Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Aortic valve disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-valve-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20355117

  Aortic valve disease is a type of heart valve disease. In this condition, the valve between the lower left heart chamber and the body’s main artery doesn’t work properly. […] A person may be born with aortic valve disease. This is called a congenital heart defect. Sometimes aortic valve disease occurs later in life due to other health conditions. […] Some people with aortic valve disease may not notice symptoms for many years. Symptoms of aortic valve disease may include: Chest pain or tightness. Dizziness. Fainting. Fatigue after activity or having less ability to be active. Irregular heartbeat. Shortness of breath, particularly during vigorous activity or when lying down. Not eating enough. This is mainly seen in children with aortic valve stenosis. Not gaining enough weight. This is mainly seen in children with aortic valve stenosis.

• #1 Aortic Stenosis Progression: How Fast Does This Happen?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/heart/aortic-stenosis-progression

  Someone living with aortic stenosis that progresses quickly often has a worse outlook. […] Over time or with certain structural problems that can be present at birth the aortic valve can become narrowed with calcium deposits, inflammation, and stiffening that limits blood flow. This condition aortic stenosis is one of the most common reasons for heart valve surgery. […] How quickly aortic stenosis develops and progresses can vary from person to person based on age, the underlying reason for the stenosis, and other health problems that may exist. […] Calcification or hardening of the aortic valve over time is the leading cause of aortic stenosis. […] Symptoms that can appear with aortic stenosis are related to how limited blood flow becomes. For many people, symptoms dont appear until blood flow is significantly restricted through the aortic valve and other heart or cardiac damage develops.

• #1 Aortic Stenosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/150638-overview

  Although the obstruction tends to progress more rapidly in degenerative calcific aortic valve disease than in congenital or rheumatic disease, predicting the rate of progression in individual patients is not possible. Catheterization and echocardiographic studies suggest that, on average, the valve area declines 0.1 to 0.3 cm2 per year; the systolic pressure gradient across the valve can increase by as much as 10-15 mmHg per year. Obstruction progresses more rapidly in elderly patients with coronary artery disease and chronic renal insufficiency.

• #1 Aortic valve stenosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-stenosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353139

  In early phases, this can cause shortness of breath and chest discomfort. In more advanced phases, this can cause congestive heart failure, sudden loss of consciousness, and in some cases, sudden death. […] Individuals with a normal trileaflet valve typically don’t experience significant narrowing until their seventies or eighties. By contrast, individuals with a congenitally abnormal valve, meaning a unicuspid or single cusp valve, or a bicuspid, a two cusp valve. These patients frequently will suffer significant narrowing of the valve earlier in life. For instance, those with bicuspid valve may suffer from significant narrowing in their fifties or sixties.

• #1 Aortic Stenosis Overview | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/heart-valve-problems-and-causes/problem-aortic-valve-stenosis

  The thickened wall takes up more space inside the lower heart chamber and allows less room for an adequate amount of blood to be supplied to the body. This may lead to heart failure. Appropriate treatment can help reverse or slow down the progress of this disease. […] Aortic stenosis is classified into four major stages: Stage A: At risk of developing the condition, Stage B: Obstruction of aortic valve blood flow is present and progressing, Stage C: Severe obstruction is present but without symptoms, Stage D: Severe obstruction is present with symptoms.

• #1 Aortic Stenosis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2008/0915/p717.html

  Aortic stenosis is the most important cardiac valve disease in developed countries, affecting 3 percent of persons older than 65 years. […] The average overall survival rate in symptomatic persons without aortic valve replacement is two to three years. […] As the disease worsens, these compensatory mechanisms become inadequate, leading to symptoms of heart failure, angina, or syncope. […] Classic symptoms of aortic stenosis include dyspnea and other symptoms of heart failure, angina, and syncope. […] The onset of these classic symptoms indicates hemodynamically significant aortic stenosis and is a critical point for making management decisions. […] Mortality dramatically increases after aortic stenosis becomes symptomatic. […] The average overall survival rate is two to three years in symptomatic patients without surgical treatment.

• #1 Aortic Stenosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/150638-overview

  In severe aortic stenosis, the carotid arterial pulse typically has a delayed and plateaued peak, decreased amplitude, and gradual downslope (pulsus parvus et tardus). […] Symptoms of aortic stenosis usually develop gradually after an asymptomatic latent period of 10-20 years. Exertional dyspnea or fatigue is the most common initial complaint. Ultimately, most patients experience the classic triad of chest pain, heart failure, and syncope. […] Among symptomatic patients with medically treated, moderate-to-severe aortic stenosis, mortality rates from the onset of symptoms are approximately 25% at 1 year and 50% at 2 years. More than 50% of deaths are sudden. In patients in whom the aortic valve obstruction remains unrelieved, the onset of symptoms predicts a poor outcome with medical therapy; the approximate time interval from the onset of symptoms to death is 1.5-2 years for heart failure, 3 years for syncope, and 5 years for angina.

