Materiały źródłowe

• #1 MOGAD: What It Is, Diagnosis, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-disease-mogad

  Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is an autoimmune condition where your immune system attacks proteins in the protective cover around your nerves (myelin). It causes symptoms that affect your eyes, brain and spinal cord, like vision loss, confusion and muscle weakness. Treatment options are available. […] Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is an autoimmune condition where your immune system (antibodies) mistakenly attacks parts of your central nervous system. […] Common symptoms of MOGAD include vision loss, muscle weakness and loss of coordination. You may hear your provider refer to these symptoms as optic neuritis, transverse myelitis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). […] A healthcare provider will diagnose MOGAD after a physical exam, neurological exam and testing.

• #2 Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD): Clinical features and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-associated-disease-mogad-clinical-features-and-diagnosis

  Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is an inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system characterized by attacks of immune-mediated demyelination predominantly targeting the optic nerves, brain, and spinal cord. […] The epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of MOGAD are reviewed here. […] The presence of a core clinical demyelinating event: Optic neuritis, Transverse myelitis, Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), Cerebral monofocal or polyfocal deficits, Brainstem or cerebellar deficits, or Cerebral cortical encephalitis, often with seizures. […] A positive myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein immunoglobulin G (MOG-IgG) antibody test, fulfilled when the MOG-IgG is clearly positive as defined above. […] The exclusion of a better diagnosis, including multiple sclerosis. […] Diagnostic criteria for MOGAD require the presence of a core clinical demyelinating event, a positive MOG-IgG antibody test, and the exclusion of a better diagnosis, including multiple sclerosis.

• #3 Diagnosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: International MOGAD Panel proposed criteria – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36706773/

  Serum antibodies directed against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) are found in patients with acquired CNS demyelinating syndromes that are distinct from multiple sclerosis and aquaporin-4-seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. […] According to our proposed criteria, MOGAD is typically associated with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, optic neuritis, or transverse myelitis, and is less commonly associated with cerebral cortical encephalitis, brainstem presentations, or cerebellar presentations. […] MOGAD can present as either a monophasic or relapsing disease course, and MOG-IgG cell-based assays are important for diagnostic accuracy. […] Diagnoses such as multiple sclerosis need to be excluded, but not all patients with multiple sclerosis should undergo screening for MOG-IgG.

• #4 Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mogad/symptoms-causes/syc-20560476

  Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease, also known as MOGAD, is a rare inflammatory disease that affects the central nervous system. […] MOGAD is often misdiagnosed as another disease that attacks myelin and causes similar symptoms. It may be mistaken for multiple sclerosis, known as MS. Or it may be confused with a condition called neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, also known as NMOSD. […] MOGAD also is diagnosed differently, using results from MRI and blood tests.

• #5 Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-associated-disease-mogad?lang=us

  Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) represents a group of inflammatory demyelinating disorders united by the presence of IgG antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). MOGAD represents a distinct clinical entity that clinically overlaps but is nonetheless separate from acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and multiple sclerosis (MS). […] MOGAD is primarily encountered in children and young adults with an estimated incidence of between 1.6 and 3.4 per 1,000,000 person-years and a median age onset between 20-30 years. […] In children with acquired demyelination syndrome, MOG-IgG is more commonly detected than aquaporin-4 antibodies. […] Additionally, children with MOGAD are more likely to present with an ADEM-like clinical picture, whereas adults are more likely to present with an NMOSD-like syndrome.

• #6 Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-associated-disease-mogad?lang=us

  Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) represents a group of inflammatory demyelinating disorders united by the presence of IgG antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). MOGAD represents a distinct clinical entity that clinically overlaps but is nonetheless separate from acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and multiple sclerosis (MS). […] MOGAD is primarily encountered in children and young adults with an estimated incidence of between 1.6 and 3.4 per 1,000,000 person-years and a median age onset between 20-30 years. […] In children with acquired demyelination syndrome, MOG-IgG is more commonly detected than aquaporin-4 antibodies. […] Additionally, children with MOGAD are more likely to present with an ADEM-like clinical picture, whereas adults are more likely to present with an NMOSD-like syndrome.

• #7 Myelin Oligodendrocyte Antibody Disease Fact Sheet | Cleveland Clinic

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/departments/neurological/depts/multiple-sclerosis/ms-approaches/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-disease

  Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody associated disorders (MOGAD) are a spectrum of idiopathic, inflammatory, demyelinating diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS). […] Antibodies against this protein have long been known to cause inflammatory encephalomyelitis in animal models but more recently a subset of patients with this antibody and similar phenotype with CNS demyelinating and inflammatory disorders in humans have been identified. […] The exact incidence and prevalence of MOGAD is not known due to lack of epidemiological studies and limitations in antibody testing although in one study its prevalence is estimated to be around 2.0 per 100,000 cases and its incidence around 3.4 per 1,000,000 person-years. […] Several distinct clinical phenotypes have been identified in MOGAD including optic neuritis, myelitis, brainstem syndrome, acute dissemination encephalomyelitis, and cortical encephalitis.

• #8 Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD): Clinical features and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-associated-disease-mogad-clinical-features-and-diagnosis

  Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is an inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system characterized by attacks of immune-mediated demyelination predominantly targeting the optic nerves, brain, and spinal cord. […] The epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of MOGAD are reviewed here. […] The presence of a core clinical demyelinating event: Optic neuritis, Transverse myelitis, Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), Cerebral monofocal or polyfocal deficits, Brainstem or cerebellar deficits, or Cerebral cortical encephalitis, often with seizures. […] A positive myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein immunoglobulin G (MOG-IgG) antibody test, fulfilled when the MOG-IgG is clearly positive as defined above. […] The exclusion of a better diagnosis, including multiple sclerosis. […] Diagnostic criteria for MOGAD require the presence of a core clinical demyelinating event, a positive MOG-IgG antibody test, and the exclusion of a better diagnosis, including multiple sclerosis.

• #9 Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mogad/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20560477

  A healthcare professional reviews any symptoms you’re having and may do a physical exam to look for any signs of MOGAD. […] MOGAD is usually diagnosed after two things have been confirmed. Healthcare professionals confirm that symptoms were caused by a typical attack type, such as optic neuritis, transverse myelitis or acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). MOGAD also is diagnosed after the MOG-antibody is found in the blood or spinal fluid. […] The MOG antibody test isn’t always accurate. Sometimes healthy people or people with other diseases can have MOG antibodies at lower levels. Your healthcare team uses your test results to make sure there isn’t something else causing your symptoms.

• #10 Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disorders (MOGAD) – MS Australia

  https://www.msaustralia.org.au/nmosd-and-mogad/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-disorders/

  Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). […] In MOGAD, the immune system mistakenly makes antibodies targeting MOG, which results in demyelination. […] This happens less frequently now with the availability of specific diagnostic blood tests for the detection of these important MOG antibodies, and recognition of the clinical and radiological features (MRIs of the brain, optic nerves, and spinal cord) which distinguish these three disorders. […] Accurate diagnosis of MOGAD is critical as treatment options are different to those used in MS. […] Using MS disease modifying therapies for MOGAD can be ineffective, resulting in permanent neurological disability and may lead to worsening of disease activity.

