Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Celiac Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441900/

  Celiac disease, also known as gluten-sensitive enteropathy, is an autoimmune inflammatory condition triggered by an immune-mediated response to dietary gluten, which is a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. This response causes damage to the small intestinal mucosa, leading to villous atrophy, gastrointestinal symptoms, malabsorption, and systemic extraintestinal manifestations. […] The etiology of celiac disease is multifactorial, involving a combination of genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. The primary genetic predisposition is associated with specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II genes, particularly HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8, which are found in nearly all individuals with celiac disease. However, genetics alone does not cause the condition, as many people with these genes never develop celiac disease.

• #2 Celiac disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/celiac-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20352220

  Celiac disease is an illness caused by an immune reaction to eating gluten. Gluten is a protein found in foods containing wheat, barley or rye. […] Your genes, combined with eating foods with gluten and other factors, can contribute to celiac disease. However, the precise cause isn’t known. Infant-feeding practices, gastrointestinal infections and gut bacteria may contribute, but these causes have not been proved. Sometimes celiac disease becomes active after surgery, pregnancy, childbirth, viral infection or severe emotional stress. […] When the body’s immune system overreacts to gluten in food, the reaction damages the tiny, hairlike projections, called villi, that line the small intestine. Villi absorb vitamins, minerals and other nutrients from the food you eat. If your villi are damaged, you can’t get enough nutrients, no matter how much you eat.

• #3 Celiac Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441900/

  Celiac disease, also known as gluten-sensitive enteropathy, is an autoimmune inflammatory condition triggered by an immune-mediated response to dietary gluten, which is a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. This response causes damage to the small intestinal mucosa, leading to villous atrophy, gastrointestinal symptoms, malabsorption, and systemic extraintestinal manifestations. […] The etiology of celiac disease is multifactorial, involving a combination of genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. The primary genetic predisposition is associated with specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II genes, particularly HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8, which are found in nearly all individuals with celiac disease. However, genetics alone does not cause the condition, as many people with these genes never develop celiac disease.

• #4 Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of celiac disease in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-pathogenesis-and-clinical-manifestations-of-celiac-disease-in-adults

  Celiac disease, also known as gluten-sensitive enteropathy, is a common immune-mediated inflammatory disease of the small intestine caused by sensitivity to dietary gluten and related proteins in genetically predisposed individuals. […] Celiac disease is an immune disorder triggered by an environmental agent (the gluten component of wheat and related cereals) in genetically predisposed individuals. […] The genetic basis of celiac disease is supported by the frequent intrafamilial occurrence and the remarkably close association with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DR3-DQ2 and/or DR4-DQ8 gene locus. […] More than 99 percent of individuals with celiac disease have HLA DR3-DQ2 and/or DR4-DQ8, compared with 30 to 40 percent of the general population of most countries. […] Homozygosity for HLA DQ2 has been associated with an increased risk for celiac disease and enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma.

• #5 What is Celiac Disease? | Celiac Disease FoundationBack to HomeBack to HomeAbout the DiseaseGluten-Free ResourcesResearch ResourcesAdvocacy and Public PolicyJoin the EffortSupport the FoundationShare on FacebookShare on TwitterEmail this pageprinter-miniR

  https://celiac.org/about-celiac-disease/what-is-celiac-disease/

  Celiac disease is a serious autoimmune disease that occurs in genetically predisposed people where the ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine. […] Celiac disease is hereditary, meaning that it runs in families. People with a first-degree relative with celiac disease (parent, child, sibling) have a 1 in 10 risk of developing celiac disease. […] Celiac disease can develop at any age after people start consuming gluten. Left untreated, celiac disease can lead to additional serious health problems. […] Untreated celiac disease can lead to the development of other autoimmune disorders like type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis (MS), and many other conditions, including dermatitis herpetiformis (an itchy skin rash), anemia, osteoporosis, infertility and miscarriage, neurological conditions like epilepsy and migraines, short stature, heart disease, and intestinal cancers. […] In a 1999 study, Ventura, et al. found that for people with celiac disease, the later the age of diagnosis, the greater the chance of developing another autoimmune disorder.

• #6 Celiac Disease | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/celiac-disease

  Celiac disease is a condition in which the body’s immune system reacts against the protein gluten, which is found in wheat, rye and barley. […] It is not known what causes celiac disease. Researchers have determined there is a genetic component to the disease. A person with celiac disease has an increased chance their children or siblings will also have the disease. […] Family members who have autoimmune disorders are also at an increased risk of developing celiac disease. […] There are also associated conditions that could put people at higher risk for celiac disease and should be screened regardless of symptoms, including diabetes, thyroid disease, and down syndrome. […] If one identical twin has celiac disease, there is a 70 percent chance the remaining twin will also have the disease.

• #7 Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of celiac disease in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-pathogenesis-and-clinical-manifestations-of-celiac-disease-in-adults

  It has been estimated that the HLA contribution to the development of celiac disease among siblings is 36 percent. […] Thus, another gene or genes at an HLA-unlinked locus must also participate. […] Moreover, novel genetic and especially epigenetic factors that increase the risk or severity of celiac disease have been identified. […] Celiac disease is associated with a number of autoimmune disorders, including type 1 diabetes mellitus and autoimmune thyroid disease. […] Several non-HLA locus genes conferring risk for celiac disease have also been identified and an increasing number of non-HLA risk alleles have been associated with an increased risk of celiac disease. […] Non-HLA genes that may influence susceptibility to the disease have been identified, but their influence has not been confirmed.

