Brodawki i kurzajki – Etiologia i przyczyny

Brodawki i kurzajki
Etiologia i przyczyny

Brodawki i kurzajki to łagodne zmiany skórne wywołane zakażeniem wirusem brodawczaka ludzkiego (HPV), dwuniciowym wirusem DNA z rodziny Papillomaviridae. Różne typy HPV (np. 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 60) odpowiadają za powstawanie określonych rodzajów brodawek w charakterystycznych lokalizacjach anatomicznych, takich jak brodawki zwykłe, płaskie, podeszwowe czy mięsne. Wirus wnika przez mikrouszkodzenia naskórka, integruje swój materiał genetyczny z DNA komórek warstwy podstawnej naskórka, co prowadzi do nadmiernej proliferacji i rogowacenia keratynocytów. Okres inkubacji wynosi od kilku tygodni do roku. Transmisja HPV odbywa się głównie przez bezpośredni kontakt skóra do skóry, autoinokulację oraz pośrednio przez zanieczyszczone powierzchnie, zwłaszcza w wilgotnych środowiskach publicznych. Czynniki ryzyka zakażenia obejmują obniżoną odporność komórkową (np. HIV/AIDS, immunosupresja), mikrourazy skóry, nadmierną wilgotność, nieprawidłowe nawyki higieniczne, ekspozycję zawodową oraz czynniki genetyczne i wiek.

Naturalny przebieg brodawek charakteryzuje się często samoistnym ustępowaniem u 60-70% pacjentów w ciągu 2 lat, szczególnie u dzieci i młodzieży, co wiąże się z odpowiedzią immunologiczną, głównie limfocytów T CD8+. U pacjentów z upośledzoną odpornością brodawki mogą być rozległe, oporne na leczenie i nawracające. Rzadko, przewlekłe zmiany brodawkowate, zwłaszcza wywołane onkogennymi typami HPV (np. 5, 8, 16, 18), mogą ulegać transformacji nowotworowej w raka kolczystokomórkowego lub raka brodawczakowatego. Profilaktyka zakażeń HPV obejmuje unikanie kontaktu z brodawkami, stosowanie obuwia ochronnego w miejscach publicznych, higienę skóry i ran oraz szczepienia przeciwko wybranym typom HPV (np. Gardasil9, Cervarix), które choć nie chronią przed większością typów wywołujących brodawki skórne, mogą być zalecane w grupach podwyższonego ryzyka.

Etiologia brodawek i kurzajek

Brodawki i kurzajki są łagodnymi zmianami skórnymi spowodowanymi zakażeniem wirusem brodawczaka ludzkiego (HPV – Human Papillomavirus). HPV to dwuniciowy wirus DNA, należący do rodziny Papillomaviridae, który infekuje komórki naskórka, powodując ich nadmierny wzrost i rogowacenie¹². Obecnie znanych jest ponad 150 różnych typów HPV, jednak tylko niektóre z nich odpowiadają za powstawanie brodawek skórnych³⁴.

Rodzaje wirusa HPV powodujące brodawki

W zależności od typu wirusa HPV, mogą powstawać różne rodzaje brodawek w określonych lokalizacjach anatomicznych⁵. Najczęstsze typy HPV infekujące skórę i powodujące brodawki to⁶:

Brodawki zwykłe (verruca vulgaris) – powodowane głównie przez HPV typy 2, 4 (najczęściej), a także typy 1, 3, 27, 29 i 57⁷⁸
Brodawki płaskie (verruca plana) – powodowane przez HPV typy 3, 10 i 28⁹¹⁰
Brodawki podeszwowe (kurzajki, verruca plantaris) – powodowane głównie przez HPV typ 1, a także typy 2, 3, 4, 27 i 57¹¹¹²
Brodawki mięsne (butcher’s warts) – powodowane przez HPV typ 7, często występujące u osób mających kontakt z surowym mięsem¹³¹⁴
Brodawki torbielowate – powodowane przez HPV typ 60¹⁵
Ogniskowy rozrost nabłonka (choroba Hecka) – powodowany przez HPV typy 13 i 32¹⁶

Należy podkreślić, że typy HPV powodujące brodawki skórne różnią się od typów odpowiedzialnych za brodawki narządów płciowych (głównie typy 6 i 11) oraz od wysokoonkogennych typów HPV (głównie typy 16 i 18) związanych z rakiem szyjki macicy¹⁷¹⁸.

Mechanizm zakażenia HPV

Wirus HPV infekuje komórki warstwy podstawnej naskórka, prowadząc do nadmiernej produkcji keratyny – twardego białka w zewnętrznej warstwie skóry. Ten nadmiar keratyny powoduje powstanie charakterystycznych, twardych narośli, które nazywamy brodawkami¹⁹²⁰.

Proces zakażenia obejmuje następujące etapy²¹²²:

Wirus wnika do organizmu przez mikrouszkodzenia naskórka, takie jak drobne ranki, zadrapania czy pęknięcia skóry
HPV zakaża komórki warstwy podstawnej naskórka i integruje swój materiał genetyczny z DNA gospodarza
Wirus replikuje się równolegle z naturalnym cyklem życiowym komórek nabłonkowych
Zakażone keratynocyty ulegają nadmiernemu namnażaniu i rogowaceniu, tworząc widoczną brodawkę
Wirus jest uwalniany z złuszczających się keratynocytów na powierzchni brodawki, co może prowadzić do zakażenia innych miejsc

Okres inkubacji wirusa jest stosunkowo długi i może wynosić od kilku tygodni do nawet roku, co oznacza, że brodawka może pojawić się dopiero po upływie znacznego czasu od momentu zakażenia²³²⁴.

Drogi transmisji wirusa

HPV jest wirusem zakaźnym, który może przenosić się różnymi drogami. Zrozumienie sposobów transmisji jest kluczowe dla skutecznej profilaktyki²⁵.

Kontakt bezpośredni

Wirus HPV przenosi się głównie przez bezpośredni kontakt skóry ze skórą zakażoną wirusem²⁶. Może to nastąpić poprzez:

Dotykanie brodawek innych osób²⁷
Autoinokulację – przeniesienie wirusa poprzez drapanie, dotykanie lub obgryzanie własnych brodawek na inne części ciała²⁸²⁹
Współdzielenie przedmiotów osobistych, takich jak ręczniki, skarpetki czy obuwie³⁰

Ryzyko przeniesienia wirusa znacząco wzrasta, gdy skóra jest uszkodzona, wilgotna lub macerowana³¹. Drobne rany, zadrapania, pęknięcia skóry czy odciski stanowią idealne wrota wejścia dla wirusa³².

Kontakt pośredni

HPV może również przenosić się pośrednio poprzez kontakt z zanieczyszczonymi powierzchniami³³. Wirus jest stosunkowo odporny i może przetrwać przez dłuższy czas poza organizmem człowieka³⁴. Najczęstsze drogi zakażenia pośredniego to:

Chodzenie boso w miejscach publicznych, takich jak baseny, sauny, siłownie czy szatnie³⁵³⁶
Korzystanie ze wspólnych przyborów higienicznych³⁷
Kontakt z powierzchniami zanieczyszczonymi złuszczonymi komórkami skóry zawierającymi wirus³⁸

Kurzajki (brodawki podeszwowe) są szczególnie często nabywane w wilgotnych miejscach publicznych, gdzie ludzie chodzą boso, ponieważ HPV preferuje ciepłe i wilgotne środowisko³⁹.

Czynniki ryzyka wystąpienia brodawek i kurzajek

Na podatność na zakażenie HPV i rozwój brodawek wpływa wiele czynników. Ich identyfikacja pozwala na lepszą profilaktykę i wczesne rozpoznanie⁴⁰⁴¹.