• #11 Diagnosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: International MOGAD Panel proposed criteria – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36706773/

  Serum antibodies directed against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) are found in patients with acquired CNS demyelinating syndromes that are distinct from multiple sclerosis and aquaporin-4-seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. […] According to our proposed criteria, MOGAD is typically associated with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, optic neuritis, or transverse myelitis, and is less commonly associated with cerebral cortical encephalitis, brainstem presentations, or cerebellar presentations. […] MOGAD can present as either a monophasic or relapsing disease course, and MOG-IgG cell-based assays are important for diagnostic accuracy. […] Diagnoses such as multiple sclerosis need to be excluded, but not all patients with multiple sclerosis should undergo screening for MOG-IgG.

• #12 Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD): Clinical features and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-associated-disease-mogad-clinical-features-and-diagnosis

  Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is an inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system characterized by attacks of immune-mediated demyelination predominantly targeting the optic nerves, brain, and spinal cord. […] The epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of MOGAD are reviewed here. […] The presence of a core clinical demyelinating event: Optic neuritis, Transverse myelitis, Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), Cerebral monofocal or polyfocal deficits, Brainstem or cerebellar deficits, or Cerebral cortical encephalitis, often with seizures. […] A positive myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein immunoglobulin G (MOG-IgG) antibody test, fulfilled when the MOG-IgG is clearly positive as defined above. […] The exclusion of a better diagnosis, including multiple sclerosis. […] Diagnostic criteria for MOGAD require the presence of a core clinical demyelinating event, a positive MOG-IgG antibody test, and the exclusion of a better diagnosis, including multiple sclerosis.

• #13 Diagnosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: International MOGAD Panel proposed criteria – EM consulte

  https://www.em-consulte.com/article/1573283/diagnosis-of-myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-a

  Diagnosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: International MOGAD Panel proposed criteria – 16/02/23 […] Serum antibodies directed against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) are found in patients with acquired CNS demyelinating syndromes that are distinct from multiple sclerosis and aquaporin-4-seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. […] Based on an extensive literature review and a structured consensus process, we propose diagnostic criteria for MOG antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) in which the presence of MOG-IgG is a core criterion. […] According to our proposed criteria, MOGAD is typically associated with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, optic neuritis, or transverse myelitis, and is less commonly associated with cerebral cortical encephalitis, brainstem presentations, or cerebellar presentations.

• #14 Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD): Clinical features and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-associated-disease-mogad-clinical-features-and-diagnosis

  Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is an inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system characterized by attacks of immune-mediated demyelination predominantly targeting the optic nerves, brain, and spinal cord. […] The epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of MOGAD are reviewed here. […] The presence of a core clinical demyelinating event: Optic neuritis, Transverse myelitis, Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), Cerebral monofocal or polyfocal deficits, Brainstem or cerebellar deficits, or Cerebral cortical encephalitis, often with seizures. […] A positive myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein immunoglobulin G (MOG-IgG) antibody test, fulfilled when the MOG-IgG is clearly positive as defined above. […] The exclusion of a better diagnosis, including multiple sclerosis. […] Diagnostic criteria for MOGAD require the presence of a core clinical demyelinating event, a positive MOG-IgG antibody test, and the exclusion of a better diagnosis, including multiple sclerosis.

• #15 Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein-Antibody Associated Disease: An Updated Review of the Clinical Spectrum, Pathogenetic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Management

  https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4468/13/2/43

  Recently, the first set of diagnostic criteria for MOGAD was proposed by an international panel of experts based on a thorough literature review and a structured consensus process. […] These require the presence of a core clinical demyelinating event, including ON, TM, ADEM, cerebral monofocal or polyfocal deficits, brainstem or cerebellar deficits or cerebral cortical encephalitis, often with seizures, along with a clearly positive MOG-IgG test and exclusion of a better diagnosis, including MS. […] The panel emphasizes the significance of conducting MOG-IgG testing within a suitable clinical framework to improve the positive predictive value of the test.

• #16 Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) – Insights

  https://news.mayocliniclabs.com/2023/05/01/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-associated-disease-mogad/

  Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is a well-defined disease that is the focus of recent diagnostic criteria. […] The MOG antibody assay methodology was included in the diagnostic criteria. […] The second part that’s required, because it’s called MOG antibody-associated disease, is a positive MOG-IgG. […] The third part for the diagnosis of MOGAD is you need exclusion of a better diagnosis, and that includes multiple sclerosis, which is going to be the most common differential diagnosis. […] If you have a high positive, then all you need to do is move on and exclude a better diagnosis. If you have a low positive result, we know that those are a bit more problematic, and in those cases, you need to have an aquaporin-4 antibody negative result, and you need to have some supporting features that we mentioned on the prior slides. […] Now we can clearly say that MOGAD is a separate disease from MS and aquaporin-4 positive NMOSD.

• #17 Applying Diagnostic Criteria in Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody–Associated Diseaselogo-32logo-40logo-60NEJM Journal WatchnejmJW_1L_RGB-b

  https://www.jwatch.org/na57707/2024/07/18/applying-diagnostic-criteria-myelin-oligodendrocyte

  Applying Diagnostic Criteria in Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody–Associated Disease […] The proposed 2023 diagnostic criteria for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody–associated disease (MOGAD) require the occurrence of one of the core clinical attack types (e.g., optic neuritis, myelitis, or acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis) as well as positive MOG IgG antibodies, and the absence of aquaporin 4-IgG antibodies plus supporting clinical or MRI features when no antibodies are detected. […] The proposed 2023 criteria were met in 88 patients, of whom 83 were deemed true positive and 5 false positive compared with clinical diagnosis; 3 others were considered false negative. Diagnostic criteria performance was very high, with sensitivity and specificity in the 92% to 100% range.

• #18 Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease: Current Insights into the Disease Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7795410/

  In 2018 based on experts consensus the proposal of the MOGAD diagnosis criteria was published. […] The result of anti-MOG antibody testing is crucial for appropriate diagnosis, therefore the international guidelines regarding accurate analysis are detailed. The golden standard method for experts is the cell-based assay with full-length human MOG as target antigen. […] The optimal source for MOG IgG testing is serum, since antibodies concentrations are low in cerebrospinal fluid. […] Based on a combination of clinical, imaging, and laboratory findings, MOG antibody testing should be performed in patients with a high risk of MOGAD and/or in the case of findings that are atypical for MS and NMSOD.

• #19 Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease: Current Insights into the Disease Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7795410/

  In 2018 based on experts consensus the proposal of the MOGAD diagnosis criteria was published. […] The result of anti-MOG antibody testing is crucial for appropriate diagnosis, therefore the international guidelines regarding accurate analysis are detailed. The golden standard method for experts is the cell-based assay with full-length human MOG as target antigen. […] The optimal source for MOG IgG testing is serum, since antibodies concentrations are low in cerebrospinal fluid. […] Based on a combination of clinical, imaging, and laboratory findings, MOG antibody testing should be performed in patients with a high risk of MOGAD and/or in the case of findings that are atypical for MS and NMSOD.