• #8 Celiac Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441900/

  The essential environmental trigger for celiac disease is dietary gluten, which is a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye, which induces a dysregulated immune response in susceptible individuals. Gluten is broken down into smaller peptides, such as gliadin, which are deamidated by the enzyme transglutaminase-2 (tTG2). This modification enhances their binding affinity to HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 molecules, triggering T-cell activation and an inflammatory response that leads to small intestinal enteropathy. […] Interestingly, many people carry HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 without ever developing celiac disease. Factors that might trigger gluten intolerance in genetically predisposed individuals include infections that alter immune responses, disruptions in the gut microbiome following antibiotic use, and physiological changes during pregnancy. Evidence suggests that certain infections, such as rotavirus and adenovirus, may predispose individuals to develop celiac disease, while others, like those caused by Helicobacter pylori, may offer protective effects. […] In conclusion, celiac disease develops when genetically predisposed individuals consume dietary gluten, which triggers a pathological inflammatory response leading to characteristic intestinal damage and associated systemic signs and symptoms.

• #9 Coeliac disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeliac_disease

  Coeliac disease is caused by a reaction to gluten, a group of various proteins found in wheat and in other grains such as barley and rye. […] Coeliac disease is caused by an inflammatory reaction to gliadins and glutenins (gluten proteins) found in wheat and to similar proteins found in the crops of the tribe Triticeae (which includes other common grains such as barley and rye) and to the tribe Aveneae (oats). […] A small number of people with coeliac disease react to oats. […] The eating of gluten early in a baby’s life does not appear to increase the risk of coeliac disease but later introduction after six months may increase it. […] Coeliac disease appears to be multifactorial, both in that more than one genetic factor can cause the disease and in that more than one factor is necessary for the disease to manifest in a person. […] Almost all people (95%) with coeliac disease have either the variant HLA-DQ2 allele or (less commonly) the HLA-DQ8 allele. […] Gluten comprises two different protein types, gliadins and glutenins, capable of triggering disease.

• #10 Celiac Disease (Sprue): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/171805-overview

  Celiac disease results from a combination of immunological responses to an environmental factor (gliadin) and genetic factors. […] The interaction of alcohol-soluble gliadin in wheat, barley, and rye with the mucosa of the small intestine is crucial to the pathogenesis of celiac disease. […] Cell-mediated immune responses are also important for the pathogenesis of celiac disease, as demonstrated by the presence of large numbers of CD8+ T lymphocytes in the intestinal epithelium. […] Genetics play an important role in celiac disease. […] Gliadin binds to HLA-DQ2 heterodimers or HLA-DQ8 heterodimers found in 90-95% and 5-10% of patients with celiac disease, respectively.

• #11 Celiac Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441900/

  The essential environmental trigger for celiac disease is dietary gluten, which is a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye, which induces a dysregulated immune response in susceptible individuals. Gluten is broken down into smaller peptides, such as gliadin, which are deamidated by the enzyme transglutaminase-2 (tTG2). This modification enhances their binding affinity to HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 molecules, triggering T-cell activation and an inflammatory response that leads to small intestinal enteropathy. […] Interestingly, many people carry HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 without ever developing celiac disease. Factors that might trigger gluten intolerance in genetically predisposed individuals include infections that alter immune responses, disruptions in the gut microbiome following antibiotic use, and physiological changes during pregnancy. Evidence suggests that certain infections, such as rotavirus and adenovirus, may predispose individuals to develop celiac disease, while others, like those caused by Helicobacter pylori, may offer protective effects. […] In conclusion, celiac disease develops when genetically predisposed individuals consume dietary gluten, which triggers a pathological inflammatory response leading to characteristic intestinal damage and associated systemic signs and symptoms.

• #12 How Celiac Disease is Triggered | BeyondCeliac.org

  https://www.beyondceliac.org/celiac-disease/gut-reaction-video/how-celiac-disease-is-triggered/

  Celiac disease is a serious, genetic autoimmune disorder triggered by consuming a protein called gluten, which is found in wheat, barley and rye. […] When a person with celiac eats gluten, the protein interferes with the absorption of nutrients from food by damaging a part of the small intestine called villi. […] In someone with celiac disease, undigested gluten fragments trigger a reaction by the immune system in the small intestine. […] This „signal” is then received by immune system cells, which then attack and damage the enterocytes. […] Additionally, the partially-damaged enterocytes release an enzyme, called tTG. […] The gluten that has been changed is picked up by special white blood cells, called antigen-presenting immune cells. […] By presenting the gluten, the receptor signals to another type of immune system cell, called a Helper T-Cell.

• #13 How Celiac Disease is Triggered | BeyondCeliac.org

  https://www.beyondceliac.org/celiac-disease/gut-reaction-video/how-celiac-disease-is-triggered/

  T-Cells fight disease in the body, but in celiac disease T-Cells are triggered by gluten to mistakenly attack the enterocytes. […] Additionally, scientists theorize that in response to gluten, zonulin, a molecule made by the body and linked to inflammation, may play a role in loosening the tight junctions earlier in the process. […] Currently, the only treatment for celiac disease is a strict, lifelong gluten-free diet.

• #14 Celiac disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/celiac-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20352220

  Celiac disease is an illness caused by an immune reaction to eating gluten. Gluten is a protein found in foods containing wheat, barley or rye. […] Your genes, combined with eating foods with gluten and other factors, can contribute to celiac disease. However, the precise cause isn’t known. Infant-feeding practices, gastrointestinal infections and gut bacteria may contribute, but these causes have not been proved. Sometimes celiac disease becomes active after surgery, pregnancy, childbirth, viral infection or severe emotional stress. […] When the body’s immune system overreacts to gluten in food, the reaction damages the tiny, hairlike projections, called villi, that line the small intestine. Villi absorb vitamins, minerals and other nutrients from the food you eat. If your villi are damaged, you can’t get enough nutrients, no matter how much you eat.

