Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Celiac disease: Prevalence, diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3496881/

  Celiac disease (CD) is one of the most common diseases, resulting from both environmental (gluten) and genetic factors [human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and non-HLA genes]. The prevalence of CD has been estimated to approximate 0.5%-1% in different parts of the world. […] Epidemiological studies conducted in areas supposedly free of CD, including Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and South America, show that the disease was previously underdiagnosed. This provides evidence that CD is one of the most common genetic diseases, resulting from both environmental (gluten) and genetic (HLA and non-HLA genes) factors. […] In the last few years a number of studies in different populations have been carried out using molecular genetics methods to identify genes causing CD. […] The overall prevalence of CD is highly dependent on the HLA DQ2/DQ8 typing and gluten consumption. The population with positive HLA typing for celiac have high chances of developing celiac symptoms when on high gluten consumption. However, the population with diabetes, autoimmune disorder or relatives of CD individuals have even higher risk for the development of CD, since they share the same HLA typing.

• #2 Epidemiology of Celiac Disease | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/86224

  Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic autoimmune disorder of the small bowel that is triggered by exposure to dietary gluten. […] The main scope of this chapter is to explore and present the prevalence of CD worldwide as well as trends in diagnosis over recent years. […] The prevalence of CD is approximately 0.51% in different regions of the world. […] Certain population groups are also at high risk of developing CD, including first- or second-degree relatives of individuals with CD and those with diabetes or autoimmune disorders. […] The prevalence of CD has been estimated to range from 0.51% in different parts of the world. […] Mass screening for CD in four general European populations revealed a prevalence of 1%. […] However, information regarding the prevalence of CD in the Middle East and among Arab populations is scarce and primarily based on small-scale studies.

• #3 Global Prevalence of Celiac Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29551598/

  Celiac disease is a major public health problem worldwide. Although initially it was reported from countries with predominant Caucasian populations, it now has been reported from other parts of the world. The exact global prevalence of celiac disease is not known. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the global prevalence of celiac disease. […] The pooled global prevalence of celiac disease was 1.4% (95% confidence interval, 1.1%-1.7%) in 275,818 individuals, based on positive results from tests for anti-tissue transglutaminase and/or anti-endomysial antibodies (called seroprevalence). The pooled global prevalence of biopsy-confirmed celiac disease was 0.7% (95% confidence interval, 0.5%-0.9%) in 138,792 individuals. The prevalence values for celiac disease were 0.4% in South America, 0.5% in Africa and North America, 0.6% in Asia, and 0.8% in Europe and Oceania; the prevalence was higher in female vs male individuals (0.6% vs 0.4%; P .001). The prevalence of celiac disease was significantly greater in children than adults (0.9% vs 0.5%; P .001).

• #4 Celiac disease: Prevalence, diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3496881/

  Celiac disease (CD) is one of the most common diseases, resulting from both environmental (gluten) and genetic factors [human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and non-HLA genes]. The prevalence of CD has been estimated to approximate 0.5%-1% in different parts of the world. […] Epidemiological studies conducted in areas supposedly free of CD, including Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and South America, show that the disease was previously underdiagnosed. This provides evidence that CD is one of the most common genetic diseases, resulting from both environmental (gluten) and genetic (HLA and non-HLA genes) factors. […] In the last few years a number of studies in different populations have been carried out using molecular genetics methods to identify genes causing CD. […] The overall prevalence of CD is highly dependent on the HLA DQ2/DQ8 typing and gluten consumption. The population with positive HLA typing for celiac have high chances of developing celiac symptoms when on high gluten consumption. However, the population with diabetes, autoimmune disorder or relatives of CD individuals have even higher risk for the development of CD, since they share the same HLA typing.

• #5 Global Prevalence of Celiac Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29551598/

  Celiac disease is a major public health problem worldwide. Although initially it was reported from countries with predominant Caucasian populations, it now has been reported from other parts of the world. The exact global prevalence of celiac disease is not known. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the global prevalence of celiac disease. […] The pooled global prevalence of celiac disease was 1.4% (95% confidence interval, 1.1%-1.7%) in 275,818 individuals, based on positive results from tests for anti-tissue transglutaminase and/or anti-endomysial antibodies (called seroprevalence). The pooled global prevalence of biopsy-confirmed celiac disease was 0.7% (95% confidence interval, 0.5%-0.9%) in 138,792 individuals. The prevalence values for celiac disease were 0.4% in South America, 0.5% in Africa and North America, 0.6% in Asia, and 0.8% in Europe and Oceania; the prevalence was higher in female vs male individuals (0.6% vs 0.4%; P .001). The prevalence of celiac disease was significantly greater in children than adults (0.9% vs 0.5%; P .001).

• #6 Global Prevalence of Celiac Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29551598/

  Celiac disease is a major public health problem worldwide. Although initially it was reported from countries with predominant Caucasian populations, it now has been reported from other parts of the world. The exact global prevalence of celiac disease is not known. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the global prevalence of celiac disease. […] The pooled global prevalence of celiac disease was 1.4% (95% confidence interval, 1.1%-1.7%) in 275,818 individuals, based on positive results from tests for anti-tissue transglutaminase and/or anti-endomysial antibodies (called seroprevalence). The pooled global prevalence of biopsy-confirmed celiac disease was 0.7% (95% confidence interval, 0.5%-0.9%) in 138,792 individuals. The prevalence values for celiac disease were 0.4% in South America, 0.5% in Africa and North America, 0.6% in Asia, and 0.8% in Europe and Oceania; the prevalence was higher in female vs male individuals (0.6% vs 0.4%; P .001). The prevalence of celiac disease was significantly greater in children than adults (0.9% vs 0.5%; P .001).

• #7 Global Prevalence of Celiac Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29551598/

  Celiac disease is a major public health problem worldwide. Although initially it was reported from countries with predominant Caucasian populations, it now has been reported from other parts of the world. The exact global prevalence of celiac disease is not known. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the global prevalence of celiac disease. […] The pooled global prevalence of celiac disease was 1.4% (95% confidence interval, 1.1%-1.7%) in 275,818 individuals, based on positive results from tests for anti-tissue transglutaminase and/or anti-endomysial antibodies (called seroprevalence). The pooled global prevalence of biopsy-confirmed celiac disease was 0.7% (95% confidence interval, 0.5%-0.9%) in 138,792 individuals. The prevalence values for celiac disease were 0.4% in South America, 0.5% in Africa and North America, 0.6% in Asia, and 0.8% in Europe and Oceania; the prevalence was higher in female vs male individuals (0.6% vs 0.4%; P .001). The prevalence of celiac disease was significantly greater in children than adults (0.9% vs 0.5%; P .001).

• #8 English | World Gastroenterology Organisation

  https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/guidelines/celiac-disease/celiac-disease-english

  The risk of having celiac disease is much greater in first-degree relatives (up to 10%) and lesser in second-degree relatives, as well in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus and other autoimmune diseases, Down syndrome, and a number of other associated diseases. […] The highest celiac disease prevalence in the world has been identified in a specific Western Saharan population, at 5.6% almost ten times higher than in most European countries. […] Other studies have demonstrated that the number of new cases of celiac disease found in a specific period in a given population (the incidence) is increasing (in North America and Europe). […] The ratio of diagnosed to undiagnosed cases of celiac disease varies from country to country (one to two in Finland, one to 10 in the United States, Argentina, and Germany).

• #9 The Second Highest Prevalence of Celiac Disease Worldwide: Genetic and Metabolic Insights in Southern Brazilian Mennonites

  https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/14/5/1026

  The Mennonite CD prevalence is actually close to that in Finland (2.13%), which is also genetically isolated. […] Ten individuals were identified as celiac by our serological screening, representing 47.6% of undiagnosed cases (almost 1:2). […] The failure to detect the disease, coupled with failure to treat it, may lead to severe comorbidities such as osteoporosis, sterility, neurological and psychiatric disorders, small bowel adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, and carcinoma of the esophagus, as well as increased morbidity. […] Through our questionnaire, we identified predisposed individuals who may benefit from early intervention, such as those with iron-deficiency anemia, weight loss, and chronic abdominal pain. […] The HLA-DQ2.5 carrier frequency among Mennonite patients (92.31%) was higher than that reported in 102 Turkish pediatric patients (76%).

• #10 Celiac Disease (Sprue): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/171805-overview

  Approximately 3 million people in Europe and another 3 million people in the United States are estimated to be affected by celiac disease. Celiac disease is prevalent in European countries with temperate climates. The highest prevalence of celiac disease is in Ireland and Finland and in places to which Europeans emigrated, notably North America and Australia. In these populations, celiac disease affects approximately 1 in 100 individuals. The incidence of celiac disease is increasing among certain populations in Africa (Sahrawi population), Asia (India), and the Middle East. […] Celiac disease is most prevalent in Western Europe and the United States, with an increasing incidence in Africa and Asia. Females are affected slightly more than males. […] The age distribution of patients with celiac disease is bimodal, the first at 8-12 months and the second in the third to fourth decades. The mean age at diagnosis is 8.4 years (range, 1-17 y).

