Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Aortic valve disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-valve-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20355117

  Aortic valve disease may be caused by a heart problem present at birth, called a congenital heart defect. […] Other causes of aortic valve disease later in life include: Age-related changes to the heart. Infections. High blood pressure. Injury to the heart.

• #2 Aortic Valve Disease, Sparta – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/locations/sparta/services-and-treatments/cardiology/diseases/aortic

  Aortic valve disease is a condition where the valve between the main pumping chamber of your heart and the main artery to your body, the aorta, doesn’t work properly. Aortic valve disease may be a congenital condition or it can result from other causes. […] Aortic valve disease can be caused by a congenital heart defect. It also can be caused by other conditions, including age-related changes to the heart, infections, high blood pressure or injury to the heart.

• #3 Aortic Valve Disease > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/aortic-valve-disease

  Aortic heart valve disease can be congenital (meaning it is present from birth) or it can develop later in life. […] About 1 to 2% of babies are born with a bicuspid aortic valve (BAV). Normally, the aortic valve has three leaflets, or cusps, but newborns who are born with a bicuspid valve only have two cusps. In some cases, the BAV is unable to open fully, leading to aortic stenosis. In other cases, however, the BAV cannot close completely, resulting in aortic insufficiency. Often, a BAV does not cause symptoms until adulthood. Other congenital aortic valve defects can also cause aortic stenosis or insufficiency. […] A number of conditions can lead to aortic valve disease, including: Aging. Deterioration from wear and tear, and the buildup of calcium in the valves leaflets (making them stiff and consequently less able to open or close properly) can cause aortic stenosis or insufficiency. Aortic valve disease is most common among older people. […] Several diseases and infections can cause aortic valve disease, including rheumatic fever, endocarditis, Marfan syndrome, syphilis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, ankylosing spondylitis, and high blood pressure.

• #4 Aortic Valve Disease: Causes, Signs/Symptoms (Orange County)

  https://www.hoag.org/specialties-services/heart-vascular/specialty-programs/heart-valve-program/conditions/aortic-valve-disease/

  Aortic valve disease is a type of heart valve disease that impairs the function of the heart’s aortic valve. It is the most common form of all heart valve diseases. About 60% of the deaths in the U.S. due to heart valve disease are caused by aortic valve disease. […] Some people have aortic valve disease due to a congenital heart defect, which means the diseased valve resulted from the way the valves and heart chambers developed before a person was born. […] In most cases, however, aortic valve disease is caused by other factors, including aging, diseases or medical conditions experienced later in life. […] In some cases, aortic valve disease is present at birth, with the condition being one of several types of congenital heart defects. One example of congenital valve disease is bicuspid aortic valve (BAV), which involves a person being born with an aortic valve that has only two leaflets instead of the usual three. A bicuspid valve is the most common genetic aortic valve defect affecting 1-2% of the population.

• #5 Aortic Valve Disease > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/aortic-valve-disease

  Aortic heart valve disease can be congenital (meaning it is present from birth) or it can develop later in life. […] About 1 to 2% of babies are born with a bicuspid aortic valve (BAV). Normally, the aortic valve has three leaflets, or cusps, but newborns who are born with a bicuspid valve only have two cusps. In some cases, the BAV is unable to open fully, leading to aortic stenosis. In other cases, however, the BAV cannot close completely, resulting in aortic insufficiency. Often, a BAV does not cause symptoms until adulthood. Other congenital aortic valve defects can also cause aortic stenosis or insufficiency. […] A number of conditions can lead to aortic valve disease, including: Aging. Deterioration from wear and tear, and the buildup of calcium in the valves leaflets (making them stiff and consequently less able to open or close properly) can cause aortic stenosis or insufficiency. Aortic valve disease is most common among older people. […] Several diseases and infections can cause aortic valve disease, including rheumatic fever, endocarditis, Marfan syndrome, syphilis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, ankylosing spondylitis, and high blood pressure.

• #6 Heart Valve Diseases – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/heart-valve-diseases/causes

  Congenital heart valve diseases develop before a baby is born, because of problems in the way the heart forms. […] Some congenital heart valve diseases are inherited, which means the heart valve defect is caused by specific genes that are passed to a child from the parents. For example, bicuspid aortic valve is a type of inherited heart valve disease that can cause stenosis. […] Your family history and the genes you inherit can increase your risk of developing a heart valve disease. NHLBI-supported researchers are investigating specific genes that can mutate and lead to heart valve defects such as bicuspid aortic valve syndrome.

• #7 Aortic stenosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_stenosis

  Aortic stenosis is most commonly caused by age-related progressive calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) (50% of cases), with a mean age of 65 to 70 years. CAVD is the build-up of calcium on the cusps of the valve, and this calcification causes hardening and stenosis of the valve. […] Another major cause of aortic stenosis is the calcification of a congenital bicuspid aortic valve or, more rarely, a congenital unicuspid aortic valve. Those with unicuspid aortic valves typically need intervention when very young, often as a newborn, while those with congenital bicuspid aortic valve make up 30-40% of those presenting during adulthood and typically present earlier (ages 40+ to 50+) than those with tricuspid aortic valves (65+). […] Acute rheumatic fever post-inflammatory is the cause of less than 10% of cases. Rare causes of aortic stenosis include Fabry disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, Paget disease, high blood uric acid levels, and infection.

• #8 Aortic valve stenosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-stenosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353139

  Aortic valve stenosis is a type of heart valve disease, also called valvular heart disease. […] The prevalence is felt to be 6% or greater in each grade, age 75 or older here in the United States. It’s felt a result from an active inflammatory process. It has microscopic features which are in some ways similar to atherosclerosis. […] Risk factors for the development of aortic stenosis include high blood pressure, abnormal lipids, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. Some individuals are felt to be genetically predisposed aortic stenosis. […] Aortic valve stenosis causes include: Heart condition present at birth, called a congenital heart defect. Some children are born with an aortic valve that has only two cusps instead of the usual three. If there are only two cusps, it’s called a bicuspid aortic valve. Rarely, an aortic valve may have one or four cusps.

• #9 Valvular Heart Disease | Heart Valve Disease | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/heartvalvediseases.html

  Heart valve disease happens when one or more of your heart valves don’t work well. […] Aortic valve stenosis is a common type of stenosis. It affects the valve that controls blood flow into the large artery that carries blood out of the heart to the body. […] Some people are born with heart valve disease. This is called congenital heart valve disease. It can happen alone or along with other congenital heart defects. Heart valve disease can also develop over time as you get older or have certain conditions that affect the heart. […] You were born with an aortic valve that wasn’t formed right. Sometimes this will cause problems right away. Other times, the valve may work well enough for years before causing problems.

• #10 Aortic stenosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_stenosis

  Aortic stenosis is most commonly caused by age-related progressive calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) (50% of cases), with a mean age of 65 to 70 years. CAVD is the build-up of calcium on the cusps of the valve, and this calcification causes hardening and stenosis of the valve. […] Another major cause of aortic stenosis is the calcification of a congenital bicuspid aortic valve or, more rarely, a congenital unicuspid aortic valve. Those with unicuspid aortic valves typically need intervention when very young, often as a newborn, while those with congenital bicuspid aortic valve make up 30-40% of those presenting during adulthood and typically present earlier (ages 40+ to 50+) than those with tricuspid aortic valves (65+). […] Acute rheumatic fever post-inflammatory is the cause of less than 10% of cases. Rare causes of aortic stenosis include Fabry disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, Paget disease, high blood uric acid levels, and infection.

• #11 Heart Valve Diseases – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/heart-valve-diseases/causes

  Congenital heart valve diseases develop before a baby is born, because of problems in the way the heart forms. […] Some congenital heart valve diseases are inherited, which means the heart valve defect is caused by specific genes that are passed to a child from the parents. For example, bicuspid aortic valve is a type of inherited heart valve disease that can cause stenosis. […] Your family history and the genes you inherit can increase your risk of developing a heart valve disease. NHLBI-supported researchers are investigating specific genes that can mutate and lead to heart valve defects such as bicuspid aortic valve syndrome.