• #15 Celiac Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441900/

  The essential environmental trigger for celiac disease is dietary gluten, which is a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye, which induces a dysregulated immune response in susceptible individuals. Gluten is broken down into smaller peptides, such as gliadin, which are deamidated by the enzyme transglutaminase-2 (tTG2). This modification enhances their binding affinity to HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 molecules, triggering T-cell activation and an inflammatory response that leads to small intestinal enteropathy. […] Interestingly, many people carry HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 without ever developing celiac disease. Factors that might trigger gluten intolerance in genetically predisposed individuals include infections that alter immune responses, disruptions in the gut microbiome following antibiotic use, and physiological changes during pregnancy. Evidence suggests that certain infections, such as rotavirus and adenovirus, may predispose individuals to develop celiac disease, while others, like those caused by Helicobacter pylori, may offer protective effects. […] In conclusion, celiac disease develops when genetically predisposed individuals consume dietary gluten, which triggers a pathological inflammatory response leading to characteristic intestinal damage and associated systemic signs and symptoms.

• #16

  https://www.prevention.com/health/a20449902/celiac-disease-linked-to-early-infections/

  It’s a question that experts have struggled to answer: What triggers the onset of celiac diseasea condition that damages the lining of the small intestine, and leaves the body unable to digest gluten, a protein found in wheat and other grains. […] A new study out of Sweden suggests that developing celiac disease may depend on how many infections an individual suffered as an infant. […] They found that if an infant had suffered three or more infectious episodes (such as a cold, chicken pox, or even a fever) before reaching six months of age, that child was 50% more likely to develop celiac disease later in life. […] Infants who had suffered from a gastroenteritis infection saw an 80% increase in risk of developing the disease. […] The study also found a synergistic effect between early-life infections and gluten consumption: Infants who endured three or more infections in their first six months, but were still breastfeeding when they initially ate foods containing wheat, barley, or rye flour, had a reduced celiac disease risk.

• #17 Celiac Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441900/

  The essential environmental trigger for celiac disease is dietary gluten, which is a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye, which induces a dysregulated immune response in susceptible individuals. Gluten is broken down into smaller peptides, such as gliadin, which are deamidated by the enzyme transglutaminase-2 (tTG2). This modification enhances their binding affinity to HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 molecules, triggering T-cell activation and an inflammatory response that leads to small intestinal enteropathy. […] Interestingly, many people carry HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 without ever developing celiac disease. Factors that might trigger gluten intolerance in genetically predisposed individuals include infections that alter immune responses, disruptions in the gut microbiome following antibiotic use, and physiological changes during pregnancy. Evidence suggests that certain infections, such as rotavirus and adenovirus, may predispose individuals to develop celiac disease, while others, like those caused by Helicobacter pylori, may offer protective effects. […] In conclusion, celiac disease develops when genetically predisposed individuals consume dietary gluten, which triggers a pathological inflammatory response leading to characteristic intestinal damage and associated systemic signs and symptoms.

• #18 What Causes Celiac Disease | Pompa Program

  https://pompaprogram.com/what-causes-celiac-disease/

  People with celiac disease are often exposed to toxins, allergens, and other substances that trigger an autoimmune response. These can include antibiotics, hormones, food additives and preservatives, as well as chemicals like persistent organic pollutants and glyphosate. […] Recent research has suggested that antibiotic use is linked to an increased risk of developing celiac disease. […] Studies have demonstrated that antibiotics can alter the composition of bacteria in the digestive system, resulting in a decrease in beneficial bacteria and an increase in harmful ones. This can lead to increased permeability of the intestinal lining, allowing larger-than-normal amounts of gluten proteins to enter the bloodstream. This autoimmune reaction can trigger celiac disease. […] Recent research has shown that 178 chemicals are associated with developing celiac disease, including some trace metals, food additives, persistent organic pollutants, and glyphosate.

• #19 Celiac disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/celiac-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20352220

  Celiac disease is an illness caused by an immune reaction to eating gluten. Gluten is a protein found in foods containing wheat, barley or rye. […] Your genes, combined with eating foods with gluten and other factors, can contribute to celiac disease. However, the precise cause isn’t known. Infant-feeding practices, gastrointestinal infections and gut bacteria may contribute, but these causes have not been proved. Sometimes celiac disease becomes active after surgery, pregnancy, childbirth, viral infection or severe emotional stress. […] When the body’s immune system overreacts to gluten in food, the reaction damages the tiny, hairlike projections, called villi, that line the small intestine. Villi absorb vitamins, minerals and other nutrients from the food you eat. If your villi are damaged, you can’t get enough nutrients, no matter how much you eat.

• #20 Pathogenesis of celiac disease – Dr. Schär Institute

  https://www.drschaer.com/us/institute/a/pathogenesis-celiac-disease

  The presence of gluten in the diet is clearly a pre-requisite for the development of celiac disease. […] Data from such studies appears to indicate that exclusive or any breastfeeding, including breastfeeding at the time of gluten introduction does not reduce the risk of developing coeliac disease during childhood. […] Moreover, for infants at higher risk of developing celiac disease, gluten introduction at 4 months of age, or at 6-12 months of age results in similar rates of celiac disease diagnosis in early childhood.