• #11 Incidence of Celiac Disease Steadily Increasing | Celiac Disease FoundationBack to HomeBack to HomeAbout the DiseaseGluten-Free ResourcesResearch ResourcesAdvocacy and Public PolicyJoin the EffortSupport the Foundation

  https://celiac.org/2020/02/20/incidence-of-celiac-disease-steadily-increasing/

  Over the past few decades, the incidence of celiac disease has increased in many Western countries. A recent review of the existing literature co-authored by Celiac Disease Foundation Young Investigator Award recipient Benjamin Lebwohl, MD, MS, found that overall, the incidence of celiac disease has been rising since the second half of the 20th century into the 21st century in nearly every country where data on the disease are available. […] The review looked at data from past research on the incidence (the rate of new cases in a population during a specific period of time) of celiac disease in the overall population, among both children and adults. The studies included in the analysis were based in Europe, North America, and Oceania. […] The researchers found that in the 21st century, the incidence of celiac disease was higher among women and children when compared to men. The incidence of celiac disease among women was 17.4 per 100,000 person-years (meaning that among 100,000 women followed for one year, a bit over 17 will be diagnosed with celiac disease), compared to 7.8 per 100,000 person-years among men. Celiac disease incidence among children was 21.3 per 100,000 person-years, compared to 12.9 per 100,000 person-years in adults.

• #12 Incidence of Celiac Disease Steadily Increasing | Celiac Disease FoundationBack to HomeBack to HomeAbout the DiseaseGluten-Free ResourcesResearch ResourcesAdvocacy and Public PolicyJoin the EffortSupport the Foundation

  https://celiac.org/2020/02/20/incidence-of-celiac-disease-steadily-increasing/

  Examination over time shows that these incidence rates are increasing, with an average of 7.5% increase per year over the past several decades. Because the incidence of celiac disease is studied by examining only diagnosed patients, this does not take into account people who remain undiagnosed; there is evidence from other studies that the total number of people with celiac disease (not just diagnosed cases) has increased over time. […] There are some possible explanations for the increase in the incidence of celiac disease. The introduction of blood testing towards the end of the 20th century has made diagnosing celiac disease easier and more cost-effective. Additionally, an increase in awareness among physicians has led to evaluating patients with “non-classical” symptoms, rather than only testing patients with traditional gastrointestinal symptoms. The difference in diagnosis rates between men and women may be related to differences in how men and women utilize healthcare, since some screening studies in adults show similar rates of celiac disease in men and women.

• #13 Emergence of Celiac disease and Gluten-related disorders in Asia

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5056/jnm20140

  The pooled average annual incidence of CeD has been rising by 7.5% per year over the past several decades. […] The pathogenesis of CeD involves a complex interplay of environmental and genetic factors. Based on the prevalence of the high risk categories in these factors, hotspots of the world for CeD can be identified. […] The two most populous countries of the world, India and China, also grow the maximum amount of wheat grains. […] Over the years, it has become clear that CeD is not a monogenic disorder. […] While CeD is emerging in many Asian countries, there is very limited preparedness to handle these patients in Asia. […] In conclusion, the total number of patients with CeD in Asia, because of large its population, is likely to overtake the total numbers of patients in rest of the world.

• #14 Frontiers | Disease specific symptoms indices in patients with celiac disease—A hardly recognised entity

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2022.944449/full

  Background: Celiac disease (CD) was considered a rare disease before and was perceivably only limited to children but now affects almost 1–2% of the global population. […] The prevalence of CD has been increasing with the passage of time (0.6% from 1991 to 2000 and 0.8% from 2000 to 2016) but still missing data from developing countries, such as Pakistan. […] Population-based data on CD are missing for various underdeveloped/developing countries including Pakistan. It is not uncommon in our population.

• #15 Global epidemiology of celiac disease – Bykova – Almanac of Clinical Medicine

  https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/753

  The review presents the data on the prevalence of celiac disease in various world regions. The numbers of patients with celiac disease continues to rise every year. According to some authors, this is to be related not only to improvement in diagnosis, but to other extrinsic factors, as well, that require additional studies. In the 1980s the prevalence of this disease was 1.05%, and by the beginning of 2000s, it amounted to 1.99%. In particular, from 1993 to 2002 in Britain its incidence increased from 6 to 13.3 per 100,000. Both raised awareness of doctors and conduction of epidemiological studies play a decisive role in the improvement of the diagnosis of celiac disease. The information cumulated up to now makes it possible to conclude that the highest diagnostic rates of celiac disease can be found in the risk groups. They include 1st and 2nd degree relatives of patients with celiac disease, patients with autoimmune disorders (type 1 diabetes mellitus, autoimmune thyroiditis); those with clinical signs of an intestinal disorder, such as chronic diarrhea, as well as patients with anemia, osteoporosis and high transaminase levels of unknown origin. According to the Finnish epidemiological study, the prevalence of celiac disease, depending on the risk group, may vary from 6.6 to 16.3%. The guidelines by the American College of Gastroenterology, British Society of Gastroenterology, North-American Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, and the Russian Consensus on Diagnosis and Treatment of Celiac Disease in Adults and Children all recommend thorough examination of patients from the risk groups. Active diagnosis of celiac disease (screening) has been recognized as one of the approaches to primary prevention to autoimmune disorders and cancer.

• #16 Global epidemiology of celiac disease – Bykova – Almanac of Clinical Medicine

  https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/753

  The review presents the data on the prevalence of celiac disease in various world regions. The numbers of patients with celiac disease continues to rise every year. According to some authors, this is to be related not only to improvement in diagnosis, but to other extrinsic factors, as well, that require additional studies. In the 1980s the prevalence of this disease was 1.05%, and by the beginning of 2000s, it amounted to 1.99%. In particular, from 1993 to 2002 in Britain its incidence increased from 6 to 13.3 per 100,000. Both raised awareness of doctors and conduction of epidemiological studies play a decisive role in the improvement of the diagnosis of celiac disease. The information cumulated up to now makes it possible to conclude that the highest diagnostic rates of celiac disease can be found in the risk groups. They include 1st and 2nd degree relatives of patients with celiac disease, patients with autoimmune disorders (type 1 diabetes mellitus, autoimmune thyroiditis); those with clinical signs of an intestinal disorder, such as chronic diarrhea, as well as patients with anemia, osteoporosis and high transaminase levels of unknown origin. According to the Finnish epidemiological study, the prevalence of celiac disease, depending on the risk group, may vary from 6.6 to 16.3%. The guidelines by the American College of Gastroenterology, British Society of Gastroenterology, North-American Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, and the Russian Consensus on Diagnosis and Treatment of Celiac Disease in Adults and Children all recommend thorough examination of patients from the risk groups. Active diagnosis of celiac disease (screening) has been recognized as one of the approaches to primary prevention to autoimmune disorders and cancer.

• #17 Incidence of Celiac Disease Steadily Increasing | Celiac Disease FoundationBack to HomeBack to HomeAbout the DiseaseGluten-Free ResourcesResearch ResourcesAdvocacy and Public PolicyJoin the EffortSupport the Foundation

  https://celiac.org/2020/02/20/incidence-of-celiac-disease-steadily-increasing/

  Examination over time shows that these incidence rates are increasing, with an average of 7.5% increase per year over the past several decades. Because the incidence of celiac disease is studied by examining only diagnosed patients, this does not take into account people who remain undiagnosed; there is evidence from other studies that the total number of people with celiac disease (not just diagnosed cases) has increased over time. […] There are some possible explanations for the increase in the incidence of celiac disease. The introduction of blood testing towards the end of the 20th century has made diagnosing celiac disease easier and more cost-effective. Additionally, an increase in awareness among physicians has led to evaluating patients with “non-classical” symptoms, rather than only testing patients with traditional gastrointestinal symptoms. The difference in diagnosis rates between men and women may be related to differences in how men and women utilize healthcare, since some screening studies in adults show similar rates of celiac disease in men and women.

• #18 The spectrum of celiac disease: epidemiology, clinical aspects and treatment | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrgastro.2010.23

  Celiac disease is a gluten-sensitive enteropathy that affects people of all ages worldwide. This disease has emerged as a major health-care problem, as advances in diagnostic and screening methods have revealed its global prevalence. […] Advances in diagnostic and screening methods have contributed to the apparent increase in disease prevalence, but evidence also suggests the existence of a real increase caused by environmental changes. […] Diverse environmental, genetic and socioeconomic factors contribute to the development of celiac disease. […] 25% of patients with celiac disease develop refractory celiac disease, a serious complication that is associated with a 50% risk of developing lymphoma, which has a poor prognosis.

• #19 English | World Gastroenterology Organisation

  https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/guidelines/celiac-disease/celiac-disease-english

  Celiac disease is common throughout the world, and its prevalence has significantly increased over the past 20 years. […] There has been a substantial increase in the numbers of new cases of celiac disease, partly due to better diagnostic tools and thorough screening of individuals considered to be at high risk for the disorder. […] Celiac disease still represents a statistical iceberg, with far more undiagnosed than diagnosed cases. […] The prevalence in Western countries is around 1% of the general population, but it is substantially increasing in other parts of the world. […] The female-to-male ratio has been variably reported, with prospective population studies rating from 1:3 to 1.5:1. […] Celiac disease is now known to affect all age groups, including the elderly; more than 70% of new patients are diagnosed above the age of 20 years.