• #20 Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease: Current Insights into the Disease Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/1/100

  In this review, we present up-to-date clinical, immunological, radiographic, histopathological data concerning MOGAD and summarize the practical aspects of diagnosing and managing patients with this disease. […] The result of anti-MOG antibody testing is crucial for appropriate diagnosis, therefore the international guidelines regarding accurate analysis are detailed. The golden standard method for experts is the cell-based assay with full-length human MOG as target antigen. […] Detection of anti-MOG IgG antibodies by other laboratory methods, like immunohistochemistry, peptide-based ELISA or Western blotting, is not recommended due to their low specificity. […] Until now multiple research groups have detected serum anti-MOG antibodies with aforementioned optimized cell-based assays, mostly in patients with a phenotype of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), brainstem/cortical encephalitis, optic neuritis, (ON) (unilateral/bilateral), transverse myelitis (TM) and longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM).

• #21 MOG Antibody Disease (MOGAD) | Diagnosis | SRNA

  https://wearesrna.org/living-with-myelitis/disease-information/mog-antibody-disease/diagnosis/

  There are blood tests that can test for MOG antibodies. Only cell-based assays are considered reliable for the diagnosis of MOGAD because of the improved specificity over older ELISA tests. CSF analysis from a lumbar puncture may show increased white blood cell counts during a relapse, and oligoclonal bands are not usually found. […] MOGAD is most often diagnosed when someone has a positive blood test for the MOG antibody and also presents with one of the above-mentioned clinical inflammatory attacks. Other disorders, especially MS, need to be ruled out before diagnosing someone with MOGAD. […] MRI findings may be similar to those seen in MS and NMOSD, but there are important differences. For example, in MOG antibody disease, optic neuritis often affects both eyes, involves the front-most portion of the optic nerve, and is associated with swelling of the optic disc. Furthermore, MOGAD lesions in the brain tend to look fluffy and poorly-defined, occur in the deep gray matter or white matter, and occur on both sides of the brain.

• #22 Myelin-oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD) – Child Neurology Foundation

  https://www.childneurologyfoundation.org/disorder/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-disease-mogad/

  Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is an autoimmune disease. It affects the nerves in the brain and spinal cord. MOGAD occurs suddenly. It often follows a viral infection. […] The condition may present more than once. Most children have a very good recovery with treatment. […] In MOGAD, the immune system forms antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). MOG is a component of the myelin sheath in the brain and spinal cord. A disease that damages myelin is called a demyelinating disease. […] MOGAD occurs more commonly in children than in adults. It affects males and females equally. […] The following tests can help diagnose MOGAD. […] Serum is a component of blood. If your child’s physician suspects MOGAD the serum will be tested for MOG antibodies and AQP4 antibodies.

• #23 Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease: Current Insights into the Disease Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7795410/

  In 2018 based on experts consensus the proposal of the MOGAD diagnosis criteria was published. […] The result of anti-MOG antibody testing is crucial for appropriate diagnosis, therefore the international guidelines regarding accurate analysis are detailed. The golden standard method for experts is the cell-based assay with full-length human MOG as target antigen. […] The optimal source for MOG IgG testing is serum, since antibodies concentrations are low in cerebrospinal fluid. […] Based on a combination of clinical, imaging, and laboratory findings, MOG antibody testing should be performed in patients with a high risk of MOGAD and/or in the case of findings that are atypical for MS and NMSOD.

• #24 The diagnosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) in children

  https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ent/Article/100469

  Diagnosis of MOGAD has been challenging due to controversies in antibody detection methodologies and also to the expansion of the clinical spectrum over the years. […] The diagnosis basically depends on the detection of anti-MOG antibodies in the presence of clinical findings consistent with MOGAD. […] The spectrum of the clinical presentation compatible with MOGAD, and the methodology and sampling material for the detection of anti-MOG antibodies have been the subject of discussion. […] Therefore diagnosis of MOGAD does not require clinical relapses or any radiological finding fulfilling dissemination in time. […] The accurate and early diagnosis of CNS demyelinating diseases, which are classified under four groups MS, MOGAD, AQP4 seropositive NMOSD, and seronegative demyelinating syndromes, is essential for appropriate management and better outcomes. […] Current diagnostic criteria recommend only serum MOG antibody testing in the presence of typical clinical presentations of MOGAD and suggest testing in CSF if no antibodies are detected in the serum but clinical suspicion persists.

• #25 Advancing Expertise in the Understanding of Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease: Masterclass Event Summary – European Medical Journal

  https://www.emjreviews.com/neurology/symposium/advancing-expertise-in-the-understanding-of-myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-associated-disease-masterclass-event-summary-s110224/

  A proposed diagnostic pathway by the international MOGAD panel, published in March 2023, sets out the core clinical demyelinating events that could suggest MOGAD, when MOG-IgG testing may be appropriate, and when supporting clinical or MRI features are required to confirm a diagnosis. […] In patients with suspected MOGAD, testing for serum MOG-IgG can be useful, but the positive predictive value varies according to the patient population. […] The first consensus document from an international expert panel for the diagnosis and management of MOGAD, published in 2019, recommended measurement of MOG antibodies in serum only, the 2023 expert opinion advises cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) screening in some cases, for instance in seronegative patients with clinical and MRI characteristics of MOGAD.

• #26 Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disorders (MOGAD) – MS Australia

  https://www.msaustralia.org.au/nmosd-and-mogad/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-disorders/

  Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). […] In MOGAD, the immune system mistakenly makes antibodies targeting MOG, which results in demyelination. […] This happens less frequently now with the availability of specific diagnostic blood tests for the detection of these important MOG antibodies, and recognition of the clinical and radiological features (MRIs of the brain, optic nerves, and spinal cord) which distinguish these three disorders. […] Accurate diagnosis of MOGAD is critical as treatment options are different to those used in MS. […] Using MS disease modifying therapies for MOGAD can be ineffective, resulting in permanent neurological disability and may lead to worsening of disease activity.

• #27 MRI features of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease: a descriptive study—how it differs from neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and multiple sclerosis | Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine | Full Text

  https://ejrnm.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43055-023-01066-1

  The lesions in the brain were described based on their signal intensity, site, and pattern of enhancement. […] Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis was defined as T2 hyperintense or enhancing spinal cord lesions extending three or more segments of vertebrae. […] Overall, 10 patients (50%) showed brainstem lesions out of which pontine lesions were found in six patients (30%), and midbrain and medullary lesions in four patients each (20%). […] McDonald’s criteria for multiple sclerosis were not met by any of the MOGAD patients. […] In our study, MOGAD did not show significant male or female preponderance. […] MOGAD was observed to be more frequently linked to an encephalopathic phenotype and seizure presentation than NMOSD and MS. […] Typical spinal MRI findings in our cohort of MOGAD patients include centrally located, T2 hyperintense, longitudinally extensive lesions involving both grey and white matter, with involvement of more than 50% of the axial section of the cord, and cord swelling.

• #28 MOG Antibody Disease (MOGAD) | Diagnosis | SRNA

  https://wearesrna.org/living-with-myelitis/disease-information/mog-antibody-disease/diagnosis/

  There are blood tests that can test for MOG antibodies. Only cell-based assays are considered reliable for the diagnosis of MOGAD because of the improved specificity over older ELISA tests. CSF analysis from a lumbar puncture may show increased white blood cell counts during a relapse, and oligoclonal bands are not usually found. […] MOGAD is most often diagnosed when someone has a positive blood test for the MOG antibody and also presents with one of the above-mentioned clinical inflammatory attacks. Other disorders, especially MS, need to be ruled out before diagnosing someone with MOGAD. […] MRI findings may be similar to those seen in MS and NMOSD, but there are important differences. For example, in MOG antibody disease, optic neuritis often affects both eyes, involves the front-most portion of the optic nerve, and is associated with swelling of the optic disc. Furthermore, MOGAD lesions in the brain tend to look fluffy and poorly-defined, occur in the deep gray matter or white matter, and occur on both sides of the brain.

