Choroba związana z przeciwciałami białka mieliny oligodendrocytów (mogad)
Zapobieganie i profilaktyka

Choroba związana z przeciwciałami białka mieliny oligodendrocytów (MOGAD) to zapalna choroba demielinizacyjna OUN, charakteryzująca się obecnością przeciwciał anty-MOG, które wywołują zapalenie i demielinizację. Profilaktyka nawrotów, które występują u 30-60% pacjentów (do 70% przy obserwacji powyżej 5 lat), jest kluczowa dla ograniczenia niepełnosprawności neurologicznej. Leczenie profilaktyczne jest wskazane głównie u pacjentów z nawracającą postacią choroby, po drugim ataku lub przy ciężkich uszkodzeniach po pierwszym epizodzie. Czynniki ryzyka nawrotów obejmują utrzymujące się wysokie miano przeciwciał MOG, wczesne nawroty w ciągu 12 miesięcy oraz szybkie odstawienie kortykosteroidów. W terapii stosuje się doustne kortykosteroidy (np. prednizolon 10 mg/dobę), immunosupresję (azatiopryna, mykofenolan mofetylu, metotreksat) oraz leki biologiczne (rytuksymab, inebilizumab, tocilizumab, satralizumab). Dożylne immunoglobuliny (IVIG) wykazują najniższy wskaźnik nawrotów i są uważane za jedną z najskuteczniejszych opcji profilaktycznych.

Wprowadzenie do profilaktyki MOGAD

Choroba związana z przeciwciałami białka mieliny oligodendrocytów (MOGAD) to stosunkowo niedawno zdefiniowana zapalna choroba demielinizacyjna ośrodkowego układu nerwowego (OUN). Jest to schorzenie, w którym występują przeciwciała skierowane przeciwko glikoproteinie mieliny obecnej w ośrodkowym układzie nerwowym, powodujące zapalenie i demielinizację12. Ze względu na fakt, że niepełnosprawność neurologiczna w MOGAD jest głównie związana z nawrotami choroby, wczesna diagnoza i ukierunkowane leczenie mają kluczowe znaczenie dla skutecznej opieki i potencjalnego zapobiegania nawrotom34.

Obecnie nie istnieje sposób, aby całkowicie zapobiec wystąpieniu MOGAD5. Ponieważ jest to stosunkowo niedawno odkryta choroba, nie ma jeszcze udowodnionych metod zapobiegania atakom, choć trwają liczne badania kliniczne mające na celu znalezienie skutecznych terapii67. Aktualnie profilaktyka w MOGAD skupia się głównie na zapobieganiu nawrotom u pacjentów, u których już zdiagnozowano tę chorobę, szczególnie w przypadkach postaci nawracającej8.

Wskazania do leczenia profilaktycznego

Leczenie profilaktyczne w MOGAD jest zazwyczaj zarezerwowane dla określonych grup pacjentów. Najczęściej stosuje się je w następujących przypadkach:

  • U pacjentów z potwierdzoną nawracającą postacią choroby (relapsing MOGAD)910
  • Po drugim ataku choroby, aby zapobiec kolejnym nawrotom11
  • W przypadkach, gdy pierwszy atak był na tyle ciężki, że spowodował trwałe uszkodzenia12
  • U pacjentów z ciężką resztkową niepełnosprawnością po początkowym ataku13

Warto zauważyć, że istnieją różnice zdań co do rozpoczynania leczenia profilaktycznego po pierwszym epizodzie MOGAD. Ponieważ nawet do 50% pacjentów z MOGAD może mieć przebieg jednofazowy (monophasic), immunosupresja jest zwykle zarezerwowana dla osób z nawracającą postacią choroby14. U dzieci, szczególnie tych z ostrym rozsianym zapaleniem mózgu i rdzenia (ADEM), większość neuroimunologów nie zaleca długotrwałego leczenia immunomodulującego, chyba że choroba nawraca15.

Czynniki ryzyka nawrotów

Podczas podejmowania decyzji o wdrożeniu leczenia profilaktycznego, lekarze biorą pod uwagę czynniki zwiększające ryzyko nawrotów MOGAD:

  • Utrzymujące się wysokie miano przeciwciał MOG16
  • Wczesne nawroty w ciągu 12 miesięcy od początkowego wystąpienia, które zwiększają ryzyko długoterminowej nawracającej choroby17
  • Szybkie odstawienie lub zbyt szybkie zmniejszanie dawki kortykosteroidów po ostrym ataku18

Wskaźnik nawrotów w MOGAD wynosi około 30-60%, ale może wzrosnąć nawet do 70%, gdy pacjenci są obserwowani przez ponad pięć lat19. Te stosunkowo wysokie wskaźniki nawrotów podkreślają znaczenie monitorowania i, w stosownych przypadkach, profilaktycznego leczenia.

Strategie zapobiegania nawrotom

Strategie profilaktyczne w MOGAD można podzielić na kilka głównych kategorii. Wszystkie one mają na celu supresję układu immunologicznego, aby zapobiec produkcji przeciwciał anty-MOG i zmniejszyć ryzyko nawrotów20.

Kortykosteroidy

Kortykosteroidy są często stosowane zarówno w leczeniu ostrych ataków, jak i w profilaktyce nawrotów:

  • Przedłużone, stopniowe zmniejszanie dawki kortykosteroidów doustnych jest powszechnym podejściem do zapobiegania nawrotom ze względu na ich działanie przeciwzapalne i redukcję ogólnej produkcji przeciwciał21
  • Skuteczność małych dawek doustnych kortykosteroidów (prednizolon 10 mg dziennie) została potwierdzona przez kilka grup badawczych22
  • W badaniu włoskiej kohorty wykazano 6,7-krotne zmniejszenie ryzyka nawrotów, gdy glikokortykosteroidy podawano w ciągu 7 dni od wystąpienia objawów23
  • Dłuższe stosowanie steroidów (taper trwający 5 tygodni lub dłużej) również wiązało się ze znacznie zmniejszonym ryzykiem nawrotu24

Jednak ze względu na potencjalnie niszczące skutki uboczne długotrwałego podawania steroidów, należy rozważyć przejście na lek oszczędzający steroidy25.

Doustne leki immunosupresyjne

Różne doustne leki immunosupresyjne są stosowane w profilaktyce nawrotów MOGAD:

  • Azatiopryna (Imuran) – doustny lek zwykle przyjmowany dwa razy dziennie w celu tłumienia układu odpornościowego2627
  • Mykofenolan mofetylu (CellCept) – lek doustny przyjmowany zwykle dwa razy dziennie w celu supresji układu immunologicznego28. Leczenie MOGAD mykofenolanem wiązało się ze zmniejszeniem rocznych wskaźników nawrotów w retrospektywnych badaniach obserwacyjnych29
  • Metotreksat – stosowany jako alternatywny lek immunosupresyjny30

Stosowanie tych leków wiąże się z ryzykiem zakażeń, szczególnie zakażeń górnych dróg oddechowych i zakażeń układu moczowego31. Dodatkowo, przewlekła immunosupresja mykofenolanem mofetilu wymaga regularnych badań skóry u dermatologa, ponieważ układ odpornościowy jest naszą najlepszą obroną przed rozwijającymi się komórkami nowotworowymi32.

Terapie biologiczne

Leki biologiczne są coraz częściej stosowane w profilaktyce MOGAD:

  • Rytuksymab (Rituxan) – lek podawany dożylnie, który tłumi układ odpornościowy poprzez deplecję limfocytów B33. Leczenie rytuksymabem wiązało się ze zmniejszeniem rocznych wskaźników nawrotów w MOGAD34, choć skuteczność rytuksymabu w zapobieganiu nawrotom MOGAD jest kontrowersyjna – niektóre grupy odnotowują umiarkowany sukces, podczas gdy inne wskazują na znacznie niższą skuteczność w porównaniu z IVIG35
  • Inebilizumab (Uplizna) – w przeciwieństwie do stosunkowo wysokiego wskaźnika niepowodzeń rytuksymabu, inebilizumab wydaje się mieć względną skuteczność36
  • Tocilizumabinhibitor receptora IL-6, czasami stosowany pozarejestracyjnie3738
  • Satralizumab (Enspryng) – inhibitor receptora IL-6, zatwierdzony do leczenia NMOSD, obecnie badany w MOGAD3940

Immunoglobuliny

Immunoglobuliny stanowią ważną opcję w profilaktyce nawrotów MOGAD:

  • Dożylne immunoglobuliny (IVIG) – gromadzą się dowody na to, że IVIG od zdrowych dawców może utrzymać remisję41. Retrospektywne badanie z udziałem dorosłych pacjentów otrzymujących podtrzymującą terapię IVIG wykazało związek ze zmniejszoną liczbą nawrotów42. W kilku badaniach wykazano, że IVIG może być skuteczne w zapobieganiu nawrotom43
  • Podskórne immunoglobuliny (SCIG) – mogą być rozważane jako alternatywa dla IVIG44

Najniższy roczny wskaźnik nawrotów obserwowano w grupie leczonej IVIG45, co sugeruje, że może to być jedna z bardziej skutecznych opcji profilaktycznych.

Terapie w badaniach klinicznych

Prowadzone są liczne badania kliniczne mające na celu znalezienie skutecznych terapii profilaktycznych dla MOGAD:

  • Rozanolixizumab – przeciwciało blokujące receptor FcRN, co powoduje szybką degradację przeciwciał we krwi, obniżając ich poziom o 70% w ciągu dnia, podobnie jak wymiana osocza4647
  • Satralizumab – badania fazy III z podwójnie ślepą próbą, kontrolowane placebo, randomizowane badania kliniczne4849

Prospektywne badania kontrolowane placebo dla inhibicji receptora interleukiny-6 i inhibicji neonatalnego receptora Fc mogą otworzyć nowe możliwości leczenia pacjentów50.