• #20 Celiac Disease (Sprue): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/171805-overview

  Approximately 3 million people in Europe and another 3 million people in the United States are estimated to be affected by celiac disease. Celiac disease is prevalent in European countries with temperate climates. The highest prevalence of celiac disease is in Ireland and Finland and in places to which Europeans emigrated, notably North America and Australia. In these populations, celiac disease affects approximately 1 in 100 individuals. The incidence of celiac disease is increasing among certain populations in Africa (Sahrawi population), Asia (India), and the Middle East. […] Celiac disease is most prevalent in Western Europe and the United States, with an increasing incidence in Africa and Asia. Females are affected slightly more than males. […] The age distribution of patients with celiac disease is bimodal, the first at 8-12 months and the second in the third to fourth decades. The mean age at diagnosis is 8.4 years (range, 1-17 y).

• #21 Celiac disease – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/celiac-disease/

  Celiac disease, also referred to as celiac sprue or nontropical sprue, is a common condition characterized by a maladaptive immune response to gluten, a protein found in many grains (e.g., wheat). […] Epidemiological data refers to the US, unless otherwise specified. […] Prevalence: in the US 1:150. […] The disease can occur at any age. […] Peak incidence is bimodal: At 812 months (or 23 months following the first exposure to gluten through diet containing wheat) and in the third to fourth decade of life. […] Race: more common in individuals of northern European descent.

• #22 Global Prevalence of Celiac Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29551598/

  Celiac disease is a major public health problem worldwide. Although initially it was reported from countries with predominant Caucasian populations, it now has been reported from other parts of the world. The exact global prevalence of celiac disease is not known. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the global prevalence of celiac disease. […] The pooled global prevalence of celiac disease was 1.4% (95% confidence interval, 1.1%-1.7%) in 275,818 individuals, based on positive results from tests for anti-tissue transglutaminase and/or anti-endomysial antibodies (called seroprevalence). The pooled global prevalence of biopsy-confirmed celiac disease was 0.7% (95% confidence interval, 0.5%-0.9%) in 138,792 individuals. The prevalence values for celiac disease were 0.4% in South America, 0.5% in Africa and North America, 0.6% in Asia, and 0.8% in Europe and Oceania; the prevalence was higher in female vs male individuals (0.6% vs 0.4%; P .001). The prevalence of celiac disease was significantly greater in children than adults (0.9% vs 0.5%; P .001).

• #23 Epidemiology of Celiac Disease | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/86224

  Interestingly, research shows that there is an increased prevalence of CD among women compared to men, with a male-to-female ratio of 1:2.8, thereby indicating that women are diagnosed two to three times more frequently than men. […] Epidemiological research conducted in areas thought to be free of CD, including the Middle East, South Asia, Africa, and South America, has indicated that the disease was previously under-diagnosed in these regions. […] The recent increase in the frequency of CD diagnoses in these areas can be also explained by growing uptake of Western breastfeeding and dietary practices. […] Because CD is the result of an interaction between both genetic and environmental factors, it would be reasonable to evaluate the global distribution of these two components in order to identify specific areas and populations at risk for CD.

• #24 Incidence of Celiac Disease Steadily Increasing | Celiac Disease FoundationBack to HomeBack to HomeAbout the DiseaseGluten-Free ResourcesResearch ResourcesAdvocacy and Public PolicyJoin the EffortSupport the Foundation

  https://celiac.org/2020/02/20/incidence-of-celiac-disease-steadily-increasing/

  Over the past few decades, the incidence of celiac disease has increased in many Western countries. A recent review of the existing literature co-authored by Celiac Disease Foundation Young Investigator Award recipient Benjamin Lebwohl, MD, MS, found that overall, the incidence of celiac disease has been rising since the second half of the 20th century into the 21st century in nearly every country where data on the disease are available. […] The review looked at data from past research on the incidence (the rate of new cases in a population during a specific period of time) of celiac disease in the overall population, among both children and adults. The studies included in the analysis were based in Europe, North America, and Oceania. […] The researchers found that in the 21st century, the incidence of celiac disease was higher among women and children when compared to men. The incidence of celiac disease among women was 17.4 per 100,000 person-years (meaning that among 100,000 women followed for one year, a bit over 17 will be diagnosed with celiac disease), compared to 7.8 per 100,000 person-years among men. Celiac disease incidence among children was 21.3 per 100,000 person-years, compared to 12.9 per 100,000 person-years in adults.

• #25 Celiac disease epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Celiac_disease_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Celiac disease affects children and adults alike. In children celiac disease peaks in early childhood. In adults celiac disease is usually diagnosed around fourth and fifth decades of life. […] Celiac disease usually affects individuals of the non-Hispanic white race (1000 per 100,000 individuals), Hispanics (300 per 100,000 individuals) and non-Hispanic blacks (200 per 100,000 individuals). […] Women are more commonly affected by celiac disease than men. The female to male ratio is approximately 3:1. In contrast, patients over the age of 60 who are diagnosed with celiac disease are most commonly males. […] The highest prevalence of celiac disease has been reported in Algerian refugees. These individuals have a high rate of consanguinity and high frequencies of HLA-DQ2.

• #26 Incidence of Celiac Disease Steadily Increasing | Celiac Disease FoundationBack to HomeBack to HomeAbout the DiseaseGluten-Free ResourcesResearch ResourcesAdvocacy and Public PolicyJoin the EffortSupport the Foundation

  https://celiac.org/2020/02/20/incidence-of-celiac-disease-steadily-increasing/

  Over the past few decades, the incidence of celiac disease has increased in many Western countries. A recent review of the existing literature co-authored by Celiac Disease Foundation Young Investigator Award recipient Benjamin Lebwohl, MD, MS, found that overall, the incidence of celiac disease has been rising since the second half of the 20th century into the 21st century in nearly every country where data on the disease are available. […] The review looked at data from past research on the incidence (the rate of new cases in a population during a specific period of time) of celiac disease in the overall population, among both children and adults. The studies included in the analysis were based in Europe, North America, and Oceania. […] The researchers found that in the 21st century, the incidence of celiac disease was higher among women and children when compared to men. The incidence of celiac disease among women was 17.4 per 100,000 person-years (meaning that among 100,000 women followed for one year, a bit over 17 will be diagnosed with celiac disease), compared to 7.8 per 100,000 person-years among men. Celiac disease incidence among children was 21.3 per 100,000 person-years, compared to 12.9 per 100,000 person-years in adults.

• #27 Celiac Disease (Sprue): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/171805-overview

  Approximately 3 million people in Europe and another 3 million people in the United States are estimated to be affected by celiac disease. Celiac disease is prevalent in European countries with temperate climates. The highest prevalence of celiac disease is in Ireland and Finland and in places to which Europeans emigrated, notably North America and Australia. In these populations, celiac disease affects approximately 1 in 100 individuals. The incidence of celiac disease is increasing among certain populations in Africa (Sahrawi population), Asia (India), and the Middle East. […] Celiac disease is most prevalent in Western Europe and the United States, with an increasing incidence in Africa and Asia. Females are affected slightly more than males. […] The age distribution of patients with celiac disease is bimodal, the first at 8-12 months and the second in the third to fourth decades. The mean age at diagnosis is 8.4 years (range, 1-17 y).

• #28 Celiac disease epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Celiac_disease_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Celiac disease affects children and adults alike. In children celiac disease peaks in early childhood. In adults celiac disease is usually diagnosed around fourth and fifth decades of life. […] Celiac disease usually affects individuals of the non-Hispanic white race (1000 per 100,000 individuals), Hispanics (300 per 100,000 individuals) and non-Hispanic blacks (200 per 100,000 individuals). […] Women are more commonly affected by celiac disease than men. The female to male ratio is approximately 3:1. In contrast, patients over the age of 60 who are diagnosed with celiac disease are most commonly males. […] The highest prevalence of celiac disease has been reported in Algerian refugees. These individuals have a high rate of consanguinity and high frequencies of HLA-DQ2.

• #29 Coeliac disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeliac_disease

  People of African, Japanese and Chinese descent are rarely diagnosed; this reflects a much lower prevalence of the genetic risk factors, such as HLA-B8. People of Indian ancestry seem to have a similar risk to those of Western Caucasian ancestry. Population studies also indicate that a large proportion of coeliacs remain undiagnosed; this is due, in part, to many clinicians being unfamiliar with the condition and also due to the fact it can be asymptomatic. Coeliac disease is slightly more common in women than in men. A large multicentre study in the U.S. found a prevalence of 0.75% in not-at-risk groups, rising to 1.8% in symptomatic people, 2.6% in second-degree relatives (like grandparents, aunt or uncle, grandchildren, etc.) of a person with coeliac disease and 4.5% in first-degree relatives (siblings, parents or children). This profile is similar to the prevalence in Europe. Other populations at increased risk for coeliac disease, with prevalence rates ranging from 5% to 10%, include individuals with Down and Turner syndromes, type 1 diabetes, and autoimmune thyroid disease, including both hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) and hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid).