• #29 MRI features of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease: a descriptive study—how it differs from neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and multiple sclerosis | Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine | Full Text

  https://ejrnm.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43055-023-01066-1

  The lesions in the brain were described based on their signal intensity, site, and pattern of enhancement. […] Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis was defined as T2 hyperintense or enhancing spinal cord lesions extending three or more segments of vertebrae. […] Overall, 10 patients (50%) showed brainstem lesions out of which pontine lesions were found in six patients (30%), and midbrain and medullary lesions in four patients each (20%). […] McDonald’s criteria for multiple sclerosis were not met by any of the MOGAD patients. […] In our study, MOGAD did not show significant male or female preponderance. […] MOGAD was observed to be more frequently linked to an encephalopathic phenotype and seizure presentation than NMOSD and MS. […] Typical spinal MRI findings in our cohort of MOGAD patients include centrally located, T2 hyperintense, longitudinally extensive lesions involving both grey and white matter, with involvement of more than 50% of the axial section of the cord, and cord swelling.

• #30 MRI features of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease: a descriptive study—how it differs from neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and multiple sclerosis | Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine | Full Text

  https://ejrnm.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43055-023-01066-1

  Patients with MOGAD who underwent orbital MRI revealed oedematous, enlarged, and tortuous optic nerves, with bilateral long or short segments of abnormal T2 hyperintense signal that typically involved anterior segments of the optic nerves while sparing the optic chiasm and retro-chiasmatic pathways. […] We hope our findings help clinicians systematically evaluate and manage patients with suspicious neuroinflammatory diseases.

• #31 Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-associated-disease-mogad?lang=us

  Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) represents a group of inflammatory demyelinating disorders united by the presence of IgG antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). MOGAD represents a distinct clinical entity that clinically overlaps but is nonetheless separate from acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and multiple sclerosis (MS). […] MOGAD is primarily encountered in children and young adults with an estimated incidence of between 1.6 and 3.4 per 1,000,000 person-years and a median age onset between 20-30 years. […] In children with acquired demyelination syndrome, MOG-IgG is more commonly detected than aquaporin-4 antibodies. […] Additionally, children with MOGAD are more likely to present with an ADEM-like clinical picture, whereas adults are more likely to present with an NMOSD-like syndrome.

• #32 MRI features of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease: a descriptive study—how it differs from neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and multiple sclerosis | Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine | Full Text

  https://ejrnm.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43055-023-01066-1

  The lesions in the brain were described based on their signal intensity, site, and pattern of enhancement. […] Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis was defined as T2 hyperintense or enhancing spinal cord lesions extending three or more segments of vertebrae. […] Overall, 10 patients (50%) showed brainstem lesions out of which pontine lesions were found in six patients (30%), and midbrain and medullary lesions in four patients each (20%). […] McDonald’s criteria for multiple sclerosis were not met by any of the MOGAD patients. […] In our study, MOGAD did not show significant male or female preponderance. […] MOGAD was observed to be more frequently linked to an encephalopathic phenotype and seizure presentation than NMOSD and MS. […] Typical spinal MRI findings in our cohort of MOGAD patients include centrally located, T2 hyperintense, longitudinally extensive lesions involving both grey and white matter, with involvement of more than 50% of the axial section of the cord, and cord swelling.

• #33 MOGAD Disorder and Multiple Sclerosis | National MS SocietyNational Multiple Sclerosis Society LogoNational Multiple Sclerosis Society LogoOpen searchExpand SectionExpand SectionExpand SectionExpand SectionExpand Section

  https://www.nationalmssociety.org/understanding-ms/what-is-ms/related-conditions/mogad

  Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease (MOGAD) is an autoimmune disorder that shares some symptoms with multiple sclerosis and may be misdiagnosed as MS. It is associated with the presence of antibodies directed against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). MOG is found in the myelin that insulates the nerves of the central nervous system, which consists of the brain, spinal cord and optic nerves. The antibody attack on MOG disrupts the transmission of nerve signals in the body and causes a variety of symptoms. […] A diagnosis of MOGAD is generally made when you have: MOG antibodies in your blood, Certain other demyelinating disorders, such as optic neuritis, transverse myelitis or ADEM. The process of diagnosis includes: A medical history to identify any past or present symptoms that might be caused by MOGAD, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), MS or a different condition, Neurologic exam of your thinking, vision, hearing, sensations, strength, swallowing, reflexes, coordination, walking and balance, MRI of your brain, optic nerves and spinal cord, Spinal tap (lumbar puncture) to examine cerebrospinal fluid, Eye scans and vision tests, Blood tests.

• #34 MOG antibody-associated optic neuritis | Eye

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-024-03108-y

  Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is a demyelinating disorder, distinct from multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). MOGAD most frequently presents with optic neuritis (MOG-ON), often with characteristic clinical and radiological features. […] The detection of serum MOG immunoglobulin G utilising a live cell-based assay in a patient with a compatible clinical phenotype is highly specific for the diagnosis of MOGAD. […] This review will highlight the key clinical and radiological features which expedite diagnosis, as well as ancillary investigations such as visual fields, visual evoked potentials and cerebrospinal fluid analysis, which may be less discriminatory. […] MOG-ON appears to be largely responsive to corticosteroids, which are often the mainstay of acute management.

• #35 Myelin Oligodendrocyte Antibody Disease Fact Sheet | Cleveland Clinic

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/departments/neurological/depts/multiple-sclerosis/ms-approaches/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-disease

  MOGAD should be considered as an etiology in patients with undifferentiated optic neuritis as MOG antibodies can be detected in 2-5% of patients. […] In MOGAD in addition to visual acuity monitoring, visual field measurements could also be used to monitor functional impairment. […] Myelitis is another common presentation in MOGAD which may occur alone or simultaneously as part of a multifocal attack, with optic neuritis occurring simultaneously in approximately 20-40% of patients. […] The typical presentation of myelitis in MOGAD patients is longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) with involvement of greater than 3 vertebral segments and commonly involved areas include cervical and thoracic spinal cord. […] In the pediatric population, ADEM is considered the most common presenting phenotype in MOGAD occurring in approximately 68% of patients.

• #36 MOG antibody-associated optic neuritis | Eye

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-024-03108-y

  Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is a demyelinating disorder, distinct from multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). MOGAD most frequently presents with optic neuritis (MOG-ON), often with characteristic clinical and radiological features. […] The detection of serum MOG immunoglobulin G utilising a live cell-based assay in a patient with a compatible clinical phenotype is highly specific for the diagnosis of MOGAD. […] This review will highlight the key clinical and radiological features which expedite diagnosis, as well as ancillary investigations such as visual fields, visual evoked potentials and cerebrospinal fluid analysis, which may be less discriminatory. […] MOG-ON appears to be largely responsive to corticosteroids, which are often the mainstay of acute management.