• #1 Aortic stenosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_stenosis

  Congestive heart failure (CHF) carries a grave prognosis in people with AS. […] People with CHF attributable to AS have a 2-year mortality rate of 50% if the aortic valve is not replaced. […] Risk factors known to influence disease progression of AS include factors similar to those of coronary artery disease such as hypertension, advanced age, being male, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking, metabolic syndrome, and end-stage kidney disease. […] If untreated, severe symptomatic aortic stenosis carries a poor prognosis, with a 2-year mortality rate of 50-60% and a 3-year survival rate of less than 30%.

• #1 What Are the First Signs of Heart Valve Problems?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/heart/early-signs-of-heart-valve-problems

  Heart valve diseases affect how blood flows through the heart muscle. Not all people experience symptoms, even if the condition is severe. […] Symptoms may progress gradually over the years or they can appear suddenly. […] As a result, valve disease may be advanced in some cases despite a persons mild symptoms or lack thereof. […] Symptoms of a failing aortic valve may take between 10 and 20 years to develop. You may feel short of breath with exertion or excessively tired with everyday activities. As the issue progresses, you may experience chest pain, fainting, or heart failure. […] While heart valve issues can exist for years before causing symptoms, let your doctor know if you experience unexplained fatigue, heart palpitations, or if you’re out of breath with routine activity.

• #1 Aortic Stenosis: What Your Symptoms Mean

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/aortic-stenosis-stages

  Aortic stenosis is a type of heart valve disease. Your doctor may classify it as mild, moderate, or severe. Which stage you have depends on how damaged your aortic valve is and the amount of blood thats still able to pass through it. Even so, not everyone will have the same symptoms or need the same treatments. […] Aortic stenosis might not affect your health right away. In fact, many people who have a mild case may not notice any symptoms. […] The most common early warning signs are: Needing to make more effort than usual during a physical activity, Feeling tired all the time, A child or infant with the condition could also have chest pain after a lot of activity. […] If your condition is moderate, you may notice: Feeling out of breath, especially when youre active, Chest pain, Tightness or pressure in your chest, Heart palpitations (rapid heartbeats), Feeling that your normal exercise has become harder.

• #1 Aortic Stenosis: What Your Symptoms Mean

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/aortic-stenosis-stages

  If your aortic stenosis is severe, you may have the same symptoms as some people with moderate cases — such as chest pain, tightness, shortness of breath when youre active, and fainting. These signs can also mean that the disease is starting to worsen more quickly. […] If left untreated, severe aortic stenosis can lead to heart failure. Intense fatigue, shortness of breath, and swelling of your ankles and feet are all signs of this. It can also lead to heart rhythm problems (arrhythmias) and even sudden cardiac death. […] Still, some people — especially older adults — can have a severe case without any symptoms. The only warning you may have is a lower amount of energy when you do physical activity. If so, it might be what doctors call asymptomatic aortic stenosis. […] Because signs of this condition vary so widely, your doctor will want to do tests to see how well your heart is working. Your treatment will be based on your symptoms as well as what these tests show.

• #1 Aortic Stenosis End Stages: Active and Silent Symptoms

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-are-the-end-stages-of-aortic-stenosis-8655588

  A number of patients are asymptomatic […] Often, aortic stenosis causes no symptoms or only mild symptoms until it becomes severe, which is a serious condition that may involve end-of-life considerations if surgical treatment is not an option. […] About one-fourth of patients with severe aortic stenosis don’t have any symptoms. However, symptoms might be underreported in older adult patients because of other conditions they may have, such as memory issues, degenerative arthritis, and poor mobility. […] Severe aortic stenosis can occur without symptoms for years. Unless treated with valve replacement surgery, the likelihood of having no symptoms from severe aortic stenosis is 82% after one year, 67% after two years, and 33% after five years. […] Symptoms of aortic stenosis often don’t occur until there is severe damage to the heart valve. Symptoms of end-stage aortic stenosis include: Chest pain or tightness, Rapid or fluttering heartbeat, Shortness of breath, Dizziness or faintness, Increased exhaustion after activity, Swollen ankles and feet, Difficulty sleeping. […] Because aortic stenosis often doesn’t have symptoms, especially in its early stages, you might not know you have the condition until it’s severe. End-stage aortic stenosis can cause serious heart damage and has a limited life expectancy unless valve replacement surgery is performed.