Czynniki związane z układem odpornościowym

Stan układu immunologicznego jest kluczowym czynnikiem determinującym podatność na zakażenie HPV oraz zdolność organizmu do eliminacji wirusa⁴²⁴³:

Obniżona odporność komórkowa – osoby z upośledzoną odpornością komórkową, np. pacjenci z HIV/AIDS, po przeszczepach narządów, poddawani chemioterapii lub leczeniu immunosupresyjnemu są znacznie bardziej narażeni na rozwój brodawek⁴⁴⁴⁵
Niedojrzały układ odpornościowy – dzieci i młodzież są bardziej podatne na zakażenie HPV ze względu na nierozwinięty w pełni układ immunologiczny⁴⁶⁴⁷
Choroby obniżające odporność – niektóre choroby systemowe, jak cukrzyca czy nowotwory krwi, mogą zwiększać ryzyko infekcji HPV⁴⁸
Stres i zmęczenie – osłabienie organizmu związane ze stresem czy przemęczeniem może czasowo obniżać odporność i zwiększać podatność na zakażenie⁴⁹

Odpowiedź immunologiczna na HPV jest bardzo zindywidualizowana – nie każda osoba mająca kontakt z wirusem rozwinie brodawki, co zależy od skuteczności działania układu odpornościowego⁵⁰⁵¹.

Czynniki środowiskowe i osobnicze

Oprócz stanu układu odpornościowego, na ryzyko rozwoju brodawek wpływają również⁵²⁵³:

Mikroskaleczenia skóry – drobne urazy, zadrapania, pęknięcia naskórka ułatwiają wniknięcie wirusa⁵⁴
Nadmierna wilgotność skóry – długotrwałe przebywanie w wilgotnym środowisku, pocenie się stóp i dłoni zwiększa ryzyko infekcji⁵⁵
Nawyki higieniczne – obgryzanie paznokci, wyrywanie skórek wokół paznokci czy drapanie istniejących już brodawek sprzyja rozprzestrzenianiu się wirusa⁵⁶⁵⁷
Ekspozycja zawodowa – osoby pracujące w określonych środowiskach, np. rzeźnicy, pracownicy basenów czy osoby mające długotrwały kontakt z zimnym i wilgotnym środowiskiem są bardziej narażone na zakażenie⁵⁸⁵⁹
Czynniki genetyczne – niektóre osoby mogą być genetycznie bardziej podatne na zakażenia HPV⁶⁰⁶¹
Wiek – brodawki częściej występują u dzieci i młodzieży niż u dorosłych⁶²⁶³
Niedobory żywieniowe – niedobory pewnych składników odżywczych, szczególnie cynku i witaminy B12, mogą zwiększać podatność na zakażenie HPV⁶⁴⁶⁵

Stany predysponujące do wystąpienia brodawek

Istnieją specyficzne sytuacje kliniczne i stany, które wiążą się ze zwiększonym ryzykiem rozwoju brodawek i utrudnioną ich eradykacją⁶⁶.

Zaburzenia immunologiczne

Pacjenci z upośledzoną odpornością są szczególnie narażeni na zakażenie HPV i rozwój opornych na leczenie, rozległych brodawek⁶⁷:

Zakażenie HIV/AIDS – obniżona liczba limfocytów CD4+ utrudnia eliminację wirusa HPV⁶⁸⁶⁹
Terapia immunosupresyjna – pacjenci po przeszczepach narządów przyjmujący leki immunosupresyjne często rozwijają liczne, oporne na leczenie brodawki⁷⁰
Leczenie onkologiczne – chemioterapia i radioterapia czasowo obniżają odporność, zwiększając ryzyko infekcji HPV⁷¹
Wrodzone niedobory odporności – różne typy pierwotnych niedoborów odporności mogą predysponować do nawracających zakażeń HPV⁷²

U pacjentów z zaburzeniami odporności brodawki często są bardziej rozległe, mnogie, oporne na standardowe leczenie i mają tendencję do nawrotów⁷³.

Rzadkie zespoły związane z zakażeniem HPV

Niektóre rzadkie zespoły genetyczne wiążą się ze zwiększoną podatnością na zakażenie określonymi typami HPV⁷⁴⁷⁵:

Epidermodysplasia verruciformis – rzadka, autosomalnie recesywna choroba skóry charakteryzująca się niezwykłą podatnością na zakażenie HPV, szczególnie typami 5, 8, 20 i 47. U pacjentów z tym zespołem rozwijają się liczne, płaskie, brodawkopodobne zmiany, które mają tendencję do transformacji nowotworowej w raka kolczystokomórkowego⁷⁶⁷⁷
Limfocytopenia CD4+ – rzadkie zaburzenie immunologiczne charakteryzujące się niskim poziomem limfocytów CD4+ bez zakażenia HIV, może objawiać się występowaniem opornych na leczenie brodawek⁷⁸

Pacjenci z tymi rzadkimi zespołami wymagają szczególnej uwagi lekarskiej ze względu na zwiększone ryzyko rozwoju nowotworów skóry indukowanych przez HPV⁷⁹.

Potencjał onkogenny HPV

Choć większość typów HPV powodujących brodawki skórne ma niski potencjał onkogenny, niektóre typy wirusa wiążą się z ryzykiem rozwoju nowotworów⁸⁰⁸¹.

Typy HPV o potencjale onkogennym

Spośród ponad 150 znanych typów HPV, tylko niewielka część wykazuje właściwości onkogenne⁸²⁸³:

HPV 16 i 18 – najczęstsze typy wysokiego ryzyka, odpowiedzialne za około 70% przypadków raka szyjki macicy⁸⁴
HPV 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58 i 59 – inne typy wysokiego ryzyka związane z nowotworami narządów płciowych⁸⁵
HPV 5 i 8 – związane z rozwojem raka kolczystokomórkowego skóry u pacjentów z epidermodysplasia verruciformis⁸⁶⁸⁷

Warto podkreślić, że typy HPV powodujące zwykłe brodawki skórne (takie jak HPV 1, 2, 3, 4) rzadko są związane z transformacją nowotworową⁸⁸⁸⁹.

Rak brodawczakowaty

W rzadkich przypadkach, długotrwale utrzymujące się brodawki mogą ulegać transformacji nowotworowej w postaci raka brodawczakowatego (verrucous carcinoma)⁹⁰. Jest to rzadki, dobrze zróżnicowany wariant raka kolczystokomórkowego, który może rozwijać się z przewlekłych zmian brodawkowatych, szczególnie w obrębie błon śluzowych jamy ustnej, narządów płciowych i skóry⁹¹.

Czynniki zwiększające ryzyko transformacji nowotworowej brodawek to⁹²⁹³:

Długi czas trwania zmian (wiele lat)
Lokalizacja w obrębie błon śluzowych
Współistniejący niedobór odporności
Zakażenie onkogennymi typami HPV
Ekspozycja na promieniowanie UV (w przypadku brodawek skórnych)

Naturalna historia brodawek i kurzajek

Brodawki i kurzajki mają określony przebieg naturalny, który warto poznać, aby lepiej zrozumieć dynamikę choroby⁹⁴.

Samoistna regresja

Jedną z charakterystycznych cech brodawek jest ich zdolność do samoistnego ustępowania⁹⁵. Badania wykazują, że:

Około 60-70% brodawek zwykłych ustępuje samoistnie w ciągu 2 lat bez leczenia⁹⁶
U dzieci i młodzieży samoistna regresja występuje częściej niż u dorosłych⁹⁷
Brodawki płaskie mają najwyższy odsetek spontanicznego ustępowania⁹⁸

Samoistna regresja brodawek związana jest z rozwojem specyficznej odpowiedzi immunologicznej przeciwko HPV, szczególnie z aktywacją limfocytów T CD8+⁹⁹. Po skutecznej eliminacji wirusa, większość osób rozwija częściową odporność na dany typ HPV, choć nie jest ona trwała i możliwe są nawroty lub zakażenia innymi typami wirusa¹⁰⁰.