• #30 Coeliac disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeliac_disease

  People of African, Japanese and Chinese descent are rarely diagnosed; this reflects a much lower prevalence of the genetic risk factors, such as HLA-B8. People of Indian ancestry seem to have a similar risk to those of Western Caucasian ancestry. Population studies also indicate that a large proportion of coeliacs remain undiagnosed; this is due, in part, to many clinicians being unfamiliar with the condition and also due to the fact it can be asymptomatic. Coeliac disease is slightly more common in women than in men. A large multicentre study in the U.S. found a prevalence of 0.75% in not-at-risk groups, rising to 1.8% in symptomatic people, 2.6% in second-degree relatives (like grandparents, aunt or uncle, grandchildren, etc.) of a person with coeliac disease and 4.5% in first-degree relatives (siblings, parents or children). This profile is similar to the prevalence in Europe. Other populations at increased risk for coeliac disease, with prevalence rates ranging from 5% to 10%, include individuals with Down and Turner syndromes, type 1 diabetes, and autoimmune thyroid disease, including both hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) and hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid).

• #31 Epidemiology of Celiac Disease | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/86224

  Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic autoimmune disorder of the small bowel that is triggered by exposure to dietary gluten. […] The main scope of this chapter is to explore and present the prevalence of CD worldwide as well as trends in diagnosis over recent years. […] The prevalence of CD is approximately 0.51% in different regions of the world. […] Certain population groups are also at high risk of developing CD, including first- or second-degree relatives of individuals with CD and those with diabetes or autoimmune disorders. […] The prevalence of CD has been estimated to range from 0.51% in different parts of the world. […] Mass screening for CD in four general European populations revealed a prevalence of 1%. […] However, information regarding the prevalence of CD in the Middle East and among Arab populations is scarce and primarily based on small-scale studies.

• #32 Epidemiology of Celiac Disease | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/86224

  The prevalence of CD in Middle Eastern countries among low-risk populations is similar to that reported in Western countries, but is higher in high-risk populations, such as those with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). […] The prevalence of CD, as detected by screening programmes using specific antibodies, is substantially increased in several risk groups as compared with the general population. […] Thus, because of their increased risk, routine screening for CD is recommended in asymptomatic children with these conditions. […] The overall prevalence of CD is highly dependent on HLA-DQ2/DQ8 typing and gluten consumption. […] Globally, the prevalence of CD ranges from approximately 0.51% in different regions of the world. […] However, exact prevalence rates may vary substantially in specific populations.

• #33 Coeliac disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeliac_disease

  People of African, Japanese and Chinese descent are rarely diagnosed; this reflects a much lower prevalence of the genetic risk factors, such as HLA-B8. People of Indian ancestry seem to have a similar risk to those of Western Caucasian ancestry. Population studies also indicate that a large proportion of coeliacs remain undiagnosed; this is due, in part, to many clinicians being unfamiliar with the condition and also due to the fact it can be asymptomatic. Coeliac disease is slightly more common in women than in men. A large multicentre study in the U.S. found a prevalence of 0.75% in not-at-risk groups, rising to 1.8% in symptomatic people, 2.6% in second-degree relatives (like grandparents, aunt or uncle, grandchildren, etc.) of a person with coeliac disease and 4.5% in first-degree relatives (siblings, parents or children). This profile is similar to the prevalence in Europe. Other populations at increased risk for coeliac disease, with prevalence rates ranging from 5% to 10%, include individuals with Down and Turner syndromes, type 1 diabetes, and autoimmune thyroid disease, including both hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) and hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid).

• #34 Celiac Disease – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/malabsorption-syndromes/celiac-disease

  Celiac disease may affect up to 1.4% of the global population, based on serologic screens of blood donors (1). The global prevalence of biopsy-proven celiac disease is about half that and varies widely from 0.4 to 0.8% depending on region. […] The disease affects approximately 7.5% of first-degree relatives, with a higher prevalence in females than males (2). Onset is generally in childhood but may occur later. […] Patients who have other diseases, such as lymphocytic colitis, Down syndrome, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and autoimmune (Hashimoto) thyroiditis, are at risk of developing celiac disease.

• #35 Coeliac disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeliac_disease

  People of African, Japanese and Chinese descent are rarely diagnosed; this reflects a much lower prevalence of the genetic risk factors, such as HLA-B8. People of Indian ancestry seem to have a similar risk to those of Western Caucasian ancestry. Population studies also indicate that a large proportion of coeliacs remain undiagnosed; this is due, in part, to many clinicians being unfamiliar with the condition and also due to the fact it can be asymptomatic. Coeliac disease is slightly more common in women than in men. A large multicentre study in the U.S. found a prevalence of 0.75% in not-at-risk groups, rising to 1.8% in symptomatic people, 2.6% in second-degree relatives (like grandparents, aunt or uncle, grandchildren, etc.) of a person with coeliac disease and 4.5% in first-degree relatives (siblings, parents or children). This profile is similar to the prevalence in Europe. Other populations at increased risk for coeliac disease, with prevalence rates ranging from 5% to 10%, include individuals with Down and Turner syndromes, type 1 diabetes, and autoimmune thyroid disease, including both hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) and hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid).

• #36 Coeliac disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeliac_disease

  People of African, Japanese and Chinese descent are rarely diagnosed; this reflects a much lower prevalence of the genetic risk factors, such as HLA-B8. People of Indian ancestry seem to have a similar risk to those of Western Caucasian ancestry. Population studies also indicate that a large proportion of coeliacs remain undiagnosed; this is due, in part, to many clinicians being unfamiliar with the condition and also due to the fact it can be asymptomatic. Coeliac disease is slightly more common in women than in men. A large multicentre study in the U.S. found a prevalence of 0.75% in not-at-risk groups, rising to 1.8% in symptomatic people, 2.6% in second-degree relatives (like grandparents, aunt or uncle, grandchildren, etc.) of a person with coeliac disease and 4.5% in first-degree relatives (siblings, parents or children). This profile is similar to the prevalence in Europe. Other populations at increased risk for coeliac disease, with prevalence rates ranging from 5% to 10%, include individuals with Down and Turner syndromes, type 1 diabetes, and autoimmune thyroid disease, including both hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) and hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid).

• #37 Coeliac disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeliac_disease

  People of African, Japanese and Chinese descent are rarely diagnosed; this reflects a much lower prevalence of the genetic risk factors, such as HLA-B8. People of Indian ancestry seem to have a similar risk to those of Western Caucasian ancestry. Population studies also indicate that a large proportion of coeliacs remain undiagnosed; this is due, in part, to many clinicians being unfamiliar with the condition and also due to the fact it can be asymptomatic. Coeliac disease is slightly more common in women than in men. A large multicentre study in the U.S. found a prevalence of 0.75% in not-at-risk groups, rising to 1.8% in symptomatic people, 2.6% in second-degree relatives (like grandparents, aunt or uncle, grandchildren, etc.) of a person with coeliac disease and 4.5% in first-degree relatives (siblings, parents or children). This profile is similar to the prevalence in Europe. Other populations at increased risk for coeliac disease, with prevalence rates ranging from 5% to 10%, include individuals with Down and Turner syndromes, type 1 diabetes, and autoimmune thyroid disease, including both hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) and hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid).

• #38 Coeliac disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeliac_disease

  People of African, Japanese and Chinese descent are rarely diagnosed; this reflects a much lower prevalence of the genetic risk factors, such as HLA-B8. People of Indian ancestry seem to have a similar risk to those of Western Caucasian ancestry. Population studies also indicate that a large proportion of coeliacs remain undiagnosed; this is due, in part, to many clinicians being unfamiliar with the condition and also due to the fact it can be asymptomatic. Coeliac disease is slightly more common in women than in men. A large multicentre study in the U.S. found a prevalence of 0.75% in not-at-risk groups, rising to 1.8% in symptomatic people, 2.6% in second-degree relatives (like grandparents, aunt or uncle, grandchildren, etc.) of a person with coeliac disease and 4.5% in first-degree relatives (siblings, parents or children). This profile is similar to the prevalence in Europe. Other populations at increased risk for coeliac disease, with prevalence rates ranging from 5% to 10%, include individuals with Down and Turner syndromes, type 1 diabetes, and autoimmune thyroid disease, including both hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) and hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid).

• #39 Global epidemiology of celiac disease – Bykova – Almanac of Clinical Medicine

  https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/753

  The review presents the data on the prevalence of celiac disease in various world regions. The numbers of patients with celiac disease continues to rise every year. According to some authors, this is to be related not only to improvement in diagnosis, but to other extrinsic factors, as well, that require additional studies. In the 1980s the prevalence of this disease was 1.05%, and by the beginning of 2000s, it amounted to 1.99%. In particular, from 1993 to 2002 in Britain its incidence increased from 6 to 13.3 per 100,000. Both raised awareness of doctors and conduction of epidemiological studies play a decisive role in the improvement of the diagnosis of celiac disease. The information cumulated up to now makes it possible to conclude that the highest diagnostic rates of celiac disease can be found in the risk groups. They include 1st and 2nd degree relatives of patients with celiac disease, patients with autoimmune disorders (type 1 diabetes mellitus, autoimmune thyroiditis); those with clinical signs of an intestinal disorder, such as chronic diarrhea, as well as patients with anemia, osteoporosis and high transaminase levels of unknown origin. According to the Finnish epidemiological study, the prevalence of celiac disease, depending on the risk group, may vary from 6.6 to 16.3%. The guidelines by the American College of Gastroenterology, British Society of Gastroenterology, North-American Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, and the Russian Consensus on Diagnosis and Treatment of Celiac Disease in Adults and Children all recommend thorough examination of patients from the risk groups. Active diagnosis of celiac disease (screening) has been recognized as one of the approaches to primary prevention to autoimmune disorders and cancer.