Skuteczność leczenia profilaktycznego

Skuteczność różnych opcji profilaktycznych w MOGAD jest zróżnicowana, a dane opierają się głównie na badaniach retrospektywnych i obserwacyjnych:

  • IVIG wydaje się mieć najniższy wskaźnik nawrotów w porównaniu z rytuksymabem, mykofenolanem i azatiopryną51
  • Rytuksymab wykazuje zmienne wyniki, z prawdopodobieństwem przeżycia bez nawrotu wynoszącym 60,7% po 6 miesiącach, 51,1% po 12 miesiącach i 41,8% po 18 miesiącach52
  • Szybkie rozpoczęcie immunoterapii (mniej niż 7 dni od wystąpienia objawów) wiązało się z 6,7-krotnie zmniejszonym ryzykiem nawrotu u dzieci z MOGAD53

Chociaż badania retrospektywne mają liczne ograniczenia w interpretacji i przekładaniu na praktykę kliniczną, istnieje wiele dowodów sugerujących, że immunoterapia zmniejsza ryzyko nawrotu w MOGAD54.

Nieskuteczne terapie

Niektóre leki modyfikujące przebieg choroby, stosowane w stwardnieniu rozsianym, okazały się nieskuteczne w MOGAD:

  • Octan glatirameru i natalizumab okazały się nieskuteczne55
  • Iniekcje interferonu beta nie były skuteczne, a nawet zwiększały aktywność choroby56
  • Leki modyfikujące przebieg stwardnienia rozsianego nie wydają się skuteczne w zapobieganiu nawrotom MOGAD57

Monitorowanie i czas trwania leczenia

Ważnym aspektem profilaktyki w MOGAD jest odpowiednie monitorowanie pacjentów i określenie optymalnego czasu trwania leczenia:

  • Regularne sprawdzanie miana przeciwciał MOG może pomóc w określeniu ryzyka powtarzających się ataków OUN i potrzeby dalszego stosowania leków immunosupresyjnych58
  • W przeciwieństwie do przeciwciał AQP4, przeciwciała MOG mogą zmniejszać się z czasem i mogą nie być wykrywalne we wczesnym stadium choroby lub podczas remisji, szczególnie w przypadku ADEM związanego z przeciwciałami MOG59
  • Monitorowanie przy użyciu badań MRI i miana przeciwciał jest istotne dla oceny skuteczności leczenia i dostosowania strategii w razie potrzeby60

Rodzaj zastosowanego leczenia profilaktycznego wpływa na to, jak długo pacjent potrzebuje terapii. Niektóre terapie mogą mieć negatywne skutki przy długotrwałym stosowaniu. Zespół opieki zdrowotnej może pomóc w podjęciu decyzji, jakie leczenie jest najlepsze dla pacjenta6162.

Specjalne uwagi w pediatrycznej MOGAD

Pediatryczna MOGAD ma pewne szczególne cechy, które należy wziąć pod uwagę przy planowaniu profilaktyki:

  • Pediatryczna MOGAD jest bardziej heterogenna niż postać dorosła, przy czym różnice są bardziej zaznaczone u młodszych pacjentów63
  • Najczęstszą prezentacją MOGAD u dzieci jest ostre rozsiane zapalenie mózgu i rdzenia (ADEM), które może być poprzedzone zakażeniem układowym, takim jak zakażenie dróg oddechowych lub choroba żołądkowo-jelitowa64
  • Wczesne rozpoczęcie immunoterapii (mniej niż 7 dni od wystąpienia objawów) wiązało się z 6,7-krotnie zmniejszonym ryzykiem nawrotu65
  • Długoterminowe ryzyko nawrotu wynosi około 35%, ale wskaźniki nawrotów u dzieci są niższe niż u dorosłych (współczynnik ryzyka 1,42)66
  • Wczesne nawroty w ciągu 12 miesięcy od początkowego wystąpienia zwiększają ryzyko długoterminowej nawracającej choroby67

Ze względu na wysoki odsetek dzieci z MOGAD prezentujących jednofazowy przebieg ADEM, większość neuroimunologów nie zaleca długoterminowego leczenia immunomodulującego, chyba że choroba nawraca68.

Podsumowanie i przyszłe kierunki

Profilaktyka w MOGAD pozostaje obszarem intensywnych badań, ze względu na stosunkowo niedawne wyodrębnienie tej jednostki chorobowej:

  • Obecnie nie ma zatwierdzonego przez FDA leczenia dla MOGAD, choć trwają różne badania kliniczne69
  • Dla MOGAD zapobieganie nawrotom nie ma zatwierdzonych przez FDA terapii, a kilka leków jest stosowanych poza wskazaniami rejestracyjnymi70
  • Ustalenie optymalnej terapii ostrej, roli podtrzymującej immunoterapii oszczędzającej steroidy w długoterminowym zapobieganiu nawrotom oraz identyfikacja predyktorów nawracającej choroby pozostają kluczowymi priorytetami badawczymi71
  • Wiele osób z MOGAD może odnieść korzyść z długotrwałej immunoterapii, a dalszy wgląd w dokładną patofizjologię MOGAD będzie kluczowy w identyfikacji najbardziej skutecznych terapii zmniejszających ryzyko przyszłej niepełnosprawności neurologicznej72
  • Potrzebne są prospektywne randomizowane badania kontrolowane placebo, aby lepiej ukierunkować leczenie73

Zapobieganie nawrotom jest kluczowym celem w leczeniu MOGAD, ponieważ niepełnosprawność związana z nawrotami, szczególnie w odniesieniu do dysfunkcji wzrokowej (po zapaleniu nerwu wzrokowego) i dysfunkcji zwieraczy (po zapaleniu rdzenia poprzecznego), może być znacząca74.

Aktualnie trwa wiele badań i gromadzone są dane przez współpracujące wieloośrodkowe i międzynarodowe grupy badawcze, co powinno rzucić światło na optymalne protokoły leczenia w przyszłości75. Międzynarodowa współpraca w zakresie badań nad MOGAD jest niezbędna do opracowania opartych na dowodach wytycznych dotyczących optymalnych strategii profilaktycznych.