Przetrwałe i nawracające brodawki

Niektóre brodawki mogą utrzymywać się przez długi czas lub nawracać po leczeniu¹⁰¹. Czynniki wpływające na przetrwały charakter lub tendencję do nawrotów to:

Stan układu odpornościowego – osoby z obniżoną odpornością mają zwiększone ryzyko przetrwałego zakażenia HPV¹⁰²
Typ HPV – niektóre typy wirusa, np. HPV-1 powodujący głębokie brodawki podeszwowe, są trudniejsze do eliminacji¹⁰³
Lokalizacja anatomiczna – brodawki w miejscach narażonych na mikrourazy (np. stopy, okolice paznokci) mają tendencję do przetrwania¹⁰⁴
Wcześniejsze niepowodzenia terapeutyczne – brodawki, które nie odpowiedziały na wcześniejsze leczenie, często wykazują oporność na kolejne metody terapii¹⁰⁵

Warto zauważyć, że nawet po skutecznym leczeniu, możliwe jest ponowne zakażenie HPV, zwłaszcza jeśli czynniki ryzyka nie zostały wyeliminowane¹⁰⁶.

Profilaktyka zakażeń HPV

Zrozumienie dróg transmisji wirusa HPV pozwala na wdrożenie skutecznych metod profilaktycznych¹⁰⁷.

Podstawowe zasady profilaktyki

Aby zmniejszyć ryzyko zakażenia HPV i rozwoju brodawek, zaleca się¹⁰⁸¹⁰⁹:

Unikanie bezpośredniego kontaktu z brodawkami – nie dotykać, nie drapać cudzych zmian¹¹⁰
Noszenie obuwia ochronnego w miejscach publicznych – baseny, prysznice, szatnie¹¹¹
Dbanie o higienę stóp – dokładne osuszanie po kąpieli, regularna zmiana skarpetek¹¹²
Unikanie współdzielenia przedmiotów osobistych – ręczniki, skarpetki, przybory do manicure¹¹³
Natychmiastowe zabezpieczanie drobnych ran i uszkodzeń skóry¹¹⁴
Nie obgryzanie paznokci i nie wyrywanie skórek wokół paznokci¹¹⁵
Regularne mycie rąk, szczególnie po kontakcie z własnymi brodawkami¹¹⁶

Osoby z istniejącymi brodawkami powinny pamiętać o nierozprzestrzenianiu zakażenia poprzez unikanie drapania zmian oraz stosowanie odpowiednich zabezpieczeń, np. plastrów¹¹⁷.

Szczepienia przeciwko HPV

Choć szczepionki przeciwko HPV zostały pierwotnie opracowane w celu zapobiegania rakowi szyjki macicy i brodawkom narządów płciowych, niektóre z nich mogą zapewniać częściową ochronę również przed niektórymi typami HPV powodującymi brodawki skórne¹¹⁸¹¹⁹.

Dostępne szczepionki przeciwko HPV:

Gardasil9 – chroni przed HPV typami 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52 i 58; typy 6 i 11 są odpowiedzialne za brodawki narządów płciowych¹²⁰
Cervarix – chroni przed HPV typami 16 i 18, które są głównymi typami wysokiego ryzyka odpowiedzialnymi za raka szyjki macicy¹²¹

Chociaż szczepionki te nie chronią przed większością typów HPV powodujących zwykłe brodawki skórne (jak HPV 1, 2, 3, 4), szczepienie może być zalecane osobom z grupy podwyższonego ryzyka w ramach ogólnej profilaktyki zakażeń HPV¹²².

Podsumowanie etiologii brodawek i kurzajek

Brodawki i kurzajki są łagodnymi rozrostami skóry spowodowanymi przez infekcję wirusem brodawczaka ludzkiego (HPV). Spośród ponad 150 znanych typów HPV, tylko określone serotypy odpowiadają za powstawanie różnych rodzajów brodawek na skórze¹²³¹²⁴.

Wirus przenosi się przez bezpośredni kontakt skóry ze skórą lub pośrednio poprzez zanieczyszczone powierzchnie. Wniknięcie do organizmu następuje przez mikrouszkodzenia naskórka, takie jak zadrapania czy pęknięcia skóry. Okres inkubacji może wynosić od kilku tygodni do roku¹²⁵¹²⁶.

Główne czynniki ryzyka zakażenia HPV to osłabiony układ odpornościowy, uszkodzenia skóry, wilgotne środowisko i bezpośredni kontakt z wirusem. Szczególnie narażone są dzieci i młodzież, osoby z zaburzeniami odporności oraz osoby pracujące w określonych zawodach¹²⁷¹²⁸.

Chociaż większość brodawek ustępuje samoistnie w ciągu 1-2 lat, niektóre mogą utrzymywać się przez dłuższy czas lub nawracać, szczególnie u osób z obniżoną odpornością. W rzadkich przypadkach, długotrwale utrzymujące się brodawki, zwłaszcza te wywołane przez onkogenne typy HPV, mogą prowadzić do zmian nowotworowych¹²⁹¹³⁰.

Profilaktyka zakażeń HPV obejmuje unikanie bezpośredniego kontaktu z brodawkami, dbanie o higienę stóp, noszenie obuwia ochronnego w miejscach publicznych oraz, w przypadku niektórych typów HPV, szczepienia ochronne¹³¹¹³².