• #21 Celiac disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/celiac-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20352220

  Celiac disease is an illness caused by an immune reaction to eating gluten. Gluten is a protein found in foods containing wheat, barley or rye. […] Your genes, combined with eating foods with gluten and other factors, can contribute to celiac disease. However, the precise cause isn’t known. Infant-feeding practices, gastrointestinal infections and gut bacteria may contribute, but these causes have not been proved. Sometimes celiac disease becomes active after surgery, pregnancy, childbirth, viral infection or severe emotional stress. […] When the body’s immune system overreacts to gluten in food, the reaction damages the tiny, hairlike projections, called villi, that line the small intestine. Villi absorb vitamins, minerals and other nutrients from the food you eat. If your villi are damaged, you can’t get enough nutrients, no matter how much you eat.

• #22 Celiac Disease: Symptoms & How It’s Treated

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14240-celiac-disease

  One theory is that it’s triggered by some type of significant physical stress that overextends your immune system. Healthcare providers have observed that the disease often shows up after a physical event such as surgery, illness or pregnancy, or a severe emotional event. Another theory is that microorganisms living in your gut are involved. More research is needed to explore these theories.

• #23 Celiac Disease: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/celiac-disease/celiac-disease

  Celiac disease is caused by your immune system’s abnormal response to gluten. Your immune system reacts to usually harmless protein as if it’s a threat to your body and produces antibodies against it. This causes inflammation (swelling) in your gut, which damages your villi and leads to the symptoms of celiac disease. […] It’s not entirely clear why this reaction happens. Scientists believe celiac disease mostly affects people who have certain gene changes (mutations). But not everyone who has the mutation will get the disease. […] Doctors think celiac disease can be triggered by things that are stressful to your body and immune system, such as a viral infection, surgery, pregnancy, or emotional trauma.

• #24 What Causes Celiac Disease, and Can It Be Prevented? – Lompoc Valley Medical Center

  https://www.lompocvmc.com/blogs/2022/august/what-causes-celiac-disease-and-can-it-be-prevent/

  Celiac disease cannot necessarily be prevented, but it can be successfully managed and improved with the right diet and behaviors. […] The exact cause of celiac disease isn’t known. This often makes it difficult for doctors to determine whether or not it can be prevented in some people. However, scientific evidence suggests it can be successfully managed with early diagnosis and treatment. […] Researchers aren’t entirely sure what causes celiac disease. It may be caused by genetics or a combination of genetics and a diet with lots of gluten. In a 2021 study published in Frontiers in Immunology, researchers found that an extra slice of bread per day could increase a person’s risk of developing celiac disease by 20% to 50%. […] Celiac disease may also be caused by gut bacteria or infections of the gastrointestinal system. Some researchers say celiac disease may be triggered by childbirth, pregnancy, surgery, or stress.

• #25 Visual Guide to Celiac Disease: Rash Pictures & More

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/celiac-disease/ss/slideshow-celiac-overview

  About one-third of Americans have the DQ2 or DQ8 genes that are considered necessary for a person to develop the disease. If you don’t have those genes, your doctor can rule out celiac disease as a cause of your symptoms, but many people have the genes and don’t develop CD. […] Up to 60% of children and 41% of adults with celiac disease do not have symptoms. With a damaged intestinal lining, they may not be absorbing nutrients properly and are at risk of malnutrition. […] People with type 1 diabetes may be more likely to have celiac disease. […] When the small intestine is damaged due to celiac disease, it doesn’t absorb nutrients well. People with celiac disease are at risk for osteoporosis, and many of them will need aggressive treatment to address their low bone density. […] There is no cure for celiac disease, but strictly avoiding gluten will halt the symptoms and allow the intestine to repair itself. […] Studies are underway for new drugs that would enable people with celiac disease to eat gluten safely.

• #26 Symptoms of Celiac Disease | Celiac Disease FoundationBack to HomeBack to HomeAbout the DiseaseGluten-Free ResourcesResearch ResourcesAdvocacy and Public PolicyJoin the EffortSupport the FoundationShare on FacebookShare on TwitterEmail this pageprinter-mi

  https://celiac.org/about-celiac-disease/symptoms-of-celiac-disease/

  Celiac disease can be difficult to diagnose because it affects people differently. The reason for this is still unknown. […] Silent celiac disease is also known as asymptomatic celiac disease. Patients do not complain of any symptoms, but still experience villous atrophy damage to their small intestine. […] The number of ways celiac disease can affect patients, combined with a lack of training in medical schools and primary care residency programs, contributes to the poor diagnosis rate in the United States. Currently, it is estimated that 80% of the celiac disease population remains undiagnosed.

• #27

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/coeliac-disease/causes/

  Other health conditions can increase your risk of developing coeliac disease, including type 1 diabetes, thyroid conditions, Down’s syndrome, and Turner syndrome. […] It’s unclear whether these health conditions directly increase the risk of developing coeliac disease, or whether they and coeliac disease both have another, single underlying cause.

• #28 Celiac disease: Causes, symptoms and treatments | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/celiac-disease-causes-symptoms-and-treatments

  While the aforementioned genetic factors constitute risk factors, people are not often tested for the presence of the HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 gene variants. […] Additionally, type 1 diabetes has been found to be a potential risk factor for celiac disease. […] If not recognized and treated, celiac disease can lead to severe malnutrition due to an inability of the small intestine to absorb nutrients. […] Celiac disease also may raise the risk of other medical conditions, including lymphoma and fertility problems. […] When celiac disease is diagnosed, the first treatment attempted is a gluten-free diet. […] In cases when patients don’t improve on a gluten-free diet, they may have to work with a dietitian to confirm that their diet is truly gluten-free before receiving a diagnosis of refractory celiac disease. […] As noted above, there are some rare cases in which celiac disease does not resolve after a switch to a gluten-free diet.