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  1. 15.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Meningoencephalitis | Applied Radiology
    https://appliedradiology.com/Articles/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-associated-meningoencephalitis
    Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease is an autoimmune disorder that results from the antibodies directed against a myelin glycoprotein found within the central nervous system (CNS). […] Current treatment of MOGAD includes pulsed intravenous methylprednisolone over 3-5 days, followed by a slow oral steroid taper. […] If there are relapsing signs and symptoms, then long-term immunosuppression with rituximab or mycophenolate mofetil may be used. […] The overall prognosis of MOGAD is generally good, and better for children than adults. […] When the degree of MOG antibody titers is elevated and persists, risk for relapse increases. […] Therefore, a patients MOG titer should be rechecked later to determine their risk of repeat CNS attacks and the need for further immunosuppressants.
  • #2 International Panel of Experts Proposes New Diagnostic Criteria for MOG Antibody Associated Disease
    https://www.neurologylive.com/view/international-panel-experts-proposes-new-diagnostic-criteria-mog-antibody-associated-disease
    The new criteria, inclusive of both pediatric and adult patients, advocates for testing for MOG-IgG in appropriate populations, and cautions against testing patients with clinical and radiological features typical of multiple sclerosis. […] This type of testing was not recommended to screen all patients with central nervous system demyelination, and caution was advised when interpreting positive serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) MOG-IgG results in patients who demonstrate clinical or radiological features atypical for MOGAD. […] The investigators detailed a few caveats to MOG-IgG testing. MOG-IgG may be common in children with optic neuritis or acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and thus screening these groups was recommended. In contrast, the frequency of MOG-IgG in adults with clinical, radiological, and CSF findings diagnostic of MS is low, and thus screening these individuals may yield a high false-positive rate and is not recommended.
  • #3
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11940-023-00776-1
    Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is a rare inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system that affects both adults and children. Neurologic disability is relapse-driven; therefore, early diagnosis and targeted treatment are critical for effective care. […] Preventative treatment has been typically limited to patients with a definitive relapsing disease. While there is no consensus on the choice or duration of treatment, multiple therapies have been retrospectively evaluated. […] This study contains the largest multicenter experience with IVIg use for prevention of MOGAD relapses and underscores the promise of IVIg use as a maintenance therapy.
  • #4 Emerging Principles for Treating Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD) | CoLab
    https://colab.ws/articles/10.1007%2Fs11940-023-00776-1
    Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is a rare inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system that affects both adults and children. […] Early diagnosis and targeted treatment are critical for effective care. […] Preventative treatment has been typically limited to patients with a definitive relapsing disease. […] While there is no consensus on the choice or duration of treatment, multiple therapies have been retrospectively evaluated. […] Prospective placebo-controlled trials for interleukin-6 receptor inhibition and neonatal Fc receptor inhibition may open new frontiers for patient care.
  • #5 MOGAD: What It Is, Diagnosis, Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-disease-mogad
    There isnt a way to prevent MOGAD. Research is ongoing to learn more. Your provider might recommend participating in clinical trials (studies or tests on people) to learn about possible treatment and prevention methods.
  • #6 Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mogad/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20560477
    Since MOGAD is a recently discovered disease, there are no proven treatments to prevent attacks. However, clinical trials are underway to find treatments. […] Treatment to prevent attacks of MOGAD is typically only used if you experience multiple attacks, known as relapsing MOGAD. Attacks can be prevented by suppressing the immune system. However, this type of treatment can lead to other illnesses and is only used if necessary. Attack-prevention treatments are usually started after the second attack to try to prevent more from happening. But it may be used if your first attack was so severe that it caused permanent damage. […] Treatment options may include: […] Oral immunosuppressants. Medicines such as azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil and prednisone can be taken orally. These medicines suppress the immune system so it stops attacking the myelin and causing damage. However, they can take up to a few months to work, so a relapse still may happen. Oral immunosuppressants can have negative effects on the body. They may include infection, rash and risk of cancer if used long term.
  • #7 Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) | UM Health-Sparrow
    https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-associated-disease-mogad
    There’s no cure for MOGAD. However, there are treatments to help speed the recovery from attacks, manage symptoms and reduce the likelihood of symptoms returning. […] Since MOGAD is a recently discovered disease, there are no proven treatments to prevent attacks. However, clinical trials are underway to find treatments. […] Treatment to prevent attacks of MOGAD is typically only used if you experience multiple attacks, known as relapsing MOGAD. Attacks can be prevented by suppressing the immune system. However, this type of treatment can lead to other illnesses and is only used if necessary. Attack-prevention treatments are usually started after the second attack to try to prevent more from happening. But it may be used if your first attack was so severe that it caused permanent damage. […] The type of prevention treatment you have affects how long you need the treatment. Some treatments may have negative effects if used long term. Your healthcare team can help decide what the best treatment is for you.
  • #8 MS Minute: Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody–Associated Disease
    https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2024-nov/ms-minute-myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-associated-disease
    MOGAD, an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, has some overlapping clinical features with NMOSD and MS but is a distinct entity with unique pathologic, clinical, and imaging features. […] Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodyassociated disease (MOGAD) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) associated with MOG immunoglobulin G (MOG-IgG). […] The first line treatment for acute MOGAD attacks is high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone. […] In severe attacks, or in those refractory to intravenous steroids, plasma exchange or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) can be used. […] Given that MOGAD can have a monophasic course, maintenance long-term immunosuppression to prevent new attacks is typically reserved for people with relapsing MOGAD.
  • #9 Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mogad/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20560477
    Since MOGAD is a recently discovered disease, there are no proven treatments to prevent attacks. However, clinical trials are underway to find treatments. […] Treatment to prevent attacks of MOGAD is typically only used if you experience multiple attacks, known as relapsing MOGAD. Attacks can be prevented by suppressing the immune system. However, this type of treatment can lead to other illnesses and is only used if necessary. Attack-prevention treatments are usually started after the second attack to try to prevent more from happening. But it may be used if your first attack was so severe that it caused permanent damage. […] Treatment options may include: […] Oral immunosuppressants. Medicines such as azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil and prednisone can be taken orally. These medicines suppress the immune system so it stops attacking the myelin and causing damage. However, they can take up to a few months to work, so a relapse still may happen. Oral immunosuppressants can have negative effects on the body. They may include infection, rash and risk of cancer if used long term.
  • #10 Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) | Altru Health System
    https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-associated-disease-mogad
    There is no cure for MOGAD. However, there are treatments to help speed the recovery from attacks, manage symptoms and reduce the likelihood of symptoms returning. […] Since MOGAD is a recently discovered disease, there are no proven treatments to prevent attacks. However, clinical trials are underway to find treatments. […] Treatment to prevent attacks of MOGAD is typically only used if you experience multiple attacks, known as relapsing MOGAD. Attacks can be prevented by suppressing the immune system. However, this type of treatment can lead to other illnesses and is only used if necessary. Attack-prevention treatments are usually started after the second attack to try to prevent more from happening. But it may be used if your first attack was so severe that it caused permanent damage. […] The type of prevention treatment you have affects how long you need the treatment. Some treatments may have negative effects if used long term. Your healthcare team can help decide what the best treatment is for you.
  • #11 Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) | UM Health-Sparrow
    https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-associated-disease-mogad
    There’s no cure for MOGAD. However, there are treatments to help speed the recovery from attacks, manage symptoms and reduce the likelihood of symptoms returning. […] Since MOGAD is a recently discovered disease, there are no proven treatments to prevent attacks. However, clinical trials are underway to find treatments. […] Treatment to prevent attacks of MOGAD is typically only used if you experience multiple attacks, known as relapsing MOGAD. Attacks can be prevented by suppressing the immune system. However, this type of treatment can lead to other illnesses and is only used if necessary. Attack-prevention treatments are usually started after the second attack to try to prevent more from happening. But it may be used if your first attack was so severe that it caused permanent damage. […] The type of prevention treatment you have affects how long you need the treatment. Some treatments may have negative effects if used long term. Your healthcare team can help decide what the best treatment is for you.
  • #12 Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mogad/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20560477
    Since MOGAD is a recently discovered disease, there are no proven treatments to prevent attacks. However, clinical trials are underway to find treatments. […] Treatment to prevent attacks of MOGAD is typically only used if you experience multiple attacks, known as relapsing MOGAD. Attacks can be prevented by suppressing the immune system. However, this type of treatment can lead to other illnesses and is only used if necessary. Attack-prevention treatments are usually started after the second attack to try to prevent more from happening. But it may be used if your first attack was so severe that it caused permanent damage. […] Treatment options may include: […] Oral immunosuppressants. Medicines such as azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil and prednisone can be taken orally. These medicines suppress the immune system so it stops attacking the myelin and causing damage. However, they can take up to a few months to work, so a relapse still may happen. Oral immunosuppressants can have negative effects on the body. They may include infection, rash and risk of cancer if used long term.
  • #13 Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD): A Review of Clinical and MRI Features, Diagnosis, and Management
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9247462/
    Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is the most recently defined inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). […] Although randomized controlled trials are lacking, MOGAD acute attacks appear to be very responsive to high dose steroids and plasma exchange may be considered in refractory cases. […] Attack-prevention treatments also lack class-I data and empiric maintenance treatment is generally reserved for relapsing cases or patients with severe residual disability after the presenting attack. […] A variety of empiric steroid-sparing immunosuppressants can be considered and may be efficacious based on retrospective or prospective observational studies but prospective randomized placebo-controlled trials are needed to better guide treatment. […] In summary, this article will review our rapidly evolving understanding of MOGAD diagnosis and management.
  • #14 MOG Antibody Disease (MOGAD) | Prognosis & Management | SRNA