• #12 Bicuspid Aortic Valve Syndrome | Signs & Symptoms | Marfan Foundation

  https://marfan.org/conditions/bicuspid-aortic-valve/

  Bicuspid aortic valve is a defect in the heart’s aortic valve that is present at birth (congenital). The exact cause of bicuspid aortic valve is not known, but some medical experts suggest it may be caused by a connective tissue condition similar to that which causes the heart and blood vessel problems in Marfan syndrome. However, the genes that may cause this condition are currently unknown. […] Bicuspid aortic valve is highly heritable, and may be entirely determined by genetics. In large family studies, approximately 9 percent of first degree relatives of the person with a bicuspid aortic valve are found to also have a bicuspid aortic valve. This suggests an autosomal dominant inheritance (only need to get the altered gene from one parent) with a variable expression (range of features). However, the gene(s) that may cause this condition is currently unknown.

• #13 Aortic Valve Disease: Causes, Signs/Symptoms (Orange County)

  https://www.hoag.org/specialties-services/heart-vascular/specialty-programs/heart-valve-program/conditions/aortic-valve-disease/

  In most cases, aortic valve disease is due to an illness or condition experienced later in life. These cases are what’s called acquired aortic valve disease. This type of valve disease can be due to a variety of factors, including getting older, rheumatic heart disease, aortic valve calcification, infective endocarditis, certain other diseases, and chest trauma.

• #14 Aortic Valve Disease – Aortic Care | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/heart/aortic/aortic-conditions-diseases/aortic-valve-disease

  Aortic valve disease occurs when the valve that acts like a gateway between the heart and the aorta does not work properly. Aortic valve disease can happen because of a birth defect (bicuspid aortic valve), aging or as a result of an underlying disease. […] Aortic valve disease can occur for many reasons. Some people are born with defects that prevent the valve from working properly. Sometimes the aortic valve simply wears out with age. Causes of aortic valve disease include: Aging, Birth defect (Bicuspid aortic valve), Marfan syndrome, Rheumatic heart disease, Renal failure, Rheumatoid arthritis.

• #15 Aortic stenosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_stenosis

  Aortic stenosis is most commonly caused by age-related progressive calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) (50% of cases), with a mean age of 65 to 70 years. CAVD is the build-up of calcium on the cusps of the valve, and this calcification causes hardening and stenosis of the valve. […] Another major cause of aortic stenosis is the calcification of a congenital bicuspid aortic valve or, more rarely, a congenital unicuspid aortic valve. Those with unicuspid aortic valves typically need intervention when very young, often as a newborn, while those with congenital bicuspid aortic valve make up 30-40% of those presenting during adulthood and typically present earlier (ages 40+ to 50+) than those with tricuspid aortic valves (65+). […] Acute rheumatic fever post-inflammatory is the cause of less than 10% of cases. Rare causes of aortic stenosis include Fabry disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, Paget disease, high blood uric acid levels, and infection.

• #16 Types of Aortic Valve Disease | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/aortic-valve-disease/types

  Aortic valve stenosis is the most common heart valve disorder in people over age 75, and it occurs more frequently in men. Its typically caused by a buildup of calcium in the aortic valve, which occurs with aging. […] Other causes include a congenital condition known as bicuspid aortic valve, in which a person is born with two aortic valve leaflets, instead of three. This can lead to aortic valve stenosis at a younger age than typically seen in people with this condition. A small number of people have scarring of the aortic valve due to rheumatic fever in childhood that can also cause the valve to narrow. […] In the chronic form of aortic valve regurgitation, symptoms tend to build slowly over time. This may be caused by aging, being born with an abnormal aortic valve, childhood rheumatic fever, enlargement of the aorta resulting from high blood pressure, or atherosclerosis, a hardening of the arteries. […] Acute aortic valve regurgitation occurs suddenly, leading to shortness of breath and sometimes heart failure. It can be caused by an aortic dissection, which is a tear in the aortic wall; endocarditis, an infection of the heart; or trauma to the heart or aorta, such as from a car accident.

• #17 Aortic valve stenosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-stenosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353139

  Calcium buildup on the valve, called aortic valve calcification. Calcium is a mineral found in the blood. As blood moves over the aortic valve, calcium can collect on the valve. […] Rheumatic fever. This complication of untreated strep throat can damage the heart valves. It may cause scar tissue to form on the aortic valve. Scar tissue can narrow the aortic valve opening. It also may make a rough surface on which calcium deposits can collect.

• #18 What causes a stiff, narrowed aortic valve? – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/what-causes-a-stiff-narrowed-aortic-valve

  The term stenosis from a Greek word meaning „to narrow” refers to the narrowing of a passage or opening in the body. Stenosis of the aortic valve, which regulates the flow of blood from the heart to the rest of the body, can be serious. Left untreated, severe aortic stenosis can lead to heart failure and sudden death. […] „In the United States, the most common cause is a buildup of scar tissue and calcium deposits on the valve, known as fibrocalcific aortic valve disease,” says Dr. Yee-Ping Sun, a cardiologist at Harvard-affiliated Brigham and Women’s Hospital. […] In addition to age, a range of other factors can affect if and when a person develops aortic stenosis. One is a condition present at birth that is often not discovered until the person reaches middle age or older (see „What is a bicuspid aortic valve?”). Another, less frequent cause is rheumatic heart disease, a complication of an untreated strep throat infection that, over time, damages a person’s heart valves.

• #19 Aortic Stenosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/150638-overview

  Aortic stenosis has several etiologies, including congenital (unicuspid or bicuspid valve), calcific (due to degenerative changes), and rheumatic. […] Most cases of aortic stenosis are due to the obstruction at the valvular level. Common causes are summarized in Table 1. […] Valvular aortic stenosis can be either congenital or acquired. […] Congenitally unicuspid, bicuspid, tricuspid, or even quadricuspid valves may cause aortic stenosis. […] The main causes of acquired aortic stenosis include degenerative calcification and, less commonly, rheumatic heart disease. […] Degenerative calcific aortic stenosis (also called senile calcific aortic stenosis) involves progressive calcification of the leaflet bodies, resulting in limitation of the normal cusp opening during systole. […] Risk factors for degenerative calcific aortic stenosis include advanced age, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, and smoking.

• #20 What Is Aortic Valve Disease?

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24452-aortic-valve-disease

  Aortic valve disease is a form of heart valve disease that prevents your aortic valve from working properly. The two types of aortic valve disease are aortic regurgitation and aortic stenosis. Risk factors include having a bicuspid aortic valve and being over age 60. […] Causes of aortic valve disease include: Wear and tear due to aging. Rheumatic heart disease. Congenital heart disease. High blood pressure. Endocarditis. Trauma to your chest. Thoracic aortic aneurysm. Aortic dissection. Radiation to your chest (such as treatment for cancer). […] You face a higher risk for aortic valve disease if you: Are over age 60. Have aortic valve sclerosis (thickening and calcification of your valve that doesn’t yet narrow the opening). Have a congenital heart valve defect, especially a bicuspid aortic valve. Have a history of rheumatic fever. Have a history of endocarditis. Have certain underlying conditions, including Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and lupus.

• #21 Aortic valve stenosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-stenosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353139

  Aortic valve stenosis is a type of heart valve disease, also called valvular heart disease. […] The prevalence is felt to be 6% or greater in each grade, age 75 or older here in the United States. It’s felt a result from an active inflammatory process. It has microscopic features which are in some ways similar to atherosclerosis. […] Risk factors for the development of aortic stenosis include high blood pressure, abnormal lipids, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. Some individuals are felt to be genetically predisposed aortic stenosis. […] Aortic valve stenosis causes include: Heart condition present at birth, called a congenital heart defect. Some children are born with an aortic valve that has only two cusps instead of the usual three. If there are only two cusps, it’s called a bicuspid aortic valve. Rarely, an aortic valve may have one or four cusps.