• #29 Celiac Disease – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/malabsorption-syndromes/celiac-disease

  Celiac disease is an immunologically mediated disease in genetically susceptible people caused by intolerance to gluten, resulting in mucosal inflammation and villous atrophy, which causes malabsorption. […] Celiac disease is a hereditary disorder caused by sensitivity to the gliadin fraction of gluten, a protein found in wheat; similar proteins are present in rye and barley. In a genetically susceptible person, gluten-sensitive T cells are activated when gluten-derived peptide epitopes are presented. The inflammatory response causes characteristic mucosal villous atrophy in the small bowel. […] Patients who have other diseases, such as lymphocytic colitis, Down syndrome, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and autoimmune (Hashimoto) thyroiditis, are at risk of developing celiac disease. […] Nonceliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS), or gluten intolerance, is a nonimmunemediated reaction to the ingestion of gluten. Similar gastrointestinal symptoms are noted as in patients with celiac disease, but biopsies will show normal villi and serologic markers will exclude celiac disease (and wheat allergy).

• #30 Understanding the causes of celiac disease – Children’s Health

  https://www.childrens.com/health-wellness/understanding-the-causes-of-celiac-disease

  Autoimmunity also plays a role in celiac disease. Children with autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes and autoimmune thyroid disease are at increased risk for celiac disease. Approximately 3% of these patients develop celiac disease. […] In addition to children with a family history of celiac disease or children with an existing autoimmune disease, there are several other high-risk groups who are more susceptible to celiac disease. Other high-risk groups for celiac disease include children with: Addison’s disease, Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, Williams syndrome, Immunoglobulin A deficiency, Juvenile chronic arthritis, Microscopic colitis (lymphocytic or collagenous colitis). […] For these groups, the risk of developing celiac disease is approximately 3-10 times higher than the general population.

• #31

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/coeliac-disease/causes/

  Other health conditions can increase your risk of developing coeliac disease, including type 1 diabetes, thyroid conditions, Down’s syndrome, and Turner syndrome. […] It’s unclear whether these health conditions directly increase the risk of developing coeliac disease, or whether they and coeliac disease both have another, single underlying cause.

• #32 Understanding the causes of celiac disease – Children’s Health

  https://www.childrens.com/health-wellness/understanding-the-causes-of-celiac-disease

  Autoimmunity also plays a role in celiac disease. Children with autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes and autoimmune thyroid disease are at increased risk for celiac disease. Approximately 3% of these patients develop celiac disease. […] In addition to children with a family history of celiac disease or children with an existing autoimmune disease, there are several other high-risk groups who are more susceptible to celiac disease. Other high-risk groups for celiac disease include children with: Addison’s disease, Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, Williams syndrome, Immunoglobulin A deficiency, Juvenile chronic arthritis, Microscopic colitis (lymphocytic or collagenous colitis). […] For these groups, the risk of developing celiac disease is approximately 3-10 times higher than the general population.

• #33

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/coeliac-disease/causes/

  Other health conditions can increase your risk of developing coeliac disease, including type 1 diabetes, thyroid conditions, Down’s syndrome, and Turner syndrome. […] It’s unclear whether these health conditions directly increase the risk of developing coeliac disease, or whether they and coeliac disease both have another, single underlying cause.

• #34 Celiac Disease – Bonheur, MD – Gastroenterologist

  https://www.bonheurmd.com/celiacs-disease/

  Patients with celiac disease may develop osteoporosis (weak and brittle bones) or short stature in children. This is due to the lack of nutritional absorption. […] Patients may experience an increased risk of lymphoma and intestinal cancers. […] Some patients with celiac disease may have other autoimmune disorders including type 1 diabetes, thyroid disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and liver disease, among others.

• #35 Celiac Disease Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/celiac-disease/causes-risk-factors-what-know/

  The higher prevalence may be related to environmental changes, because genes do not change enough in one generation to cause a rise in celiac disease, he explains. […] One study suggests that the prevalence of undiagnosed celiac disease has increased dramatically in the United States over the past 50 years, increasing fourfold within that time span (from about 0.2 percent to 0.8 percent of the population). […] Celiac disease is more common in people who have certain other autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and Addisons disease. (4) Celiac disease is also an autoimmune disorder. […] People with genetic disorders like Down syndrome or Turners syndrome are often more at risk of developing celiac disease. (4) […] Regardless, its important to know that celiac likely isnt caused by a single factor but rather a mix of genetic and environmental factors.

• #36 Celiac Disease | The Foundation for Peripheral Neuropathy

  https://www.foundationforpn.org/causes/celiac-disease/

  Celiac disease, or gluten sensitivity, is an autoimmune inflammatory disease that damages the villi – the small, finger-like projections that line the small intestine. For people with celiac disease, eating foods containing gluten – a protein found in wheat and other grains – sets off an autoimmune reaction that causes the villi to shorten and eventually flatten. […] Celiac disease is linked to a genetic pre-disposition for the disease. Individuals may show no signs of celiac disease until later in life, when symptoms appear, apparently triggered by surgery, viral infection, pregnancy, childbirth, or a stressful event. […] Because celiac disease is common in Europe, it is now thought that the disorder has been significantly under-diagnosed in the United States. […] Celiac disease is often associated with other disorders, including diabetes, sarcoidosis, peripheral neuropathy, and vasculitis. In addition, several autoimmune diseases have been linked to celiac disease, including systemic lupus erythematosus, collagen vascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjögren’s syndrome.

• #37 Celiac Disease Gluten Causes, Early Signs, Symptoms & Genetic

  https://www.medicinenet.com/celiac_disease_gluten_enteropathy/article.htm

  Celiac disease is thought to be an autoimmune disorder, meaning that the body develops antibodies against its tissues. Researchers believe that other diseases may be related, and may affect organs such as the thyroid (autoimmune thyroiditis), the liver (primary biliary cirrhosis), and the colon (microscopic colitis).