    https://wearesrna.org/living-with-myelitis/disease-information/mog-antibody-disease/prognosis-management/
    Unlike AQP4 antibodies, MOG antibodies may decrease over time and may not be detectable early in the disease process or during remission, and this is especially the case for MOG antibody disease associated ADEM. […] Since up to 50 percent of people with MOGAD may have a monophasic course, immunosuppression is generally reserved for those who have relapsing disease. […] Those with MOG antibody disease should consider ongoing treatment with medications that suppress the immune system. […] All of these medications, with the exception of immunoglobulins (IVIG or SCIG), carry a risk of infections, particularly upper respiratory infections and urinary tract infections (UTIs). […] Chronic immunosuppression with mycophenolate mofetil requires regular skin exams with a dermatologist since our immune system is our best defense against cancer cells developing, and any of these treatments can interfere with its normal functioning.
  • #15 The Evolution of Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody–Associated Disease
    https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2023-mar/the-evolution-of-myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-associated-disease
    Many individuals with MOGAD may benefit from long-term immunotherapy. […] Because of the high rate of children with MOGAD presenting with a monophasic course of ADEM, most neuroimmunologists do not recommend long-term immunomodulating treatment unless the disease relapses. […] Many individuals with MOGAD may benefit from long-term immunotherapy, and further insight into the precise pathophysiology of MOGAD will be critical in helping identify the most effective treatments to reduce the risk of future neurologic disability. […] Long-term immunotherapy largely has been initiated only in people who have already demonstrated a relapsing MOGAD phenotype. […] Although retrospective studies have numerous limitations in interpretation and translation to clinical practice, there is a plethora of evidence to suggest that immunotherapy reduces the risk of relapse in MOGAD.
  • #16 Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Meningoencephalitis | Applied Radiology
    https://appliedradiology.com/Articles/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-associated-meningoencephalitis
    Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease is an autoimmune disorder that results from the antibodies directed against a myelin glycoprotein found within the central nervous system (CNS). […] Current treatment of MOGAD includes pulsed intravenous methylprednisolone over 3-5 days, followed by a slow oral steroid taper. […] If there are relapsing signs and symptoms, then long-term immunosuppression with rituximab or mycophenolate mofetil may be used. […] The overall prognosis of MOGAD is generally good, and better for children than adults. […] When the degree of MOG antibody titers is elevated and persists, risk for relapse increases. […] Therefore, a patients MOG titer should be rechecked later to determine their risk of repeat CNS attacks and the need for further immunosuppressants.
  • #17 Pediatric Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD) – EyeWiki
    https://eyewiki.org/Pediatric_Myelin_Oligodendrocyte_Glycoprotein_Antibody-Associated_Disease_(MOGAD)
    Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system associated with seropositivity of the MOG antibody. Pediatric MOGAD is more heterogenous than the adult form of the disease, with the differing features of pediatric disease accentuated in younger patients. The treatment of pediatric MOGAD in the acute setting is similar to that of adults although some specific considerations apply in children. A recent systemic review suggested that IVMP is the most commonly used acute treatment (88%) of cases and IVIG the next most common (66%). In a retrospective review of 75 children with MOGAD, early initiation of immunotherapy (less than 7 days from symptom onset) was associated with a 6.7-fold reduced risk of relapse. The same study found that a longer steroid taper of 5 weeks or longer also associated with a significantly reduced risk of relapse. Pediatric patients have good recovery, with studies suggesting less long-term disability compared with adults. Long-term risk of relapse is around 35% but relapse rates in children are lower than that in adults (Hazard ratio 1.42). Early relapses with 12 months of initial onset increase the risk of long-term relapsing disease.
  • #18 Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disorders (MOGAD) – MS Australia
    https://www.msaustralia.org.au/nmosd-and-mogad/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-disorders/
    Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). […] Accurate diagnosis of MOGAD is critical as treatment options are different to those used in MS. […] Initial treatment often consists of high dose corticosteroids to reduce inflammation. […] As mentioned above, people with MOGAD often have a good response to corticosteroids but may tend to relapse on rapid corticosteroid weaning or cessation. […] There is accumulating evidence that intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) from healthy donors, may maintain remission. […] Evidence is being gathered by collaborative multicentre and international study groups which should shed light on optimal treatment protocols for the future. […] The most common MOGAD presentation in children is acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), which may often be preceded by a systemic infection such as a respiratory infection or a gastrointestinal illness.
  • #19 MOG antibody-associated optic neuritis | Eye
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-024-03108-y
    The role of steroid-sparing maintenance therapy after the first acute MOG-ON attack is unclear. […] Relapse prevention is a key goal in the management of MOGAD as relapse-associated disability, particularly in relation to visual (following ON) and sphincter (following TM) dysfunction. […] While relapse rates are reported as 30-60% in MOGAD, this may increase to the order of up to 70% when patients are followed up for over five years. […] The therapeutic landscape remains under investigation, novel agents including monoclonal antibodies targeting the neonatal Fc receptor (rozanolixizumab; NCT05063162) and IL-6 receptor (satralizumab; NCT05271409) are currently undergoing phase III double blind placebo-controlled randomised controlled clinical trials.
  • #20 MOG Antibody Disease Information – MyMyelitis
    https://mymyelitis.com/mog-antibody-disease/information/
    Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody Associated Disease or MOG Antibody Disease (MOGAD) is a condition that causes inflammation to the optic nerve(s), brain, and spinal cord. […] There are two types of treatment for MOG Antibody Disease: Acute and Preventative treatments. Acute treatments are given at the onset of an attack/relapse to stop it from continuing. Preventative therapies are long-term treatments used to prevent relapses from happening in the future. […] While some people may only have one attack from MOG Antibody Disease (monophasic), others may have multiple attacks. Multiple episodes are known as MOGAD relapses, and often these people are put on preventative treatments to prevent further attacks from happening. […] Most of these preventative treatments focus on suppressing the immune system, so anti-MOG antibodies are not produced. Currently, there are no approved medications for MOG Antibody Disease. Still, some of the following treatments do have some success in preventing relapses:
  • #21 Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease: Current Insights into the Disease Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management
    https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/1/100
    Therapeutic strategies to prevent MOGAD attacks, which have been explored so far, involved mainly standard immunomodulating and immunosuppressive therapies, such as oral corticosteroids (OCS), rituximab (RTX), azathioprine (AZA), methotrexate (MTX), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and repeated cycles of IVIG. […] A prolonged gradual taper off OCS, with their anti-inflammatory action (reduction of overall antibody production) is a common and convenient approach for relapse prevention. […] The effectiveness of low dose OCS (oral prednisolone 10 mg daily) was confirmed by other groups. […] However, due to the possible devastating side effects of long-term steroid administration, a switch to a steroid-sparing medication might be considered. […] IVIG infusions gave promising results regarding effectiveness. […] The lowest annualized relapse rate was observed in the IVIG-treated group. […] Glatiramer acetate and natalizumab have both been shown to be ineffective, also interferon beta injections were not successful, moreover, it increased the disease activity.
  • #22 Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease: Current Insights into the Disease Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management
    https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/1/100
    Therapeutic strategies to prevent MOGAD attacks, which have been explored so far, involved mainly standard immunomodulating and immunosuppressive therapies, such as oral corticosteroids (OCS), rituximab (RTX), azathioprine (AZA), methotrexate (MTX), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and repeated cycles of IVIG. […] A prolonged gradual taper off OCS, with their anti-inflammatory action (reduction of overall antibody production) is a common and convenient approach for relapse prevention. […] The effectiveness of low dose OCS (oral prednisolone 10 mg daily) was confirmed by other groups. […] However, due to the possible devastating side effects of long-term steroid administration, a switch to a steroid-sparing medication might be considered. […] IVIG infusions gave promising results regarding effectiveness. […] The lowest annualized relapse rate was observed in the IVIG-treated group. […] Glatiramer acetate and natalizumab have both been shown to be ineffective, also interferon beta injections were not successful, moreover, it increased the disease activity.
  • #23 Updates in Paediatric Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis and Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-associated Disease – touchNEUROLOGY
    https://touchneurology.com/multiple-sclerosis/journal-articles/updates-in-paediatric-acute-disseminated-encephalomyelitis-and-myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-associated-disease/
    Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is an increasingly recognized disorder, particularly in children. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is the most common presentation of paediatric MOGAD. Children with ADEM should always be evaluated for MOGAD, as appropriate and timely treatment may help improve long-term outcomes. […] Recent evidence has suggested that prompt initiation of glucocorticoid treatment may improve paediatric MOGAD outcomes, although this requires further study. A recent Italian cohort analysis showed a 6.7-fold odds reduction in a relapsing course when glucocorticoids were administered less than 7 days from symptom onset. […] When approaching a child presenting with potential ADEM, MOGAD should always be considered in the differential diagnosis. Excluding aetiologies for which glucocorticoid administration could be confounding should be prioritized.
  • #24 Pediatric Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD) – EyeWiki
    https://eyewiki.org/Pediatric_Myelin_Oligodendrocyte_Glycoprotein_Antibody-Associated_Disease_(MOGAD)
    Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system associated with seropositivity of the MOG antibody. Pediatric MOGAD is more heterogenous than the adult form of the disease, with the differing features of pediatric disease accentuated in younger patients. The treatment of pediatric MOGAD in the acute setting is similar to that of adults although some specific considerations apply in children. A recent systemic review suggested that IVMP is the most commonly used acute treatment (88%) of cases and IVIG the next most common (66%). In a retrospective review of 75 children with MOGAD, early initiation of immunotherapy (less than 7 days from symptom onset) was associated with a 6.7-fold reduced risk of relapse. The same study found that a longer steroid taper of 5 weeks or longer also associated with a significantly reduced risk of relapse. Pediatric patients have good recovery, with studies suggesting less long-term disability compared with adults. Long-term risk of relapse is around 35% but relapse rates in children are lower than that in adults (Hazard ratio 1.42). Early relapses with 12 months of initial onset increase the risk of long-term relapsing disease.
  • #25 Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease: Current Insights into the Disease Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management
    https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/1/100