• #22 Heart Valve Disease: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17639-what-you-need-to-know-heart-valve-disease

  Heart valve disease refers to any of several conditions that prevent one or more of the valves in your heart from working right. […] Common heart valve disease causes include: Rheumatic fever from strep throat that wasnt treated, Heart attack that damages your heart, High blood pressure (advanced), A congenital (present at birth) issue, like a pulmonary or aortic valve that didnt develop right, Decline or calcification of the valve tissue, with loss of function over time, Thoracic aortic aneurysm (widening of your aorta, which stretches the aortic valve leaflets and can cause leakage), Heart failure, Infection in your heart (infective endocarditis), Lupus, Marfan syndrome.

• #23 Aortic Valve Disease | Frankel Cardiovascular Center | Michigan Medicine

  https://www.umcvc.org/conditions-treatments/aortic-valve-disease

  Aortic valve diseases can be present at birth (congenital) or acquired later in life. […] Aortic valve disease can also be caused by: Age-related buildup of calcium that causes the valve to become narrow and stiff (stenosis) […] Heart conditions such as a prior heart attack or high blood pressure that can damage the aortic valve […] High-dose radiation from cancer treatment […] Infections such as rheumatic fever or infective endocarditis (an infection of inner lining of the heart that can also involve the heart valves).

• #24 About Heart Valve Disease | Heart Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/about/heart-valve-disease.html

  Heart valve disease is when any valve in the heart has damage or is diseased. There are several causes of valve disease. […] Any valve in the heart can become diseased, but the aortic valve is most commonly affected. […] There are several causes of heart valve disease, including congenital conditions (being born with it), infections, degenerative conditions (wearing out with age), and conditions linked to other types of heart disease. […] Rheumatic disease can happen after an infection from the bacteria that causes strep throat is not treated with antibiotics. The infection can cause scarring of the heart valve. This is the most common cause of valve disease worldwide, but it is much less common in the United States, where most strep infections are treated early with antibiotics. It is, however, more common in the United States among people born before 1943.

• #25 Epidemiology of aortic valve stenosis (AS) and of aortic valve incompetence (AI): is the prevalence of AS/AI similar in different parts of the world?

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-18/epidemiology-of-aortic-valve-stenosis-as-and-of-aortic-valve-incompetence-ai

  There are large differences in the epidemiology of aortic valve disease between high-income and low-income countries. […] The majority of morbidity and mortality attributable to aortic valve disease worldwide is due to infectious disease. […] In developing countries, aortic valvular stenosis or regurgitation are typically caused by rheumatic heart disease or infective endocarditis. On the other hand, in industrialised countries, valvular diseases are mostly degenerative. […] Once RHD prevalence begins to decrease, CAVD can be expected to play a relatively more important role as a cause of AS in low-income countries. […] The high prevalence of risk factors for CAVD such as hypertension and increasing life expectancy, mean that there is likely to be a substantial future burden of CAVD in low-income countries.

• #26 About Heart Valve Disease | Heart Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/about/heart-valve-disease.html

  Endocarditis is an infection of the inner lining of the heart caused by a severe infection in the blood. The infection can damage the heart valve. Intravenous drug use can also lead to endocarditis and cause heart valve disease. […] Congenital heart valve disease is malformations of the heart valves. The most commonly affected valve with a congenital defect is a bicuspid aortic valve. […] The aging process, which can cause calcium deposits to develop on the heart valves, making them stiff or thickened and less efficient with age.

• #27

  https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/aortic-valve-disease/

  Rheumatic Heart Disease: Resulting from untreated or poorly treated streptococcal infections (such as strep throat), this condition can cause inflammation and scarring of the aortic valve, leading to stenosis or regurgitation. […] Endocarditis: Infection of the heart valves, often caused by bacteria, can damage the aortic valve, leading to regurgitation or, less commonly, stenosis. […] Aortic Aneurysm or Dissection: Conditions affecting the aorta can involve the aortic valve, especially when the aortic root is affected, potentially leading to valve regurgitation. […] Other Contributing Factors […] Hypertension: High blood pressure can contribute to the degeneration and calcification of the aortic valve. […] Marfan Syndrome and Other Connective Tissue Disorders: These genetic conditions can affect the aortic root and valve structure, leading to aortic regurgitation.

• #28 Aortic Valve Disease > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/aortic-valve-disease

  Aortic heart valve disease can be congenital (meaning it is present from birth) or it can develop later in life. […] About 1 to 2% of babies are born with a bicuspid aortic valve (BAV). Normally, the aortic valve has three leaflets, or cusps, but newborns who are born with a bicuspid valve only have two cusps. In some cases, the BAV is unable to open fully, leading to aortic stenosis. In other cases, however, the BAV cannot close completely, resulting in aortic insufficiency. Often, a BAV does not cause symptoms until adulthood. Other congenital aortic valve defects can also cause aortic stenosis or insufficiency. […] A number of conditions can lead to aortic valve disease, including: Aging. Deterioration from wear and tear, and the buildup of calcium in the valves leaflets (making them stiff and consequently less able to open or close properly) can cause aortic stenosis or insufficiency. Aortic valve disease is most common among older people. […] Several diseases and infections can cause aortic valve disease, including rheumatic fever, endocarditis, Marfan syndrome, syphilis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, ankylosing spondylitis, and high blood pressure.

• #29 Aortic Valve Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542205/

  Other less common etiologies include complications following percutaneous aortic balloon valvuloplasties and transcatheter aortic valve replacements (TAVR), as well as a slew of inflammatory disorders including but not limited to systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and Takayasu arteritis. […] The most prevalent etiology of chronic aortic regurgitation in developing countries is rheumatic heart disease.

• #30 Valvular heart disease | Heart and Stroke Foundation

  https://www.heartandstroke.ca/heart-disease/conditions/valvular-heart-disease

  Marfan syndrome This is a genetic disorder that affects the bodys connective tissue. Connective tissue holds all the bodys cells, organs and tissues together, including in the heart. People with Marfan syndrome may develop mitral valve prolapse and aortic valve regurgitation. […] Rheumatic fever This is an inflammatory disease that can affect the heart valves if it isnt treated properly. Rheumatic fever usually starts as strep throat or an infection involving strep (streptococcal bacteria). Heart valves may be damaged or scarred as the body fights the strep infection. […] Infective (bacterial) endocarditis Common germs can travel through the bloodstream to the heart and infect the surface of the heart, including the heart valves. People with valvular heart disease are at a higher risk of developing infective endocarditis.

• #31

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/aortic-valve-replacement/whyitsdone/

  An aortic valve replacement is used to treat conditions affecting the aortic valve. These are known as aortic valve diseases. […] Some of the main causes include: senile aortic calcification where calcium deposits form on the valve as you get older, preventing it opening and closing properly; bicuspid aortic valve a problem present from birth in which the aortic valve only has 2 flaps instead of the usual 3, which can cause problems as you get older; underlying conditions that can damage the aortic valve including Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, rheumatic fever, lupus, giant cell arteritis and endocarditis. […] Without treatment, severe aortic valve disease is likely to get worse and may eventually be fatal.

• #32 Aortic insufficiency Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/aortic-insufficiency

  Aortic regurgitation is a heart valve disease in which the aortic valve does not close tightly. This allows blood to flow from the aorta (the largest blood vessel) into the left ventricle (a chamber of the heart). […] Any condition that prevents the aortic valve from closing completely can cause this problem. When the valve does not close all the way, some blood comes back each time the heart beats. […] In the past, rheumatic fever was the main cause of aortic regurgitation. The use of antibiotics to treat strep infections has made rheumatic fever less common. Therefore, aortic regurgitation is more commonly due to other causes. These include: Ankylosing spondylitis, Aortic dissection, Congenital (present at birth) valve problems, such as bicuspid valve, Endocarditis (infection of the heart valves), High blood pressure, Marfan syndrome, Reiter syndrome (also known as reactive arthritis), Syphilis, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Trauma to the chest. […] Aortic insufficiency is most common in men between the ages of 30 and 60.