• #37 Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease: Current Insights into the Disease Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/1/100

  In 2018 based on experts’ consensus the proposal of the MOGAD diagnosis criteria was published. Disease confirmation includes three necessary components: clinical picture, neuroimaging (MRI) or neurophysiological exam (in ON optical coherence tomography or visual evoked potentials) findings indicating demyelinating injury within CNS, biochemical (the positive result of MOG IgG test performed with modern cell-based assay).

• #38 MOGAD Disorder and Multiple Sclerosis | National MS SocietyNational Multiple Sclerosis Society LogoNational Multiple Sclerosis Society LogoOpen searchExpand SectionExpand SectionExpand SectionExpand SectionExpand Section

  https://www.nationalmssociety.org/understanding-ms/what-is-ms/related-conditions/mogad

  Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease (MOGAD) is an autoimmune disorder that shares some symptoms with multiple sclerosis and may be misdiagnosed as MS. It is associated with the presence of antibodies directed against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). MOG is found in the myelin that insulates the nerves of the central nervous system, which consists of the brain, spinal cord and optic nerves. The antibody attack on MOG disrupts the transmission of nerve signals in the body and causes a variety of symptoms. […] A diagnosis of MOGAD is generally made when you have: MOG antibodies in your blood, Certain other demyelinating disorders, such as optic neuritis, transverse myelitis or ADEM. The process of diagnosis includes: A medical history to identify any past or present symptoms that might be caused by MOGAD, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), MS or a different condition, Neurologic exam of your thinking, vision, hearing, sensations, strength, swallowing, reflexes, coordination, walking and balance, MRI of your brain, optic nerves and spinal cord, Spinal tap (lumbar puncture) to examine cerebrospinal fluid, Eye scans and vision tests, Blood tests.

• #39 MOGAD: What It Is, Diagnosis, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-disease-mogad

  Tests look for identifying markers of MOGAD like increased white blood cell counts (which happen during inflammation), brain or spinal cord lesions, and oligoclonal bands (groupings of antibodies), which are commonly absent in MOGAD but present in other diseases. […] MOGAD can be difficult to diagnose. Symptoms look similar to other conditions, like multiple sclerosis for example. […] Most people receive a MOGAD diagnosis in their 20s or 30s, but the condition can affect anyone at any age. Children are usually diagnosed before age 11. […] There isnt a cure available for MOGAD at this time. […] Treatment for the sudden onset of MOGAD symptoms (acute) includes steroids (methylprednisolone), given intravenously (through a vein in your arm) for three to five days, plasma exchange, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), and immunosuppressant medications you take orally (by mouth).

• #40 The diagnosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) in children

  https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ent/Article/100469

  Diagnosis of MOGAD has been challenging due to controversies in antibody detection methodologies and also to the expansion of the clinical spectrum over the years. […] The diagnosis basically depends on the detection of anti-MOG antibodies in the presence of clinical findings consistent with MOGAD. […] The spectrum of the clinical presentation compatible with MOGAD, and the methodology and sampling material for the detection of anti-MOG antibodies have been the subject of discussion. […] Therefore diagnosis of MOGAD does not require clinical relapses or any radiological finding fulfilling dissemination in time. […] The accurate and early diagnosis of CNS demyelinating diseases, which are classified under four groups MS, MOGAD, AQP4 seropositive NMOSD, and seronegative demyelinating syndromes, is essential for appropriate management and better outcomes. […] Current diagnostic criteria recommend only serum MOG antibody testing in the presence of typical clinical presentations of MOGAD and suggest testing in CSF if no antibodies are detected in the serum but clinical suspicion persists.

• #41 Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mogad/symptoms-causes/syc-20560476

  Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease, also known as MOGAD, is a rare inflammatory disease that affects the central nervous system. […] MOGAD is often misdiagnosed as another disease that attacks myelin and causes similar symptoms. It may be mistaken for multiple sclerosis, known as MS. Or it may be confused with a condition called neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, also known as NMOSD. […] MOGAD also is diagnosed differently, using results from MRI and blood tests.

• #42 MOGAD Disorder and Multiple Sclerosis | National MS SocietyNational Multiple Sclerosis Society LogoNational Multiple Sclerosis Society LogoOpen searchExpand SectionExpand SectionExpand SectionExpand SectionExpand Section

  https://www.nationalmssociety.org/understanding-ms/what-is-ms/related-conditions/mogad

  MOGAD, like MS and NMOSD, is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. However, it is different from these other conditions in these ways: MOGAD and NMOSD frequently affect both eyes at the same time and cause more severe vision loss than MS. Often, recovery of vision in MOGAD is better than in NMOSD. […] The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved any treatments for MOGAD. If patients have more than one attack, they may require long-term treatment to prevent further attacks. Several medications that have FDA approval for other diseases may be prescribed to prevent attacks.

• #43 MOGAD: What It Is, Diagnosis, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-disease-mogad

  Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is an autoimmune condition where your immune system attacks proteins in the protective cover around your nerves (myelin). It causes symptoms that affect your eyes, brain and spinal cord, like vision loss, confusion and muscle weakness. Treatment options are available. […] Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is an autoimmune condition where your immune system (antibodies) mistakenly attacks parts of your central nervous system. […] Common symptoms of MOGAD include vision loss, muscle weakness and loss of coordination. You may hear your provider refer to these symptoms as optic neuritis, transverse myelitis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). […] A healthcare provider will diagnose MOGAD after a physical exam, neurological exam and testing.

• #44 MRI features of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease: a descriptive study—how it differs from neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and multiple sclerosis | Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine | Full Text

  https://ejrnm.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43055-023-01066-1

  The lesions in the brain were described based on their signal intensity, site, and pattern of enhancement. […] Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis was defined as T2 hyperintense or enhancing spinal cord lesions extending three or more segments of vertebrae. […] Overall, 10 patients (50%) showed brainstem lesions out of which pontine lesions were found in six patients (30%), and midbrain and medullary lesions in four patients each (20%). […] McDonald’s criteria for multiple sclerosis were not met by any of the MOGAD patients. […] In our study, MOGAD did not show significant male or female preponderance. […] MOGAD was observed to be more frequently linked to an encephalopathic phenotype and seizure presentation than NMOSD and MS. […] Typical spinal MRI findings in our cohort of MOGAD patients include centrally located, T2 hyperintense, longitudinally extensive lesions involving both grey and white matter, with involvement of more than 50% of the axial section of the cord, and cord swelling.

• #45 Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mogad/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20560477

  A healthcare professional reviews any symptoms you’re having and may do a physical exam to look for any signs of MOGAD. […] MOGAD is usually diagnosed after two things have been confirmed. Healthcare professionals confirm that symptoms were caused by a typical attack type, such as optic neuritis, transverse myelitis or acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). MOGAD also is diagnosed after the MOG-antibody is found in the blood or spinal fluid. […] The MOG antibody test isn’t always accurate. Sometimes healthy people or people with other diseases can have MOG antibodies at lower levels. Your healthcare team uses your test results to make sure there isn’t something else causing your symptoms.

• #46 Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-associated-disease-mogad

  MOG antibody testing with a cell-based assay. This test looks at cells with MOG on their surface to see if the MOG-antibody is present in the blood. This test is considered the gold standard for testing for MOGAD, but there is potential for false positives. […] The MOG antibody test isn’t always accurate. Sometimes healthy people or people with other diseases can have MOG antibodies at lower levels. Your healthcare team uses your test results to make sure there isn’t something else causing your symptoms.