    Therapeutic strategies to prevent MOGAD attacks, which have been explored so far, involved mainly standard immunomodulating and immunosuppressive therapies, such as oral corticosteroids (OCS), rituximab (RTX), azathioprine (AZA), methotrexate (MTX), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and repeated cycles of IVIG. […] A prolonged gradual taper off OCS, with their anti-inflammatory action (reduction of overall antibody production) is a common and convenient approach for relapse prevention. […] The effectiveness of low dose OCS (oral prednisolone 10 mg daily) was confirmed by other groups. […] However, due to the possible devastating side effects of long-term steroid administration, a switch to a steroid-sparing medication might be considered. […] IVIG infusions gave promising results regarding effectiveness. […] The lowest annualized relapse rate was observed in the IVIG-treated group. […] Glatiramer acetate and natalizumab have both been shown to be ineffective, also interferon beta injections were not successful, moreover, it increased the disease activity.
  • #26 MOG Antibody Disease Information – MyMyelitis
    https://mymyelitis.com/mog-antibody-disease/information/
    Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is reported to have some success in preventing relapses, and some studies from the UK supported this. […] A retrospective study involving adult patients receiving maintenance IVIG treatment concluded that it was associated with reduced relapses. […] Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin (SCIG) may be considered an alternative to IVIG. […] Mycophenolate Mofetil (CellCept) is an oral medication often taken twice daily to suppress the immune system. […] Azathioprine (Imuran) is an oral treatment generally taken twice daily to suppress the immune system. […] Rituximab, also known as Rituxan, is a treatment given by IV that suppresses the immune system by depleting a type of white blood cell known as B-cells. […] Due to MOG Antibody Disease not having approved treatments, several clinical trials are ongoing to find beneficial preventative therapies. […] Blocking FcRN causes antibodies in the blood to get degraded quickly, dropping the patients’ antibodies by 70% in a day, similar to plasma exchange. […] By blocking IL-6, the medicine is expected to help prevent relapses.
  • #27 MS Minute: Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody–Associated Disease
    https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2024-nov/ms-minute-myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-associated-disease
    Several immunosuppressive agents have been tried, such as azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, rituximab, and IVIg. […] Maintenance IVIg seems to have the lowest relapse rate when compared with rituximab, mycophenolate, and azathioprine. […] Randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials are underway with rozanolixizumab, an anti-neonatal Fc receptor and satralizumab, an antiinterleukin-6 receptor. […] Symptomatic management of residual deficits such as sphincter dysfunction, neuropathic pain, and spasticity is essential. […] Clinical trials to determine effectiveness of different immunosuppressive therapies, and long-term studies to better identify predictors of relapses, are needed.
  • #28 MOG Antibody Disease Information – MyMyelitis
    https://mymyelitis.com/mog-antibody-disease/information/
    Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is reported to have some success in preventing relapses, and some studies from the UK supported this. […] A retrospective study involving adult patients receiving maintenance IVIG treatment concluded that it was associated with reduced relapses. […] Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin (SCIG) may be considered an alternative to IVIG. […] Mycophenolate Mofetil (CellCept) is an oral medication often taken twice daily to suppress the immune system. […] Azathioprine (Imuran) is an oral treatment generally taken twice daily to suppress the immune system. […] Rituximab, also known as Rituxan, is a treatment given by IV that suppresses the immune system by depleting a type of white blood cell known as B-cells. […] Due to MOG Antibody Disease not having approved treatments, several clinical trials are ongoing to find beneficial preventative therapies. […] Blocking FcRN causes antibodies in the blood to get degraded quickly, dropping the patients’ antibodies by 70% in a day, similar to plasma exchange. […] By blocking IL-6, the medicine is expected to help prevent relapses.
  • #29 MOG Antibody Disease (MOGAD) | Prognosis & Management | SRNA
    https://wearesrna.org/living-with-myelitis/disease-information/mog-antibody-disease/prognosis-management/
    Mycophenolate treatment of MOGAD was associated with a reduction of annualized relapse rates in retrospective observational studies. […] Rituximab treatment has been associated with reduced annualized relapse rates in MOGAD. […] Studies have shown that conventional treatments for MS are not effective and may cause adverse reactions in AQP4-positive NMOSD.
  • #30 Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease: Current Insights into the Disease Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management
    https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/1/100
    Therapeutic strategies to prevent MOGAD attacks, which have been explored so far, involved mainly standard immunomodulating and immunosuppressive therapies, such as oral corticosteroids (OCS), rituximab (RTX), azathioprine (AZA), methotrexate (MTX), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and repeated cycles of IVIG. […] A prolonged gradual taper off OCS, with their anti-inflammatory action (reduction of overall antibody production) is a common and convenient approach for relapse prevention. […] The effectiveness of low dose OCS (oral prednisolone 10 mg daily) was confirmed by other groups. […] However, due to the possible devastating side effects of long-term steroid administration, a switch to a steroid-sparing medication might be considered. […] IVIG infusions gave promising results regarding effectiveness. […] The lowest annualized relapse rate was observed in the IVIG-treated group. […] Glatiramer acetate and natalizumab have both been shown to be ineffective, also interferon beta injections were not successful, moreover, it increased the disease activity.
  • #31 MOG Antibody Disease (MOGAD) | Prognosis & Management | SRNA
    https://wearesrna.org/living-with-myelitis/disease-information/mog-antibody-disease/prognosis-management/
    Unlike AQP4 antibodies, MOG antibodies may decrease over time and may not be detectable early in the disease process or during remission, and this is especially the case for MOG antibody disease associated ADEM. […] Since up to 50 percent of people with MOGAD may have a monophasic course, immunosuppression is generally reserved for those who have relapsing disease. […] Those with MOG antibody disease should consider ongoing treatment with medications that suppress the immune system. […] All of these medications, with the exception of immunoglobulins (IVIG or SCIG), carry a risk of infections, particularly upper respiratory infections and urinary tract infections (UTIs). […] Chronic immunosuppression with mycophenolate mofetil requires regular skin exams with a dermatologist since our immune system is our best defense against cancer cells developing, and any of these treatments can interfere with its normal functioning.
  • #32 MOG Antibody Disease (MOGAD) | Prognosis & Management | SRNA
    https://wearesrna.org/living-with-myelitis/disease-information/mog-antibody-disease/prognosis-management/
    Unlike AQP4 antibodies, MOG antibodies may decrease over time and may not be detectable early in the disease process or during remission, and this is especially the case for MOG antibody disease associated ADEM. […] Since up to 50 percent of people with MOGAD may have a monophasic course, immunosuppression is generally reserved for those who have relapsing disease. […] Those with MOG antibody disease should consider ongoing treatment with medications that suppress the immune system. […] All of these medications, with the exception of immunoglobulins (IVIG or SCIG), carry a risk of infections, particularly upper respiratory infections and urinary tract infections (UTIs). […] Chronic immunosuppression with mycophenolate mofetil requires regular skin exams with a dermatologist since our immune system is our best defense against cancer cells developing, and any of these treatments can interfere with its normal functioning.
  • #33 MOG Antibody Disease Information – MyMyelitis
    https://mymyelitis.com/mog-antibody-disease/information/
    Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is reported to have some success in preventing relapses, and some studies from the UK supported this. […] A retrospective study involving adult patients receiving maintenance IVIG treatment concluded that it was associated with reduced relapses. […] Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin (SCIG) may be considered an alternative to IVIG. […] Mycophenolate Mofetil (CellCept) is an oral medication often taken twice daily to suppress the immune system. […] Azathioprine (Imuran) is an oral treatment generally taken twice daily to suppress the immune system. […] Rituximab, also known as Rituxan, is a treatment given by IV that suppresses the immune system by depleting a type of white blood cell known as B-cells. […] Due to MOG Antibody Disease not having approved treatments, several clinical trials are ongoing to find beneficial preventative therapies. […] Blocking FcRN causes antibodies in the blood to get degraded quickly, dropping the patients’ antibodies by 70% in a day, similar to plasma exchange. […] By blocking IL-6, the medicine is expected to help prevent relapses.
  • #34 MOG Antibody Disease (MOGAD) | Prognosis & Management | SRNA
    https://wearesrna.org/living-with-myelitis/disease-information/mog-antibody-disease/prognosis-management/
    Mycophenolate treatment of MOGAD was associated with a reduction of annualized relapse rates in retrospective observational studies. […] Rituximab treatment has been associated with reduced annualized relapse rates in MOGAD. […] Studies have shown that conventional treatments for MS are not effective and may cause adverse reactions in AQP4-positive NMOSD.
  • #35 Abstract Details
    https://www.aan.com/MSA/Public/Events/AbstractDetails/58211
    Objective To determine relapse-free survival probabilities in MOGAD patients on rituximab, compare these to inebilizumab, and determine predictors of rituximab failure […] Rituximab efficacy in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein Antibody Disease (MOGAD) relapse prevention is controversial, with some groups finding moderate success, while our group has found significantly lower efficacy compared to IVIG. […] Relapse-free survival probabilities were 60.7% at 6 months, 51.1% at 12 months, and 41.8% at 18 months. […] The rituximab failure rate is significant in our cohort, in contrast to the relative efficacy of inebilizumab.
  • #36 Abstract Details
    https://www.aan.com/MSA/Public/Events/AbstractDetails/58211
    Objective To determine relapse-free survival probabilities in MOGAD patients on rituximab, compare these to inebilizumab, and determine predictors of rituximab failure […] Rituximab efficacy in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein Antibody Disease (MOGAD) relapse prevention is controversial, with some groups finding moderate success, while our group has found significantly lower efficacy compared to IVIG. […] Relapse-free survival probabilities were 60.7% at 6 months, 51.1% at 12 months, and 41.8% at 18 months. […] The rituximab failure rate is significant in our cohort, in contrast to the relative efficacy of inebilizumab.
  • #37 ABSTRACT
    https://www.ejcrim.com/index.php/EJCRIM/article/download/4596/4059?inline=1
    We emphasise the importance of recognising that an infectious prodrome can precede MOGAD. […] Standard treatment for MOGAD and ADEM commonly includes IV steroids, plasmapheresis and intravenous immunoglobulin. […] The prevalence of MOGAD is 1.32.5/100,000, and the annual incidence is 3.44.8 per million. […] International diagnostic criteria for MOGAD require the presence of at least one of the core clinical demyelinating events as described above, in addition to a positive MOG-IgG test, and the exclusion of alternative diagnoses including multiple sclerosis. […] Long-term treatments include oral steroids, with occasional off-licence use of IL-6 receptor blockers (e.g. tocilizumab).
  • #38 MS Minute: Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody–Associated Disease
    https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2024-nov/ms-minute-myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-associated-disease
    Several immunosuppressive agents have been tried, such as azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, rituximab, and IVIg. […] Maintenance IVIg seems to have the lowest relapse rate when compared with rituximab, mycophenolate, and azathioprine. […] Randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials are underway with rozanolixizumab, an anti-neonatal Fc receptor and satralizumab, an antiinterleukin-6 receptor. […] Symptomatic management of residual deficits such as sphincter dysfunction, neuropathic pain, and spasticity is essential. […] Clinical trials to determine effectiveness of different immunosuppressive therapies, and long-term studies to better identify predictors of relapses, are needed.
  • #39 Neuromyelitis Optica & MOG Antibody Disorder Treatment & Research Program | NYU Langone Health
    https://nyulangone.org/care-services/multiple-sclerosis-comprehensive-care-center/neuromyelitis-optica-mog-antibody-disorder-treatment-research-program