• #40 Celiac Disease: Fast Facts | BeyondCeliac.org

  https://www.beyondceliac.org/celiac-disease/facts-and-figures/

  It is estimated that up to 83% of Americans who have celiac disease are undiagnosed or misdiagnosed with other conditions. […] 6-10 years is the average time a person waits to be correctly diagnosed. […] Celiac disease can lead to several other disorders, including infertility, reduced bone density, neurological disorders, some cancers, and other autoimmune diseases. […] Over a four-year period, people with undiagnosed celiac disease cost an average of $3,964 more than healthy individuals. […] One in five children with celiac disease isn’t healing on the gluten-free diet. […] It has been estimated that 5-22% of people with celiac disease have an immediate family member (first-degree relative) who also has celiac disease. However, a retrospective study by the Mayo Clinic found that 44% of screened first-degree relatives had celiac disease. […] Up to 6% of Americans have non-celiac gluten sensitivity. […] There are no pharmaceutical treatments or cures for celiac disease. […] A 100% gluten-free diet is the only existing treatment for celiac disease or non-celiac gluten sensitivity today.

• #41 Global Celiac Disease (CD) Market Insights, Epidemiology

  https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2020/09/28/2099717/0/en/Global-Celiac-Disease-CD-Market-Insights-Epidemiology-and-Market-Forecasts-2017-2019-2020-2030.html

  In the United States the maximum number of cases of Celiac Disease were found in the age group of 19-39 with 241,354 cases in 2017, while the lowest number of cases were found in the age group 80 with 13,224 cases in 2017. […] In the EU5 countries the total prevalent population of Celiac Disease was found to be maximum in Germany with 738,357 cases, followed by the United Kingdom with 650,676 cases in 2017. While, the least number of cases were found in Spain, i.e., 421,326 in 2017. […] In Japan, the prevalence of CD was found to be 65,148 in 2017. […] It is estimated that 1 in 133 Americans or about 1% of the American population develop CD, which means at least 3 million people in the United States are living with CD. However, 97% of these cases remain undiagnosed or misdiagnosed with other conditions.

• #42 English | World Gastroenterology Organisation

  https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/guidelines/celiac-disease/celiac-disease-english

  The risk of having celiac disease is much greater in first-degree relatives (up to 10%) and lesser in second-degree relatives, as well in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus and other autoimmune diseases, Down syndrome, and a number of other associated diseases. […] The highest celiac disease prevalence in the world has been identified in a specific Western Saharan population, at 5.6% almost ten times higher than in most European countries. […] Other studies have demonstrated that the number of new cases of celiac disease found in a specific period in a given population (the incidence) is increasing (in North America and Europe). […] The ratio of diagnosed to undiagnosed cases of celiac disease varies from country to country (one to two in Finland, one to 10 in the United States, Argentina, and Germany).

• #43 Celiac Disease: Fast Facts | BeyondCeliac.org

  https://www.beyondceliac.org/celiac-disease/facts-and-figures/

  It is estimated that up to 83% of Americans who have celiac disease are undiagnosed or misdiagnosed with other conditions. […] 6-10 years is the average time a person waits to be correctly diagnosed. […] Celiac disease can lead to several other disorders, including infertility, reduced bone density, neurological disorders, some cancers, and other autoimmune diseases. […] Over a four-year period, people with undiagnosed celiac disease cost an average of $3,964 more than healthy individuals. […] One in five children with celiac disease isn’t healing on the gluten-free diet. […] It has been estimated that 5-22% of people with celiac disease have an immediate family member (first-degree relative) who also has celiac disease. However, a retrospective study by the Mayo Clinic found that 44% of screened first-degree relatives had celiac disease. […] Up to 6% of Americans have non-celiac gluten sensitivity. […] There are no pharmaceutical treatments or cures for celiac disease. […] A 100% gluten-free diet is the only existing treatment for celiac disease or non-celiac gluten sensitivity today.

• #44 Epidemiology of celiac disease – Dr. Schär Institute

  https://www.drschaer.com/us/institute/a/prevalence-celiac-disease

  Celiac disease is one of the most common intolerances in the world. Data from screening studies reveals that approximately 1% of the population is affected worldwide. […] Celiac disease was long regarded as a rare childhood disease. 20 years ago the prevalence was thought to be between 1:1000 and 1:2000. […] A study published by Catassi and colleagues in 2014 revealed that the incidence of celiac disease has increased fivefold in the last 25 years. Europe and the United States, where the diet is traditionally based on foods containing gluten, are among the regions with the highest prevalence. […] The number of individuals diagnosed with celiac disease in North America has increased over time. […] Although it is understood that the prevalence of celiac disease in North America is approximately 1%, only approximately 10-15% of these cases are actually diagnosed. […] While there has been an increase in the awareness of celiac disease there remains a low rate of diagnosis. […] The larger portion of the celiac disease population remains unseen, or under the water line of the iceberg.

• #45 Celiac Disease (Sprue): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/171805-overview

  The frequency of celiac disease in the United States is relatively low, about 1 case in 3000 persons. Estimates suggest that approximately 1% of the Western population is affected, but celiac disease is underdiagnosed in most affected people. […] Because the historical prevalence and long-term outcome of undiagnosed celiac disease were unknown, Rubio-Tapia et al collected serologic information on three cohorts: 9133 healthy young adults from whom sera were collected between 1948 and 1954, and 12,768 gender-matched subjects from two recent cohorts, one whose years of birth were similar to those of members of the first cohort, and the other whose age at sampling was similar. […] A 2018 systematic review and meta-analysis noted that celiac disease is a global public health concern. The overall prevalence of this condition is 1.4% on the basis of serologic findings and 0.7% on the basis of biopsy findings. However, specific national population-based prevalence studies are needed because the prevalence of celiac disease varies with factors such as sex, age, and location.

• #46 Celiac Disease: Fast Facts | BeyondCeliac.org

  https://www.beyondceliac.org/celiac-disease/facts-and-figures/

  Celiac disease is a serious genetic autoimmune disease that damages the small intestine’s villi and interferes with the absorption of nutrients from food. […] An estimated 1 in 133 Americans, or about 1% of the population, has celiac disease. However, recent screening studies point to a potentially higher prevalence than 1% in the United States. […] A mass screening program of children in Italy found the prevalence of celiac disease to be 1.6%. […] In Finland, the prevalence of celiac disease has been estimated at 1.99% of the population. […] A meta-analysis found the global incidence of celiac disease “significantly” increasing. It noted that a “genuine increase in CD incidence is occurring beyond diagnostic improvements, most likely due to environmental factors.” It also found the “pooled global prevalence of celiac disease was 1.4%.”

• #47 Celiac disease epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Celiac_disease_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Worldwide, the prevalence of celiac disease is estimated to be 500 to 1000 per 100,000 individuals. In United States, the prevalence of celiac disease is approximately 710 per 100,000 individuals. The overall prevalence of celiac disease has been increasing in United States from 170 per 100,000 individuals in 1988 to 440 per 100,000 individuals in 2012. In Europe the prevalence of celiac disease is estimated to be 1000 per 100,000 individuals. The Scandinavian countries, Ireland, and the United Kingdom population tended to show a higher prevalence of celiac disease of approximately 1000 to 1500 per 100,000 individuals. In Australia the prevalence of celiac disease is estimated to be 400 per 100,000 individuals. In New Zealand the prevalence of celiac disease is estimated to be 1200 per 100,000 individuals. In India the prevalence of celiac disease is estimated to be 300 per 100,000 individuals. In North Africa, Algeria with its refugees in the Sahara desert have the highest prevalence of celiac disease at 5600 per 100,000 individuals.

• #48

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10620-023-07964-8

  We describe celiac disease epidemiology in the US military population. […] Overall, 2248 incident cases of celiac disease were identified. The incidence rate increased from 1.2 to 14.0 per 100,000 person-years and the overall lifetime prevalence increased from 3.1 to 57.4 per 100,000 service members. […] In this study, celiac disease incidence and prevalence increased significantly.

• #49 Celiac disease epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Celiac_disease_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Worldwide, the prevalence of celiac disease is estimated to be 500 to 1000 per 100,000 individuals. In United States, the prevalence of celiac disease is approximately 710 per 100,000 individuals. The overall prevalence of celiac disease has been increasing in United States from 170 per 100,000 individuals in 1988 to 440 per 100,000 individuals in 2012. In Europe the prevalence of celiac disease is estimated to be 1000 per 100,000 individuals. The Scandinavian countries, Ireland, and the United Kingdom population tended to show a higher prevalence of celiac disease of approximately 1000 to 1500 per 100,000 individuals. In Australia the prevalence of celiac disease is estimated to be 400 per 100,000 individuals. In New Zealand the prevalence of celiac disease is estimated to be 1200 per 100,000 individuals. In India the prevalence of celiac disease is estimated to be 300 per 100,000 individuals. In North Africa, Algeria with its refugees in the Sahara desert have the highest prevalence of celiac disease at 5600 per 100,000 individuals.