• #47 Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-associated Disease (MOGAD) | American Journal of Neuroradiology

  https://www.ajnr.org/ajnr-case-collections-diagnosis/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-associated-disease

  Recently defined distinct inflammatory disorder of the CNS with immune-mediated demyelination characterized by antibody against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). […] Serum MOG-IgG antibody testing utilizing a cell-based assay is recommended, however the disease course in MOGAD may be monophasic or relapsing. Serum MOG-IgG may be transiently positive at time of initial attack and antibody-negative on follow-up testing. […] Management of MOGAD attacks includes high-dose intravenous steroids followed by an oral steroid taper. Patients who do not respond adequately to steroids may be treated with intravenous immunoglobulin or plasma exchange. […] Multiple sclerosis disease-modifying therapies do not appear to be efficacious for preventing MOGAD relapses.

• #48 Myelin-oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD) – Child Neurology Foundation

  https://www.childneurologyfoundation.org/disorder/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-disease-mogad/

  In MOGAD, levels of MOG are frequently elevated. This is especially true during the attack. It is more likely to be elevated in the serum than in the CSF. However, levels may be normal at first. They can become elevated if the child has more attacks. Levels may be normal between attacks. […] The treatment is planned with a child neurologist. The treatment for an acute attack may be any combination of the following: […] Most children with ADEM will have a complete recovery. However, sometimes the lesions on the MRI will not completely resolve. Children who have more extensive involvement on MRI have poor recovery. […] MOGAD may only happen once, or it may be relapsing. Relapses are most common in the first six months after the first attack. Relapses are also more common if MOG antibodies are positive. Adults are more likely to have relapses than children.

• #49 Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mogad/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20560477

  A healthcare professional reviews any symptoms you’re having and may do a physical exam to look for any signs of MOGAD. […] MOGAD is usually diagnosed after two things have been confirmed. Healthcare professionals confirm that symptoms were caused by a typical attack type, such as optic neuritis, transverse myelitis or acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). MOGAD also is diagnosed after the MOG-antibody is found in the blood or spinal fluid. […] The MOG antibody test isn’t always accurate. Sometimes healthy people or people with other diseases can have MOG antibodies at lower levels. Your healthcare team uses your test results to make sure there isn’t something else causing your symptoms.

• #50

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00415-023-11737-8

  New diagnostic criteria for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) have recently been proposed, distinguishing this syndrome from other inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system. […] Seropositivity status for MOG-IgG autoantibodies is important for diagnosing MOGAD, but only in the context of robust clinical characterization and cautious interpretation of neuroimaging. […] Over the last several years, access to cell-based assay (CBA) techniques has improved diagnostic accuracy, yet the positive predictive value of serum MOG-IgG values varies with the prevalence of MOGAD in any given patient population. […] In this review, cardinal clinical features of MOGAD are discussed. […] Key challenges to the current understanding of MOGAD are also highlighted, including uncertainty regarding the specificity and pathogenicity of MOG autoantibodies, the need to identify immunopathologic targets for future therapies, the quest to validate biomarkers that facilitate diagnosis and detect disease activity, and the importance of deciphering which patients with MOGAD require long-term immunotherapy.

• #51 Less common phenotypes of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-related diseases in children deserve more attention | Pediatric Research

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41390-024-03058-x

  To facilitate the identification of less common clinical phenotypes of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) in children. […] 40/236 (16.9%) of children with MOGAD had less common phenotypes. Less common clinical phenotypes of pediatric MOGAD are susceptible to misdiagnosis and deserve more attention. […] The typical phenotypes of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) in children include acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), optic neuritis (ON), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), and transverse myelitis (TM), which comprise approximately over 90% of MOGAD phenotypes in children; these phenotypes are well known and becoming standardized in diagnosis and treatment. […] The recent studies have revealed that approximately 10% of children gradually develop rare clinical phenotypes, such as cortical encephalitis, overlapping syndrome of MOGAD and anti-N-methyl-D aspartate receptor encephalitis (MNOS), cerebral leukodystrophy-like phenotype, isolated seizures without any findings on MRI, and aseptic meningitis, which further expand the spectrum of MOGAD.

• #52 Less common phenotypes of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-related diseases in children deserve more attention | Pediatric Research

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41390-024-03058-x

  To facilitate the identification of less common clinical phenotypes of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) in children. […] 40/236 (16.9%) of children with MOGAD had less common phenotypes. Less common clinical phenotypes of pediatric MOGAD are susceptible to misdiagnosis and deserve more attention. […] The typical phenotypes of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) in children include acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), optic neuritis (ON), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), and transverse myelitis (TM), which comprise approximately over 90% of MOGAD phenotypes in children; these phenotypes are well known and becoming standardized in diagnosis and treatment. […] The recent studies have revealed that approximately 10% of children gradually develop rare clinical phenotypes, such as cortical encephalitis, overlapping syndrome of MOGAD and anti-N-methyl-D aspartate receptor encephalitis (MNOS), cerebral leukodystrophy-like phenotype, isolated seizures without any findings on MRI, and aseptic meningitis, which further expand the spectrum of MOGAD.

• #53 Less common phenotypes of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-related diseases in children deserve more attention | Pediatric Research

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41390-024-03058-x

  Therefore, in this study, we retrospectively analyzed children with MOGAD for less common clinical phenotypes; their clinical and imaging features, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis were summarized and analyzed to improve clinicians understanding of less common clinical phenotypes of MOGAD in children. […] The incidence of cortical encephalitis was 6.8%, which is in line with that of Shu Hs findings. […] Therefore, when there are clinical symptoms similar to viral encephalitis, cortical lesions on cranial MRI, and poor therapeutic effect, MOG antibodies should be tested as soon as possible to make an early diagnosis and use immunotherapy promptly. […] In our study, 13 children with MNOS accounted for 5.5% of all MOGAD cases. […] In the present study, there were seven (4.7%) children with a cerebral leukodystrophy-like phenotype.

• #54 Less common phenotypes of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-related diseases in children deserve more attention | Pediatric Research

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41390-024-03058-x

  Therefore, in this study, we retrospectively analyzed children with MOGAD for less common clinical phenotypes; their clinical and imaging features, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis were summarized and analyzed to improve clinicians understanding of less common clinical phenotypes of MOGAD in children. […] The incidence of cortical encephalitis was 6.8%, which is in line with that of Shu Hs findings. […] Therefore, when there are clinical symptoms similar to viral encephalitis, cortical lesions on cranial MRI, and poor therapeutic effect, MOG antibodies should be tested as soon as possible to make an early diagnosis and use immunotherapy promptly. […] In our study, 13 children with MNOS accounted for 5.5% of all MOGAD cases. […] In the present study, there were seven (4.7%) children with a cerebral leukodystrophy-like phenotype.