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Materiały źródłowe

#1 Warts, verrucas, human papillomavirus infection
https://dermnetnz.org/topics/viral-wart
A viral wart is a very common benign lesion caused by infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). […] Warts are due to infection by the human papillomavirus (HPV), a double-stranded DNA virus. There are more than 150 known HPV types, only some of which infect the skin, giving rise to a variety of clinical presentations. […] The most common HPV types infecting the skin are types 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 27, 29, and 57. […] HPV is spread by direct skin-to-skin contact or autoinoculation; if a wart is scratched or picked, a wart may develop under the fingernail (subungual wart) or virus may be spread to another area of skin. […] The incubation period can be as long as twelve months, depending on the amount of virus inoculated. […] Butcher’s warts are specifically caused by HPV 7 infecting the hands of butchers and others whose occupation involves chronic exposure to a cold moist environment. […] Epidermodysplasia verruciformis is a rare autosomal recessive condition susceptible to skin infection with specific HPV types that cause flat pityriasis versicolor-like lesions and squamous cell carcinoma.
#2 Warts and verrucas: assessment and treatment – The Pharmaceutical Journal
https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/warts-and-verrucas-assessment-and-treatment
Lesions caused by human papilloma virus often do not require treatment, but need to be assessed to rule out more serious conditions. Warts are common viral skin infections, affecting around 7â12% of the population at any one time, and are more common in children. They are caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV), of which there are over 150 genotypically different types; the most common are HPVs 1, 2, 4, 27 and 57, and HPVs 3 and 10 for plane (flat) warts. HPV infects the keratinocytes, the most dominant cell type in the epidermis, which results in development of epidermal thickening and hyperkeratinisation. HPV infection is acquired from direct contact, which may be person-to-person or from the environment (e.g. showers and swimming pools; skin penetration increases if the skin is broken or wet).
#3 Warts – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/viral-skin-diseases/warts
Warts are common, benign, epidermal lesions caused by human papillomavirus infection. […] Warts are cutaneous lesions caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection; there are over 100 HPV subtypes. […] Trauma and maceration facilitate initial epidermal inoculation. Spread can then occur by autoinoculation. Local and systemic immune factors also appear to influence spread; immunosuppressed patients (especially those with suppressed cellular immunity, [eg, HIV infection or a kidney transplant or those with a history of tumor-suppressive immunotherapy]) are at particular risk of developing generalized lesions that are difficult to treat. […] Cellular immunity by CD8+ T-cells is crucial for established infection to regress. However, intact humoral immunity can also provide resistance to HPV infection.
#4 Warts and verrucas: assessment and treatment – The Pharmaceutical Journal
https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/warts-and-verrucas-assessment-and-treatment
Lesions caused by human papilloma virus often do not require treatment, but need to be assessed to rule out more serious conditions. Warts are common viral skin infections, affecting around 7â12% of the population at any one time, and are more common in children. They are caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV), of which there are over 150 genotypically different types; the most common are HPVs 1, 2, 4, 27 and 57, and HPVs 3 and 10 for plane (flat) warts. HPV infects the keratinocytes, the most dominant cell type in the epidermis, which results in development of epidermal thickening and hyperkeratinisation. HPV infection is acquired from direct contact, which may be person-to-person or from the environment (e.g. showers and swimming pools; skin penetration increases if the skin is broken or wet).
#5 Wart – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431047/
Warts are prevalent benign lesions caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) that occur in the mucosa and skin. […] Warts are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), with over 100 types of HPV identified. […] There are over 100 subtypes of the HPV virus, but only a few types can cause skin warts at selective anatomical sites. […] HPV tends to cause genital warts, flat warts, and palmoplantar warts. […] Warts are easily transmitted by direct or indirect contact, especially if there is the disruption of the normal epithelial barrier. […] Common warts are associated with HPV types 2, 4 (most common), followed by types 1, 3, 27, 29, and 57 […] Flat warts are caused by types 3, 10, and 28 […] Deep palmoplantar warts are caused by types 1 (most common) followed by types 2, 3, 4, 27, and 57
#6 Warts, verrucas, human papillomavirus infection
https://dermnetnz.org/topics/viral-wart
A viral wart is a very common benign lesion caused by infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). […] Warts are due to infection by the human papillomavirus (HPV), a double-stranded DNA virus. There are more than 150 known HPV types, only some of which infect the skin, giving rise to a variety of clinical presentations. […] The most common HPV types infecting the skin are types 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 27, 29, and 57. […] HPV is spread by direct skin-to-skin contact or autoinoculation; if a wart is scratched or picked, a wart may develop under the fingernail (subungual wart) or virus may be spread to another area of skin. […] The incubation period can be as long as twelve months, depending on the amount of virus inoculated. […] Butcher’s warts are specifically caused by HPV 7 infecting the hands of butchers and others whose occupation involves chronic exposure to a cold moist environment. […] Epidermodysplasia verruciformis is a rare autosomal recessive condition susceptible to skin infection with specific HPV types that cause flat pityriasis versicolor-like lesions and squamous cell carcinoma.
#7 Wart – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431047/
Warts are prevalent benign lesions caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) that occur in the mucosa and skin. […] Warts are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), with over 100 types of HPV identified. […] There are over 100 subtypes of the HPV virus, but only a few types can cause skin warts at selective anatomical sites. […] HPV tends to cause genital warts, flat warts, and palmoplantar warts. […] Warts are easily transmitted by direct or indirect contact, especially if there is the disruption of the normal epithelial barrier. […] Common warts are associated with HPV types 2, 4 (most common), followed by types 1, 3, 27, 29, and 57 […] Flat warts are caused by types 3, 10, and 28 […] Deep palmoplantar warts are caused by types 1 (most common) followed by types 2, 3, 4, 27, and 57
#8 Nongenital Warts: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1133317-overview
Warts are benign proliferations of skin and mucosa caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). Currently, more than 100 types of HPV have been identified. […] Warts are caused by HPV, which is a double-stranded, circular, supercoiled DNA virus enclosed in an icosahedral capsid and comprising 72 capsomers. More than 100 types of HPV have been identified. […] Common warts – HPV types 2 and 4 (most common), followed by types 1, 3, 27, 29, and 57. […] Deep palmoplantar warts (myrmecia) – HPV type 1 (most common), followed by types 2, 3, 4, 27, 29, and 57. […] Flat warts – HPV types 3, 10, and 28. […] Butcher’s warts – HPV type 7 (although some data suggest the association may be weak). […] Focal epithelial hyperplasia (Heck disease) – HPV types 13 and 32. […] Cystic warts – HPV type 60.
#9 Wart – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431047/
Warts are prevalent benign lesions caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) that occur in the mucosa and skin. […] Warts are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), with over 100 types of HPV identified. […] There are over 100 subtypes of the HPV virus, but only a few types can cause skin warts at selective anatomical sites. […] HPV tends to cause genital warts, flat warts, and palmoplantar warts. […] Warts are easily transmitted by direct or indirect contact, especially if there is the disruption of the normal epithelial barrier. […] Common warts are associated with HPV types 2, 4 (most common), followed by types 1, 3, 27, 29, and 57 […] Flat warts are caused by types 3, 10, and 28 […] Deep palmoplantar warts are caused by types 1 (most common) followed by types 2, 3, 4, 27, and 57
#10 Nongenital Warts: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1133317-overview
Warts are benign proliferations of skin and mucosa caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). Currently, more than 100 types of HPV have been identified. […] Warts are caused by HPV, which is a double-stranded, circular, supercoiled DNA virus enclosed in an icosahedral capsid and comprising 72 capsomers. More than 100 types of HPV have been identified. […] Common warts – HPV types 2 and 4 (most common), followed by types 1, 3, 27, 29, and 57. […] Deep palmoplantar warts (myrmecia) – HPV type 1 (most common), followed by types 2, 3, 4, 27, 29, and 57. […] Flat warts – HPV types 3, 10, and 28. […] Butcher’s warts – HPV type 7 (although some data suggest the association may be weak). […] Focal epithelial hyperplasia (Heck disease) – HPV types 13 and 32. […] Cystic warts – HPV type 60.
#11 Wart – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431047/
Warts are prevalent benign lesions caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) that occur in the mucosa and skin. […] Warts are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), with over 100 types of HPV identified. […] There are over 100 subtypes of the HPV virus, but only a few types can cause skin warts at selective anatomical sites. […] HPV tends to cause genital warts, flat warts, and palmoplantar warts. […] Warts are easily transmitted by direct or indirect contact, especially if there is the disruption of the normal epithelial barrier. […] Common warts are associated with HPV types 2, 4 (most common), followed by types 1, 3, 27, 29, and 57 […] Flat warts are caused by types 3, 10, and 28 […] Deep palmoplantar warts are caused by types 1 (most common) followed by types 2, 3, 4, 27, and 57