• #33 Aortic Valve Disease – Aortic Care | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/heart/aortic/aortic-conditions-diseases/aortic-valve-disease

  Aortic valve disease occurs when the valve that acts like a gateway between the heart and the aorta does not work properly. Aortic valve disease can happen because of a birth defect (bicuspid aortic valve), aging or as a result of an underlying disease. […] Aortic valve disease can occur for many reasons. Some people are born with defects that prevent the valve from working properly. Sometimes the aortic valve simply wears out with age. Causes of aortic valve disease include: Aging, Birth defect (Bicuspid aortic valve), Marfan syndrome, Rheumatic heart disease, Renal failure, Rheumatoid arthritis.

• #34 Aortic Valve Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542205/

  Other less common etiologies include complications following percutaneous aortic balloon valvuloplasties and transcatheter aortic valve replacements (TAVR), as well as a slew of inflammatory disorders including but not limited to systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and Takayasu arteritis. […] The most prevalent etiology of chronic aortic regurgitation in developing countries is rheumatic heart disease.

• #35 Aortic stenosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_stenosis

  Aortic stenosis is most commonly caused by age-related progressive calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) (50% of cases), with a mean age of 65 to 70 years. CAVD is the build-up of calcium on the cusps of the valve, and this calcification causes hardening and stenosis of the valve. […] Another major cause of aortic stenosis is the calcification of a congenital bicuspid aortic valve or, more rarely, a congenital unicuspid aortic valve. Those with unicuspid aortic valves typically need intervention when very young, often as a newborn, while those with congenital bicuspid aortic valve make up 30-40% of those presenting during adulthood and typically present earlier (ages 40+ to 50+) than those with tricuspid aortic valves (65+). […] Acute rheumatic fever post-inflammatory is the cause of less than 10% of cases. Rare causes of aortic stenosis include Fabry disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, Paget disease, high blood uric acid levels, and infection.

• #36 Managing Your Aortic Valve Disease – Symptoms & Treatment | Carle.org

  https://carle.org/conditions/valvular-heart-disease

  Aortic valve disease includes aortic valve stenosis (AVS) and aortic insufficiency (or regurgitation). […] Causes include congenital heart disorders in children. In adults, endocarditis (bacterial heart infection), aging-related calcium deposits on the valve, and rheumatic fever can damage aortic valves. Rarer causes include radiation, rheumatoid arthritis, trauma, and other diseases (Pagets and Fabrys diseases, end-stage kidney disease).

• #37 Aortic Stenosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/150638-overview

  In rheumatic aortic stenosis, the underlying process includes progressive fibrosis of the valve leaflets with varying degrees of commissural fusion, often with retraction of the leaflet edges and, in certain cases, calcification. […] Other, infrequent causes of aortic stenosis include obstructive vegetations, homozygous type II hypercholesterolemia, Paget disease, Fabry disease, ochronosis, and irradiation.

• #38 What Is Aortic Valve Disease?

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24452-aortic-valve-disease

  Aortic valve disease is a form of heart valve disease that prevents your aortic valve from working properly. The two types of aortic valve disease are aortic regurgitation and aortic stenosis. Risk factors include having a bicuspid aortic valve and being over age 60. […] Causes of aortic valve disease include: Wear and tear due to aging. Rheumatic heart disease. Congenital heart disease. High blood pressure. Endocarditis. Trauma to your chest. Thoracic aortic aneurysm. Aortic dissection. Radiation to your chest (such as treatment for cancer). […] You face a higher risk for aortic valve disease if you: Are over age 60. Have aortic valve sclerosis (thickening and calcification of your valve that doesn’t yet narrow the opening). Have a congenital heart valve defect, especially a bicuspid aortic valve. Have a history of rheumatic fever. Have a history of endocarditis. Have certain underlying conditions, including Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and lupus.

• #39 Aortic Valve Disease | Structural Heart | Henry Ford Health – Detroit, MI

  https://www.henryford.com/services/structural-heart/conditions/heart-valve-disease/aortic-valve

  Aortic valve disease has two main causes: […] Congenital aortic valve disease: This condition is present at birth. Some people are born with a narrowed aortic valve, have too few flaps or have fused flaps. […] Acquired aortic valve disease: Disease develops later, typically from wear and tear as we age or from the natural buildup of calcium from the blood. Heart valve infections (endocarditis) and rheumatic fever can also cause damage that leads to valve disease.

• #40 Aortic valve stenosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-stenosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353139

  Aortic valve stenosis is a type of heart valve disease, also called valvular heart disease. […] The prevalence is felt to be 6% or greater in each grade, age 75 or older here in the United States. It’s felt a result from an active inflammatory process. It has microscopic features which are in some ways similar to atherosclerosis. […] Risk factors for the development of aortic stenosis include high blood pressure, abnormal lipids, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. Some individuals are felt to be genetically predisposed aortic stenosis. […] Aortic valve stenosis causes include: Heart condition present at birth, called a congenital heart defect. Some children are born with an aortic valve that has only two cusps instead of the usual three. If there are only two cusps, it’s called a bicuspid aortic valve. Rarely, an aortic valve may have one or four cusps.

• #41

  https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/aortic-valve-disease/

  Rheumatic Heart Disease: Resulting from untreated or poorly treated streptococcal infections (such as strep throat), this condition can cause inflammation and scarring of the aortic valve, leading to stenosis or regurgitation. […] Endocarditis: Infection of the heart valves, often caused by bacteria, can damage the aortic valve, leading to regurgitation or, less commonly, stenosis. […] Aortic Aneurysm or Dissection: Conditions affecting the aorta can involve the aortic valve, especially when the aortic root is affected, potentially leading to valve regurgitation. […] Other Contributing Factors […] Hypertension: High blood pressure can contribute to the degeneration and calcification of the aortic valve. […] Marfan Syndrome and Other Connective Tissue Disorders: These genetic conditions can affect the aortic root and valve structure, leading to aortic regurgitation.

• #42 Aortic Valve Disease | UH Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute | University Hospitals | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/services/heart-and-vascular-services/conditions-and-treatments/heart-valve-disease/aortic-valve-disease

  Other diseases: Certain rare diseases can enlarge the aorta and the aortic valve and lead to regurgitation. These conditions include Marfan syndrome, a connective tissue disease. In addition, certain autoimmune conditions, such as lupus, can cause aortic valve regurgitation. […] Injury to the aorta: An aortic tear (dissection) or traumatic chest injury can cause backward leakage of blood through the aortic valve. […] Conditions that make people more likely to develop aortic valve regurgitation include: […] Certain heart conditions present at birth (congenital heart disease) […] Advancing age […] History of infections that affect the heart […] Having aortic valve stenosis and certain other heart valve conditions […] High blood pressure. […] A bicuspid aortic valve develops during the early weeks of pregnancy. Bicuspid aortic valve is the most common congenital heart defect. The cause of the condition is unclear. Bicuspid aortic valve tends to run in families.

• #43

  https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/aortic-valve-disease/

  Rheumatic Heart Disease: Resulting from untreated or poorly treated streptococcal infections (such as strep throat), this condition can cause inflammation and scarring of the aortic valve, leading to stenosis or regurgitation. […] Endocarditis: Infection of the heart valves, often caused by bacteria, can damage the aortic valve, leading to regurgitation or, less commonly, stenosis. […] Aortic Aneurysm or Dissection: Conditions affecting the aorta can involve the aortic valve, especially when the aortic root is affected, potentially leading to valve regurgitation. […] Other Contributing Factors […] Hypertension: High blood pressure can contribute to the degeneration and calcification of the aortic valve. […] Marfan Syndrome and Other Connective Tissue Disorders: These genetic conditions can affect the aortic root and valve structure, leading to aortic regurgitation.