• #1 Symptoms of Heart Valve Disease | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/heart-valve-disease-risks-signs-and-symptoms/symptoms-of-heart-valve-problems

  Symptoms don’t necessarily determine the seriousness of a person’s valve problems. A valve problem can be severe with no symptoms. A valve problem also can be insignificant in terms of leakage but problematic because of the uncomfortable symptoms. It’s important to tell your health care professional any time you notice new or irregular symptoms that may relate to your condition.

• #1 Watchful Waiting for Aortic Valve Disease | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/aortic-valve-disease/treatments/watchful-waiting-for-aortic-valve-disease

  If you have been diagnosed with mild or moderate forms of aortic valve stenosis or aortic valve regurgitation, your NYU Langone doctor may recommend monitoring the condition over time for any changes, which is called watchful waiting. With mild forms of these conditions, a person typically has few or no symptoms. […] If you experience more severe symptoms of aortic valve stenosis or aortic valve regurgitation, including chest pain, fainting, heart palpitations, or shortness of breath, contact your doctor, call 911, or go to the nearest emergency department immediately.

• #1 Heart valve disease – BHF

  https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/conditions/heart-valve-disease

  Some people with heart valve disease have no symptoms. Other people may have one or more symptoms. […] Common symptoms of heart valve disease are: feeling breathless, chest pain, feeling weak or dizzy, discomfort in your chest, swollen ankles and feet, being more tired than usual, a fluttering or pounding feeling in your chest or neck (known as palpitations). […] Symptoms can be mild, moderate or severe. […] If your valve disease is moderate or severe with no symptoms, you should have a check-up and echocardiogram every 6 to 12 months. […] If you start having new or worsening symptoms, make an appointment with your doctor. This could mean your valve disease is getting worse.

• #1 Aortic Valve Disease | Frankel Cardiovascular Center | Michigan Medicine

  https://www.umcvc.org/conditions-treatments/aortic-valve-disease

  Many people with aortic valve disease do not experience any symptoms. As the disease progresses, you may notice a general decline in activity level. Other symptoms may include: […] Both stenosis and regurgitation can cause the ventricle to work harder to pump blood. Left untreated, this can lead to an irregular heartbeat, cardiomyopathy (thickening of the heart muscle) and heart failure.

• #1 Understand aortic stenosis • Heart Research Institute

  https://www.hri.org.au/health/learn/cardiovascular-disease/understand-aortic-stenosis

  Its symptoms vary from mild to severe. […] The most common symptoms include: Shortness of breath this begins at first as just shortness of breath with exercise, but in severe AS can occur even when you are lying down or resting […] As the condition progresses, the aortic valves opening starts to shrink further and the heart muscle has to work harder. Some people may start to notice symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, chest pain, lightheadedness or fainting. […] Over time, the aortic valves opening becomes extremely narrowed and causes even more strain on the heart. However, some patients with severe AS can still have no symptoms. If left untreated, severe AS can lead to heart failure, intense fatigue, shortness of breath, and swelling of your ankles and feet. […] When left untreated, severe AS is associated with high mortality rates and poor long-term survival. […] A recent review study in The Lancet found that patients with severe AS had typically high five-year mortality. […] However, with timely and appropriate treatment, outcomes are improved.

• #1 Aortic Valve Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542205/

  Aortic valve disease consists of regurgitations comprising retrograde flow throw the aortic valve and stenosis or narrowing of the orifice limiting the anterograde flow through the valve. […] While the pathology may develop over many years, symptoms may not appear until the condition is severe; at this point, the morbidity and mortality of aortic valvular disease are very high. […] Symptoms of aortic stenosis or regurgitation often are not present or are too mild for the patient to notice until the pathology has become severe. […] Chronic aortic regurgitation and late disease progression of aortic stenosis symptoms generally fall into 2 categories: heart failure and decreased coronary and systemic perfusion. […] Over time, increased pressures in the left ventricle lead to congestive heart failure; patients may complain of pedal edema, shortness of breath, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, and exertional dyspnea. […] The prognosis of patients with severe symptomatic aortic valve disease who do not undergo valve replacement is very poor, with survival at 3 years ranging from approximately 40 to 60%. In contrast, those who underwent valve replacement ranged from 80% to 90%.