• #50 Epidemiology of Celiac Disease in Cantabria, Spain

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/15/4/505

  Celiac disease is an enteropathy caused by a systemic autoimmune process of genetic predisposition to the ingestion of gluten. It is a public health problem worldwide because there are often long delays between the onset of symptoms and diagnosis. Our main objective is to describe the prevalence of celiac disease in our community, Cantabria, located in northern Spain. […] The prevalence of celiac disease in Cantabria is 0.14%. The mean age of diagnosis was 17.92 years. A higher percentage has been observed in the female sex and in children. […] The present study shows that celiac disease in the community of Cantabria is underdiagnosed. It is an important fact to consider when evaluating patients with symptoms that could be related to this disease to avoid increased use of medical consultations until a diagnosis is reached, in addition to avoiding long-term complications with this disease.

• #51 Emergence of Celiac disease and Gluten-related disorders in Asia

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?volume=27&number=3&spage=337

  Celiac disease (CeD) is a systemic, immune-mediated enteropathy, which is triggered by gluten protein in genetically susceptible individuals. CeD, once thought to be an uncommon disease, is now recognized to affect approximately 40-60 million people globally. […] The epidemiology of CeD is different in different parts of Asia due to the heterogeneity of population, genetics, economic condition, and dietary habits. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis showed that the pooled prevalence based on serological tests of CeD in Asian countries was 1.6% among 47,873 participants. The pooled prevalence of biopsy proven CeD was 0.5% in 43,955 individuals. […] The interest in CeD in China was sparked by a systematic review and meta-analysis of the predisposing genes for CeD done by Yuan et al who had predicted that CeD should not be uncommon in China.

• #52 Epidemiology of Celiac Disease | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/86224

  The prevalence of CD in Middle Eastern countries among low-risk populations is similar to that reported in Western countries, but is higher in high-risk populations, such as those with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). […] The prevalence of CD, as detected by screening programmes using specific antibodies, is substantially increased in several risk groups as compared with the general population. […] Thus, because of their increased risk, routine screening for CD is recommended in asymptomatic children with these conditions. […] The overall prevalence of CD is highly dependent on HLA-DQ2/DQ8 typing and gluten consumption. […] Globally, the prevalence of CD ranges from approximately 0.51% in different regions of the world. […] However, exact prevalence rates may vary substantially in specific populations.

• #53 Prevalence of Celiac disease in Saudi Arabia: meta-analysis

  https://www.oatext.com/prevalence-of-celiac-disease-in-saudi-arabia-meta-analysis.php

  Aim: Meta-analysis for the prevalence of celiac disease (CD) in Saudi Arabia (SA). […] The current study represents the first and only meta-analysis concerning the prevalence of CD in SA. Prevalence of biopsy-proven CD (1.4%) was lower than the seroprevalence (2.7%), but with higher heterogeneity. […] The Meta-analysis (for four articles) showed that seroprevalence of CD in SA (one serology at least) (by fixed model) is 2.7% (95% CI = 2.4%3.0%) with no heterogeneity (I2 = 0.00), while the prevalence of Biopsy-Proven CD (for two articles) is 1.4% (95% CI = 1.2%1.7%) with high heterogeneity (I2 = 59.3). […] Some limitation was noted. Including the limited number of studies; only four articles for meta-analysis, two studies of them only reported the seroprevalence, but not the prevalence of the biopsy proven, only few studies (two) reported prevalence of biopsy-proven CD, which could not be established properly, mostly because 30-60% of seropositive individuals refused to undergo a biopsy.

• #54 Prevalence of Celiac disease in Saudi Arabia: meta-analysis

  https://www.oatext.com/prevalence-of-celiac-disease-in-saudi-arabia-meta-analysis.php

  The highest prevalence was in Al-Qaseem region (3.2%) (8/252) and the Eastern Province (3%) (32/1141), and the least prevalence in Riyadh and Jeddah (1.5%). The factors influencing the regional difference in prevalence of CD were shown to include the HLA and non-HLA genes, patterns of wheat consumption, age at wheat introduction, practices of infant feeding, gastrointestinal infections, the use of antibiotic and proton-pump inhibitor use, and caesarian section rates.

• #55 Coeliac disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeliac_disease

  Globally coeliac disease affects between 1 in 100 and 1 in 170 people. Rates, however, vary between different regions of the world from as few as 1 in 300 to as many as 1 in 40. In the United States it is thought to affect between 1 in 1,750 (defined as clinical disease including dermatitis herpetiformis with limited digestive tract symptoms) to 1 in 105 (defined by presence of IgA TG in blood donors). Due to variable signs and symptoms it is believed that about 85% of people affected are undiagnosed. The percentage of people with clinically diagnosed disease (symptoms prompting diagnostic testing) is 0.050.27% in various studies. However, population studies from parts of Europe, India, South America, Australasia and the USA (using serology and biopsy) indicate that the percentage of people with the disease may be between 0.33 and 1.06% in children (but 5.66% in one study of children of the predisposed Sahrawi people) and 0.181.2% in adults. Among those in primary care populations who report gastrointestinal symptoms, the rate of coeliac disease is about 3%. In Australia, approximately 1 in 70 people have the disease. The rate amongst adult blood donors in Iran, Israel, Syria and Turkey is 0.60%, 0.64%, 1.61% and 1.15%, respectively.

• #56 Celiac disease epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Celiac_disease_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Worldwide, the prevalence of celiac disease is estimated to be 500 to 1000 per 100,000 individuals. In United States, the prevalence of celiac disease is approximately 710 per 100,000 individuals. The overall prevalence of celiac disease has been increasing in United States from 170 per 100,000 individuals in 1988 to 440 per 100,000 individuals in 2012. In Europe the prevalence of celiac disease is estimated to be 1000 per 100,000 individuals. The Scandinavian countries, Ireland, and the United Kingdom population tended to show a higher prevalence of celiac disease of approximately 1000 to 1500 per 100,000 individuals. In Australia the prevalence of celiac disease is estimated to be 400 per 100,000 individuals. In New Zealand the prevalence of celiac disease is estimated to be 1200 per 100,000 individuals. In India the prevalence of celiac disease is estimated to be 300 per 100,000 individuals. In North Africa, Algeria with its refugees in the Sahara desert have the highest prevalence of celiac disease at 5600 per 100,000 individuals.

• #57 Epidemiological, clinical, and histological presentation of celiac disease in Northwest China

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v28/i12/1272.htm

  Epidemiological, clinical, and histological presentation of celiac disease in Northwest China. […] Research on celiac disease (CD) in northwest China is still in its infancy. At present, large-sample data on the epidemiological, clinical, and pathological characteristics of CD are limited. […] To investigate the epidemiological, clinical, and pathological characteristics of CD in northwest China. […] The detection rate of CD was significantly higher in Kazakhs (4.39%) than in Uygurs (2.19%), Huis (0.71%), and Hans (0.55%). […] Among the patients with GI symptoms in northwestern China, the prevalence of CD was more in the Uyghur and Kazakh populations. […] The global prevalence of CD is approximately 1.4%, which is gradually increasing. […] The seropositivity for CD in the Chinese population is mainly concentrated in the northern region.

• #58 Guidelines for best practices in monitoring established coeliac disease in adult patients | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-023-00872-2

  Coeliac disease (CeD) is an immunological disease triggered by the consumption of gluten contained in food in individuals with a genetic predisposition. […] Although the criteria for diagnosis of this disease are well defined, the monitoring phase has been studied less and there is a lack of specific guidelines for this phase. […] The proposed guidelines, endorsed by the North American and European coeliac disease scientific societies, make recommendations for best practices in monitoring patients with CeD based on the available evidence. […] The present guidelines aim to analyse the best practices in monitoring CeD and patient response to a GFD and, therefore, provide a set of practical guidelines for clinicians using the GRADE methodology. […] The rapidly growing CeD population and the clear gaps in the current care of patients with CeD suggest the need to develop guidelines for CeD monitoring.

• #59 Celiac Disease in Asia beyond the Middle East and Indian subcontinent: Epidemiological burden and diagnostic barriers

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v27/i19/2251.htm

  Celiac Disease (CD) had been considered uncommon in Asia for a long time. However, several studies suggested that, in the Indian subcontinent and Middle East countries, CD is present and as prevalent as in Western countries. […] Outside these Asian regions, the information about the epidemiology of CD is still lacking or largely incomplete for different and variable reasons. Here, we discuss the epidemiological aspects and the diagnostic barriers in several Asian regions including China, Japan, Southeast Asia and Russia/Central Asia. In some of those regions, especially Russia and Central Asia, the prevalence of CD is very likely to be underestimated. Several factors may, to a different extent, contribute to CD underdiagnosis (and, thus, underestimation of its epidemiological burden), including the poor disease awareness among physicians and/or patients, limited access to diagnostic resources, inappropriate use or interpretation of the serological tests, absence of standardized diagnostic and endoscopic protocols, and insufficient expertise in histopathological interpretation.

• #60 Celiac Disease in Asia beyond the Middle East and Indian subcontinent: Epidemiological burden and diagnostic barriers

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v27/i19/2251.htm

  Outside the Indian subcontinent and Middle East countries, the epidemiological burden of CD in Asia is very likely to be underestimated, especially in Russia and Central Asia, where wheat is a staple food and the genetic predisposition to CD is comparable to Europe. […] Overall, these factors include poor disease awareness among physicians and/or patients, limited access to diagnostic resources (because of economic and/or organizational and/or geographical reasons), inappropriate use or interpretation of the available serological tests, absence of standardized diagnostic and endoscopic protocols, and insufficient expertise in histopathological interpretation.