• #55 Diagnosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: International MOGAD Panel proposed criteria – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36706773/

  Serum antibodies directed against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) are found in patients with acquired CNS demyelinating syndromes that are distinct from multiple sclerosis and aquaporin-4-seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. […] According to our proposed criteria, MOGAD is typically associated with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, optic neuritis, or transverse myelitis, and is less commonly associated with cerebral cortical encephalitis, brainstem presentations, or cerebellar presentations. […] MOGAD can present as either a monophasic or relapsing disease course, and MOG-IgG cell-based assays are important for diagnostic accuracy. […] Diagnoses such as multiple sclerosis need to be excluded, but not all patients with multiple sclerosis should undergo screening for MOG-IgG.

• #56 Advancing Expertise in the Understanding of Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease: Masterclass Event Summary – European Medical Journal

  https://www.emjreviews.com/neurology/symposium/advancing-expertise-in-the-understanding-of-myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-associated-disease-masterclass-event-summary-s110224/

  A proposed diagnostic pathway by the international MOGAD panel, published in March 2023, sets out the core clinical demyelinating events that could suggest MOGAD, when MOG-IgG testing may be appropriate, and when supporting clinical or MRI features are required to confirm a diagnosis. […] In patients with suspected MOGAD, testing for serum MOG-IgG can be useful, but the positive predictive value varies according to the patient population. […] The first consensus document from an international expert panel for the diagnosis and management of MOGAD, published in 2019, recommended measurement of MOG antibodies in serum only, the 2023 expert opinion advises cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) screening in some cases, for instance in seronegative patients with clinical and MRI characteristics of MOGAD.

• #57

• #58 MOGAD Disorder and Multiple Sclerosis | National MS SocietyNational Multiple Sclerosis Society LogoNational Multiple Sclerosis Society LogoOpen searchExpand SectionExpand SectionExpand SectionExpand SectionExpand Section

  https://www.nationalmssociety.org/understanding-ms/what-is-ms/related-conditions/mogad

  Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease (MOGAD) is an autoimmune disorder that shares some symptoms with multiple sclerosis and may be misdiagnosed as MS. It is associated with the presence of antibodies directed against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). MOG is found in the myelin that insulates the nerves of the central nervous system, which consists of the brain, spinal cord and optic nerves. The antibody attack on MOG disrupts the transmission of nerve signals in the body and causes a variety of symptoms. […] A diagnosis of MOGAD is generally made when you have: MOG antibodies in your blood, Certain other demyelinating disorders, such as optic neuritis, transverse myelitis or ADEM. The process of diagnosis includes: A medical history to identify any past or present symptoms that might be caused by MOGAD, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), MS or a different condition, Neurologic exam of your thinking, vision, hearing, sensations, strength, swallowing, reflexes, coordination, walking and balance, MRI of your brain, optic nerves and spinal cord, Spinal tap (lumbar puncture) to examine cerebrospinal fluid, Eye scans and vision tests, Blood tests.

• #59 Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) – Insights

  https://news.mayocliniclabs.com/2023/05/01/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-associated-disease-mogad/

  Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is a well-defined disease that is the focus of recent diagnostic criteria. […] The MOG antibody assay methodology was included in the diagnostic criteria. […] The second part that’s required, because it’s called MOG antibody-associated disease, is a positive MOG-IgG. […] The third part for the diagnosis of MOGAD is you need exclusion of a better diagnosis, and that includes multiple sclerosis, which is going to be the most common differential diagnosis. […] If you have a high positive, then all you need to do is move on and exclude a better diagnosis. If you have a low positive result, we know that those are a bit more problematic, and in those cases, you need to have an aquaporin-4 antibody negative result, and you need to have some supporting features that we mentioned on the prior slides. […] Now we can clearly say that MOGAD is a separate disease from MS and aquaporin-4 positive NMOSD.

• #60 Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) – Insights

  https://news.mayocliniclabs.com/2023/05/01/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-associated-disease-mogad/

  Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is a well-defined disease that is the focus of recent diagnostic criteria. […] The MOG antibody assay methodology was included in the diagnostic criteria. […] The second part that’s required, because it’s called MOG antibody-associated disease, is a positive MOG-IgG. […] The third part for the diagnosis of MOGAD is you need exclusion of a better diagnosis, and that includes multiple sclerosis, which is going to be the most common differential diagnosis. […] If you have a high positive, then all you need to do is move on and exclude a better diagnosis. If you have a low positive result, we know that those are a bit more problematic, and in those cases, you need to have an aquaporin-4 antibody negative result, and you need to have some supporting features that we mentioned on the prior slides. […] Now we can clearly say that MOGAD is a separate disease from MS and aquaporin-4 positive NMOSD.

• #61 Pediatric Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD) – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Pediatric_Myelin_Oligodendrocyte_Glycoprotein_Antibody-Associated_Disease_(MOGAD)

  Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system associated with seropositivity of the MOG antibody. Pediatric MOG has a wide clinical phenotype and MOG antibody testing should be considered in all children with CNS demyelinating disease. The diagnosis of MOGAD is important for counseling patients and their families on relapse risk and available treatments. […] The most common presentation of MOGAD in children is acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), which makes up around 40%-50% of all presenting cases of pediatric MOGAD. […] The International Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Study Group defines ADEM with the following criteria and all must be present to fulfil the diagnostic criteria: A first polyfocal, clinical CNS event with presumed inflammatory demyelinating cause, encephalopathy that cannot be explained by fever, no new clinical and MRI findings emerge three months or more after the onset, brain MRI is abnormal during the acute (three-month) phase.

• #62 Pediatric Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD) – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Pediatric_Myelin_Oligodendrocyte_Glycoprotein_Antibody-Associated_Disease_(MOGAD)

  Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system associated with seropositivity of the MOG antibody. Pediatric MOG has a wide clinical phenotype and MOG antibody testing should be considered in all children with CNS demyelinating disease. The diagnosis of MOGAD is important for counseling patients and their families on relapse risk and available treatments. […] The most common presentation of MOGAD in children is acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), which makes up around 40%-50% of all presenting cases of pediatric MOGAD. […] The International Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Study Group defines ADEM with the following criteria and all must be present to fulfil the diagnostic criteria: A first polyfocal, clinical CNS event with presumed inflammatory demyelinating cause, encephalopathy that cannot be explained by fever, no new clinical and MRI findings emerge three months or more after the onset, brain MRI is abnormal during the acute (three-month) phase.

• #63 Pediatric Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD) – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Pediatric_Myelin_Oligodendrocyte_Glycoprotein_Antibody-Associated_Disease_(MOGAD)

  Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system associated with seropositivity of the MOG antibody. Pediatric MOG has a wide clinical phenotype and MOG antibody testing should be considered in all children with CNS demyelinating disease. The diagnosis of MOGAD is important for counseling patients and their families on relapse risk and available treatments. […] The most common presentation of MOGAD in children is acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), which makes up around 40%-50% of all presenting cases of pediatric MOGAD. […] The International Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Study Group defines ADEM with the following criteria and all must be present to fulfil the diagnostic criteria: A first polyfocal, clinical CNS event with presumed inflammatory demyelinating cause, encephalopathy that cannot be explained by fever, no new clinical and MRI findings emerge three months or more after the onset, brain MRI is abnormal during the acute (three-month) phase.

