: information for people living with type 1 diabetes and their carers

  https://www.england.nhs.uk/diabetes/digital-innovations-to-support-diabetes-outcomes/hybrid-closed-loop-technology/implementation-of-hybrid-closed-loop-technologies-in-england-information-for-people-living-with-type-1-diabetes-and-their-carers/

  NHS England has developed a strategy to support the phased implementation of hybrid closed loop technologies over a 5-year period, from 1 April 2024. […] Hybrid closed loop systems, sometimes called an artificial pancreas, enable an insulin pump and a continuous glucose monitor to work together to help manage blood sugar levels. […] The continuous glucose monitor automatically senses sugar levels in the fluid between the blood vessels and cells, without the need for finger-prick testing. […] People using hybrid closed loop systems have reported having less hypoglycaemic episodes, more confidence in keeping active and less worry about their blood sugar levels during the day or at night. […] The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) also gathered evidence to show that hybrid closed loop systems are more effective than standard care at maintaining blood glucose levels within a healthy range.

• #27 Long-term assessment of the NHS hybrid closed-loop real-world study on glycaemic outcomes, time-in-range, and quality of life in children and young people with type 1 diabetes | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-024-03396-x

  The NHS England Closed Loop Study in Children and Young People represents a ground-breaking initiative, marking the first nationwide pilot effort to extend universal health coverage for HCL systems. […] This study stands out as the largest real-world investigation of HCL in the UK, revealing a sustained enhancement in glycaemic management, time-in-range, and quality of life measures. […] These improvements encompass reduced fear and worry related to hypoglycaemia, as well as enhanced sleep quality for both patients and their caregivers, observed 6 and 12 months post-HCL adoption. […] The NHSE Closed Loop Study demonstrated notable and sustained improvements in various diabetes-related parameters over a 12-month period. […] These enhancements included better glycaemic management, increased TIR, reduced frequency of hypoglycaemia, diminished hypoglycaemia fear, and improved quality of sleep for CYP.

• #28 Hybrid closed loop systems recommended for people living with type 1 diabetes – Diabetes Research & Wellness Foundation

  https://www.drwf.org.uk/news-and-events/news/hybrid-closed-loop-systems-recommended-for-people-living-with-type-1-diabetes/

  100% surveyed with type 1 diabetes said that being on an HCL system has reduced the burden of managing their diabetes and 98% of healthcare practitioners say they would want all people with type 1 diabetes to have access to HCL. […] I can honestly say using the Dexcom G6 continuous glucose monitoring device to power my HCL system has changed my life.

• #29 At a glance factsheet: Hybrid closed-loop therapy – DiabetesontheNet

  https://diabetesonthenet.com/diabetes-primary-care/factsheet-hybrid-closed-loop-therapy/

  In pregnancy, HCL leads to substantial improvements in glucose control, which will translate into improved outcomes for both mother and baby. […] Most importantly, HCL is associated with improved quality of life; generally positive user experience, including reassurance and reduced anxiety; improved sleep and confidence; and a reduction in the demands of living with type 1 diabetes. […] NICE TA943 guidance recommends HCL systems as an option for managing blood glucose levels in children and young people with type 1 diabetes, people with type 1 diabetes who are pregnant or planning pregnancy, and adults with type 1 diabetes who have HbA1c 58 mmol/mol (7.5%) or disabling hypoglycaemia despite best possible management with at least one of the following: Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), Real-time CGM, Intermittently scanned CGM.

• #30 NICE announces final appraisal recommendations on hybrid closed-loop systems for type 1 diabetes

  https://www.diabetes.org.uk/about-us/news-and-views/hybrid-closed-loop-technology-recommended-thousands-type-1

  NICE have published the outcome of their appraisal for hybrid closed-loop systems recommending that over the next five years hundreds of thousands of people living with type 1 diabetes should be offered this next-generation technology to help them manage their condition. […] Hybrid closed-loop has also been recommended for: Children and young people (under 18 years old) living with type 1 diabetes […] The guidance goes on to say that hybrid closed-loop systems should only be used with the support of a trained multidisciplinary team experienced in insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitoring in type 1 diabetes. […] Theres lots of evidence to show that the technology can help people with type 1 diabetes to improve their blood sugar levels, have less hypos and make self-managing the condition easier.