• #44 Valvular heart disease | Heart and Stroke Foundation

  https://www.heartandstroke.ca/heart-disease/conditions/valvular-heart-disease

  Radiation therapy People who had radiation therapy to the chest due to cancer are more likely to develop valvular heart disease. […] Age Heart valve problems may result from degenerative changes, or normal wear and tear of aging. […] Other causes coronary artery disease […] damage to the heart muscle from a heart attack […] other diseases of the heart muscle (cardiomyopathy) […] metabolic disorders such as high blood cholesterol […] tumour in the heart […] certain medications.

• #45 Aortic valve stenosis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/aortic-valve-stenosis?lang=us

  Of note, supravalvular and subvalvular aortic stenosis often do not have the same degenerative pathogenesis as valvular aortic stenosis. […] Congenital aortic valve stenosis is the most frequent cause of aortic valve stenosis age in patients between 15 and 65 of age and often arises in associated with anomalous valves. […] A calcified bicuspid aortic valve is considered the most frequent form of adult aortic valve stenosis. […] Rheumatic heart disease rarely causes isolated aortic valve stenosis, thickened, shortened cusps, and fused commissures, and occurs always with aortic regurgitation. […] Senile calcific aortic stenosis/degenerative aortic stenosis is discussed above. […] Radiation-induced heart disease generally occurs a decade or more after exposure to mediastinal radiotherapy.

• #46

  https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/aortic-valve-disease/

  Chronic Kidney Disease: Patients with long-term kidney disease are at higher risk for calcific aortic valve disease due to altered calcium metabolism. […] Hypercholesterolemia and Hyperlipidemia: High levels of cholesterol and lipids in the blood can contribute to the calcific process on the valve. […] What causes Aortic Valve Disease? There are several factors that can contribute to the development of Aortic Valve Disease. One common cause is age-related degeneration, where the valve becomes thickened and stiff over time. This can lead to narrowing of the valve opening, known as aortic stenosis. Another possible cause is congenital abnormalities, which means that a person is born with an abnormal aortic valve structure or function. […] What risk factors associated with Aortic Valve Disease? Several key risk factors have been identified in relation to aortic valve disease. Age is one such factor, as the risk tends to increase with advancing age. Additionally, gender plays a role, with men being more susceptible to developing this condition than women. Other notable risk factors include a history of certain medical conditions such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, and diabetes. These underlying health issues can contribute to the development of aortic valve disease over time.

• #47

  https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/aortic-valve-disease/

  Chronic Kidney Disease: Patients with long-term kidney disease are at higher risk for calcific aortic valve disease due to altered calcium metabolism. […] Hypercholesterolemia and Hyperlipidemia: High levels of cholesterol and lipids in the blood can contribute to the calcific process on the valve. […] What causes Aortic Valve Disease? There are several factors that can contribute to the development of Aortic Valve Disease. One common cause is age-related degeneration, where the valve becomes thickened and stiff over time. This can lead to narrowing of the valve opening, known as aortic stenosis. Another possible cause is congenital abnormalities, which means that a person is born with an abnormal aortic valve structure or function. […] What risk factors associated with Aortic Valve Disease? Several key risk factors have been identified in relation to aortic valve disease. Age is one such factor, as the risk tends to increase with advancing age. Additionally, gender plays a role, with men being more susceptible to developing this condition than women. Other notable risk factors include a history of certain medical conditions such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, and diabetes. These underlying health issues can contribute to the development of aortic valve disease over time.

• #48 What causes a stiff, narrowed aortic valve? – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/what-causes-a-stiff-narrowed-aortic-valve

  Certain health problems may increase a person’s odds of aortic stenosis, including kidney disease, hyperparathyroidism, and inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and systemic sclerosis. […] Elevated blood levels of a fatty particle called lipoprotein(a), or Lp(a), also appear to contribute to aortic stenosis. […] A two-leaflet valve is more prone to calcium buildup, so people with bicuspid valves can develop aortic stenosis in their 50s and 60s more than a decade earlier than those with normal, tricuspid valves. […] Unfortunately, there are no strategies to prevent the progression of aortic stenosis.

• #49 Aortic Valve Stenosis Causes, Symptoms, Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/heart-vascular/conditions/aortic-stenosis

  Atherosclerosis – A disease caused by a buildup of plaque in the arteries, causing them to harden. This condition can accompany aortic stenosis. […] Bicuspid aortic valve – A condition in which the aortic valve has two flaps instead of three. This can cause the valve to leak or narrow. […] Diabetes – People with diabetes are more likely to get aortic stenosis because it may speed up plaque buildup in the arteries. […] High cholesterol – Having high cholesterol can cause inflammation and lead to aortic stenosis. […] Rheumatic fever – An infection that can cause scarring of the heart’s valves. […] End-stage kidney disease – Aortic stenosis tends to progress more quickly in people with chronic kidney disease. […] AS can lead to problems, such as: Endocarditis – This is a bacterial infection inside your heart. People with aortic stenosis have a harder time fighting the infection. […] Heart failure – Aortic stenosis makes the heart muscle work harder, weakening it over time and leading to heart failure.

• #50 What Is Aortic Valve Disease?

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24452-aortic-valve-disease

  Aortic valve disease is a form of heart valve disease that prevents your aortic valve from working properly. The two types of aortic valve disease are aortic regurgitation and aortic stenosis. Risk factors include having a bicuspid aortic valve and being over age 60. […] Causes of aortic valve disease include: Wear and tear due to aging. Rheumatic heart disease. Congenital heart disease. High blood pressure. Endocarditis. Trauma to your chest. Thoracic aortic aneurysm. Aortic dissection. Radiation to your chest (such as treatment for cancer). […] You face a higher risk for aortic valve disease if you: Are over age 60. Have aortic valve sclerosis (thickening and calcification of your valve that doesn’t yet narrow the opening). Have a congenital heart valve defect, especially a bicuspid aortic valve. Have a history of rheumatic fever. Have a history of endocarditis. Have certain underlying conditions, including Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and lupus.

• #51

  https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/aortic-valve-disease/

  Chronic Kidney Disease: Patients with long-term kidney disease are at higher risk for calcific aortic valve disease due to altered calcium metabolism. […] Hypercholesterolemia and Hyperlipidemia: High levels of cholesterol and lipids in the blood can contribute to the calcific process on the valve. […] What causes Aortic Valve Disease? There are several factors that can contribute to the development of Aortic Valve Disease. One common cause is age-related degeneration, where the valve becomes thickened and stiff over time. This can lead to narrowing of the valve opening, known as aortic stenosis. Another possible cause is congenital abnormalities, which means that a person is born with an abnormal aortic valve structure or function. […] What risk factors associated with Aortic Valve Disease? Several key risk factors have been identified in relation to aortic valve disease. Age is one such factor, as the risk tends to increase with advancing age. Additionally, gender plays a role, with men being more susceptible to developing this condition than women. Other notable risk factors include a history of certain medical conditions such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, and diabetes. These underlying health issues can contribute to the development of aortic valve disease over time.

• #52 What Is Aortic Valve Disease?

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24452-aortic-valve-disease

  Aortic valve disease is a form of heart valve disease that prevents your aortic valve from working properly. The two types of aortic valve disease are aortic regurgitation and aortic stenosis. Risk factors include having a bicuspid aortic valve and being over age 60. […] Causes of aortic valve disease include: Wear and tear due to aging. Rheumatic heart disease. Congenital heart disease. High blood pressure. Endocarditis. Trauma to your chest. Thoracic aortic aneurysm. Aortic dissection. Radiation to your chest (such as treatment for cancer). […] You face a higher risk for aortic valve disease if you: Are over age 60. Have aortic valve sclerosis (thickening and calcification of your valve that doesn’t yet narrow the opening). Have a congenital heart valve defect, especially a bicuspid aortic valve. Have a history of rheumatic fever. Have a history of endocarditis. Have certain underlying conditions, including Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and lupus.