    Care for people with NMOSD and MOGAD is provided by our dedicated team, which includes neurologists, neuro-ophthalmologists, a neuro-urologist, nurse coordinators, social workers, occupational therapists, and psychologists. […] The key to preventing disability in NMOSD and MOGAD is in preventing relapses. Currently there are three U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapies for NMOSDsatralizumab (brand name: Enspryng), eculizumab (Soliris), and inebilizumab (Uplizna). […] For MOGAD relapse prevention, there are no FDA-approved treatments. Several medications are used off label, including intravenous immunoglobulins, subcutaneous immunoglobulins, and oral immunosuppressant drugs such as mycophenolate mofetil (CellCept). […] Our center is currently participating in a clinical trial, which, if successful, could lead to approval of the first drug for MOGAD.
  • #40 Clinical Trial – Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Anti…
    https://forpatients.roche.com/en/trials/autoimmune-disorder/mog-antibody-disease/a-study-to-evaluate-the-efficacy–safety–pharmacokinet-94806.html
    The main objective of the study is to evaluate the efficacy of satralizumab compared with placebo based on time from randomization to the first occurrence of an adjudicated MOGAD relapse in the double-blind (DB) treatment period. […] There is no approved, standard treatment for MOGAD. Medicines known as rescue therapy can be given during an attack or relapse that act fast to dampen or weaken the immune system. Medicines can also be given to prevent relapses. However, these options do not always provide enough protection and can cause side effects. Safer and more convenient treatments that prevent MOGAD relapses are needed. […] This clinical trial aims to compare the effects, good or bad, of satralizumab with placebo a drug that contains no active ingredients, alone or in combination with background therapy in people with MOGAD. […] Participants may also be given standard rescue therapy if they have a MOGAD attack during the trial.
  • #41 Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disorders (MOGAD) – MS Australia
    https://www.msaustralia.org.au/nmosd-and-mogad/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-disorders/
    Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). […] Accurate diagnosis of MOGAD is critical as treatment options are different to those used in MS. […] Initial treatment often consists of high dose corticosteroids to reduce inflammation. […] As mentioned above, people with MOGAD often have a good response to corticosteroids but may tend to relapse on rapid corticosteroid weaning or cessation. […] There is accumulating evidence that intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) from healthy donors, may maintain remission. […] Evidence is being gathered by collaborative multicentre and international study groups which should shed light on optimal treatment protocols for the future. […] The most common MOGAD presentation in children is acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), which may often be preceded by a systemic infection such as a respiratory infection or a gastrointestinal illness.
  • #42 MOG Antibody Disease Information – MyMyelitis
    https://mymyelitis.com/mog-antibody-disease/information/
    Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is reported to have some success in preventing relapses, and some studies from the UK supported this. […] A retrospective study involving adult patients receiving maintenance IVIG treatment concluded that it was associated with reduced relapses. […] Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin (SCIG) may be considered an alternative to IVIG. […] Mycophenolate Mofetil (CellCept) is an oral medication often taken twice daily to suppress the immune system. […] Azathioprine (Imuran) is an oral treatment generally taken twice daily to suppress the immune system. […] Rituximab, also known as Rituxan, is a treatment given by IV that suppresses the immune system by depleting a type of white blood cell known as B-cells. […] Due to MOG Antibody Disease not having approved treatments, several clinical trials are ongoing to find beneficial preventative therapies. […] Blocking FcRN causes antibodies in the blood to get degraded quickly, dropping the patients’ antibodies by 70% in a day, similar to plasma exchange. […] By blocking IL-6, the medicine is expected to help prevent relapses.
  • #43 Myelin Oligodendrocyte Antibody Disease Fact Sheet | Cleveland Clinic
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/departments/neurological/depts/multiple-sclerosis/ms-approaches/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-disease
    There is limited data on long term management of risk of recurrence in MOGAD with randomized controlled trials lacking in this area. As with acute treatment our approach is similar to NMOSD maintenance therapy. […] Several studies have supported evidence for maintenance IVIG as an effective therapy to prevent relapses. […] At the Mellen center, we recommend long term immunotherapy with one of the above agents for all patients diagnosed with MOGAD although this decision should be individualized, depending on severity and recovery.
  • #44 MOG Antibody Disease Information – MyMyelitis
    https://mymyelitis.com/mog-antibody-disease/information/
    Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is reported to have some success in preventing relapses, and some studies from the UK supported this. […] A retrospective study involving adult patients receiving maintenance IVIG treatment concluded that it was associated with reduced relapses. […] Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin (SCIG) may be considered an alternative to IVIG. […] Mycophenolate Mofetil (CellCept) is an oral medication often taken twice daily to suppress the immune system. […] Azathioprine (Imuran) is an oral treatment generally taken twice daily to suppress the immune system. […] Rituximab, also known as Rituxan, is a treatment given by IV that suppresses the immune system by depleting a type of white blood cell known as B-cells. […] Due to MOG Antibody Disease not having approved treatments, several clinical trials are ongoing to find beneficial preventative therapies. […] Blocking FcRN causes antibodies in the blood to get degraded quickly, dropping the patients’ antibodies by 70% in a day, similar to plasma exchange. […] By blocking IL-6, the medicine is expected to help prevent relapses.
  • #45 Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease: Current Insights into the Disease Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management
    https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/1/100
    Therapeutic strategies to prevent MOGAD attacks, which have been explored so far, involved mainly standard immunomodulating and immunosuppressive therapies, such as oral corticosteroids (OCS), rituximab (RTX), azathioprine (AZA), methotrexate (MTX), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and repeated cycles of IVIG. […] A prolonged gradual taper off OCS, with their anti-inflammatory action (reduction of overall antibody production) is a common and convenient approach for relapse prevention. […] The effectiveness of low dose OCS (oral prednisolone 10 mg daily) was confirmed by other groups. […] However, due to the possible devastating side effects of long-term steroid administration, a switch to a steroid-sparing medication might be considered. […] IVIG infusions gave promising results regarding effectiveness. […] The lowest annualized relapse rate was observed in the IVIG-treated group. […] Glatiramer acetate and natalizumab have both been shown to be ineffective, also interferon beta injections were not successful, moreover, it increased the disease activity.
  • #46 MOG Antibody Disease Information – MyMyelitis
    https://mymyelitis.com/mog-antibody-disease/information/
    Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is reported to have some success in preventing relapses, and some studies from the UK supported this. […] A retrospective study involving adult patients receiving maintenance IVIG treatment concluded that it was associated with reduced relapses. […] Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin (SCIG) may be considered an alternative to IVIG. […] Mycophenolate Mofetil (CellCept) is an oral medication often taken twice daily to suppress the immune system. […] Azathioprine (Imuran) is an oral treatment generally taken twice daily to suppress the immune system. […] Rituximab, also known as Rituxan, is a treatment given by IV that suppresses the immune system by depleting a type of white blood cell known as B-cells. […] Due to MOG Antibody Disease not having approved treatments, several clinical trials are ongoing to find beneficial preventative therapies. […] Blocking FcRN causes antibodies in the blood to get degraded quickly, dropping the patients’ antibodies by 70% in a day, similar to plasma exchange. […] By blocking IL-6, the medicine is expected to help prevent relapses.
  • #47 MOG antibody-associated optic neuritis | Eye
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-024-03108-y
    The role of steroid-sparing maintenance therapy after the first acute MOG-ON attack is unclear. […] Relapse prevention is a key goal in the management of MOGAD as relapse-associated disability, particularly in relation to visual (following ON) and sphincter (following TM) dysfunction. […] While relapse rates are reported as 30-60% in MOGAD, this may increase to the order of up to 70% when patients are followed up for over five years. […] The therapeutic landscape remains under investigation, novel agents including monoclonal antibodies targeting the neonatal Fc receptor (rozanolixizumab; NCT05063162) and IL-6 receptor (satralizumab; NCT05271409) are currently undergoing phase III double blind placebo-controlled randomised controlled clinical trials.
  • #48 MOG antibody-associated optic neuritis | Eye
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-024-03108-y
    The role of steroid-sparing maintenance therapy after the first acute MOG-ON attack is unclear. […] Relapse prevention is a key goal in the management of MOGAD as relapse-associated disability, particularly in relation to visual (following ON) and sphincter (following TM) dysfunction. […] While relapse rates are reported as 30-60% in MOGAD, this may increase to the order of up to 70% when patients are followed up for over five years. […] The therapeutic landscape remains under investigation, novel agents including monoclonal antibodies targeting the neonatal Fc receptor (rozanolixizumab; NCT05063162) and IL-6 receptor (satralizumab; NCT05271409) are currently undergoing phase III double blind placebo-controlled randomised controlled clinical trials.
  • #49 Clinical Trial – Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Anti…
    https://forpatients.roche.com/en/trials/autoimmune-disorder/mog-antibody-disease/a-study-to-evaluate-the-efficacy–safety–pharmacokinet-94806.html
    The main objective of the study is to evaluate the efficacy of satralizumab compared with placebo based on time from randomization to the first occurrence of an adjudicated MOGAD relapse in the double-blind (DB) treatment period. […] There is no approved, standard treatment for MOGAD. Medicines known as rescue therapy can be given during an attack or relapse that act fast to dampen or weaken the immune system. Medicines can also be given to prevent relapses. However, these options do not always provide enough protection and can cause side effects. Safer and more convenient treatments that prevent MOGAD relapses are needed. […] This clinical trial aims to compare the effects, good or bad, of satralizumab with placebo a drug that contains no active ingredients, alone or in combination with background therapy in people with MOGAD. […] Participants may also be given standard rescue therapy if they have a MOGAD attack during the trial.
  • #50 Emerging Principles for Treating Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD) | CoLab
    https://colab.ws/articles/10.1007%2Fs11940-023-00776-1
    Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is a rare inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system that affects both adults and children. […] Early diagnosis and targeted treatment are critical for effective care. […] Preventative treatment has been typically limited to patients with a definitive relapsing disease. […] While there is no consensus on the choice or duration of treatment, multiple therapies have been retrospectively evaluated. […] Prospective placebo-controlled trials for interleukin-6 receptor inhibition and neonatal Fc receptor inhibition may open new frontiers for patient care.
  • #51 MS Minute: Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody–Associated Disease
    https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2024-nov/ms-minute-myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-associated-disease
    Several immunosuppressive agents have been tried, such as azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, rituximab, and IVIg. […] Maintenance IVIg seems to have the lowest relapse rate when compared with rituximab, mycophenolate, and azathioprine. […] Randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials are underway with rozanolixizumab, an anti-neonatal Fc receptor and satralizumab, an antiinterleukin-6 receptor. […] Symptomatic management of residual deficits such as sphincter dysfunction, neuropathic pain, and spasticity is essential. […] Clinical trials to determine effectiveness of different immunosuppressive therapies, and long-term studies to better identify predictors of relapses, are needed.
  • #52 Abstract Details
    https://www.aan.com/MSA/Public/Events/AbstractDetails/58211