• #31 NHS England » Implementation of hybrid closed loop technologies in England: information for people living with type 1 diabetes and their carers

  https://www.england.nhs.uk/diabetes/digital-innovations-to-support-diabetes-outcomes/hybrid-closed-loop-technology/implementation-of-hybrid-closed-loop-technologies-in-england-information-for-people-living-with-type-1-diabetes-and-their-carers/

  NICE has recommended that the NHS in England makes hybrid closed loop systems available to the following groups of people: adults living with type 1 diabetes who have an HbA1c of 58 mmol/mol (7.5%) or more, or have disabling hypoglycaemia, despite best possible management with at least one of the following: continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) (also known as an insulin pump), real-time continuous glucose monitor, intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitor. […] The national roll-out of hybrid closed loop systems began in April 2024. […] To ensure patients are safe, NHS trusts should only provide hybrid closed loop if they have access to specialist trained clinical staff experienced in providing insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitors for type 1 diabetes. […] Paediatric services caring for children and young people are better placed in terms of access to specialist staff, so will be able to offer hybrid closed loop to a greater number of eligible people over the initial years of the phased roll out.

• #32 Advanced Technology (Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Advanced Hybrid Closed-Loop Systems) in Diabetes from the Perspective of Gender Differences

  https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4540/4/4/45

  Various technologies have made it possible to improve the management of type 1 diabetes in pregnancy. […] Currently, the only commercially available AHCL approved for use in pregnancy is CamsAPS FX. […] Although sex and gender differences have emerged regarding the prevalence of use and adherence to therapy with advanced technologies, the perceived benefits for both sexes were better glycaemic control, the prevention of long-term complications, better quality of life, and reduced mental burden related to diabetes.

• #33 NHS England » Implementation of hybrid closed loop technologies in England: information for people living with type 1 diabetes and their carers

  https://www.england.nhs.uk/diabetes/digital-innovations-to-support-diabetes-outcomes/hybrid-closed-loop-technology/implementation-of-hybrid-closed-loop-technologies-in-england-information-for-people-living-with-type-1-diabetes-and-their-carers/

  Accessing hybrid closed loop or any other diabetes technology is an individual persons decision. […] Women who are pregnant with type 1 diabetes are at increased risk of having a poor pregnancy outcome. Supporting women who are pregnant to spend as much time as possible in the pregnancy blood sugar target range reduces these risks a lot and increases the chances of them having a healthy baby. […] The best way to support pregnant women to spend the most amount of time in the pregnancy blood sugar target range is to start them on a pregnancy specific hybrid closed loop system either before pregnancy or as soon as they are pregnant.

• #34 Type 1 Diabetes: Hybrid Closed-Loop and Open-Loop…

  https://www.dzd-ev.de/en/press/press-releases/press-releases-2025/type-1-diabetes-hybrid-closed-loop-and-open-loop-systems/index.html

  However, individuals using a hybrid closed-loop system had a higher rate of ketoacidosis (1.74 events per 100 patient-years) than those using open-loop therapy (0.96 per 100 patient-years). […] Due to the higher risk of ketoacidosis, it is important to provide patients with targeted information and, in case of potential metabolic decompensation, to closely monitor ketone bodies in the blood or urine in order to prevent such adverse events, emphasize the authors of the study. […] Hybrid closed-loop systems (HCL) are technologies used to treat type 1 diabetes. They combine an insulin pump, continuous glucose monitoring, and an algorithm for automated insulin delivery. […] Open-loop systems combine an insulin pump and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Unlike closed-loop systems, which automatically adapt insulin delivery, an open-loop system requires the user to make manual adjustments to insulin administration.

• #35 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20250213/Hybrid-closed-loop-insulin-pumps-improve-time-in-range-but-increase-ketoacidosis.aspx

  However, individuals using a hybrid closed-loop system had a higher rate of ketoacidosis (1.74 events per 100 patient-years) than those using open-loop therapy (0.96 per 100 patient-years). […] Due to the higher risk of ketoacidosis, it is important to provide patients with targeted information and, in case of potential metabolic decompensation, to closely monitor ketone bodies in the blood or urine in order to prevent such adverse events, emphasize the authors of the study.