• #53 Aortic Valve Insufficiency: Causes, Symptoms & Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/aortic-insufficiency

  Aortic valve insufficiency, also called aortic insufficiency or aortic regurgitation, is a valvular heart disease. This condition develops when the aortic valve is damaged. […] Aortic valve insufficiency can result from damage to the aorta or heart tissue or conditions you may be born with. Causes can include: rheumatic fever, congenital valve defects, which are defects you’re born with, infections of the heart tissue, high blood pressure, genetic conditions such as Marfan’s syndrome, which affects the connective tissues, untreated syphilis, lupus, heart aneurysms, ankylosing spondylitis, which is a form of inflammatory arthritis, trauma, Crohn’s disease, Whipple’s disease, Turner syndrome, certain medications, including dopamine agonists such as bromocriptine. […] Aortic insufficiency may be more common in males than females and in people between the ages of 40 and 60.

• #54 What Is Aortic Valve Disease?

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24452-aortic-valve-disease

  Aortic valve disease is a form of heart valve disease that prevents your aortic valve from working properly. The two types of aortic valve disease are aortic regurgitation and aortic stenosis. Risk factors include having a bicuspid aortic valve and being over age 60. […] Causes of aortic valve disease include: Wear and tear due to aging. Rheumatic heart disease. Congenital heart disease. High blood pressure. Endocarditis. Trauma to your chest. Thoracic aortic aneurysm. Aortic dissection. Radiation to your chest (such as treatment for cancer). […] You face a higher risk for aortic valve disease if you: Are over age 60. Have aortic valve sclerosis (thickening and calcification of your valve that doesn’t yet narrow the opening). Have a congenital heart valve defect, especially a bicuspid aortic valve. Have a history of rheumatic fever. Have a history of endocarditis. Have certain underlying conditions, including Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and lupus.

• #55 Heart Valve Diseases – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/heart-valve-diseases/causes

  Congenital heart valve diseases develop before a baby is born, because of problems in the way the heart forms. […] Some congenital heart valve diseases are inherited, which means the heart valve defect is caused by specific genes that are passed to a child from the parents. For example, bicuspid aortic valve is a type of inherited heart valve disease that can cause stenosis. […] Your family history and the genes you inherit can increase your risk of developing a heart valve disease. NHLBI-supported researchers are investigating specific genes that can mutate and lead to heart valve defects such as bicuspid aortic valve syndrome.

• #56 Valvular heart disease | Heart and Stroke Foundation

  https://www.heartandstroke.ca/heart-disease/conditions/valvular-heart-disease

  Radiation therapy People who had radiation therapy to the chest due to cancer are more likely to develop valvular heart disease. […] Age Heart valve problems may result from degenerative changes, or normal wear and tear of aging. […] Other causes coronary artery disease […] damage to the heart muscle from a heart attack […] other diseases of the heart muscle (cardiomyopathy) […] metabolic disorders such as high blood cholesterol […] tumour in the heart […] certain medications.

• #57 Aortic stenosis – symptoms, causes, diagnosis and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/aortic-stenosis

  Aortic stenosis is a heart condition affecting your aortic heart valve. […] The most common cause of aortic stenosis is hardening and scarring of your aortic valve. […] The most common cause of aortic stenosis is the aortic valve becoming hard or scarred. This can happen as you get older. […] Some things can increase your risk of aortic stenosis. These include: smoking, having high blood pressure, having high cholesterol, having chronic kidney disease. […] You may be born with an aortic valve that is shaped differently. This can cause you to get aortic stenosis earlier in life. […] A less common cause of aortic stenosis is rheumatic heart disease. Rheumatic heart disease can develop after rheumatic fever, if your heart valves get damaged.

• #58 What causes a stiff, narrowed aortic valve? – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/what-causes-a-stiff-narrowed-aortic-valve

  Certain health problems may increase a person’s odds of aortic stenosis, including kidney disease, hyperparathyroidism, and inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and systemic sclerosis. […] Elevated blood levels of a fatty particle called lipoprotein(a), or Lp(a), also appear to contribute to aortic stenosis. […] A two-leaflet valve is more prone to calcium buildup, so people with bicuspid valves can develop aortic stenosis in their 50s and 60s more than a decade earlier than those with normal, tricuspid valves. […] Unfortunately, there are no strategies to prevent the progression of aortic stenosis.

• #59 Managing Your Aortic Valve Disease – Symptoms & Treatment | Carle.org

  https://carle.org/conditions/valvular-heart-disease

  Aortic valve disease includes aortic valve stenosis (AVS) and aortic insufficiency (or regurgitation). […] Causes include congenital heart disorders in children. In adults, endocarditis (bacterial heart infection), aging-related calcium deposits on the valve, and rheumatic fever can damage aortic valves. Rarer causes include radiation, rheumatoid arthritis, trauma, and other diseases (Pagets and Fabrys diseases, end-stage kidney disease).

• #60 Aortic Valve Disease | UH Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute | University Hospitals | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/services/heart-and-vascular-services/conditions-and-treatments/heart-valve-disease/aortic-valve-disease

  Aortic valve disease is a form of heart valve disease. […] A diseased or damaged aortic valve can cause insufficient blood flow to the rest of the heart and body. […] Common causes of aortic valve regurgitation include: […] Congenital heart valve disease: Congenital heart disease occurs as a babys heart develops during pregnancy. Congenital heart defects that involve the heart valves include conditions such as bicuspid valve. […] Aortic Stenosis (aortic valve narrowing): In aortic stenosis, the flaps of the aortic valve become stiff, preventing the valve from opening and closing fully. […] Endocarditis: Endocarditis is inflammation of the lining inside the hearts chambers and valves. Usually caused by infection, this life-threatening condition can damage the aortic valve. […] Rheumatic fever: Rheumatic fever is an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation of the bodys tissues, including the heart and joints. Heart inflammation brought on by rheumatic fever can cause the aortic valve to stiffen and narrow, resulting in blood leakage. An abnormal heart valve caused by rheumatic fever is referred to as rheumatic heart disease.

• #61 Aortic Stenosis Overview | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/heart-valve-problems-and-causes/problem-aortic-valve-stenosis

  Aortic stenosis is one of the most common and serious valve disease problems. Aortic stenosis is a narrowing of the aortic valve opening and can sometimes be referred to as a failing heart valve. […] Although some people have aortic stenosis because of a congenital heart defect called a bicuspid aortic valve, this condition more commonly develops during aging as calcium or scarring damages the valve and restricts the amount of blood flowing through. […] Aortic stenosis mainly affects older people as a result of scarring and calcium buildup in the valve cusp (flap or fold). Age-related AS usually begins after age 60, but often it doesn’t show symptoms until ages 70 or 80. […] It may also result from contracting rheumatic fever in childhood. […] Bicuspid aortic valve is a birth defect where only two cusps grow instead of the normal three. This can lead to aortic stenosis. […] Another cause may be that the valve opening doesn’t grow along with the heart. This makes the heart work harder to pump blood to the restricted opening. Over the years the defective valve often becomes stiff and narrow because of calcium buildup.

• #62 Aortic Valve Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542205/

  There are 2 common causes of aortic stenosis: calcified (age-related) aortic stenosis and congenital bicuspid aortic valves. […] Rarely, aortic stenosis and/or aortic regurgitation can be a result of rheumatic heart disease, although this is more commonly a disease of the mitral valve and is generally seen in developing countries. […] Calcified aortic stenosis is the most common etiology and is believed to occur via progressive endothelial damage over many years. […] Aortic regurgitation can occur in a chronic or acute setting. […] Causes of acute aortic regurgitation include type A aortic dissection extending to the valve or damage to leaflets from infectious or noninfectious endocarditis. […] The same pathologies most commonly cause chronic aortic regurgitation in developing countries, such as aortic stenosis, calcific disease, congenital bicuspid valve issues, and Marfan syndrome.

• #63 Aortic Valve Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542205/

  There are 2 common causes of aortic stenosis: calcified (age-related) aortic stenosis and congenital bicuspid aortic valves. […] Rarely, aortic stenosis and/or aortic regurgitation can be a result of rheumatic heart disease, although this is more commonly a disease of the mitral valve and is generally seen in developing countries. […] Calcified aortic stenosis is the most common etiology and is believed to occur via progressive endothelial damage over many years. […] Aortic regurgitation can occur in a chronic or acute setting. […] Causes of acute aortic regurgitation include type A aortic dissection extending to the valve or damage to leaflets from infectious or noninfectious endocarditis. […] The same pathologies most commonly cause chronic aortic regurgitation in developing countries, such as aortic stenosis, calcific disease, congenital bicuspid valve issues, and Marfan syndrome.