    Objective To determine relapse-free survival probabilities in MOGAD patients on rituximab, compare these to inebilizumab, and determine predictors of rituximab failure […] Rituximab efficacy in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein Antibody Disease (MOGAD) relapse prevention is controversial, with some groups finding moderate success, while our group has found significantly lower efficacy compared to IVIG. […] Relapse-free survival probabilities were 60.7% at 6 months, 51.1% at 12 months, and 41.8% at 18 months. […] The rituximab failure rate is significant in our cohort, in contrast to the relative efficacy of inebilizumab.
  • #53 Pediatric Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD) – EyeWiki
    https://eyewiki.org/Pediatric_Myelin_Oligodendrocyte_Glycoprotein_Antibody-Associated_Disease_(MOGAD)
    Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system associated with seropositivity of the MOG antibody. Pediatric MOGAD is more heterogenous than the adult form of the disease, with the differing features of pediatric disease accentuated in younger patients. The treatment of pediatric MOGAD in the acute setting is similar to that of adults although some specific considerations apply in children. A recent systemic review suggested that IVMP is the most commonly used acute treatment (88%) of cases and IVIG the next most common (66%). In a retrospective review of 75 children with MOGAD, early initiation of immunotherapy (less than 7 days from symptom onset) was associated with a 6.7-fold reduced risk of relapse. The same study found that a longer steroid taper of 5 weeks or longer also associated with a significantly reduced risk of relapse. Pediatric patients have good recovery, with studies suggesting less long-term disability compared with adults. Long-term risk of relapse is around 35% but relapse rates in children are lower than that in adults (Hazard ratio 1.42). Early relapses with 12 months of initial onset increase the risk of long-term relapsing disease.
  • #54 The Evolution of Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody–Associated Disease
    https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2023-mar/the-evolution-of-myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-associated-disease
    Many individuals with MOGAD may benefit from long-term immunotherapy. […] Because of the high rate of children with MOGAD presenting with a monophasic course of ADEM, most neuroimmunologists do not recommend long-term immunomodulating treatment unless the disease relapses. […] Many individuals with MOGAD may benefit from long-term immunotherapy, and further insight into the precise pathophysiology of MOGAD will be critical in helping identify the most effective treatments to reduce the risk of future neurologic disability. […] Long-term immunotherapy largely has been initiated only in people who have already demonstrated a relapsing MOGAD phenotype. […] Although retrospective studies have numerous limitations in interpretation and translation to clinical practice, there is a plethora of evidence to suggest that immunotherapy reduces the risk of relapse in MOGAD.
  • #55 Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease: Current Insights into the Disease Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management
    https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/1/100
    Therapeutic strategies to prevent MOGAD attacks, which have been explored so far, involved mainly standard immunomodulating and immunosuppressive therapies, such as oral corticosteroids (OCS), rituximab (RTX), azathioprine (AZA), methotrexate (MTX), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and repeated cycles of IVIG. […] A prolonged gradual taper off OCS, with their anti-inflammatory action (reduction of overall antibody production) is a common and convenient approach for relapse prevention. […] The effectiveness of low dose OCS (oral prednisolone 10 mg daily) was confirmed by other groups. […] However, due to the possible devastating side effects of long-term steroid administration, a switch to a steroid-sparing medication might be considered. […] IVIG infusions gave promising results regarding effectiveness. […] The lowest annualized relapse rate was observed in the IVIG-treated group. […] Glatiramer acetate and natalizumab have both been shown to be ineffective, also interferon beta injections were not successful, moreover, it increased the disease activity.
  • #56 Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease: Current Insights into the Disease Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management
    https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/1/100
    Therapeutic strategies to prevent MOGAD attacks, which have been explored so far, involved mainly standard immunomodulating and immunosuppressive therapies, such as oral corticosteroids (OCS), rituximab (RTX), azathioprine (AZA), methotrexate (MTX), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and repeated cycles of IVIG. […] A prolonged gradual taper off OCS, with their anti-inflammatory action (reduction of overall antibody production) is a common and convenient approach for relapse prevention. […] The effectiveness of low dose OCS (oral prednisolone 10 mg daily) was confirmed by other groups. […] However, due to the possible devastating side effects of long-term steroid administration, a switch to a steroid-sparing medication might be considered. […] IVIG infusions gave promising results regarding effectiveness. […] The lowest annualized relapse rate was observed in the IVIG-treated group. […] Glatiramer acetate and natalizumab have both been shown to be ineffective, also interferon beta injections were not successful, moreover, it increased the disease activity.
  • #57 Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-associated Disease (MOGAD) | American Journal of Neuroradiology
    https://www.ajnr.org/ajnr-case-collections-diagnosis/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-associated-disease
    Recently defined distinct inflammatory disorder of the CNS with immune-mediated demyelination characterized by antibody against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). […] Serum MOG-IgG antibody testing utilizing a cell-based assay is recommended, however the disease course in MOGAD may be monophasic or relapsing. […] Management of MOGAD attacks includes high-dose intravenous steroids followed by an oral steroid taper. […] In patients with a relapsing disease course, maintenance therapy is recommended and includes the selection of specific therapeutic agents such as intravenous immunoglobulin, rituximab, azathioprine, or mycophenolate mofetil. […] Multiple sclerosis disease-modifying therapies do not appear to be efficacious for preventing MOGAD relapses.
  • #58 Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Meningoencephalitis | Applied Radiology
    https://appliedradiology.com/Articles/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-associated-meningoencephalitis
    Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease is an autoimmune disorder that results from the antibodies directed against a myelin glycoprotein found within the central nervous system (CNS). […] Current treatment of MOGAD includes pulsed intravenous methylprednisolone over 3-5 days, followed by a slow oral steroid taper. […] If there are relapsing signs and symptoms, then long-term immunosuppression with rituximab or mycophenolate mofetil may be used. […] The overall prognosis of MOGAD is generally good, and better for children than adults. […] When the degree of MOG antibody titers is elevated and persists, risk for relapse increases. […] Therefore, a patients MOG titer should be rechecked later to determine their risk of repeat CNS attacks and the need for further immunosuppressants.
  • #59 MOG Antibody Disease (MOGAD) | Prognosis & Management | SRNA
    https://wearesrna.org/living-with-myelitis/disease-information/mog-antibody-disease/prognosis-management/
    Unlike AQP4 antibodies, MOG antibodies may decrease over time and may not be detectable early in the disease process or during remission, and this is especially the case for MOG antibody disease associated ADEM. […] Since up to 50 percent of people with MOGAD may have a monophasic course, immunosuppression is generally reserved for those who have relapsing disease. […] Those with MOG antibody disease should consider ongoing treatment with medications that suppress the immune system. […] All of these medications, with the exception of immunoglobulins (IVIG or SCIG), carry a risk of infections, particularly upper respiratory infections and urinary tract infections (UTIs). […] Chronic immunosuppression with mycophenolate mofetil requires regular skin exams with a dermatologist since our immune system is our best defense against cancer cells developing, and any of these treatments can interfere with its normal functioning.
  • #60 Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease – Overview of Information and Clinical Research
    https://clinicaltrials.eu/disease/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-associated-disease/
    Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease (MOGAD) is a rare neurological disorder characterized by inflammation and demyelination in the central nervous system. Although there is currently no cure for MOGAD, several treatment options are available to manage acute attacks and prevent relapses. […] To prevent relapses and manage long-term symptoms, several maintenance therapies are employed. These include immunosuppressant medications such as mycophenolate mofetil, rituximab, and azathioprine. […] Overall, while there is no cure for MOGAD, effective treatment strategies are available to manage symptoms and prevent relapses. Ongoing research and clinical trials are essential to further improve treatment outcomes and develop consensus-based guidelines. […] The management of Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease (MOGAD) involves a multifaceted approach to address both acute attacks and long-term disease progression. Acute treatment primarily relies on high-dose corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, with plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin as alternative options. Long-term management aims to prevent relapses through immunosuppressant medications, which help modulate the immune system’s response. Regular monitoring using MRI scans and antibody titres is essential to assess treatment efficacy and adjust strategies as needed.
  • #61 Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) | UM Health-Sparrow
    https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-associated-disease-mogad
    There’s no cure for MOGAD. However, there are treatments to help speed the recovery from attacks, manage symptoms and reduce the likelihood of symptoms returning. […] Since MOGAD is a recently discovered disease, there are no proven treatments to prevent attacks. However, clinical trials are underway to find treatments. […] Treatment to prevent attacks of MOGAD is typically only used if you experience multiple attacks, known as relapsing MOGAD. Attacks can be prevented by suppressing the immune system. However, this type of treatment can lead to other illnesses and is only used if necessary. Attack-prevention treatments are usually started after the second attack to try to prevent more from happening. But it may be used if your first attack was so severe that it caused permanent damage. […] The type of prevention treatment you have affects how long you need the treatment. Some treatments may have negative effects if used long term. Your healthcare team can help decide what the best treatment is for you.
  • #62 Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) | Altru Health System
    https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-associated-disease-mogad
    There is no cure for MOGAD. However, there are treatments to help speed the recovery from attacks, manage symptoms and reduce the likelihood of symptoms returning. […] Since MOGAD is a recently discovered disease, there are no proven treatments to prevent attacks. However, clinical trials are underway to find treatments. […] Treatment to prevent attacks of MOGAD is typically only used if you experience multiple attacks, known as relapsing MOGAD. Attacks can be prevented by suppressing the immune system. However, this type of treatment can lead to other illnesses and is only used if necessary. Attack-prevention treatments are usually started after the second attack to try to prevent more from happening. But it may be used if your first attack was so severe that it caused permanent damage. […] The type of prevention treatment you have affects how long you need the treatment. Some treatments may have negative effects if used long term. Your healthcare team can help decide what the best treatment is for you.
  • #63 Pediatric Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD) – EyeWiki
    https://eyewiki.org/Pediatric_Myelin_Oligodendrocyte_Glycoprotein_Antibody-Associated_Disease_(MOGAD)
    Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system associated with seropositivity of the MOG antibody. Pediatric MOGAD is more heterogenous than the adult form of the disease, with the differing features of pediatric disease accentuated in younger patients. The treatment of pediatric MOGAD in the acute setting is similar to that of adults although some specific considerations apply in children. A recent systemic review suggested that IVMP is the most commonly used acute treatment (88%) of cases and IVIG the next most common (66%). In a retrospective review of 75 children with MOGAD, early initiation of immunotherapy (less than 7 days from symptom onset) was associated with a 6.7-fold reduced risk of relapse. The same study found that a longer steroid taper of 5 weeks or longer also associated with a significantly reduced risk of relapse. Pediatric patients have good recovery, with studies suggesting less long-term disability compared with adults. Long-term risk of relapse is around 35% but relapse rates in children are lower than that in adults (Hazard ratio 1.42). Early relapses with 12 months of initial onset increase the risk of long-term relapsing disease.