• #38 Celiac Disease Gluten Causes, Early Signs, Symptoms & Genetic

  https://www.medicinenet.com/celiac_disease_gluten_enteropathy/article.htm

  Gluten Free Celiac disease is a digestive disorder that occurs in reaction to gluten, a protein found in rye, barley, wheat, and hundreds of foods made with these grains. […] Celiac disease is thought to be an autoimmune disorder and may have a familial or genetic component. In people with celiac disease, inflammation occurs in the small intestinal mucosa when it is exposed to gluten in the diet. […] There seems to be a genetic predisposition to developing celiac disease, however, not all people with a family history of celiac disease develop the condition. There may be another reason, yet discovered as to why the autoimmune response occurs. […] In addition to family history, celiac disease seems to be more common in people with the following: Type 1 diabetes, Microscopic colitis, Sjgren’s syndrome, Autoimmune thyroid disease.

• #39 Celiac Disease Gluten Causes, Early Signs, Symptoms & Genetic

  https://www.medicinenet.com/celiac_disease_gluten_enteropathy/article.htm

  Gluten Free Celiac disease is a digestive disorder that occurs in reaction to gluten, a protein found in rye, barley, wheat, and hundreds of foods made with these grains. […] Celiac disease is thought to be an autoimmune disorder and may have a familial or genetic component. In people with celiac disease, inflammation occurs in the small intestinal mucosa when it is exposed to gluten in the diet. […] There seems to be a genetic predisposition to developing celiac disease, however, not all people with a family history of celiac disease develop the condition. There may be another reason, yet discovered as to why the autoimmune response occurs. […] In addition to family history, celiac disease seems to be more common in people with the following: Type 1 diabetes, Microscopic colitis, Sjgren’s syndrome, Autoimmune thyroid disease.

• #40 Celiac Disease – familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/celiac-disease/

  Have an autoimmune disease. This could include type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune thyroid or liver disease, Addison’s disease, or Sjogren’s syndrome. […] Have a genetic disorder such as Down syndrome or Turner syndrome. […] If you have celiac disease, you probably won’t know right away. You may have this disease without getting sick. It could be triggered later on by severe stress, physical injury, infection, childbirth, or surgery. […] There is no way to prevent or avoid getting celiac disease.

• #41 What is Celiac Disease? | Celiac Disease FoundationBack to HomeBack to HomeAbout the DiseaseGluten-Free ResourcesResearch ResourcesAdvocacy and Public PolicyJoin the EffortSupport the FoundationShare on FacebookShare on TwitterEmail this pageprinter-miniR

  https://celiac.org/about-celiac-disease/what-is-celiac-disease/

  Celiac disease is a serious autoimmune disease that occurs in genetically predisposed people where the ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine. […] Celiac disease is hereditary, meaning that it runs in families. People with a first-degree relative with celiac disease (parent, child, sibling) have a 1 in 10 risk of developing celiac disease. […] Celiac disease can develop at any age after people start consuming gluten. Left untreated, celiac disease can lead to additional serious health problems. […] Untreated celiac disease can lead to the development of other autoimmune disorders like type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis (MS), and many other conditions, including dermatitis herpetiformis (an itchy skin rash), anemia, osteoporosis, infertility and miscarriage, neurological conditions like epilepsy and migraines, short stature, heart disease, and intestinal cancers. […] In a 1999 study, Ventura, et al. found that for people with celiac disease, the later the age of diagnosis, the greater the chance of developing another autoimmune disorder.

• #42 How Celiac Disease is Triggered | BeyondCeliac.org

  https://www.beyondceliac.org/celiac-disease/gut-reaction-video/how-celiac-disease-is-triggered/

  T-Cells fight disease in the body, but in celiac disease T-Cells are triggered by gluten to mistakenly attack the enterocytes. […] Additionally, scientists theorize that in response to gluten, zonulin, a molecule made by the body and linked to inflammation, may play a role in loosening the tight junctions earlier in the process. […] Currently, the only treatment for celiac disease is a strict, lifelong gluten-free diet.

• #43 Toward an Etiology of Celiac Disease

  https://pubs.sciepub.com/ijcd/12/1/1/index.html

  The gliadin protein fragment sequences are very attracted to the HLA-DQ2 binding groove. […] The release of Tg2 into the extracellular space has two crucial effects. […] The increase in permeability allows enzymes such as Tg2 to cross the vascular wall into the mesenchyme. […] The effect of TG2 on the Extracellular Membrane. […] The modification of claudins is evidence of damage and changes to the tight junctions between ECs. […] The scarred tissue introduces rigidity and prevents the villi from acting correctly. […] The cause of tight junction weakening is frequently ascribed to zonulin. […] The above discussion shows that this is incorrect. […] Hence, the cells are not destroying themselves as in apoptotic cell death but dying from the effect of lytic viral infection and the resulting hyper Tg2.

• #44 Toward an Etiology of Celiac Disease

  https://pubs.sciepub.com/ijcd/12/1/1/index.html

  The review proposes a model of the etiology of celiac disease. It describes how an enteroviral attack by a lytic virus leads to hyper-extracellular Transglutaminase 2, Tg2, evident at all stages of the disease by the presence of anti-tTG. […] The disease is triggered in the susceptible population by an enterovirus, probably a Coxsackie (CxSV) virus. […] Marked evidence of anti-transglutaminase (ATg) or, specifically in the intestine, anti-Tg2 staining is present at all stages of the disease. […] The viral intracellular requirements for additional Tg2 are the cause. […] The model proposed confirms that a return to gluten consumption reinstates the disease. […] The paper explains how extracellular transglutaminase causes zonulin and damages the extracellular membrane. Thus, zonulin is a symptom, not a cause.