• #64 What causes a stiff, narrowed aortic valve? – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/what-causes-a-stiff-narrowed-aortic-valve

  Certain health problems may increase a person’s odds of aortic stenosis, including kidney disease, hyperparathyroidism, and inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and systemic sclerosis. […] Elevated blood levels of a fatty particle called lipoprotein(a), or Lp(a), also appear to contribute to aortic stenosis. […] A two-leaflet valve is more prone to calcium buildup, so people with bicuspid valves can develop aortic stenosis in their 50s and 60s more than a decade earlier than those with normal, tricuspid valves. […] Unfortunately, there are no strategies to prevent the progression of aortic stenosis.

• #65 Etiology of bicuspid aortic valve disease: Focus on hemodynamics

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1949-8462/full/v6/i12/1227.htm

  The most accepted genetic theory hypothesizes that the abnormal valve structure, the vulnerability of BAV leaflets to calcification and the BAV aorta to dilation originate from a common congenital defect. […] The less popular hemodynamic theory considers the mechanical stresses produced by the abnormal valve anatomy as the driving factor of secondary valvulopathy and aortopathy. […] Collectively, those observations support a hemodynamic etiology by which the abnormal mechanical stresses experienced by BAV leaflets and BAV ascending aortas could trigger molecular pathways leading to the progressive calcification of the leaflets and the weakening of the aortic wall. […] The amplification of the degree of hemodynamic abnormality caused by the gradual stiffening of the leaflets and dilation of the proximal aorta may result in turn in the amplification of the pathological cascade and the acceleration of the disease process. […] In summary, evidence for the causative effects of BAV hemodynamics on secondary valvulopathy and aortopathy is emerging.

• #66 Epidemiology of aortic valve stenosis (AS) and of aortic valve incompetence (AI): is the prevalence of AS/AI similar in different parts of the world?

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-18/epidemiology-of-aortic-valve-stenosis-as-and-of-aortic-valve-incompetence-ai

  There are large differences in the epidemiology of aortic valve disease between high-income and low-income countries. […] The majority of morbidity and mortality attributable to aortic valve disease worldwide is due to infectious disease. […] In developing countries, aortic valvular stenosis or regurgitation are typically caused by rheumatic heart disease or infective endocarditis. On the other hand, in industrialised countries, valvular diseases are mostly degenerative. […] Once RHD prevalence begins to decrease, CAVD can be expected to play a relatively more important role as a cause of AS in low-income countries. […] The high prevalence of risk factors for CAVD such as hypertension and increasing life expectancy, mean that there is likely to be a substantial future burden of CAVD in low-income countries.

• #67 Epidemiology of aortic valve stenosis (AS) and of aortic valve incompetence (AI): is the prevalence of AS/AI similar in different parts of the world?

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-18/epidemiology-of-aortic-valve-stenosis-as-and-of-aortic-valve-incompetence-ai

  There are large differences in the epidemiology of aortic valve disease between high-income and low-income countries. […] The majority of morbidity and mortality attributable to aortic valve disease worldwide is due to infectious disease. […] In developing countries, aortic valvular stenosis or regurgitation are typically caused by rheumatic heart disease or infective endocarditis. On the other hand, in industrialised countries, valvular diseases are mostly degenerative. […] Once RHD prevalence begins to decrease, CAVD can be expected to play a relatively more important role as a cause of AS in low-income countries. […] The high prevalence of risk factors for CAVD such as hypertension and increasing life expectancy, mean that there is likely to be a substantial future burden of CAVD in low-income countries.

• #68 Epidemiology of aortic valve stenosis (AS) and of aortic valve incompetence (AI): is the prevalence of AS/AI similar in different parts of the world?

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-18/epidemiology-of-aortic-valve-stenosis-as-and-of-aortic-valve-incompetence-ai

  There are large differences in the epidemiology of aortic valve disease between high-income and low-income countries. […] The majority of morbidity and mortality attributable to aortic valve disease worldwide is due to infectious disease. […] In developing countries, aortic valvular stenosis or regurgitation are typically caused by rheumatic heart disease or infective endocarditis. On the other hand, in industrialised countries, valvular diseases are mostly degenerative. […] Once RHD prevalence begins to decrease, CAVD can be expected to play a relatively more important role as a cause of AS in low-income countries. […] The high prevalence of risk factors for CAVD such as hypertension and increasing life expectancy, mean that there is likely to be a substantial future burden of CAVD in low-income countries.

• #69 Epidemiology of aortic valve stenosis (AS) and of aortic valve incompetence (AI): is the prevalence of AS/AI similar in different parts of the world?

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-18/epidemiology-of-aortic-valve-stenosis-as-and-of-aortic-valve-incompetence-ai

  There are large differences in the epidemiology of aortic valve disease between high-income and low-income countries. […] The majority of morbidity and mortality attributable to aortic valve disease worldwide is due to infectious disease. […] In developing countries, aortic valvular stenosis or regurgitation are typically caused by rheumatic heart disease or infective endocarditis. On the other hand, in industrialised countries, valvular diseases are mostly degenerative. […] Once RHD prevalence begins to decrease, CAVD can be expected to play a relatively more important role as a cause of AS in low-income countries. […] The high prevalence of risk factors for CAVD such as hypertension and increasing life expectancy, mean that there is likely to be a substantial future burden of CAVD in low-income countries.

• #70 Aortic Valve Disease/Heart Valve Disease: Types, Symptoms, & Causes | University of Utah Health

  https://healthcare.utah.edu/cardiovascular/programs/aortic-disease/aortic-valve-disease

  Aortic stenosis: A condition where the aortic valve narrows and cannot open all the way. […] Aortic insufficiency: A condition where your aortic valve fails to close properly once the blood enters the aorta. […] If you develop aortic valve disease because of a congenital heart defect, you cannot prevent the disease. However if you dont have a congenital heart defect, there are some steps you can take to reduce the risk of developing aortic valve disease. […] There is increasing evidence that having healthy teeth and gums and avoiding gingivitis can reduce the risk of endocarditis, which is an infection in heart tissue that could damage the aortic valve.

• #71 Aortic Stenosis (Aortic Valve Disease): Types, Symptoms, & Causes | University of Utah Health | University of Utah Health

  https://healthcare.utah.edu/cardiovascular/programs/aortic-disease/aortic-stenosis

  Sometimes a strep throat infection can lead to rheumatic fever. This causes scar tissue to build in the aortic valve. This excess tissue may narrow the valve, making it difficult for the valve to open and close all the way. […] Additional things that could put you at higher risk for developing aortic stenosis include: Old age, History of infections that impacted your heart, High blood pressure, Diabetes, High cholesterol, Chronic kidney disease, and Radiation therapy in the area near your heart. […] If you develop aortic valve disease because of a congenital heart defect, you cannot prevent the disease. However if you dont have a congenital heart defect, there are some steps you can take to reduce the risk of developing aortic valve disease. […] Take antibiotics when you have strep throat to prevent rheumatic fever. Strep throat can be easily tested at your doctors office and antibiotics can usually treat this disease quickly and effectively. This will help you avoid complications that can lead to rheumatic fever and heart damage.