• #36 Hybrid closed loop technology for patients with Type 1 diabetes – Mid and South Essex Integrated Care System

  https://www.midandsouthessex.ics.nhs.uk/health/staying-well/healthy-weight/diabetes/hybrid-closed-loop-technology-for-patients-with-type-1-diabetes/

  Additional recruitment and training of specialist staff is required to establish a diabetes workforce sufficiently trained to manage a rollout of this scale. […] An unplanned rollout which does not address these foundational issues around staff capacity and variation in what services can offer would have a greater risk of creating gaps in access to the technology. […] No, these recommendations don’t include everyone with Type 1 diabetes and there are additional criteria for adults over 18 years old who aren’t pregnant or planning to become pregnant will have to meet before being offered the hybrid closed loop system. […] NICE and NHS England have negotiated a national deal to provide cost effective hybrid closed loop systems. […] Your diabetes team will support you in selecting a hybrid closed loop system that best meets your clinical needs. […] Each area has varying levels of pump clinician staffing, expertise and capacity. Part of the plan is to equalise this in line with local demands.

• #37 JMIR Diabetes – Clinician Experiences With Hybrid Closed Loop Insulin Delivery Systems in Veterans With Type 1 Diabetes: Qualitative Study

  https://diabetes.jmir.org/2023/1/e45241/

  Background: Hybrid closed loop (HCL) insulin pumps adjust insulin delivery based on input from a continuous glucose monitor. […] Several studies have reported many glycemic benefits to the use of HCL systems. […] Due to these clinical advantages to HCL pump use, diabetes clinical practice guidelines routinely recommend the use of HCL systems for both adults and youth with type 1 diabetes. […] Our findings suggest that HCL systems have significant glycemic benefits but are not appropriate for all patients, especially those with dementia or other degrees of cognitive impairment. […] HCL pump initiation is a multistep process requiring an interdisciplinary team of health care clinicians to ensure patient and pump success. […] Furthermore, HCL systems improve clinician confidence, knowledge, and competence in diabetes management.

• #38 Hybrid closed loop technology for patients with Type 1 diabetes – Mid and South Essex Integrated Care System

  https://www.midandsouthessex.ics.nhs.uk/health/staying-well/healthy-weight/diabetes/hybrid-closed-loop-technology-for-patients-with-type-1-diabetes/

  On December 19, 2023, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) released new guidelines regarding the use of hybrid closed loop technology (sometimes referred to as HCL or artificial pancreas) for patients with Type 1 diabetes. […] NICE have recommended that hybrid closed loop (HCL) technology should be offered as an option for managing blood glucose in type 1 diabetes if other methods have not achieved the desired results. […] It is likely it will take up to a few years for some people who are eligible to be offered hybrid closed loop technology. The rollout will be over 5 years. […] We plan to provide this to those in most clinical need first, starting with; those with an urgent need, children and young people, those who are pregnant or planning to become pregnant, and those already on standalone Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) and insulin pumps that require an upgrade to a hybrid closed loop.

• #39 Advanced Technology (Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Advanced Hybrid Closed-Loop Systems) in Diabetes from the Perspective of Gender Differences

  https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4540/4/4/45

  An ever-growing body of evidence suggests that sex and gender influence the pathophysiology, incidence, prevalence, clinical manifestations, course, and response to therapy of diabetes. […] The turning point came in 2000 with the introduction of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and the first miniaturised insulin pumps (CSII) equipped with advanced functions; from the integration of the two devices, it was possible to create the SAP (Sensor Augmented Pump) system; from this moment on, the development of technologies has undergone an acceleration, up to the creation and appearance on the market of the first artificial pancreas system (Automatic Insulin Delivery—AID), closed-loop, and hybrid systems (HCL—Hybrid Closed Loop) a century after the discovery of insulin. […] HCL, by regulating the delivery of basal insulin for 24 h, in addition to preventing hypoglycaemia, also allows the better management of hyperglycaemia; this aspect is perfected with advanced hybrid closed-loop systems (AHCL), which are able to automatically deliver the correction boluses as well, and, therefore, allow reducing the time spent in hypoglycemia (TBR) and hyperglycaemia (TAR), with an improvement of the time in range (TIR).