• #64 Pediatric Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD) – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Pediatric_Myelin_Oligodendrocyte_Glycoprotein_Antibody-Associated_Disease_(MOGAD)

  Of the MOGAD pediatric patients (who tend to be 11 years old), who present with ON (MOGAD-ON) the majority have bilateral ON, if not clinically then radiologically. […] Approximately 4% of pediatric patients with MOGAD present with neuromyelitis optica (NMO). […] The treatment of pediatric MOGAD in the acute setting is similar to that of adults although some specific considerations apply in children. […] Pediatric patients have good recovery, with studies suggesting less long-term disability compared with adults.

• #65 Pediatric Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD) – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Pediatric_Myelin_Oligodendrocyte_Glycoprotein_Antibody-Associated_Disease_(MOGAD)

  Of the MOGAD pediatric patients (who tend to be 11 years old), who present with ON (MOGAD-ON) the majority have bilateral ON, if not clinically then radiologically. […] Approximately 4% of pediatric patients with MOGAD present with neuromyelitis optica (NMO). […] The treatment of pediatric MOGAD in the acute setting is similar to that of adults although some specific considerations apply in children. […] Pediatric patients have good recovery, with studies suggesting less long-term disability compared with adults.

• #66 Pediatric Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD) – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Pediatric_Myelin_Oligodendrocyte_Glycoprotein_Antibody-Associated_Disease_(MOGAD)

  Of the MOGAD pediatric patients (who tend to be 11 years old), who present with ON (MOGAD-ON) the majority have bilateral ON, if not clinically then radiologically. […] Approximately 4% of pediatric patients with MOGAD present with neuromyelitis optica (NMO). […] The treatment of pediatric MOGAD in the acute setting is similar to that of adults although some specific considerations apply in children. […] Pediatric patients have good recovery, with studies suggesting less long-term disability compared with adults.

• #67 Pediatric Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD) – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Pediatric_Myelin_Oligodendrocyte_Glycoprotein_Antibody-Associated_Disease_(MOGAD)

  Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system associated with seropositivity of the MOG antibody. Pediatric MOG has a wide clinical phenotype and MOG antibody testing should be considered in all children with CNS demyelinating disease. The diagnosis of MOGAD is important for counseling patients and their families on relapse risk and available treatments. […] The most common presentation of MOGAD in children is acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), which makes up around 40%-50% of all presenting cases of pediatric MOGAD. […] The International Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Study Group defines ADEM with the following criteria and all must be present to fulfil the diagnostic criteria: A first polyfocal, clinical CNS event with presumed inflammatory demyelinating cause, encephalopathy that cannot be explained by fever, no new clinical and MRI findings emerge three months or more after the onset, brain MRI is abnormal during the acute (three-month) phase.

• #68 The Evolution of Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody–Associated Disease

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/ms-immune-disorders/the-evolution-of-myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-associated-disease/31977/

  Many individuals with MOGAD may benefit from long-term immunotherapy. […] Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is now identified routinely owing to the development of widely commercially available cell-based assay (CBA) antibody testing. […] High titers of anti-MOG antibodies are not seen in people with MS, and their presence should prompt the clinician to reevaluate the diagnosis, especially if atypical clinical features of MS are present. […] Because of a lack of formal validated diagnostic criteria to date (the proposed criteria were published in The Lancet on January 24, 2023), it has been up to the clinician to determine the clinical relevance of anti-MOG antibodies, which are routinely sent for many people with ADS. […] Prognosis after the incident event and risk of long-term relapse are a function of age. […] Many individuals with MOGAD may benefit from long-term immunotherapy, and further insight into the precise pathophysiology of MOGAD will be critical in helping identify the most effective treatments to reduce the risk of future neurologic disability.

• #69 Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein-Antibody Associated Disease: An Updated Review of the Clinical Spectrum, Pathogenetic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Management

  https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4468/13/2/43

  Randomized clinical trials, standardized diagnostic criteria and treatment guidelines are the steps forward. […] Over recent decades, the development of highly sensitive and specific cell-based assays for MOG antibody detection has allowed us to identify a subset of patients with a clinical phenotype distinct from MS and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders associated with aquaporin-4 antibodies (AQP4 + NMSOD). […] Clinical phenotypes associated with MOGAD may overlap with those observed in MS and AQP4 + NMSOD, highlighting the importance of recognizing key diagnostic approaches, enabling neurologists to make the correct diagnosis and employ the most appropriate treatment strategies. […] In this review, we provide an updated overview of the clinical, radiological and biochemical characteristics of MOG-antibody associated disease, discuss the prognosis, highlight the differences from MS and AQP4-NMOSD, and explore the acute and preventive therapeutic options.

• #70 Diagnosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: International MOGAD Panel proposed criteria – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36706773/

  These proposed diagnostic criteria require validation but have the potential to improve identification of individuals with MOGAD, which is essential to define long-term clinical outcomes, refine inclusion criteria for clinical trials, and identify predictors of a relapsing versus a monophasic disease course.

• #71

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40120-023-00474-9

  Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is a rare demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system. Despite increased recognition of MOGAD as a distinct disease and the availability of sensitive methods of MOG antibody testing, diagnostic challenges remain. […] Patients most frequently presented to emergency care physicians (38.7%) and primary care doctors (26.0%), with the MOGAD diagnosis most often made by general neurologists (40.4%) or neuro-immunologists (30.0%). […] Although 60.6% of patients received a MOGAD diagnosis within 6 months of experiencing initial health problems, 17.7% experienced a 5-year delay. More than half of patients (55.4%) received an alternative primary diagnosis before final MOGAD diagnosis. […] Despite antibody testing, MOGAD diagnosis can remain challenging due to its heterogeneous disease course and low awareness of MOGAD among healthcare professionals.

• #72

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40120-023-00474-9

  Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is a rare demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system. Despite increased recognition of MOGAD as a distinct disease and the availability of sensitive methods of MOG antibody testing, diagnostic challenges remain. […] Patients most frequently presented to emergency care physicians (38.7%) and primary care doctors (26.0%), with the MOGAD diagnosis most often made by general neurologists (40.4%) or neuro-immunologists (30.0%). […] Although 60.6% of patients received a MOGAD diagnosis within 6 months of experiencing initial health problems, 17.7% experienced a 5-year delay. More than half of patients (55.4%) received an alternative primary diagnosis before final MOGAD diagnosis. […] Despite antibody testing, MOGAD diagnosis can remain challenging due to its heterogeneous disease course and low awareness of MOGAD among healthcare professionals.

• #73

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40120-023-00474-9

  This survey provides important insights into the patient and caregiver perspectives of the challenges associated with the diagnosis of MOGAD to help facilitate improvement of the diagnostic pathway. […] The time from the initial MOGAD-related health problems experienced to time of MOGAD diagnosis was 6 months for 60% of patients, but 5 years for almost one-fifth of patients. […] Most respondents (60.6%, 123/203) felt they were not given sufficient information and/or resources at the time of MOGAD diagnosis.

• #74 Less common phenotypes of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-related diseases in children deserve more attention | Pediatric Research

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41390-024-03058-x

  Therefore, we suggest that when meningitis is considered clinically, the leukocyte and neutrophil counts are elevated, but the serum PCT and CRP levels are not increased correspondingly, there is no evidence of pathogenesis, and anti-infective treatment is ineffective, the possibility of MOGAD should be considered. […] Improving the understanding of them, early detection of MOG antibodies, early diagnosis, and active immunotherapy are of great significance for improving the therapeutic efficacy and prognosis of MOGAD in children.

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