• #1 Aortic Valve Stenosis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/aortic-valve-stenosis

  Aortic valve stenosis symptoms include shortness of breath, especially during exercise, chest pain or tightness that gets worse when you exercise and can spread to your neck, jaw, belly, or arm, feeling dizzy or lightheaded, fainting, fatigue, heart palpitations (rapid or fluttering heartbeat), heart murmur (an extra beat between your usual heartbeats), and swelling in your ankles, feet, lower legs, or ankles. […] You can have aortic valve stenosis for a long time before you notice any symptoms. It’s easy to overlook gradual signs of a weakening heart, especially at first. […] How quickly aortic valve stenosis progresses varies from person to person, depending on things like how healthy you are, what stage of aortic stenosis you have, and what treatment you get. It sometimes takes years. Things that can worsen it more quickly include older age, having excess weight or obesity, smoking, and having high cholesterol, high blood pressure, or metabolic syndrome. […] Even if you don’t have serious symptoms, it’s important to get the right diagnosis and treatment. If you wait too long, you risk permanent damage to your heart.

• #1 Aortic valve disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-valve-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20355117

  Make an appointment for a health checkup if you have symptoms of aortic valve disease, such as shortness of breath, fatigue after activity, or sensations of a pounding or an irregular heartbeat. Sometimes the first symptoms of aortic valve disease are related to heart failure. Get a health checkup if you have fatigue that doesn’t get better with rest, shortness of breath, and swollen ankles and feet, which are common symptoms of heart failure.

• #1 Aortic Valve Regurgitation | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/a/aortic-valve-regurgitation.html

  Aortic valve regurgitation can be acute or chronic. With acute aortic valve regurgitation, the valve suddenly becomes leaky. The heart doesnt have time to get used to the leak in the valve. With chronic aortic valve regurgitation, the valve slowly becomes leakier. This gives the heart time to get used to the leak. […] You may not have any symptoms from mild aortic regurgitation. If the condition becomes more severe, you may develop symptoms that get worse over time. These may include: Shortness of breath with exertion, Shortness of breath when lying flat, Fatigue, Unpleasant awareness of your heartbeat (palpitations), Swelling in your legs, abdomen, and the veins in your neck, Chest pain or tightness with exertion, Strong pulses felt in the neck. […] Sudden severe aortic valve regurgitation is a medical emergency, and includes symptoms, such as: Symptoms of shock (such as pale skin, unconsciousness, or rapid breathing), Severe shortness of breath, Abnormal heart rhythms that make the heart unable to pump effectively. […] You may not have symptoms for many years. Chronic aortic valve regurgitation may get worse. It may need surgery. […] Acute, severe aortic valve regurgitation is a medical emergency. You should get help right away.

• #1 What Is Aortic Valve Disease?

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24452-aortic-valve-disease

  Aortic valve disease is a form of heart valve disease that prevents your aortic valve from working properly. […] Its important to know that you could have one or both types of aortic valve disease and not realize it for a long time. […] As aortic valve disease gets worse, you may experience: Chest pain or discomfort. Fainting (syncope). Heart palpitations. Shortness of breath (dyspnea) with exertion, when lying down or when sleeping. Swelling (edema) in your feet and ankles. […] Aortic valve disease gradually gets worse over time. […] You have severe aortic valve disease that causes symptoms during your daily life. Early on, you may only have symptoms during physical activity. But later, you may have symptoms at rest. […] Aortic valve disease is serious and can lead to complications when untreated. The most common complication is heart failure. This is when your heart cant pump enough blood to meet your bodys needs. Other complications include: Arrhythmia. Heart attack. Sudden cardiac arrest. Stroke. […] Your outlook depends on many factors, including when youre diagnosed, how far the disease has progressed and your overall health.

• #2 Aortic Valve Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542205/

  Aortic valve disease consists of regurgitations comprising retrograde flow throw the aortic valve and stenosis or narrowing of the orifice limiting the anterograde flow through the valve. […] While the pathology may develop over many years, symptoms may not appear until the condition is severe; at this point, the morbidity and mortality of aortic valvular disease are very high. […] Symptoms of aortic stenosis or regurgitation often are not present or are too mild for the patient to notice until the pathology has become severe. […] Chronic aortic regurgitation and late disease progression of aortic stenosis symptoms generally fall into 2 categories: heart failure and decreased coronary and systemic perfusion. […] Over time, increased pressures in the left ventricle lead to congestive heart failure; patients may complain of pedal edema, shortness of breath, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, and exertional dyspnea. […] The prognosis of patients with severe symptomatic aortic valve disease who do not undergo valve replacement is very poor, with survival at 3 years ranging from approximately 40 to 60%. In contrast, those who underwent valve replacement ranged from 80% to 90%.