• #40 Glycemic outcomes of Advanced Hybrid Closed Loop system in children and adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes, previously treated with Multiple Daily Injections (MiniMed 780G system in T1D individuals, previously treated with MDI) | BMC Endocrine Disorders | F

  https://bmcendocrdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12902-022-00996-7

  The objective of this study was to evaluate the glycemic outcomes in children and adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) previously treated with Multiple Daily Injections (MDI) using a structured initiation protocol for the Advanced Hybrid Closed Loop (AHCL) Minimed 780G insulin pump system. […] Hybrid Closed-Loop (HCL) systems use specific control algorithms which automate basal insulin delivery, based on glucose sensor values for preventing both hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. […] The new generation of HCL systems now have additional features of automated bolus insulin correction for high glucose levels. This further improves glycemic control and reduces the health burden for people with T1D. […] One of the latest HCL systems is the MiniMed 780G system (Medtronic, Northridge, CA, USA), which was commercialized in October 2020 in selected countries. This system automatically delivers basal insulin with a customizable glucose target in addition delivering an automated bolus correction, as required.

• #41 Advanced Hybrid Closed-Loop Technology Could Improve Quality of Life in Type 1 Diabetes

  https://www.drugtopics.com/view/advanced-hybrid-closed-loop-technology-could-improve-quality-of-life-in-type-1-diabetes

  A 1-year observational follow-up of a 3-month randomized controlled trial provides insight into the benefits of advanced hybrid closed-loop system use in people with type 1 diabetes using multiple daily injections and self-monitoring of blood glucose. […] A study of adults with type 1 diabetes naive to advanced diabetes technology is underlining the potential benefit of newer technologies in diabetes management. […] Results of the study, which examined quality of life over 1-year after initiating use of an advanced hybrid closed-loop system, suggest use of diabetes technology was associated with notable improvements in quality of life. […] To the best of our knowledge, this is the first long-term follow-up study investigating the psychological well-being of adult people with T1D previously nave to diabetes technology (treated with multiple daily injections and self-monitoring of blood glucose) who experience a direct switch to the advanced hybrid closed loop system with novel calibration-free sensors, and the sustainability of the obtained changes in their quality of life, wrote investigators.

• #42 Challenge of managing type 1 diabetes in young children eased by hybrid closed loop technology | Breakthrough T1D UK

  https://breakthrought1d.org.uk/news/challenge-of-managing-type-1-diabetes-in-young-children-eased-by-hybrid-closed-loop-technology/

  Hybrid closed loop technology can help children as young as one year old manage their type 1 diabetes lifting some of the burden on parents and carers, and reducing the childrens risk of later complications. […] Sometimes known as an artificial pancreas, hybrid closed loop systems combine a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) and an insulin pump to deliver insulin automatically. […] The data showed that the children on hybrid closed loop therapy did better, spending an extra two hours a day in their target glucose range and having lower HbA1c levels after 16 weeks. […] Keeping blood glucose levels within their recommended range is one way to reduce the risk of developing complications from type 1 diabetes. […] JDRF research was also the first to show that continuous glucose monitoring technology helps prevent dangerous blood glucose highs and lows, and later showed that CGM significantly benefits both mother and child during pregnancy.

• #43 Which Insulin Pumps Are Closed-Loop? – Gluroo

  https://gluroo.com/blog/diabetes-101/closed-loop-insulin-pumps/

  This system is also approved to be used by kids as young as 1 year old. […] Omnipod 5 is a hybrid closed-loop system that integrates with the Dexcom G6 CGM. […] Tandem T Slim X2 is one of the best hybrid closed-loop insulin delivery systems with Control IQ technology that responds more accurately to the CGM readings. […] DIY looping involves using an insulin pump and a CGM in combination with a custom-built algorithm to create a closed-loop system. […] The CGM continuously measures the users blood glucose levels, and the algorithm analyzes this data to predict future glucose levels and adjust the insulin delivery accordingly.