• #61 Guidelines for best practices in monitoring established coeliac disease in adult patients | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-023-00872-2

  Studies have revealed substantial variability in monitoring practices across different countries, highlighting a lack of consistent follow-up for patients with CeD. […] Currently, it is suggested that patients be monitored on a yearly basis, but intervals can be shortened in the case of non-responsive CeD. […] Despite the absence of guidelines, clinical evaluations and varied investigations are routinely performed for CeD monitoring. […] Overall, the current published literature suggests that dietetic and nutritional evaluations of GFD adherence should be standardized and, ideally, used in combination with other non-invasive methods of GFD adherence. […] The evaluation of T cells in blood has been considered a tool for CeD detection after a short-term gluten challenge in patients on a GFD without a clear diagnosis.

• #62 Global epidemiology of celiac disease – Bykova – Almanac of Clinical Medicine

  https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/753

  The review presents the data on the prevalence of celiac disease in various world regions. The numbers of patients with celiac disease continues to rise every year. According to some authors, this is to be related not only to improvement in diagnosis, but to other extrinsic factors, as well, that require additional studies. In the 1980s the prevalence of this disease was 1.05%, and by the beginning of 2000s, it amounted to 1.99%. In particular, from 1993 to 2002 in Britain its incidence increased from 6 to 13.3 per 100,000. Both raised awareness of doctors and conduction of epidemiological studies play a decisive role in the improvement of the diagnosis of celiac disease. The information cumulated up to now makes it possible to conclude that the highest diagnostic rates of celiac disease can be found in the risk groups. They include 1st and 2nd degree relatives of patients with celiac disease, patients with autoimmune disorders (type 1 diabetes mellitus, autoimmune thyroiditis); those with clinical signs of an intestinal disorder, such as chronic diarrhea, as well as patients with anemia, osteoporosis and high transaminase levels of unknown origin. According to the Finnish epidemiological study, the prevalence of celiac disease, depending on the risk group, may vary from 6.6 to 16.3%. The guidelines by the American College of Gastroenterology, British Society of Gastroenterology, North-American Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, and the Russian Consensus on Diagnosis and Treatment of Celiac Disease in Adults and Children all recommend thorough examination of patients from the risk groups. Active diagnosis of celiac disease (screening) has been recognized as one of the approaches to primary prevention to autoimmune disorders and cancer.

• #63 English | World Gastroenterology Organisation

  https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/guidelines/celiac-disease/celiac-disease-english

  This suggests that most cases of celiac disease would remain undetected without active screening. […] There is an urgent need to increase awareness among primary-care physicians and pediatricians about the wide diversity of clinical manifestations and the role of serological testing in the diagnosis of celiac disease.

• #64 Guidelines for best practices in monitoring established coeliac disease in adult patients | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-023-00872-2

  Studies have revealed substantial variability in monitoring practices across different countries, highlighting a lack of consistent follow-up for patients with CeD. […] Currently, it is suggested that patients be monitored on a yearly basis, but intervals can be shortened in the case of non-responsive CeD. […] Despite the absence of guidelines, clinical evaluations and varied investigations are routinely performed for CeD monitoring. […] Overall, the current published literature suggests that dietetic and nutritional evaluations of GFD adherence should be standardized and, ideally, used in combination with other non-invasive methods of GFD adherence. […] The evaluation of T cells in blood has been considered a tool for CeD detection after a short-term gluten challenge in patients on a GFD without a clear diagnosis.

• #65 Guidelines for best practices in monitoring established coeliac disease in adult patients | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-023-00872-2

  Studies have revealed substantial variability in monitoring practices across different countries, highlighting a lack of consistent follow-up for patients with CeD. […] Currently, it is suggested that patients be monitored on a yearly basis, but intervals can be shortened in the case of non-responsive CeD. […] Despite the absence of guidelines, clinical evaluations and varied investigations are routinely performed for CeD monitoring. […] Overall, the current published literature suggests that dietetic and nutritional evaluations of GFD adherence should be standardized and, ideally, used in combination with other non-invasive methods of GFD adherence. […] The evaluation of T cells in blood has been considered a tool for CeD detection after a short-term gluten challenge in patients on a GFD without a clear diagnosis.

• #66 Celiac Disease Management & Monitoring | BeyondCeliac.org

  https://www.beyondceliac.org/living-with-celiac-disease/management/

  Currently, the only treatment for celiac disease is a strict, lifelong gluten-free diet. Eating gluten, even in very small amounts, can damage the intestine. […] The American Gastroenterological Association and the American College of Gastroenterology recommend regular healthcare follow-up with a physician and dietitian for those with celiac disease. This care is seen as critical in providing patients with accurate information about the gluten-free diet, which is currently the only treatment for celiac disease, and improving adherence to it. […] Regular monitoring with blood tests can help to answer the following questions: Is the small intestine healing? Am I being followed and screened for common nutritional deficiencies and associated diseases? Am I getting better? Am I being exposed to gluten? […] Healthcare follow-up can include blood tests that measure celiac disease antibodies and are the best available tool to indicate ongoing intestinal damage. When needed a follow-up biopsy might also be done.

• #67 Epidemiology of Celiac Disease in Iran: A Review | Rostami Nejad | Middle East Journal of Digestive Diseases (MEJDD)

  http://www.mejdd.org/index.php/mejdd/article/view/169/0

  Celiac disease (CD) was traditionally believed to be a chronic enteropathy, almost exclusively affecting people of European origin. […] The availability of new, simple, very sensitive and specific serological tests has shown that CD is as common in Middle Eastern countries as in Europe, Australia and New Zealand where the major dietary staple is wheat. A high prevalence of CD has been found in Iran, in both the general population and the at-risk groups, i.e. patients with type 1 diabetes or irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). […] In developing countries, serological testing in at risk groups is necessary for early identification of celiac patients. […] Clinical studies show that presentation with non-specific symptoms or a lack of symptoms is as common in the Middle East as in Europe. […] The implementation of gluten free diet (GFD) is a major challenge for both patients and clinicians in Iran, especially since commercial gluten-free products are not available in this area.

• #68 Global epidemiology of celiac disease – Bykova – Almanac of Clinical Medicine

  https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/753

  The review presents the data on the prevalence of celiac disease in various world regions. The numbers of patients with celiac disease continues to rise every year. According to some authors, this is to be related not only to improvement in diagnosis, but to other extrinsic factors, as well, that require additional studies. In the 1980s the prevalence of this disease was 1.05%, and by the beginning of 2000s, it amounted to 1.99%. In particular, from 1993 to 2002 in Britain its incidence increased from 6 to 13.3 per 100,000. Both raised awareness of doctors and conduction of epidemiological studies play a decisive role in the improvement of the diagnosis of celiac disease. The information cumulated up to now makes it possible to conclude that the highest diagnostic rates of celiac disease can be found in the risk groups. They include 1st and 2nd degree relatives of patients with celiac disease, patients with autoimmune disorders (type 1 diabetes mellitus, autoimmune thyroiditis); those with clinical signs of an intestinal disorder, such as chronic diarrhea, as well as patients with anemia, osteoporosis and high transaminase levels of unknown origin. According to the Finnish epidemiological study, the prevalence of celiac disease, depending on the risk group, may vary from 6.6 to 16.3%. The guidelines by the American College of Gastroenterology, British Society of Gastroenterology, North-American Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, and the Russian Consensus on Diagnosis and Treatment of Celiac Disease in Adults and Children all recommend thorough examination of patients from the risk groups. Active diagnosis of celiac disease (screening) has been recognized as one of the approaches to primary prevention to autoimmune disorders and cancer.

• #69 Celiac disease and upper secondary school achievement in Sweden A retrospective cohort study | BMC Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12887-022-03773-6

  In conclusion, we found that celiac disease diagnosed during childhood does not negatively affect school achievements in upper secondary school in Sweden. In this study celiac disease was diagnosed before 15 years of age. Thus, the majority had lived with celiac disease for several years prior to upper secondary school and should have received follow-up medical care at the pediatric department. Our findings therefore suggest that diagnosis, adherence to a gluten-free diet and follow-up programs can minimize potential negative effects of the celiac disease on school achievements at upper secondary school.

• #70 Celiac Disease: An Introduction | BIDMC of Boston

  https://www.bidmc.org/centers-and-departments/digestive-disease-center/services-and-programs/celiac-center/celiacnow/introduction-to-celiac-disease

  Celiac disease (CD) may affect as many as 1.4% of North Americas population. An accurate number is unknown because many cases remain undiagnosed. It is most commonly diagnosed in people with North American or European descent. It is also found in people from the Middle East, North Africa, Turkey, India and around the world. Women are slightly more likely to be affected by CD. Although the most common age at diagnosis in the US is about 40 years, CD may be diagnosed at any age and most people probably develop CD at a younger age. […] The longer a person goes without a diagnosis and untreated, the greater the chance of developing long-term medical problems. Once a diagnosis of celiac disease is made, screening for silent manifestations can take place and thus detect conditions related to the disease, such as osteoporosis and vitamin and mineral deficiencies such as iron, folate and vitamin D deficiency. The duration of gluten exposure does correlate with the risk of developing associated autoimmune diseases. Therefore, early diagnosis is preferable.