• #72 Bicuspid Aortic Valve Causes, Symptoms, Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/heart-vascular/conditions/bicuspid-aortic-valve

  Bicuspid aortic valve disease is a heart condition you’re born with. It occurs in 1-2% of people. […] A bicuspid aortic valve is a congenital abnormality of the aortic valve, occurring in 1-2% of the population from birth. The exact cause of bicuspid aortic valve disease is unknown. Bicuspid aortic valve can be inherited. This means that it can have a genetic cause and be passed down in families, but it is not always genetic. It occurs in up to 25% of first-degree relatives of people with a bicuspid valve. […] In the early stages of pregnancy, as the aortic valve is developing, two of the three leaflets, or flaps, fuse together. This results in two leaflets instead of three. […] People who have a parent with bicuspid aortic valve are more likely to develop the condition. […] Bicuspid valves are known to deteriorate and develop disease sooner than normal, tri-leaflet aortic valves. […] If not monitored and not treated, bicuspid aortic valve can lead to severe aortic valve disease causing heart failure and even death. […] Bicuspid aortic valve is congenital and often genetic condition, so there is no way you can prevent it.

• #73 Aortic Stenosis (Aortic Valve Disease): Types, Symptoms, & Causes | University of Utah Health | University of Utah Health

  https://healthcare.utah.edu/cardiovascular/programs/aortic-disease/aortic-stenosis

  Sometimes a strep throat infection can lead to rheumatic fever. This causes scar tissue to build in the aortic valve. This excess tissue may narrow the valve, making it difficult for the valve to open and close all the way. […] Additional things that could put you at higher risk for developing aortic stenosis include: Old age, History of infections that impacted your heart, High blood pressure, Diabetes, High cholesterol, Chronic kidney disease, and Radiation therapy in the area near your heart. […] If you develop aortic valve disease because of a congenital heart defect, you cannot prevent the disease. However if you dont have a congenital heart defect, there are some steps you can take to reduce the risk of developing aortic valve disease. […] Take antibiotics when you have strep throat to prevent rheumatic fever. Strep throat can be easily tested at your doctors office and antibiotics can usually treat this disease quickly and effectively. This will help you avoid complications that can lead to rheumatic fever and heart damage.

• #74 Aortic Stenosis (Aortic Valve Disease): Types, Symptoms, & Causes | University of Utah Health | University of Utah Health

  https://healthcare.utah.edu/cardiovascular/programs/aortic-disease/aortic-stenosis

  Sometimes a strep throat infection can lead to rheumatic fever. This causes scar tissue to build in the aortic valve. This excess tissue may narrow the valve, making it difficult for the valve to open and close all the way. […] Additional things that could put you at higher risk for developing aortic stenosis include: Old age, History of infections that impacted your heart, High blood pressure, Diabetes, High cholesterol, Chronic kidney disease, and Radiation therapy in the area near your heart. […] If you develop aortic valve disease because of a congenital heart defect, you cannot prevent the disease. However if you dont have a congenital heart defect, there are some steps you can take to reduce the risk of developing aortic valve disease. […] Take antibiotics when you have strep throat to prevent rheumatic fever. Strep throat can be easily tested at your doctors office and antibiotics can usually treat this disease quickly and effectively. This will help you avoid complications that can lead to rheumatic fever and heart damage.

• #75 Aortic stenosis – symptoms, causes, diagnosis and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/aortic-stenosis

  Aortic stenosis is a heart condition affecting your aortic heart valve. […] The most common cause of aortic stenosis is hardening and scarring of your aortic valve. […] The most common cause of aortic stenosis is the aortic valve becoming hard or scarred. This can happen as you get older. […] Some things can increase your risk of aortic stenosis. These include: smoking, having high blood pressure, having high cholesterol, having chronic kidney disease. […] You may be born with an aortic valve that is shaped differently. This can cause you to get aortic stenosis earlier in life. […] A less common cause of aortic stenosis is rheumatic heart disease. Rheumatic heart disease can develop after rheumatic fever, if your heart valves get damaged.

• #76 Aortic Valve Disease/Heart Valve Disease: Types, Symptoms, & Causes | University of Utah Health

  https://healthcare.utah.edu/cardiovascular/programs/aortic-disease/aortic-valve-disease

  Aortic stenosis: A condition where the aortic valve narrows and cannot open all the way. […] Aortic insufficiency: A condition where your aortic valve fails to close properly once the blood enters the aorta. […] If you develop aortic valve disease because of a congenital heart defect, you cannot prevent the disease. However if you dont have a congenital heart defect, there are some steps you can take to reduce the risk of developing aortic valve disease. […] There is increasing evidence that having healthy teeth and gums and avoiding gingivitis can reduce the risk of endocarditis, which is an infection in heart tissue that could damage the aortic valve.

• #77 What causes a stiff, narrowed aortic valve? – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/what-causes-a-stiff-narrowed-aortic-valve

  Certain health problems may increase a person’s odds of aortic stenosis, including kidney disease, hyperparathyroidism, and inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and systemic sclerosis. […] Elevated blood levels of a fatty particle called lipoprotein(a), or Lp(a), also appear to contribute to aortic stenosis. […] A two-leaflet valve is more prone to calcium buildup, so people with bicuspid valves can develop aortic stenosis in their 50s and 60s more than a decade earlier than those with normal, tricuspid valves. […] Unfortunately, there are no strategies to prevent the progression of aortic stenosis.

• #78 Aortic valve disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-valve-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20355117

  Aortic valve disease may be caused by a heart problem present at birth, called a congenital heart defect. […] Other causes of aortic valve disease later in life include: Age-related changes to the heart. Infections. High blood pressure. Injury to the heart.

• #79 Aortic Valve Disease > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/aortic-valve-disease

  Aortic heart valve disease can be congenital (meaning it is present from birth) or it can develop later in life. […] About 1 to 2% of babies are born with a bicuspid aortic valve (BAV). Normally, the aortic valve has three leaflets, or cusps, but newborns who are born with a bicuspid valve only have two cusps. In some cases, the BAV is unable to open fully, leading to aortic stenosis. In other cases, however, the BAV cannot close completely, resulting in aortic insufficiency. Often, a BAV does not cause symptoms until adulthood. Other congenital aortic valve defects can also cause aortic stenosis or insufficiency. […] A number of conditions can lead to aortic valve disease, including: Aging. Deterioration from wear and tear, and the buildup of calcium in the valves leaflets (making them stiff and consequently less able to open or close properly) can cause aortic stenosis or insufficiency. Aortic valve disease is most common among older people. […] Several diseases and infections can cause aortic valve disease, including rheumatic fever, endocarditis, Marfan syndrome, syphilis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, ankylosing spondylitis, and high blood pressure.

• #80 Aortic Valve Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542205/

  There are 2 common causes of aortic stenosis: calcified (age-related) aortic stenosis and congenital bicuspid aortic valves. […] Rarely, aortic stenosis and/or aortic regurgitation can be a result of rheumatic heart disease, although this is more commonly a disease of the mitral valve and is generally seen in developing countries. […] Calcified aortic stenosis is the most common etiology and is believed to occur via progressive endothelial damage over many years. […] Aortic regurgitation can occur in a chronic or acute setting. […] Causes of acute aortic regurgitation include type A aortic dissection extending to the valve or damage to leaflets from infectious or noninfectious endocarditis. […] The same pathologies most commonly cause chronic aortic regurgitation in developing countries, such as aortic stenosis, calcific disease, congenital bicuspid valve issues, and Marfan syndrome.

• #81 Aortic Valve Disease: Causes, Signs/Symptoms (Orange County)

  https://www.hoag.org/specialties-services/heart-vascular/specialty-programs/heart-valve-program/conditions/aortic-valve-disease/

  Aortic valve disease is a type of heart valve disease that impairs the function of the heart’s aortic valve. It is the most common form of all heart valve diseases. About 60% of the deaths in the U.S. due to heart valve disease are caused by aortic valve disease. […] Some people have aortic valve disease due to a congenital heart defect, which means the diseased valve resulted from the way the valves and heart chambers developed before a person was born. […] In most cases, however, aortic valve disease is caused by other factors, including aging, diseases or medical conditions experienced later in life. […] In some cases, aortic valve disease is present at birth, with the condition being one of several types of congenital heart defects. One example of congenital valve disease is bicuspid aortic valve (BAV), which involves a person being born with an aortic valve that has only two leaflets instead of the usual three. A bicuspid valve is the most common genetic aortic valve defect affecting 1-2% of the population.

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