  • #64 Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disorders (MOGAD) – MS Australia
    https://www.msaustralia.org.au/nmosd-and-mogad/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-disorders/
    Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). […] Accurate diagnosis of MOGAD is critical as treatment options are different to those used in MS. […] Initial treatment often consists of high dose corticosteroids to reduce inflammation. […] As mentioned above, people with MOGAD often have a good response to corticosteroids but may tend to relapse on rapid corticosteroid weaning or cessation. […] There is accumulating evidence that intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) from healthy donors, may maintain remission. […] Evidence is being gathered by collaborative multicentre and international study groups which should shed light on optimal treatment protocols for the future. […] The most common MOGAD presentation in children is acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), which may often be preceded by a systemic infection such as a respiratory infection or a gastrointestinal illness.
  • #65 Pediatric Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD) – EyeWiki
    https://eyewiki.org/Pediatric_Myelin_Oligodendrocyte_Glycoprotein_Antibody-Associated_Disease_(MOGAD)
    Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system associated with seropositivity of the MOG antibody. Pediatric MOGAD is more heterogenous than the adult form of the disease, with the differing features of pediatric disease accentuated in younger patients. The treatment of pediatric MOGAD in the acute setting is similar to that of adults although some specific considerations apply in children. A recent systemic review suggested that IVMP is the most commonly used acute treatment (88%) of cases and IVIG the next most common (66%). In a retrospective review of 75 children with MOGAD, early initiation of immunotherapy (less than 7 days from symptom onset) was associated with a 6.7-fold reduced risk of relapse. The same study found that a longer steroid taper of 5 weeks or longer also associated with a significantly reduced risk of relapse. Pediatric patients have good recovery, with studies suggesting less long-term disability compared with adults. Long-term risk of relapse is around 35% but relapse rates in children are lower than that in adults (Hazard ratio 1.42). Early relapses with 12 months of initial onset increase the risk of long-term relapsing disease.
  • #66 Pediatric Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD) – EyeWiki
    https://eyewiki.org/Pediatric_Myelin_Oligodendrocyte_Glycoprotein_Antibody-Associated_Disease_(MOGAD)
    Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system associated with seropositivity of the MOG antibody. Pediatric MOGAD is more heterogenous than the adult form of the disease, with the differing features of pediatric disease accentuated in younger patients. The treatment of pediatric MOGAD in the acute setting is similar to that of adults although some specific considerations apply in children. A recent systemic review suggested that IVMP is the most commonly used acute treatment (88%) of cases and IVIG the next most common (66%). In a retrospective review of 75 children with MOGAD, early initiation of immunotherapy (less than 7 days from symptom onset) was associated with a 6.7-fold reduced risk of relapse. The same study found that a longer steroid taper of 5 weeks or longer also associated with a significantly reduced risk of relapse. Pediatric patients have good recovery, with studies suggesting less long-term disability compared with adults. Long-term risk of relapse is around 35% but relapse rates in children are lower than that in adults (Hazard ratio 1.42). Early relapses with 12 months of initial onset increase the risk of long-term relapsing disease.
  • #67 Pediatric Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD) – EyeWiki
    https://eyewiki.org/Pediatric_Myelin_Oligodendrocyte_Glycoprotein_Antibody-Associated_Disease_(MOGAD)
    Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system associated with seropositivity of the MOG antibody. Pediatric MOGAD is more heterogenous than the adult form of the disease, with the differing features of pediatric disease accentuated in younger patients. The treatment of pediatric MOGAD in the acute setting is similar to that of adults although some specific considerations apply in children. A recent systemic review suggested that IVMP is the most commonly used acute treatment (88%) of cases and IVIG the next most common (66%). In a retrospective review of 75 children with MOGAD, early initiation of immunotherapy (less than 7 days from symptom onset) was associated with a 6.7-fold reduced risk of relapse. The same study found that a longer steroid taper of 5 weeks or longer also associated with a significantly reduced risk of relapse. Pediatric patients have good recovery, with studies suggesting less long-term disability compared with adults. Long-term risk of relapse is around 35% but relapse rates in children are lower than that in adults (Hazard ratio 1.42). Early relapses with 12 months of initial onset increase the risk of long-term relapsing disease.
  • #68 The Evolution of Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody–Associated Disease
    https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2023-mar/the-evolution-of-myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-associated-disease
    Many individuals with MOGAD may benefit from long-term immunotherapy. […] Because of the high rate of children with MOGAD presenting with a monophasic course of ADEM, most neuroimmunologists do not recommend long-term immunomodulating treatment unless the disease relapses. […] Many individuals with MOGAD may benefit from long-term immunotherapy, and further insight into the precise pathophysiology of MOGAD will be critical in helping identify the most effective treatments to reduce the risk of future neurologic disability. […] Long-term immunotherapy largely has been initiated only in people who have already demonstrated a relapsing MOGAD phenotype. […] Although retrospective studies have numerous limitations in interpretation and translation to clinical practice, there is a plethora of evidence to suggest that immunotherapy reduces the risk of relapse in MOGAD.
  • #69
    https://learning.aan.com/courses/68462
    Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody associated disease (MOGAD) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system driven by antibody-mediated demyelination. Until recently, it was often diagnosed as multiple sclerosis or seronegative neuromyelitis optica. With the availability of cell-based assays for detection of MOG serum autoantibodies in 2018, MOGAD became recognized as a distinct entity with publication of its first diagnostic criteria in 2023. While there is currently no FDA approved medication for MOGAD yet, various clinical trials are underway. […] Describe the diagnostic criteria and treatment approach to MOGAD.
  • #70 Neuromyelitis Optica & MOG Antibody Disorder Treatment & Research Program | NYU Langone Health
    https://nyulangone.org/care-services/multiple-sclerosis-comprehensive-care-center/neuromyelitis-optica-mog-antibody-disorder-treatment-research-program
    Care for people with NMOSD and MOGAD is provided by our dedicated team, which includes neurologists, neuro-ophthalmologists, a neuro-urologist, nurse coordinators, social workers, occupational therapists, and psychologists. […] The key to preventing disability in NMOSD and MOGAD is in preventing relapses. Currently there are three U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapies for NMOSDsatralizumab (brand name: Enspryng), eculizumab (Soliris), and inebilizumab (Uplizna). […] For MOGAD relapse prevention, there are no FDA-approved treatments. Several medications are used off label, including intravenous immunoglobulins, subcutaneous immunoglobulins, and oral immunosuppressant drugs such as mycophenolate mofetil (CellCept). […] Our center is currently participating in a clinical trial, which, if successful, could lead to approval of the first drug for MOGAD.
  • #71 MOG antibody-associated optic neuritis | Eye
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-024-03108-y
    Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is a demyelinating disorder, distinct from multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). […] Establishing optimal acute therapy, the role of maintenance steroid-sparing immunotherapy for long-term relapse prevention, and identifying predictors of relapsing disease remain key research priorities in MOG-ON. […] MOGAD appears to be highly steroid sensitive, with rapid recovery following initial administration of intravenous and/or oral corticosteroids, but also to some extent steroid dependent. […] Identifying the minimum dose and duration of corticosteroid treatment at disease onset which will delay time to first relapse, while limiting steroid related adverse effects, will be a significant step forward in the acute management of this condition.
  • #72 The Evolution of Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody–Associated Disease
    https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2023-mar/the-evolution-of-myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-associated-disease
    Many individuals with MOGAD may benefit from long-term immunotherapy. […] Because of the high rate of children with MOGAD presenting with a monophasic course of ADEM, most neuroimmunologists do not recommend long-term immunomodulating treatment unless the disease relapses. […] Many individuals with MOGAD may benefit from long-term immunotherapy, and further insight into the precise pathophysiology of MOGAD will be critical in helping identify the most effective treatments to reduce the risk of future neurologic disability. […] Long-term immunotherapy largely has been initiated only in people who have already demonstrated a relapsing MOGAD phenotype. […] Although retrospective studies have numerous limitations in interpretation and translation to clinical practice, there is a plethora of evidence to suggest that immunotherapy reduces the risk of relapse in MOGAD.
  • #73 Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD): A Review of Clinical and MRI Features, Diagnosis, and Management
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9247462/
    Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is the most recently defined inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). […] Although randomized controlled trials are lacking, MOGAD acute attacks appear to be very responsive to high dose steroids and plasma exchange may be considered in refractory cases. […] Attack-prevention treatments also lack class-I data and empiric maintenance treatment is generally reserved for relapsing cases or patients with severe residual disability after the presenting attack. […] A variety of empiric steroid-sparing immunosuppressants can be considered and may be efficacious based on retrospective or prospective observational studies but prospective randomized placebo-controlled trials are needed to better guide treatment. […] In summary, this article will review our rapidly evolving understanding of MOGAD diagnosis and management.
  • #74 MOG antibody-associated optic neuritis | Eye
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-024-03108-y
    The role of steroid-sparing maintenance therapy after the first acute MOG-ON attack is unclear. […] Relapse prevention is a key goal in the management of MOGAD as relapse-associated disability, particularly in relation to visual (following ON) and sphincter (following TM) dysfunction. […] While relapse rates are reported as 30-60% in MOGAD, this may increase to the order of up to 70% when patients are followed up for over five years. […] The therapeutic landscape remains under investigation, novel agents including monoclonal antibodies targeting the neonatal Fc receptor (rozanolixizumab; NCT05063162) and IL-6 receptor (satralizumab; NCT05271409) are currently undergoing phase III double blind placebo-controlled randomised controlled clinical trials.
  • #75 Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disorders (MOGAD) – MS Australia
    https://www.msaustralia.org.au/nmosd-and-mogad/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-disorders/
    Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). […] Accurate diagnosis of MOGAD is critical as treatment options are different to those used in MS. […] Initial treatment often consists of high dose corticosteroids to reduce inflammation. […] As mentioned above, people with MOGAD often have a good response to corticosteroids but may tend to relapse on rapid corticosteroid weaning or cessation. […] There is accumulating evidence that intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) from healthy donors, may maintain remission. […] Evidence is being gathered by collaborative multicentre and international study groups which should shed light on optimal treatment protocols for the future. […] The most common MOGAD presentation in children is acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), which may often be preceded by a systemic infection such as a respiratory infection or a gastrointestinal illness.