• #44 Challenge of managing type 1 diabetes in young children eased by hybrid closed loop technology | Breakthrough T1D UK

  https://breakthrought1d.org.uk/news/challenge-of-managing-type-1-diabetes-in-young-children-eased-by-hybrid-closed-loop-technology/

  Conor McKeever, Research Communications Manager at Breakthrough T1D UK, said: This is even more evidence that hybrid closed loop technology can benefit a range of people with type 1 diabetes. […] Hybrid closed loop technology can help these kids be kids, and reduce some of the worry that their parents and carers carry all day and night. […] CamAPS FX led to improvements in several measures, including hyperglycaemia and average blood sugar levels, without increasing the risk of hypos. […] She added that the childrens parents and carers found the technology life-changing, saying: They tell us it gives them more time to do what any normal family can do, to play and do fun things with their children.

• #45 Long-term assessment of the NHS hybrid closed-loop real-world study on glycaemic outcomes, time-in-range, and quality of life in children and young people with type 1 diabetes | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-024-03396-x

  The positive impact extended to parents and carers, who also experienced improved hypoglycaemia fear and sleep quality at 12 months. […] Hybrid closed-loop systems represent a ground-breaking advancement in the management of T1DM in CYP, offering a more automated and responsive approach to insulin delivery. […] The evidence from clinical trials consistently supports the use of these systems in achieving better glycaemic management and reducing the risk of hypoglycaemia.

• #46 Advances in Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Integrated Devices for Management of Diabetes with Insulin-Based Therapy: Improvement in Glycemic Control

  https://www.e-dmj.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.4093/dmj.2022.0271

  Currently, a few clinical trials are collecting data on the effectiveness of these CIPs. […] Increasing evidence demonstrates the effectiveness of insulin pumps when used in combination with a CGM and closed-loop algorithm controller to automate basal insulin delivery, these are known as HCLS. […] The outcomes are well summarized in the review article by Moon et al. […] Thus, this review only includes updated clinical trials beyond the previous review article. […] The development of diabetes technology made it possible to avoid hyperglycemia without increasing hypoglycemia with a more comfortable fit and less effort, which could not previously be shown in diabetes with insulin therapy. […] In the future, we expect that a fully automatic AID system will emerge, just as Bionic Pancreas has developed no carbohydrate counting pumps, which was previously burdensome for users.

• #47 New insulin pumps offer continuous monitoring | I.M. Matters from ACP

  https://immattersacp.org/archives/2017/07/new-insulin-pumps-offer-continuous-monitoring.htm

  The most advanced insulin pumps on the U.S. market continuously monitor glucose and automatically suspend insulin delivery when levels drop. […] However, the 670G is not a truly closed-loop system, Dr. Forlenza emphasized. It is a hybrid closed-loop system, because at all three settings, patients must count carbohydrates and must manually bolus insulin at mealtimes. […] Additional first-generation artificial pancreas systems will become available in the next two to three years, Dr. Forlenza said. […] Ease of use is especially important because participants in artificial pancreas studies are highly motivated, and it remains unclear how well these devices will perform for patients who are less engaged in their own care, Dr. Forlenza noted. […] An artificial pancreas is not a stent, but something that the patient has to interact with on an ongoing basis, and comfort is a big part of that, he said.

• #48

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41745-022-00348-3

  Over the past decade there have been many advances in diabetes technologies, such as continuous glucose monitors (CGM s), insulin-delivery devices, and hybrid closed loop systems. […] We believe that in the next decade there will be a significant increase in the number of people who use CGM for their day-to-day diabetes care. […] The use of continuous glucose monitoring in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes (CONCEPTT): a multicentre international randomised controlled trial. […] Continuous glucose monitoring predicts progression to diabetes in autoantibody positive children. […] The hybrid closed-loop system: evolution and practical applications. […] Safety of a hybrid closed-loop insulin delivery system in patients with type 1 diabetes. […] Glucose outcomes with the in-home use of a hybrid closed-loop insulin delivery system in adolescents and adults with type 1 diabetes.

• #49 New insulin pumps offer continuous monitoring | I.M. Matters from ACP

  https://immattersacp.org/archives/2017/07/new-insulin-pumps-offer-continuous-monitoring.htm

  Very few data are available on artificial pancreas devices in type 2 diabetes, Dr. Forlenza noted. […] For any provider, I think the first major thing is to manage expectations of the technology, said Dr. Forlenza. It is not a panacea. […] Patients need to be educated and reminded to count carbohydrates, bolus prandial insulin, and manually measure blood glucose, he stressed. […] The most important thing is not to silo this patient into diabetes care, just because glucose control is an issue.