#12 Nongenital Warts: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1133317-overview
Warts are benign proliferations of skin and mucosa caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). Currently, more than 100 types of HPV have been identified. […] Warts are caused by HPV, which is a double-stranded, circular, supercoiled DNA virus enclosed in an icosahedral capsid and comprising 72 capsomers. More than 100 types of HPV have been identified. […] Common warts – HPV types 2 and 4 (most common), followed by types 1, 3, 27, 29, and 57. […] Deep palmoplantar warts (myrmecia) – HPV type 1 (most common), followed by types 2, 3, 4, 27, 29, and 57. […] Flat warts – HPV types 3, 10, and 28. […] Butcher’s warts – HPV type 7 (although some data suggest the association may be weak). […] Focal epithelial hyperplasia (Heck disease) – HPV types 13 and 32. […] Cystic warts – HPV type 60.
#13 Warts, verrucas, human papillomavirus infection
https://dermnetnz.org/topics/viral-wart
A viral wart is a very common benign lesion caused by infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). […] Warts are due to infection by the human papillomavirus (HPV), a double-stranded DNA virus. There are more than 150 known HPV types, only some of which infect the skin, giving rise to a variety of clinical presentations. […] The most common HPV types infecting the skin are types 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 27, 29, and 57. […] HPV is spread by direct skin-to-skin contact or autoinoculation; if a wart is scratched or picked, a wart may develop under the fingernail (subungual wart) or virus may be spread to another area of skin. […] The incubation period can be as long as twelve months, depending on the amount of virus inoculated. […] Butcher’s warts are specifically caused by HPV 7 infecting the hands of butchers and others whose occupation involves chronic exposure to a cold moist environment. […] Epidermodysplasia verruciformis is a rare autosomal recessive condition susceptible to skin infection with specific HPV types that cause flat pityriasis versicolor-like lesions and squamous cell carcinoma.
#14 Wart – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431047/
Cystic warts are caused by type 60 […] Focal epithelial hyperplasia is caused by types 13 and 32 […] Butcher’s warts are caused by type 7. […] Out of the 100 subtypes of HPV, a few of them have the propensity to induce cancer. […] HPV strains 5, 8, 20, and 47 also have malignant potential in individuals with epidermodysplasia verruciformis. […] Warts, in general, are benign, but there are reports that sometimes they may become malignant and develop into what is known as verrucous carcinoma.
#15 Wart – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431047/
Cystic warts are caused by type 60 […] Focal epithelial hyperplasia is caused by types 13 and 32 […] Butcher’s warts are caused by type 7. […] Out of the 100 subtypes of HPV, a few of them have the propensity to induce cancer. […] HPV strains 5, 8, 20, and 47 also have malignant potential in individuals with epidermodysplasia verruciformis. […] Warts, in general, are benign, but there are reports that sometimes they may become malignant and develop into what is known as verrucous carcinoma.
#16 Wart – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431047/
Cystic warts are caused by type 60 […] Focal epithelial hyperplasia is caused by types 13 and 32 […] Butcher’s warts are caused by type 7. […] Out of the 100 subtypes of HPV, a few of them have the propensity to induce cancer. […] HPV strains 5, 8, 20, and 47 also have malignant potential in individuals with epidermodysplasia verruciformis. […] Warts, in general, are benign, but there are reports that sometimes they may become malignant and develop into what is known as verrucous carcinoma.
#17 Warts – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/viral-skin-diseases/warts
Common warts (verrucae vulgaris) are caused by HPV types 1, 2, 4, and 7 and occasionally other types in immunosuppressed patients. […] Genital warts are caused by HPV type 6 or 11 (most commonly) and by types 1a, 2, 4, 7, 16, 18, 27b, 27, 33, 38, 40, 42, 43, 44, 54, 57b, 57c, 61, 72, 81, and 89. […] Infection with high-risk HPV types (most notably types 16 and 18 but also types 31, 33, 35, and 39) is the main cause of cervical cancer. […] Many warts regress spontaneously (particularly common warts); others may persist for years and recur at the same or different sites, even with treatment. Factors influencing recurrence appear to be related to the patients overall immune status as well as local factors. […] HPV vaccines protect against some of the types of HPV that cause warts and cancer.
#18 Warts and verrucas | Healthify
https://healthify.nz/health-a-z/w/warts-and-verrucas
Warts are caused by strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV). […] Warts happen when HPV virus infects the top layer of your skin and causes your skin cells to grow very fast. […] The strains of HPV that cause harmless warts on your hands, legs or feet are different to those that cause genital warts and cervical cancer.
#19 Warts: Causes, types, and treatments
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/155039
The human papillomavirus (HPV) family causes warts. These growths can appear anywhere on the body and are transmissible through touch. There are more than 100 types of HPV. […] HPV causes the excessive and rapid growth of keratin, which is a hard protein on the top layer of the skin. This results in warts forming. […] Different HPV strains cause different warts. These strains can transmit through close skin-to-skin contact and contact with items recently exposed to HPV. […] The transmission risk of warts is low in adults and higher in children and infants. People with a compromised or suppressed immune system have a higher risk for contracting an HPV strain leading to warts. […] People who work with raw meat, such as butchers, also have a higher risk for developing warts.
#20
https://www.healthxchange.sg/bones-joints/knee-ankle-feet/plantar-warts-verrucas-overview
Plantar warts (verrucas) are caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV). […] Plantar warts are caused by certain types of human papilloma virus (HPV). There are over 100 different types of HPV. Only a few will cause plantar warts. […] These specific HPV types cause an extra amount of keratin, which is a hard protein, to develop in the top skin layer (epidermis). This excess keratin produces the rough, thick texture of a verruca. […] Verrucas are contagious, and close skin-to-skin contact may pass on the infection. It can also be transmitted indirectly from contaminated objects or surfaces, for example the floor or tiles surrounding a swimming pool. If you have skin tears, cuts or lesions, you are more likely to become infected as its easier for the virus to enter your body.
#21 Wart – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wart
Warts are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). […] HPV infects the squamous epithelium, usually of the skin or genitals, but each HPV type is typically only able to infect a few specific areas of the body. […] Many HPV types can produce a benign growth, often called a „wart” or „papilloma”, in the area they infect. […] The virus is believed to infect the host through the entrance of a skin wound. […] Factors that increase the risk include the use of public showers and pools, working with meat, eczema, and a weak immune system. […] Infection of a virus, such as HIV, can cause warts. […] The estimated current rate of non-genital warts among the general population is 113%. […] Prior to widespread adoption of the HPV vaccine, the estimated rate of genital warts in sexually active women was 12%.
#22 Destructive therapies for cutaneous warts: A review of the evidence
https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2022/october/destructive-therapies-for-cutaneous-warts
Non-genital warts are benign cutaneous growths caused by infection with the human papillomavirus. […] A break in the epidermal barrier of the skin allows entry of HPV and subsequent infection of basal epithelial cells. HPV replicates alongside the natural lifecycle of epithelial cells, and is eventually released from desquamated keratinocytes on the surface of warts, potentially infecting other sites via direct contact or through fomites. […] Common warts (Verruca vulgaris), plantar warts (Verruca plantaris) and flat/plane warts (Verruca plana), collectively known as cutaneous warts, are benign growths of the skin caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). […] Cutaneous warts generally self-resolve. […] Patients might request treatment for their warts when they cause discomfort, functional impairment, social ostracism, are numerous, grow large or raise concerns regarding transmission.
#23 Warts and verrucas
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/warts-and-verrucas/
Warts and verrucas are caused by a virus. They can be spread to other people from contaminated surfaces or through close skin contact. […] You’re more likely to spread a wart or verruca if your skin is wet or damaged. […] It can take months for a wart or verruca to appear after contact with the virus.
#24 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-verrucas.aspx
Verrucas (verrucae) or plantar warts are small, rough, raised or flattened lumps that occur over the pressure areas of the feet. These are commonly caused by infections with different strains of the human papilloma virus (HPV). […] There are over 100 different types or strains of HPV that have been identified. Different strains of HPV are responsible for causing different types of warts. For example, types 1 and 2 are commonly implicated for causes plantar warts or verrucae. Type 4 is also found in some cases. […] The virus invades the top most layer of the skin called the epithelium and starts replicating within these epithelial cells. This may lead to multiplication of the cells and formation of plaques or papules or the flattened warts. The incubation period is often up to a year. This means from the time of invasion of the virus to formation of the warts, the time taken may be up to a year. HPV is highly contagious.