• #2 Aortic Valve Disease > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/aortic-valve-disease

  Symptoms include shortness of breath, chest discomfort, feeling faint, fatigue, weakness […] People can have aortic valve disease for years without experiencing any symptoms. As the disease progresses, however, symptoms may begin to develop and can worsen over time. In some cases, however, symptoms appear suddenly. […] Aortic valve disease can cause a number of symptoms, including: Shortness of breath (especially with physical activity, or in aortic valve insufficiency, when lying flat and at night) […] People with mild aortic valve disease may not have any symptoms, but they should still see their doctor for regular checkups to monitor progression of the condition. This allows doctors to promptly detect the onset of symptoms and begin treatment before serious complications develop.

• #2 Heart Valve Disease: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17639-what-you-need-to-know-heart-valve-disease

  Many people with heart valve disease dont have symptoms. But when the condition worsens over time, your heart beats harder to make up for the reduced blood flow. […] Heart valve disease symptoms may include: Fatigue (This may be your first symptom.) Increasing shortness of breath, especially with physical activity Palpitations (skipped beats or a flip-flop feeling in your chest) Edema (swelling of your ankles, feet or abdomen) Weakness or dizziness Quick weight gain Chest pain, especially when you exert yourself. […] If you have heart valve disease, youll have it for your whole life. But your experience of heart valve disease depends on the valve affected and the severity of the problem. […] Its important to follow up regularly with a healthcare provider to monitor the progression of your valve disease over time.

• #2 Aortic stenosis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000178.htm

  Most people with aortic stenosis do not develop symptoms until the disease is advanced. The diagnosis may have been made when the health care provider heard a heart murmur and performed tests before any symptoms developed. […] Symptoms of aortic stenosis include: Chest discomfort: The chest pain may get worse with activity and reach into the arm, neck, or jaw. The chest may also feel tight or squeezed. Cough, possibly bloody. Breathing problems when exercising. Becoming easily tired. Feeling the heartbeat (palpitations). Fainting, weakness, or dizziness with activity. […] In infants and children, symptoms include: Becoming easily tired with exertion (in mild cases) Failure to gain weight Poor feeding Serious breathing problems that develop within days or weeks of birth (in severe cases).

• #2 Aortic Stenosis Progression: How Fast Does This Happen?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/heart/aortic-stenosis-progression

  When symptoms do appear, they can include things like: chest pain, heart palpitations or fluttering, shortness of breath, dizziness or fainting, low tolerance for routine daily activities, swollen feet or ankles, difficulty sleeping or lying flat, increased fatigue. […] As aortic stenosis progresses to later stages, symptoms become more severe and may evolve into other serious conditions like heart failure or pulmonary hypertension. […] People with severe symptoms and advanced stages of aortic stenosis have the highest risk of sudden death. […] Although rates of progression to higher stages varies, people whose condition progresses more quickly to more serious stages of aortic stenosis over a shorter period of time usually have worse outcomes and higher rates of dying. […] Aortic stenosis can develop without symptoms, but over time, the stiffening and narrowing of the aortic valve decreases blood flow from the heart out to the rest of the body. This can lead to severe symptoms that reduce your daily ability to function, which can cause complications like heart failure. Aortic stenosis progression can even lead to death.

• #2 Aortic Stenosis Progression From Mild to Moderate to Severe

  https://www.heart-valve-surgery.com/heart-surgery-blog/2010/04/27/aortic-stenosis-progression-calcified-leaflet/

  Emma just emailed me an interesting question about aortic valve stenosis and the rate at which this form of heart valve disease progresses. […] My latest echocardiogram shows a valve area of 1.2 square centimeters. […] I imagine her cardiologist will require routine echocardiograms every 6 to 12 months to further evaluate valve function and the potential onset of symptoms. […] According to The Cleveland Clinic, catheterization and echocardiographic studies suggest that, on average, the valve area declines 0.1-0.3 square centimeters per year. […] The Cleveland Clinic also states that the systolic pressure gradient across the aortic valve can increase by as much as 10-15 mm Hg per year. […] A more rapid rate of aortic stenosis progression is observed in elderly patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and chronic renal insufficiency. […] Although there is no definitive rate of aortic stenosis progression across the entire patient community, I hope this information offers some insight into this topic.