• #45 What Causes Celiac Disease | Pompa Program

  https://pompaprogram.com/what-causes-celiac-disease/

  People with celiac disease are often exposed to toxins, allergens, and other substances that trigger an autoimmune response. These can include antibiotics, hormones, food additives and preservatives, as well as chemicals like persistent organic pollutants and glyphosate. […] Recent research has suggested that antibiotic use is linked to an increased risk of developing celiac disease. […] Studies have demonstrated that antibiotics can alter the composition of bacteria in the digestive system, resulting in a decrease in beneficial bacteria and an increase in harmful ones. This can lead to increased permeability of the intestinal lining, allowing larger-than-normal amounts of gluten proteins to enter the bloodstream. This autoimmune reaction can trigger celiac disease. […] Recent research has shown that 178 chemicals are associated with developing celiac disease, including some trace metals, food additives, persistent organic pollutants, and glyphosate.

• #46 What Causes Celiac Disease | Pompa Program

  https://pompaprogram.com/what-causes-celiac-disease/

  Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) like dichlorodiphenyldichlorethylenes, perflouoroalkyls, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers, are a group of chemical compounds that have been linked to celiac disease and the onset of autoimmune disorders. […] Glyphosate has been linked to the development of celiac disease. Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum herbicide used to kill weeds and grasses that compete with crops for nutrients and water. It is the major component of Roundup, a popular weed killer used by many home gardeners and commercial farmers. […] By addressing all three legs of the stool, stressors, microbiome health, and DNA methylation, we can effectively reduce our risk of developing autoimmune diseases like celiac disease. Exactly what causes celiac disease comes down to genetic factors and toxins like persistent organic pollutants, glyphosate, antibiotics, and other chemicals that manipulate microbiome function.

• #47 Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of celiac disease in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-pathogenesis-and-clinical-manifestations-of-celiac-disease-in-adults

  It has been estimated that the HLA contribution to the development of celiac disease among siblings is 36 percent. […] Thus, another gene or genes at an HLA-unlinked locus must also participate. […] Moreover, novel genetic and especially epigenetic factors that increase the risk or severity of celiac disease have been identified. […] Celiac disease is associated with a number of autoimmune disorders, including type 1 diabetes mellitus and autoimmune thyroid disease. […] Several non-HLA locus genes conferring risk for celiac disease have also been identified and an increasing number of non-HLA risk alleles have been associated with an increased risk of celiac disease. […] Non-HLA genes that may influence susceptibility to the disease have been identified, but their influence has not been confirmed.

• #48 Celiac disease: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/celiac-disease/

  Celiac disease is a condition in which the immune system is abnormally sensitive to gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, and barley. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder; autoimmune disorders occur when the immune system malfunctions and attacks the body’s own tissues and organs. […] The risk of developing celiac disease is increased by certain variants of the HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 genes. These genes provide instructions for making proteins that play a critical role in the immune system. […] Celiac disease is associated with an inappropriate immune response to a segment of the gluten protein called gliadin. This inappropriate activation of the immune system causes inflammation that damages the body’s organs and tissues and leads to the signs and symptoms of celiac disease. […] Almost all people with celiac disease have specific variants of the HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 genes, which seem to increase the risk of an inappropriate immune response to gliadin. However, these variants are also found in 30 percent of the general population, and only 3 percent of individuals with the gene variants develop celiac disease. […] It appears likely that other contributors, such as environmental factors and changes in other genes, also influence the development of this complex disorder.

• #49 Celiac Disease: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0115/p99.html

  Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. It is triggered by exposure to dietary gluten in genetically susceptible individuals. Gluten is a storage protein in wheat, rye, and barley, which are staples in many American diets. Celiac disease is characterized by chronic inflammation of the small intestinal mucosa, which leads to atrophy of the small intestinal villi and subsequent malabsorption. […] The presence of human leukocyte antigen alleles DQ2, DQ8, or both is essential for the development of celiac disease, and can be a useful genetic test in select instances. […] The pathophysiology of celiac disease is immune based. Gliadin, the alcohol-soluble portion of gluten, cannot be fully broken down by the intestine, and generally remains in the intestinal lumen of all individuals. In persons with celiac disease, it can occasionally pass through the epithelial layer of the intestine and stimulate an immune response in those with genetic susceptibility.

• #50 Celiac Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441900/

  The essential environmental trigger for celiac disease is dietary gluten, which is a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye, which induces a dysregulated immune response in susceptible individuals. Gluten is broken down into smaller peptides, such as gliadin, which are deamidated by the enzyme transglutaminase-2 (tTG2). This modification enhances their binding affinity to HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 molecules, triggering T-cell activation and an inflammatory response that leads to small intestinal enteropathy. […] Interestingly, many people carry HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 without ever developing celiac disease. Factors that might trigger gluten intolerance in genetically predisposed individuals include infections that alter immune responses, disruptions in the gut microbiome following antibiotic use, and physiological changes during pregnancy. Evidence suggests that certain infections, such as rotavirus and adenovirus, may predispose individuals to develop celiac disease, while others, like those caused by Helicobacter pylori, may offer protective effects. […] In conclusion, celiac disease develops when genetically predisposed individuals consume dietary gluten, which triggers a pathological inflammatory response leading to characteristic intestinal damage and associated systemic signs and symptoms.