#25 Common warts – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/common-warts/symptoms-causes/syc-20371125
Common warts are caused by a virus and are transmitted by touch. […] Common warts are caused by the human papillomavirus, also called HPV. There are more than 100 types of this common virus, but only a few cause warts on the hands. Some strains of HPV are spread through sexual contact. But most are spread by casual skin contact or shared objects, such as towels or washcloths. The virus usually spreads through breaks in the skin, such as hangnails or scrapes. Biting your nails also can cause warts to spread on your fingertips and around your nails. […] Each person’s immune system responds to HPV differently. So not everyone who comes in contact with HPV develops warts.
#26 Warts and verrucas
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/warts-and-verrucas/
Warts and verrucas are caused by a virus. They can be spread to other people from contaminated surfaces or through close skin contact. […] You’re more likely to spread a wart or verruca if your skin is wet or damaged. […] It can take months for a wart or verruca to appear after contact with the virus.
#27 Common Warts: Symptoms, Causes & Treatments | Ada Health
https://ada.com/conditions/common-warts/
Common warts are caused by an infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). […] HPV infects the skin through small cuts, scrapes, or weak spots, with warts appearing approximately two to six months later. […] Common warts are particularly prevalent in children and young adults, as well as people with weakened immune systems as a result of conditions such as HIV/AIDS, certain other severe and long-lasting medical conditions, receiving certain kinds of chemotherapy, or after procedures such as organ transplantation and the ensuing treatment. […] HPV is contagious and is passed on through direct skin-to-skin contact or indirect contact with objects or surfaces.
#28 Warts, verrucas, human papillomavirus infection
https://dermnetnz.org/topics/viral-wart
A viral wart is a very common benign lesion caused by infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). […] Warts are due to infection by the human papillomavirus (HPV), a double-stranded DNA virus. There are more than 150 known HPV types, only some of which infect the skin, giving rise to a variety of clinical presentations. […] The most common HPV types infecting the skin are types 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 27, 29, and 57. […] HPV is spread by direct skin-to-skin contact or autoinoculation; if a wart is scratched or picked, a wart may develop under the fingernail (subungual wart) or virus may be spread to another area of skin. […] The incubation period can be as long as twelve months, depending on the amount of virus inoculated. […] Butcher’s warts are specifically caused by HPV 7 infecting the hands of butchers and others whose occupation involves chronic exposure to a cold moist environment. […] Epidermodysplasia verruciformis is a rare autosomal recessive condition susceptible to skin infection with specific HPV types that cause flat pityriasis versicolor-like lesions and squamous cell carcinoma.
#29 Warts – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/viral-skin-diseases/warts
Warts are common, benign, epidermal lesions caused by human papillomavirus infection. […] Warts are cutaneous lesions caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection; there are over 100 HPV subtypes. […] Trauma and maceration facilitate initial epidermal inoculation. Spread can then occur by autoinoculation. Local and systemic immune factors also appear to influence spread; immunosuppressed patients (especially those with suppressed cellular immunity, [eg, HIV infection or a kidney transplant or those with a history of tumor-suppressive immunotherapy]) are at particular risk of developing generalized lesions that are difficult to treat. […] Cellular immunity by CD8+ T-cells is crucial for established infection to regress. However, intact humoral immunity can also provide resistance to HPV infection.
#30 What are warts and verrucas? | EndWarts®
https://www.endwarts.co.uk/en-gb/warts-and-verrucas/about
Once you have become infected, the wart virus initially lies dormant and the infection only becomes apparent after the wart starts to grow. […] Warts can also spread from one place on your body to another. […] Warts are most commonly spread from one person to another when broken skin comes into direct contact with a wart, for example through a handshake. […] Warts can also spread from one place on your body to another through contact with broken skin, such as on fingertips and the area around nails from nail biting and picking at a wart. […] Warts can also be passed on via objects that carry infected skin cells that have peeled off from the wart, such as sharing towels with people who have warts or walking barefoot in places like locker rooms and public showers.
#31 Warts and Verrucas: Causes and Treatment
https://patient.info/skin-conditions/warts-and-verrucas-leaflet
Warts are caused by a virus (human papillomavirus) which causes a reaction in the skin. […] Warts and verrucas usually clear in time without treatment. […] Most commonly, treatment involves applying salicylic acid or freezing with liquid nitrogen or a cold spray. […] Warts are generally harmless, and usually disappear on their own, although this can take some time. […] About two-thirds of warts go away without treatment within two years. […] Yes – however, the risk of passing them on to others is low. […] You are more at risk of being infected if your skin is damaged, or if it is wet and macerated, and in contact with roughened surfaces. […] If you have a poor immune system you may develop lots of warts which are difficult to clear. […] Most treatments for verrucas work by destroying the verruca itself with acid or freezing treatment. […] Verruca needling works by stimulating your own body’s immune response to fight off the virus. […] There are some other treatments used by specialists if other treatments have failed.
#32 Common warts – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/common-warts/symptoms-causes/syc-20371125
Common warts are caused by a virus and are transmitted by touch. […] Common warts are caused by the human papillomavirus, also called HPV. There are more than 100 types of this common virus, but only a few cause warts on the hands. Some strains of HPV are spread through sexual contact. But most are spread by casual skin contact or shared objects, such as towels or washcloths. The virus usually spreads through breaks in the skin, such as hangnails or scrapes. Biting your nails also can cause warts to spread on your fingertips and around your nails. […] Each person’s immune system responds to HPV differently. So not everyone who comes in contact with HPV develops warts.
#33 Warts and verrucas
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/warts-and-verrucas/
Warts and verrucas are caused by a virus. They can be spread to other people from contaminated surfaces or through close skin contact. […] You’re more likely to spread a wart or verruca if your skin is wet or damaged. […] It can take months for a wart or verruca to appear after contact with the virus.
#34 Warts and verrucas: assessment and treatment – The Pharmaceutical Journal
https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/warts-and-verrucas-assessment-and-treatment
Studies suggest that the bovine papilloma virus (which is related) can retain infectivity for months and possibly years, and the same may be true for HPV. […] Warts can last longer in patients who are immunocompromised, especially those with cell-mediated immunodeficiency. In patients with severely impaired immune function (e.g. patients treated with immunosuppressants after organ or bone marrow transplant), warts may be large, extensive and resistant to treatment. Warts can also be a presenting complaint of patients with undiagnosed conditions such as HIV, lymphoma and CD4 lymphocytopenia. All patients with warts who are immunocompromised should be referred to a dermatologist. […] HPV infection is associated with squamous cell carcinoma and pre-malignancy. The likelihood of squamous cell carcinoma is increased in mild immunodeficiency and carriers of certain HPV types. HPV types 5 and 8 are also associated with epidermodysplasia verruciformis, an extremely rare skin disorder that results in the growth of scaly macules and papules.
#35 What are warts and verrucas? | EndWarts®
https://www.endwarts.co.uk/en-gb/warts-and-verrucas/about
Once you have become infected, the wart virus initially lies dormant and the infection only becomes apparent after the wart starts to grow. […] Warts can also spread from one place on your body to another. […] Warts are most commonly spread from one person to another when broken skin comes into direct contact with a wart, for example through a handshake. […] Warts can also spread from one place on your body to another through contact with broken skin, such as on fingertips and the area around nails from nail biting and picking at a wart. […] Warts can also be passed on via objects that carry infected skin cells that have peeled off from the wart, such as sharing towels with people who have warts or walking barefoot in places like locker rooms and public showers.
#36 Plantar warts (verrucas) – British Skin Foundation
https://knowyourskin.britishskinfoundation.org.uk/condition/plantar-warts-verrucas/
Warts are caused by infection in the outer layer of the skin (epidermis) with a virus called the human papilloma virus (HPV). There are over 150 strains of this virus, and plantar warts are usually due to just a few of these strains. […] Infection makes the skin over-grow and thicken, leading to a benign (non-cancerous) skin growth (wart). […] Plantar warts can be caught by direct contact with infected skin scales for example from the floors of public changing rooms, shower cubicles and the areas around swimming pools. They can also be spread by autoinoculation, which happens when the warts are transferred to surrounding skin through scratching and rubbing.
#37 How to treat warts | healthdirect
https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/wart-treatments