• #2 Aortic Stenosis: Symptoms, Signs & Causes | Mass General Brigham

  https://www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en/patient-care/services-and-specialties/heart/conditions/aortic-valve-stenosis

  Aortic stenosis progresses in four stages, from mild to critical. These stages are: Mild aortic stenosis (at risk of AS): In the earliest stage, the narrowing of the aortic valve is minimal, and most people do not experience symptoms. This stage is often detected during routine physical exams or diagnostic tests. Treatment is not yet needed. Moderate aortic stenosis (progressive AS): As the narrowing progresses, many people remain mostly asymptomatic, but regular monitoring is recommended. You may begin to notice symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, or fatigue, especially during physical activity. Some patients may start considering valve replacement options. Severe aortic stenosis (asymptomatic severe): At this stage, the aortic valve has narrowed significantly, restricting blood flow from the heart. Symptoms may become more noticeable, even during rest, although some individuals might still be asymptomatic. The narrowing is severe, requiring close observation and possibly treatment. Critical aortic stenosis (symptomatic severe): In this final stage, the condition can become life-threatening if untreated, with symptoms such as heart failure or the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. The narrowing is severe, and even asymptomatic patients may require immediate intervention. […] During the most critical phase of the condition, patients often experience severe chest pain, fainting, stroke, and heart failure.

• #2 Aortic Stenosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/150638-overview

  In severe aortic stenosis, the carotid arterial pulse typically has a delayed and plateaued peak, decreased amplitude, and gradual downslope (pulsus parvus et tardus). […] Symptoms of aortic stenosis usually develop gradually after an asymptomatic latent period of 10-20 years. Exertional dyspnea or fatigue is the most common initial complaint. Ultimately, most patients experience the classic triad of chest pain, heart failure, and syncope. […] Among symptomatic patients with medically treated, moderate-to-severe aortic stenosis, mortality rates from the onset of symptoms are approximately 25% at 1 year and 50% at 2 years. More than 50% of deaths are sudden. In patients in whom the aortic valve obstruction remains unrelieved, the onset of symptoms predicts a poor outcome with medical therapy; the approximate time interval from the onset of symptoms to death is 1.5-2 years for heart failure, 3 years for syncope, and 5 years for angina.

• #2 Aortic Stenosis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2008/0915/p717.html

  Aortic stenosis is the most important cardiac valve disease in developed countries, affecting 3 percent of persons older than 65 years. […] The average overall survival rate in symptomatic persons without aortic valve replacement is two to three years. […] As the disease worsens, these compensatory mechanisms become inadequate, leading to symptoms of heart failure, angina, or syncope. […] Classic symptoms of aortic stenosis include dyspnea and other symptoms of heart failure, angina, and syncope. […] The onset of these classic symptoms indicates hemodynamically significant aortic stenosis and is a critical point for making management decisions. […] Mortality dramatically increases after aortic stenosis becomes symptomatic. […] The average overall survival rate is two to three years in symptomatic patients without surgical treatment.

• #2 Aortic Valve Disease | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/heart-and-vascular/conditions-and-treatments/aortic-valve-disease-old/symptoms

  Aortic valve disease symptoms may include fatigue, shortness of breath, swelling in ankles and legs, chest pain, and dizziness or passing out. […] Most patients have no symptoms until their aortic valve disease is severe. […] Even with severe stenosis or a severe leak, you may have no obvious symptoms. […] Your family members may notice that you seem tired or are slowing down before you do because the process happens slowly. […] In some cases, the valve disease may be found only if your doctor detects a heart murmur when they listen to your heart. […] Even with no serious symptoms, aortic valve disease is a concern. […] The heart adapts to the valve problem by becoming enlarged or thickened. […] At some point, the heart can become so enlarged or thickened that even if the valve is corrected, the heart won’t recover. […] In this case, you can develop heart failure.

• #2 Aortic Stenosis: What Your Symptoms Mean

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/aortic-stenosis-stages

  If your aortic stenosis is severe, you may have the same symptoms as some people with moderate cases — such as chest pain, tightness, shortness of breath when youre active, and fainting. These signs can also mean that the disease is starting to worsen more quickly. […] If left untreated, severe aortic stenosis can lead to heart failure. Intense fatigue, shortness of breath, and swelling of your ankles and feet are all signs of this. It can also lead to heart rhythm problems (arrhythmias) and even sudden cardiac death. […] Still, some people — especially older adults — can have a severe case without any symptoms. The only warning you may have is a lower amount of energy when you do physical activity. If so, it might be what doctors call asymptomatic aortic stenosis. […] Because signs of this condition vary so widely, your doctor will want to do tests to see how well your heart is working. Your treatment will be based on your symptoms as well as what these tests show.