• #71 Celiac Disease: Fast Facts | BeyondCeliac.org

  https://www.beyondceliac.org/celiac-disease/facts-and-figures/

  It is estimated that up to 83% of Americans who have celiac disease are undiagnosed or misdiagnosed with other conditions. […] 6-10 years is the average time a person waits to be correctly diagnosed. […] Celiac disease can lead to several other disorders, including infertility, reduced bone density, neurological disorders, some cancers, and other autoimmune diseases. […] Over a four-year period, people with undiagnosed celiac disease cost an average of $3,964 more than healthy individuals. […] One in five children with celiac disease isn’t healing on the gluten-free diet. […] It has been estimated that 5-22% of people with celiac disease have an immediate family member (first-degree relative) who also has celiac disease. However, a retrospective study by the Mayo Clinic found that 44% of screened first-degree relatives had celiac disease. […] Up to 6% of Americans have non-celiac gluten sensitivity. […] There are no pharmaceutical treatments or cures for celiac disease. […] A 100% gluten-free diet is the only existing treatment for celiac disease or non-celiac gluten sensitivity today.

• #72 Guidelines for best practices in monitoring established coeliac disease in adult patients | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-023-00872-2

  Coeliac disease (CeD) is an immunological disease triggered by the consumption of gluten contained in food in individuals with a genetic predisposition. […] Although the criteria for diagnosis of this disease are well defined, the monitoring phase has been studied less and there is a lack of specific guidelines for this phase. […] The proposed guidelines, endorsed by the North American and European coeliac disease scientific societies, make recommendations for best practices in monitoring patients with CeD based on the available evidence. […] The present guidelines aim to analyse the best practices in monitoring CeD and patient response to a GFD and, therefore, provide a set of practical guidelines for clinicians using the GRADE methodology. […] The rapidly growing CeD population and the clear gaps in the current care of patients with CeD suggest the need to develop guidelines for CeD monitoring.

• #73 Epidemiology of Celiac Disease | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-82401-3_2

  Celiac disease (CD) is now established as a global disease with a worldwide prevalence of~1%, however, population-based prevalence data is lacking from several countries. […] The population-based data suggest that both the prevalence and the incidence of CD has increased over past 23 decades, which is attributable not only to an increase in the rate of diagnosis of CD but also due to environmental and dietary factors. […] Despite an increase in the awareness about high prevalence of CD and its myriad of clinical presentation, the majority of patients with CD remain undiagnosed, misdiagnosed or experience a significant delay in the diagnosis.

• #74 Global Celiac Disease Epidemiology Forecast to 2030 – ResearchAndMarkets.com

  https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210325005510/en/Global-Celiac-Disease-Epidemiology-Forecast-to-2030—ResearchAndMarkets.com

  Global Celiac Disease Epidemiology Forecast to 2030 – ResearchAndMarkets.com […] The „Celiac Disease – Epidemiology Forecast to 2030” report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com’s offering. […] This 'Celiac Disease (CD) – Epidemiology Forecast – 2030′ report delivers an in-depth understanding of the disease, historical and forecasted Celiac Disease (CD) epidemiology in the United States, EU5 (Germany, Spain, Italy, France, and United Kingdom) and Japan. […] The total prevalent population of Celiac Disease in the 7 major markets was 6,450,607 in 2020 which is anticipated to increase at a CAGR of 0.53% during the study period (2018-2030). […] The total 7MM diagnosed prevalent cases of Celiac Disease in 2020 were 1,403,779 out of which the highest diagnosed prevalent cases of this disease were in the United States, which was 701,718 which is anticipated to increase at a CAGR of 2.0% during the study period (2018-2030).

• #75 Global Celiac Disease Market Insight, Epidemiology and Market Forecast – 2030 – The Globe and Mail

  https://www.theglobeandmail.com/investing/markets/stocks/MRM-CN/pressreleases/4516094/

  The „Celiac Disease (CD) Market Insight, Epidemiology and Market Forecast – 2030” report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com’s offering. This 'Celiac Disease (CD) – Market Insights, Epidemiology and Market Forecast- 2030′ report delivers an in-depth understanding of the Celiac Disease (CD), historical and forecasted epidemiology as well as the Celiac Disease (CD) market trends in the United States, EU5 (Germany, Spain, Italy, France, and United Kingdom) and Japan. […] The total prevalent population of Celiac Disease in the 7 major markets was 6,450,607 in 2020 which is anticipated to increase at a CAGR of 0.53% during the study period (2018-2030). […] The total 7MM diagnosed prevalent cases of Celiac Disease in 2020 were 1,403,779 out of which the highest diagnosed prevalent cases of this disease were in the United States, which was 701,718 which is anticipated to increase at a CAGR of 2.0% during the study period (2018-2030).

• #76 Global Celiac Disease Epidemiology Forecast to 2030 – ResearchAndMarkets.com

  https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210325005510/en/Global-Celiac-Disease-Epidemiology-Forecast-to-2030—ResearchAndMarkets.com

  According to the estimates by the publisher, 252,618 and 449,099 cases of males and females were in the United States, in 2020. […] In the United States, the number of cases of Classical, Non-classical and Sub-clinical were 189,464, 364,893 and 147,361 respectively, in 2020. […] In the United States the maximum number of cases of Celiac Disease were in the age group of 19-39 with 256,127 cases in 2020, while the lowest number of cases were in the age group >80 with 14,034 cases in 2020. […] In the EU5 countries the total prevalent population of Celiac Disease was maximum in Germany with 742,796 cases, followed by the United Kingdom with 660,156 cases in 2020. While, the least number of cases were in Spain, i.e., 430,359 in 2020. […] In Japan, the prevalence of Celiac Disease was 66,130 in 2020.

• #77 Global Celiac Disease Market Insight, Epidemiology and Market Forecast – 2030 – The Globe and Mail

  https://www.theglobeandmail.com/investing/markets/stocks/MRM-CN/pressreleases/4516094/

  In the EU5 countries the total prevalent population of Celiac Disease was maximum in Germany with 742,796 cases, followed by the United Kingdom with 660,156 cases in 2020. While, the least number of cases were in Spain, i.e., 430,359 in 2020. […] In Japan, the prevalence of Celiac Disease was 66,130 in 2020. […] It is estimated that 1 in 133 Americans or about 1% of the American population develop CD, which means at least 3 million people in the United States are living with CD. However, 97% of these cases remain undiagnosed or misdiagnosed with other conditions. […] The dynamics of the CD market is anticipated to change in the coming years owing to the expected launch of emerging therapies during the forecast period of 2021-2030. […] What is the historical Celiac Disease (CD) patient pool in the United States, EU5 (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and the UK) and Japan?

• #78 Emergence of Celiac disease and Gluten-related disorders in Asia

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5056/jnm20140

  The pooled average annual incidence of CeD has been rising by 7.5% per year over the past several decades. […] The pathogenesis of CeD involves a complex interplay of environmental and genetic factors. Based on the prevalence of the high risk categories in these factors, hotspots of the world for CeD can be identified. […] The two most populous countries of the world, India and China, also grow the maximum amount of wheat grains. […] Over the years, it has become clear that CeD is not a monogenic disorder. […] While CeD is emerging in many Asian countries, there is very limited preparedness to handle these patients in Asia. […] In conclusion, the total number of patients with CeD in Asia, because of large its population, is likely to overtake the total numbers of patients in rest of the world.

• #79 English | World Gastroenterology Organisation

  https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/guidelines/celiac-disease/celiac-disease-english

  This suggests that most cases of celiac disease would remain undetected without active screening. […] There is an urgent need to increase awareness among primary-care physicians and pediatricians about the wide diversity of clinical manifestations and the role of serological testing in the diagnosis of celiac disease.

• #80 Incidence of Celiac Disease Steadily Increasing | Celiac Disease FoundationBack to HomeBack to HomeAbout the DiseaseGluten-Free ResourcesResearch ResourcesAdvocacy and Public PolicyJoin the EffortSupport the Foundation

  https://celiac.org/2020/02/20/incidence-of-celiac-disease-steadily-increasing/

  Dr. Lebwohl states, “In this comprehensive study on diagnosis rates over space and time, the signal is clear that diagnoses are increasing, which means more people are living with a celiac disease diagnosis today than ever before.” The incidence of celiac disease has been widely studied throughout Europe, North America, and Oceania; however, studies on the incidence of celiac disease in Africa, Asia, and Latin America are scarce. Future population-based studies in these areas are needed to accurately evaluate the global incidence of celiac disease.

• #81 Guidelines for best practices in monitoring established coeliac disease in adult patients | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-023-00872-2

  The use of several faecal and/or urine samples at different days and times of the day and the development of a standardized and widely accepted protocol would substantially improve the sensitivity and accuracy of the assessment of diet compliance in patients with CeD. […] The present work underlines the lack of evidence and the need for further research in this field.

• #82 SciELO Brasil – In time: celiac disease – some current aspects of epidemiology and research In time: celiac disease – some current aspects of epidemiology and research

  https://www.scielo.br/j/rpp/a/p64RksLvgp6FkbHQf8KGGNS/?lang=en

  This study, which requires confirmation, suggests that one can modify the development of autoimmunity by screening and early identification of CD. […] In spite of the great progress in research and knowledge, CD remains a fascinating disease, with an undeniable genetic component, but also environmental factors that are not completely known.

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