Warts are caused by a virus known as the human papillomavirus (HPV). […] You can get the HPV virus from direct contact with the skin of another person who has the virus. […] You can also get the virus indirectly through contaminated surfaces such as swimming pools or gymnasiums. […] HPV infects the cells in the outer layer of the skin. The virus causes the infected skin cells to grow and form a wart. It can take up to a year for the wart to appear for the first time. […] There are more than 150 types of HPV. Most of these viruses cause no symptoms at all. Some types of HPV cause: warts, genital warts, cervical cancer. […] Ordinary skin warts do not cause cancer. […] HPV viruses are generally caught by skin-to-skin contact. It can live on your skin or genital area for many years.
#38 What are warts and verrucas? | EndWarts®
https://www.endwarts.co.uk/en-gb/warts-and-verrucas/about
Once you have become infected, the wart virus initially lies dormant and the infection only becomes apparent after the wart starts to grow. […] Warts can also spread from one place on your body to another. […] Warts are most commonly spread from one person to another when broken skin comes into direct contact with a wart, for example through a handshake. […] Warts can also spread from one place on your body to another through contact with broken skin, such as on fingertips and the area around nails from nail biting and picking at a wart. […] Warts can also be passed on via objects that carry infected skin cells that have peeled off from the wart, such as sharing towels with people who have warts or walking barefoot in places like locker rooms and public showers.
#39 Verruca – Overview | Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust
https://www.guysandstthomas.nhs.uk/health-information/verruca
A verruca (plantar wart) is a wart on the foot caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). […] When the skin gets very wet it loses its suppleness and flexibility, which can cause tiny cracks and splits to occur. […] The verruca virus thrives in warm, moist environments such as swimming pools, changing rooms and bathrooms.
#40 Common warts – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/common-warts/symptoms-causes/syc-20371125
Common warts are caused by a virus and are transmitted by touch. […] Common warts are caused by the human papillomavirus, also called HPV. There are more than 100 types of this common virus, but only a few cause warts on the hands. Some strains of HPV are spread through sexual contact. But most are spread by casual skin contact or shared objects, such as towels or washcloths. The virus usually spreads through breaks in the skin, such as hangnails or scrapes. Biting your nails also can cause warts to spread on your fingertips and around your nails. […] Each person’s immune system responds to HPV differently. So not everyone who comes in contact with HPV develops warts.
#41 Warts: 3 Types, Treatment, and Prevention
https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/warts
Warts are fairly common. About 1 in 10 people get them at some point. Theyâre more common in children, people with weakened immune systems, and people who regularly handle raw meat. […] There are different types of warts. All of them are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). […] HPV is a virus that spreads through cuts and skin-to-skin contact during sex. It usually enters your body through areas of skin that are moist, soft, or damaged. […] There are many different types of HPV over 100 types, in fact. Some of them can cause warts. The type of warts you get (and where you get them) depends on the type of HPV you have. […] Ten percent of people will develop a wart (verruca vulgaris) at some time in their lives. Warts are caused by the HPV virus, which is contagious. […] Warts are caused by certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV).
#42 Common Warts: Symptoms, Causes & Treatments | Ada Health
https://ada.com/conditions/common-warts/
Common warts are caused by an infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). […] HPV infects the skin through small cuts, scrapes, or weak spots, with warts appearing approximately two to six months later. […] Common warts are particularly prevalent in children and young adults, as well as people with weakened immune systems as a result of conditions such as HIV/AIDS, certain other severe and long-lasting medical conditions, receiving certain kinds of chemotherapy, or after procedures such as organ transplantation and the ensuing treatment. […] HPV is contagious and is passed on through direct skin-to-skin contact or indirect contact with objects or surfaces.
#43 Warts – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/viral-skin-diseases/warts
Warts are common, benign, epidermal lesions caused by human papillomavirus infection. […] Warts are cutaneous lesions caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection; there are over 100 HPV subtypes. […] Trauma and maceration facilitate initial epidermal inoculation. Spread can then occur by autoinoculation. Local and systemic immune factors also appear to influence spread; immunosuppressed patients (especially those with suppressed cellular immunity, [eg, HIV infection or a kidney transplant or those with a history of tumor-suppressive immunotherapy]) are at particular risk of developing generalized lesions that are difficult to treat. […] Cellular immunity by CD8+ T-cells is crucial for established infection to regress. However, intact humoral immunity can also provide resistance to HPV infection.
#44 Warts – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/viral-skin-diseases/warts
Warts are common, benign, epidermal lesions caused by human papillomavirus infection. […] Warts are cutaneous lesions caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection; there are over 100 HPV subtypes. […] Trauma and maceration facilitate initial epidermal inoculation. Spread can then occur by autoinoculation. Local and systemic immune factors also appear to influence spread; immunosuppressed patients (especially those with suppressed cellular immunity, [eg, HIV infection or a kidney transplant or those with a history of tumor-suppressive immunotherapy]) are at particular risk of developing generalized lesions that are difficult to treat. […] Cellular immunity by CD8+ T-cells is crucial for established infection to regress. However, intact humoral immunity can also provide resistance to HPV infection.
#45 Verruca Symptoms, Causes & Treatments | Spire Healthcare
https://www.spirehealthcare.com/conditions/verruca/
A verruca is caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). There are numerous strains of the virus but verrucas are only caused by HPV types 1, 2, 4, 27 and 57. […] HPV isn’t highly contagious, however, a wet environment can make the spread of infection easier. The virus can be spread through contact between bare feet and HPV-contaminated surfaces in changing rooms and shower cubicles. […] You’re also more likely to get a verruca if you are immunosuppressed. This may be because you’re receiving immunosuppressants due to a transplant or another condition, or receiving treatment that can weaken your immune system such as chemotherapy. Having a condition which weakens your immune system such as some blood cancers or AIDS will also increase your risk of verrucas.
#46 Common Warts: Symptoms, Causes & Treatments | Ada Health
https://ada.com/conditions/common-warts/
Common warts are caused by an infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). […] HPV infects the skin through small cuts, scrapes, or weak spots, with warts appearing approximately two to six months later. […] Common warts are particularly prevalent in children and young adults, as well as people with weakened immune systems as a result of conditions such as HIV/AIDS, certain other severe and long-lasting medical conditions, receiving certain kinds of chemotherapy, or after procedures such as organ transplantation and the ensuing treatment. […] HPV is contagious and is passed on through direct skin-to-skin contact or indirect contact with objects or surfaces.
#47 What are warts and verrucas? | EndWarts®
https://www.endwarts.co.uk/en-gb/warts-and-verrucas/about
Warts are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), which infects the cells in the outer layer of the skin through dry and cracked skin, or a cut or scratch. […] There are over 100 different types of HPV viruses, and they are contagious with a long incubation period (anywhere between two and six months) which can make it difficult to identify where you came into contact with a wart virus. […] The viruses that cause warts are usually completely harmless, and not everybody who comes into contact with wart viruses becomes infected. […] A family history of warts could make you more susceptible to wart viruses, and people who have a weakened immune system are also at higher risk. […] Children, whose immune systems are not fully developed, are also more susceptible to wart viruses than healthy adults.
#48 Verruca Symptoms, Causes & Treatments | Spire Healthcare
https://www.spirehealthcare.com/conditions/verruca/
A verruca is caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). There are numerous strains of the virus but verrucas are only caused by HPV types 1, 2, 4, 27 and 57. […] HPV isn’t highly contagious, however, a wet environment can make the spread of infection easier. The virus can be spread through contact between bare feet and HPV-contaminated surfaces in changing rooms and shower cubicles. […] You’re also more likely to get a verruca if you are immunosuppressed. This may be because you’re receiving immunosuppressants due to a transplant or another condition, or receiving treatment that can weaken your immune system such as chemotherapy. Having a condition which weakens your immune system such as some blood cancers or AIDS will also increase your risk of verrucas.
#49 Verrucas â the causes, symptoms and solutions.
https://www.avogel.co.uk/health/skin/warts/verrucas/
Verrucas are a harmless type of wart that normally manifest on the soles of your feet. […] In fact, it is estimated that 5-10% of children will contract warts while 15-20% of 16-18 year olds also suffer from the condition. […] HPV, or the Human Papilloma Virus, can occur in those with a weakened or immature immune system and often cause skin afflictions like warts by stimulating an overproduction of the tough protein keratin. […] If you ever visited your local swimming pool as a child, the chances are that you were repeated warned against running around in bare feet in case you attracted the virus. […] A diet high in caffeine, alcohol and processed fats, can place an enormous amount of pressure on the immune system, even affecting your liver function and digestion. […] Stress and your emotional health can place a huge strain on your immune system, triggering the release of inflammatory chemicals and redirecting the flow of nutrients from critical parts of the body, like your skin, to your major organs. […] One of the most common ways of catching the HPV virus is through direct contact with an affected party. […] Research has uncovered that the HPV virus can live on inanimate objects, like the surface of a floor or a towel.