• #51 How Celiac Disease is Triggered | BeyondCeliac.org

  https://www.beyondceliac.org/celiac-disease/gut-reaction-video/how-celiac-disease-is-triggered/

  Celiac disease is a serious, genetic autoimmune disorder triggered by consuming a protein called gluten, which is found in wheat, barley and rye. […] When a person with celiac eats gluten, the protein interferes with the absorption of nutrients from food by damaging a part of the small intestine called villi. […] In someone with celiac disease, undigested gluten fragments trigger a reaction by the immune system in the small intestine. […] This „signal” is then received by immune system cells, which then attack and damage the enterocytes. […] Additionally, the partially-damaged enterocytes release an enzyme, called tTG. […] The gluten that has been changed is picked up by special white blood cells, called antigen-presenting immune cells. […] By presenting the gluten, the receptor signals to another type of immune system cell, called a Helper T-Cell.

• #52 How Celiac Disease is Triggered | BeyondCeliac.org

  https://www.beyondceliac.org/celiac-disease/gut-reaction-video/how-celiac-disease-is-triggered/

  T-Cells fight disease in the body, but in celiac disease T-Cells are triggered by gluten to mistakenly attack the enterocytes. […] Additionally, scientists theorize that in response to gluten, zonulin, a molecule made by the body and linked to inflammation, may play a role in loosening the tight junctions earlier in the process. […] Currently, the only treatment for celiac disease is a strict, lifelong gluten-free diet.

• #53 Celiac disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/celiac-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20352220

  Celiac disease is an illness caused by an immune reaction to eating gluten. Gluten is a protein found in foods containing wheat, barley or rye. […] Your genes, combined with eating foods with gluten and other factors, can contribute to celiac disease. However, the precise cause isn’t known. Infant-feeding practices, gastrointestinal infections and gut bacteria may contribute, but these causes have not been proved. Sometimes celiac disease becomes active after surgery, pregnancy, childbirth, viral infection or severe emotional stress. […] When the body’s immune system overreacts to gluten in food, the reaction damages the tiny, hairlike projections, called villi, that line the small intestine. Villi absorb vitamins, minerals and other nutrients from the food you eat. If your villi are damaged, you can’t get enough nutrients, no matter how much you eat.

• #54 Celiac Disease: Symptoms & How It’s Treated

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14240-celiac-disease

  Celiac disease is an inherited autoimmune disorder that causes a reaction in your body to the protein, gluten. Gluten in your digestive system triggers your immune system to produce antibodies against it. These antibodies damage the lining of your small intestine (the mucosa). Damage to the mucosa in your small intestine impairs its ability to absorb nutrients from your food, causing nutritional deficiencies. […] Many autoimmune diseases, like celiac disease, are at least partly inherited (genetic disorders). That means a particular gene variant that’s passed down through family lines makes you more susceptible to developing it. But not everyone with the gene variant develops the disease, and not everyone who develops it has one of the known variants. Other factors appear to be involved in triggering it.

• #55 Two conditions that mimic celiac disease, but are different – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/forefront/gastrointestinal-articles/2020/january/two-conditions-that-have-symptoms-like-celiac-disease-but-are-not

  An estimated 1 in 100 people worldwide have celiac disease, a disorder where consuming any type of gluten can damage the small intestine. Gluten is a protein found in wheat, rye and barley, which are common ingredients in breads, pastas and cereals. […] Celiac disease is an autoimmune disease that means people who have it and eat gluten will damage their small intestine. […] So based on the genes, it’s an autoimmune disease, and it occurs in people who then will eat gluten, which then causes damage to your small intestine. […] What happens with celiac disease is the gluten then causes damage to the lining of these cells, to the villi, and the villi sort of shrivel up. […] Depending on how severe the disease is, this is mild shriveling to total flattening of the small intestine, and that hinders the absorption of nutrition.

• #56 Visual Guide to Celiac Disease: Rash Pictures & More

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/celiac-disease/ss/slideshow-celiac-overview

  About one-third of Americans have the DQ2 or DQ8 genes that are considered necessary for a person to develop the disease. If you don’t have those genes, your doctor can rule out celiac disease as a cause of your symptoms, but many people have the genes and don’t develop CD. […] Up to 60% of children and 41% of adults with celiac disease do not have symptoms. With a damaged intestinal lining, they may not be absorbing nutrients properly and are at risk of malnutrition. […] People with type 1 diabetes may be more likely to have celiac disease. […] When the small intestine is damaged due to celiac disease, it doesn’t absorb nutrients well. People with celiac disease are at risk for osteoporosis, and many of them will need aggressive treatment to address their low bone density. […] There is no cure for celiac disease, but strictly avoiding gluten will halt the symptoms and allow the intestine to repair itself. […] Studies are underway for new drugs that would enable people with celiac disease to eat gluten safely.

• #57 Celiac disease: Causes, symptoms and treatments | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/celiac-disease-causes-symptoms-and-treatments

  While the aforementioned genetic factors constitute risk factors, people are not often tested for the presence of the HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 gene variants. […] Additionally, type 1 diabetes has been found to be a potential risk factor for celiac disease. […] If not recognized and treated, celiac disease can lead to severe malnutrition due to an inability of the small intestine to absorb nutrients. […] Celiac disease also may raise the risk of other medical conditions, including lymphoma and fertility problems. […] When celiac disease is diagnosed, the first treatment attempted is a gluten-free diet. […] In cases when patients don’t improve on a gluten-free diet, they may have to work with a dietitian to confirm that their diet is truly gluten-free before receiving a diagnosis of refractory celiac disease. […] As noted above, there are some rare cases in which celiac disease does not resolve after a switch to a gluten-free diet.

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