• #50 Diabetes hybrid closed loop systems | HFMA

  https://www.hfma.org.uk/publications/diabetes-hybrid-closed-loop-systems-0

  The HCL can also be used by a much wider range of people than is appropriate for separate CGM and insulin pump technology, because it lessens the number of manual calculations made with the separate technologies, therefore it could be rolled out to those who would not manage a single digital device for example adults with special educational needs. […] The NICE model shown uses a value called an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) per quality-adjusted life year (QALY). NICE concluded that the four-year total cost for HCL systems would only achieve the acceptable threshold of savings if the prices were negotiated to a cost effective level. […] The NHS will ensure that, in line with clinical guidelines, patients with type 1 diabetes benefit from life changing flash glucose monitors and by 2020/21, all pregnant women with type 1 diabetes will be offered continuous glucose monitoring, helping to improve neonatal outcomes.

• #51 Hybrid Closed-Loop System Demonstrates Effectiveness in Controlling Glucose Levels in Children and Adults with Type 1 Diabetes

  https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/hybrid-closed-loop-system-demonstrates-effectiveness-in-controlling-glucose-levels-in-children-and-adults-with-type-1-diabetes-300472458.html

  Single- and dual-hormone closed-loop systems automate the dosing of insulin, or insulin plus glucagon, to a person with type 1 diabetes to help them better manage their blood sugar levels. […] Automated delivery of insulin and glucagon during exercise can help people avoid exercise-induced hypoglycemia by reducing insulin delivery and increasing glucagon in response to exercise. […] Our findings show that fully automated insulin and glucagon delivery, combined with wearable physical activity sensors that detect exercise, effectively controlled glucose levels, reduced exercise-induced hypoglycemia and can safely be used in a home environment. […] Preliminary results show that fully automated insulin and glucagon delivery combined with automated exercise detection effectively controlled glucose levels and reduced time in hypoglycemia and can safely be used in a home environment.

• #52 Hybrid Closed Loop systems, the Dexcom way | Dexcom Healthcare Professionals

  https://uk.provider.dexcom.com/connectivity/hybrid-closed-loop

  Hybrid Closed Loop (HCL) systems, also referred to as Automated Insulin Delivery (AID), are designed to mimic the activity of the pancreas. Combining knowledge of the body’s prevailing glucose level and where it’s heading (supplied by a real-time continuous glucose monitoring, or rtCGM, system), with a digitally-controlled insulin pump, HCL systems automatically adjust insulin delivery to meet the changing needs of the user. NICE recommends HCL technology for all people with diabetes meeting any of the following criteria: Age 18 or under with type 1 diabetes, Over 18 with HbA1c 7.5%, Suffer from disabling hypoglycaemia, Women who are pregnant or trying to conceive a baby. Given that Dexcom is the world’s most connected rtCGM family, it’s no surprise that Dexcom has more HCL studies with more AID systems than any other CGM brand. In fact, Dexcom CGM has safely powered automated insulin delivery systems for over 1 million patient-years of cumulative use. One of the longest real-world outcome studies showed that people using rtCGM benefitted from significantly greater reductions in HbA1c compared to people using SMBG (self-monitoring of blood glucose), regardless of insulin delivery method. These reductions were sustained over 7 years of follow-up. Benefits in time in range that may lead to reductions in HbA1c and a reduced risk of diabetes complications. HCL systems do not appear to be associated with increased rates of severe hypoglycaemia. Reduced mental burden that may contribute to improved psychosocial outcomes such as treatment satisfaction. Our hybrid closed loop (HCL) webinars will quickly help you and your colleagues feel comfortable with the latest diabetes technology. Discover essential knowledge on what HCL systems are and how they work, learn from case studies and tips on selecting the right tech for each patient, and explore insulin pump options.