• #2 Common heart valve disorders and their treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/heart-valve-disorders

  Aortic stenosis restricts blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta, causing pressure to increase in the left ventricle. This overload in pressure causes hypertrophy, a thickening in the walls. The condition may worsen and can lead to angina, heart failure, and syncope. Aortic stenosis may require surgery. […] In aortic regurgitation, the aortic valve does not close properly, which may cause blood to leak back into the ventricle. This causes pressure to increase in the left ventricle, resulting in lung inflammation and swelling. Aortic regurgitation can sometimes result from irregularities in aortic leaflets. […] People with heart valve disorders do not always have symptoms a valve problem can be severe but present no symptoms. In contrast, the condition may be insignificant in terms of leakage but present uncomfortable symptoms.

• #2 Heart valve disease

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/heart-valve-disease/

  If you have symptoms of heart valve disease a GP will listen to your heart. […] If you have mild heart valve disease and you do not have any symptoms, you may not need treatment. You’ll usually have regular check-ups to see if your condition is getting worse. […] If you have symptoms or have severe heart valve disease, you may need medicines to lower your blood pressure and help protect your heart, reduce build-up of fluid in your body and lungs, slow down your heart rate, reduce the risk of blood clots. […] Heart valve disease affects people differently. It’s common to have mild heart valve disease that does not cause any issues, but for some people it can lead to serious health problems. […] It’s important to get advice from a heart specialist if you’re pregnant or want to get pregnant. Pregnancy can make heart valve disease symptoms worse.

• #2 Aortic Stenosis | Causes, Symptoms, Treatment | MedStar Health

  https://www.medstarhealth.org/services/aortic-stenosis

  Aortic stenosis symptoms can include: […] You may not notice symptoms for many years. As the aortic valve narrows, however, you may experience problems, especially during exercise or other activity that makes the heart work harder. […] Let your doctor know right away if you notice any of these symptoms.

• #2 Aortic Stenosis Overview | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/heart-valve-problems-and-causes/problem-aortic-valve-stenosis

  Aortic stenosis is one of the most common and serious valve disease problems. Aortic stenosis is a narrowing of the aortic valve opening and can sometimes be referred to as a failing heart valve. Aortic stenosis restricts the blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta may also affect the pressure in the left atrium. […] No. Many people with aortic stenosis, or AS, don’t experience noticeable symptoms until the amount of restricted blood flow becomes greatly reduced. […] Symptoms of aortic stenosis may include: Chest pain, Rapid, fluttering heartbeat, Trouble breathing or feeling short of breath, Feeling dizzy or light-headed, even fainting, Difficulty walking short distances, Decline in activity level or reduced ability to do normal activities. […] In addition to the symptoms of aortic stenosis, which may cause a patient to feel faint, weak or lethargic, the wall of the left ventricle also may show muscular thickening because the ventricle must work harder to pump blood through the narrow valve opening into the aorta.

• #2 Heart valve disease

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/heart-valve-disease/

  Symptoms of heart valve disease can include: shortness of breath, feeling tired or weak, feeling dizzy, heart palpitations, where you suddenly feel your heart beating irregularly or faster than usual, swollen ankles and feet, chest pain or discomfort. […] Some people do not have any symptoms. Sometimes it’s found by chance if a doctor hears an unusual sound (a heart murmur) when they listen to your chest. […] You’re feeling short of breath regularly, you feel tired, weak or dizzy when doing normal activities, you have heart palpitations that keep coming back, last longer than a few minutes or are getting worse, you have swollen ankles or feet, you have chest pain that comes and goes. […] These symptoms can be caused by many different conditions. Having them does not definitely mean you have heart valve disease. But it’s important to get them checked by a GP.

• #2 Aortic Valve Stenosis | Heart and Vascular

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/aortic-valve-stenosis

  If you have aortic valve stenosis, you may not have symptoms unless your blood flow is significantly reduced. […] If you develop aortic valve stenosis as an adult, your symptoms might include: Chest pain, A murmur or abnormal heart sound, Difficulty breathing or feeling short of breath, Feeling light-headed, dizzy or faint, Trouble walking, even for short distances, Swelling in your feet or ankles, Trouble sleeping, especially when lying flat, Less than normal energy during your normal activities. […] If your child is born with an abnormal aortic heart valve, they may have symptoms such as: Failure to gain weight, Poor eating, Pale or blue skin tone, especially around their lips, fingers, or toes, Difficulty breathing, Weak pulse. […] You should call 911 immediately if you experience symptoms like: Chest pain or pressure, Signs of shock such as pale skin, rapid pulse or breathing, or cool and clammy hands. […] Early detection and treatment for aortic valve stenosis can help you prevent heart failure.

• #2 Aortic Valve Disease | UH Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute | University Hospitals | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/services/heart-and-vascular-services/conditions-and-treatments/heart-valve-disease/aortic-valve-disease

  Signs and symptoms of aortic valve regurgitation include: Fatigue and weakness, particularly during increased levels of physical activity; Shortness of breath during exercise or when you lie down; Heart murmur; Irregular pulse (arrhythmia); Chest pain (angina), discomfort or tightness, often increasing during exercise; Lightheadedness or fainting; Rapid, fluttering heartbeat (palpitations); Swollen feet and ankles. […] Aortic valve regurgitation treatment depends on the severity of the condition, whether or not symptoms are present, and if the condition is worsening. Goals of treatment are to ease symptoms and prevent the development of complications. […] Aortic stenosis is a condition where the aortic valve flaps (cusps) become stiff and are unable to fully open and close. This results in a narrowing of the aortic valve that, in turn, reduces or blocks blood flow from the heart to the rest of the body. […] A bicuspid aortic valve usually doesn’t cause signs or symptoms until adulthood. However, infants with the condition may experience symptoms. Symptoms of a bicuspid aortic valve include: Chest pain; Shortness of breath; Difficulty exercising.

• #3 Symptoms of Heart Valve Disease | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/heart-valve-disease-risks-signs-and-symptoms/symptoms-of-heart-valve-problems

  Some people have no symptoms, yet they can still have a valve problem that needs treatment. […] Some people suddenly experience very noticeable symptoms. Valve disease symptoms can also develop very quickly if the condition is severe. […] For some people, the disease progresses very slowly, and the heart is able to compensate over time so that the symptoms are barely noticeable. […] However, the risk and damage may still be significant, so education and awareness about the possible causes for a gradual onset of symptoms is important for patients who may be at risk. […] Some physical signs of heart valve disease can include: Chest pain or palpitations (rapid rhythms or skips), Shortness of breath, fatigue, weakness or inability to maintain regular activity level, Lightheadedness or fainting, Swollen ankles, feet or abdomen.

• #3 Aortic Stenosis Topic Review

  https://www.healio.com/cardiology/learn-the-heart/cardiology-review/topic-reviews/aortic-stenosis

  The classic triad of symptoms of aortic stenosis are angina, syncope and dyspnea. Mortality from aortic stenosis dramatically increases once symptoms develop. […] The classic symptoms of aortic stenosis occur with exertion: dyspnea, syncope and angina. Valvular aortic stenosis takes many years to develop and is initially asymptomatic (latent period). Dyspnea is the initial symptom in about 50% of the cases; syncope and angina account for 35% and 15% of initial symptoms, respectively. […] The clinical significance of symptoms with aortic stenosis must not be underemphasized; a dramatic increase in mortality accompanies the onset of symptoms. In one large series, in the absence of aortic valve replacement, patients who presented with dyspnea had a mean life expectancy of 2 years, those with syncope about 3 years and those with angina lived an average of 5 years.

• #3 Aortic Stenosis Overview | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/heart-valve-problems-and-causes/problem-aortic-valve-stenosis

  The thickened wall takes up more space inside the lower heart chamber and allows less room for an adequate amount of blood to be supplied to the body. This may lead to heart failure. Appropriate treatment can help reverse or slow down the progress of this disease. […] Aortic stenosis is classified into four major stages: Stage A: At risk of developing the condition, Stage B: Obstruction of aortic valve blood flow is present and progressing, Stage C: Severe obstruction is present but without symptoms, Stage D: Severe obstruction is present with symptoms.

• #4 Heart valve disease

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/heart-valve-disease/

  Symptoms of heart valve disease can include: shortness of breath, feeling tired or weak, feeling dizzy, heart palpitations, where you suddenly feel your heart beating irregularly or faster than usual, swollen ankles and feet, chest pain or discomfort. […] Some people do not have any symptoms. Sometimes it’s found by chance if a doctor hears an unusual sound (a heart murmur) when they listen to your chest. […] You’re feeling short of breath regularly, you feel tired, weak or dizzy when doing normal activities, you have heart palpitations that keep coming back, last longer than a few minutes or are getting worse, you have swollen ankles or feet, you have chest pain that comes and goes. […] These symptoms can be caused by many different conditions. Having them does not definitely mean you have heart valve disease. But it’s important to get them checked by a GP.

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