• #53 Advanced Hybrid Closed Loop System Could Improve Glucose Control in Youth with High-Risk Type 1 Diabetes

  https://www.hcplive.com/view/advanced-hybrid-close-loop-system-could-improve-glucose-control-in-youth-with-high-risk-type-1-diabetes

  A prospective, dual-center study of people with high-risk type 1 diabetes using multiple daily injections aged 13-25 years demonstrates the utility of this technology in this patient population. […] Results of a new study have investigators purporting advanced hybrid closed loop therapy should be considered a first-line option for youth with high-risk type 1 diabetes using multiple daily injections. […] As diabetes technologies have advanced, so too has the range of patients leveraging these advances. At the forefront of diabetes technologies are continuous glucose monitoring and insulin pump systems. […] For less complex type 1 diabetes populations, closed loop systems are already the gold standard therapeutic option. AHCL, combined with adequate training and clinical support, should now be considered a first-line therapeutic tool for those with the most to gain, namely youth with high-risk glycemia, investigators concluded.

• #54 Managing Diabetes

  https://www.tandemdiabetes.com/support/diabetes-education/managing-diabetes/closed-loop-insulin-pump

  A closed-loop system combines a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensor with an insulin pump to automate the delivery of insulin. […] This automatic insulin dosing is the predictive algorithm and insulin pump working in unison with CGM to help minimize the frequent decisions needed to manage type 1 diabetes. […] An advanced hybrid closed-loop system such as Control-IQ technology on the t:slim X2 insulin pump has removed the minute-to-minute, decision-making burden of diabetes management, said Ms. McElwee Malloy. […] Using an advanced hybrid closed-loop system offers a number of benefits over other diabetes management methods. […] In my mind, the biggest benefit of using hybrid closed-loop technology has been improved sleep, said Dr. Pinsker. Automatic insulin dosing systems excel at bringing down blood sugar overnight and keeping it in a steady range, allowing for a great start to the morning.

• #55 NICE announces final appraisal recommendations on hybrid closed-loop systems for type 1 diabetes

  https://www.diabetes.org.uk/about-us/news-and-views/hybrid-closed-loop-technology-recommended-thousands-type-1

  Hybrid closed-loop technology has the potential to transform the lives of many people with type 1 diabetes, improving both health and quality of life. […] This tech might sound sci-fi like but it will have a dramatic impact on the quality of peoples lives, not to mention outcomes it is as close to the holy grail of a fully automated system as science can provide at the moment, where people with type 1 diabetes can get on with their lives without worrying about glucose levels or medication.

• #56 The role of the hybrid closed loop subcutaneous insulin pump system in patients with weakness in the management of type 1 diabetes and complete failure to achieve satisfactory glycemic control | ECE2024 | 26th European Congress of Endocrinology | Endocrin

  https://www.endocrine-abstracts.org/ea/0099/ea0099ep1050

  The assessment of the glycemic regulation of patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is necessary, in order to design an individualized treatment plan, to control the complications resulting from hyper- or hypoglycemia. […] The immediate result of the insulin pump placement, was the stability of glucose values and the avoidance of hospitalizations in all patients. Some of them managed TIR 45% within the first 3 months, without hypoglycemia. The placement of a hybrid closed loop system of subcutaneous insulin infusion, dramatically improved both their glycemic control and much more the general management of diabetes mellitus.

• #57 Closed loop system to treat type 1 diabetes: everything there is to know! – Carenity

  https://www.carenity.us/condition-information/magazine/news/closed-loop-system-to-treat-type-1-diabetes-everything-there-is-to-know-1797

  The closed loop is a system for managing type 1 diabetes through automated delivery of insulin. […] The hybrid closed loop system combines two or three components that communicate with each other: an insulin pump delivering insulin, a continuous glucose monitor (CGM), and an algorithm that establishes the link between the insulin pump and the CGM. […] Research has demonstrated that such hybrid systems improve diabetes management, reduce hypoglycemia and improve quality of life for patients with type 1 diabetes. […] The hybrid closed loop system is a medical device designed to mimic the natural functioning of the pancreas. This technology comprises 2 or 3 components, depending on the model: an insulin pump, a continuous glucose monitor (CGM), and an algorithm that establishes the link between them. There are many benefits for type 1 diabetes patients, since the closed loop system greatly reduces the mental burden associated with managing diabetes and helps to improve quality of life.

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