#50 Common warts – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/common-warts/symptoms-causes/syc-20371125
Common warts are caused by a virus and are transmitted by touch. […] Common warts are caused by the human papillomavirus, also called HPV. There are more than 100 types of this common virus, but only a few cause warts on the hands. Some strains of HPV are spread through sexual contact. But most are spread by casual skin contact or shared objects, such as towels or washcloths. The virus usually spreads through breaks in the skin, such as hangnails or scrapes. Biting your nails also can cause warts to spread on your fingertips and around your nails. […] Each person’s immune system responds to HPV differently. So not everyone who comes in contact with HPV develops warts.
#51 What are warts and verrucas? | EndWarts®
https://www.endwarts.co.uk/en-gb/warts-and-verrucas/about
Warts are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), which infects the cells in the outer layer of the skin through dry and cracked skin, or a cut or scratch. […] There are over 100 different types of HPV viruses, and they are contagious with a long incubation period (anywhere between two and six months) which can make it difficult to identify where you came into contact with a wart virus. […] The viruses that cause warts are usually completely harmless, and not everybody who comes into contact with wart viruses becomes infected. […] A family history of warts could make you more susceptible to wart viruses, and people who have a weakened immune system are also at higher risk. […] Children, whose immune systems are not fully developed, are also more susceptible to wart viruses than healthy adults.
#52 Warts: 3 Types, Treatment, and Prevention
https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/warts
Warts are fairly common. About 1 in 10 people get them at some point. Theyâre more common in children, people with weakened immune systems, and people who regularly handle raw meat. […] There are different types of warts. All of them are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). […] HPV is a virus that spreads through cuts and skin-to-skin contact during sex. It usually enters your body through areas of skin that are moist, soft, or damaged. […] There are many different types of HPV over 100 types, in fact. Some of them can cause warts. The type of warts you get (and where you get them) depends on the type of HPV you have. […] Ten percent of people will develop a wart (verruca vulgaris) at some time in their lives. Warts are caused by the HPV virus, which is contagious. […] Warts are caused by certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV).
#53 Warts/Verrucas Causes and Treatment Medical Consultations Online
https://medicalconsultationsonline.co.uk/product/warts-verrucas-causes-and-treatment/
Warts are generally harmless, and they occur due to the human papillomavirus (HPV). […] Warts/verrucas are contagious and can spread from person to person through direct contact with the virus. […] A weakened immune system makes it harder for the body to fight off the HPV virus, increasing the likelihood of developing warts/verrucas. […] HPV thrives in warm, moist environments, which is why verrucas are commonly found on the soles of the feet. […] Any damage to the skin, such as cuts, scrapes, or punctures, creates an entry point for the HPV virus. […] Poor personal hygiene can increase the risk of verruca transmission. […] Verrucas are more common in children and adolescents, possibly because their immune systems are still developing and they are more likely to participate in activities that expose them to the virus, such as walking barefoot in communal areas.
#54 Warts (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth
https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/wart.html
Warts are caused by an infection with a virus in the human papillomavirus (HPV) family. […] There are many types of HPV, which can affect different parts of the body. […] Sometimes warts are sexually transmitted and appear in the genital area. […] The HPV viruses that cause these are different from the viruses that cause warts on other parts of the body. […] HPV viruses that cause warts can pass from person to person through close physical contact or from touching something that a person with a wart touches, like a towel, bathmat, or a shower floor. […] Kids who bite their fingernails or pick at hangnails are at risk for warts because they create open areas for a virus to enter and cause a wart. […] A tiny cut or scratch can put any area of skin at risk for a wart. […] How long warts take to develop can vary. They can grow very slowly and may take weeks or months to develop after someone is exposed to the virus.
#55 What is a Verruca
https://www.brightwellclinic.co.uk/what-is-a-verruca
Verrucae also known as warts are caused by a viral infection known as Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). […] Human papillomavirus can survive months to years on surfaces. […] It is thought microtrauma of the epidermal skin barrier on the foot allows entry of the virus as well as hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating). […] Each person’s immune system responds differently to HPV. […] The HPV strain that causes plantar warts aren’t highly contagious. […] Other risk factors include; Individuals with weakened immune systems, ethnicity, environment, activities such as athletes/sports, history of verruca, nutrition/diet and trauma or injury to the skin. […] It has been found that zinc deficiency can adversely affect immune function and relating this to viral infections like HPV makes the individual more susceptible to plantar warts and the immune system fighting off the virus.
#56 Common warts – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/common-warts/symptoms-causes/syc-20371125
Common warts are caused by a virus and are transmitted by touch. […] Common warts are caused by the human papillomavirus, also called HPV. There are more than 100 types of this common virus, but only a few cause warts on the hands. Some strains of HPV are spread through sexual contact. But most are spread by casual skin contact or shared objects, such as towels or washcloths. The virus usually spreads through breaks in the skin, such as hangnails or scrapes. Biting your nails also can cause warts to spread on your fingertips and around your nails. […] Each person’s immune system responds to HPV differently. So not everyone who comes in contact with HPV develops warts.
#57 Warts (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth
https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/wart.html
Warts are caused by an infection with a virus in the human papillomavirus (HPV) family. […] There are many types of HPV, which can affect different parts of the body. […] Sometimes warts are sexually transmitted and appear in the genital area. […] The HPV viruses that cause these are different from the viruses that cause warts on other parts of the body. […] HPV viruses that cause warts can pass from person to person through close physical contact or from touching something that a person with a wart touches, like a towel, bathmat, or a shower floor. […] Kids who bite their fingernails or pick at hangnails are at risk for warts because they create open areas for a virus to enter and cause a wart. […] A tiny cut or scratch can put any area of skin at risk for a wart. […] How long warts take to develop can vary. They can grow very slowly and may take weeks or months to develop after someone is exposed to the virus.
#58 Warts, verrucas, human papillomavirus infection
https://dermnetnz.org/topics/viral-wart
A viral wart is a very common benign lesion caused by infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). […] Warts are due to infection by the human papillomavirus (HPV), a double-stranded DNA virus. There are more than 150 known HPV types, only some of which infect the skin, giving rise to a variety of clinical presentations. […] The most common HPV types infecting the skin are types 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 27, 29, and 57. […] HPV is spread by direct skin-to-skin contact or autoinoculation; if a wart is scratched or picked, a wart may develop under the fingernail (subungual wart) or virus may be spread to another area of skin. […] The incubation period can be as long as twelve months, depending on the amount of virus inoculated. […] Butcher’s warts are specifically caused by HPV 7 infecting the hands of butchers and others whose occupation involves chronic exposure to a cold moist environment. […] Epidermodysplasia verruciformis is a rare autosomal recessive condition susceptible to skin infection with specific HPV types that cause flat pityriasis versicolor-like lesions and squamous cell carcinoma.
#59 Warts: 3 Types, Treatment, and Prevention
https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/warts
Warts are fairly common. About 1 in 10 people get them at some point. Theyâre more common in children, people with weakened immune systems, and people who regularly handle raw meat. […] There are different types of warts. All of them are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). […] HPV is a virus that spreads through cuts and skin-to-skin contact during sex. It usually enters your body through areas of skin that are moist, soft, or damaged. […] There are many different types of HPV over 100 types, in fact. Some of them can cause warts. The type of warts you get (and where you get them) depends on the type of HPV you have. […] Ten percent of people will develop a wart (verruca vulgaris) at some time in their lives. Warts are caused by the HPV virus, which is contagious. […] Warts are caused by certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV).
#60 What are warts and verrucas? | EndWarts®
https://www.endwarts.co.uk/en-gb/warts-and-verrucas/about
Warts are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), which infects the cells in the outer layer of the skin through dry and cracked skin, or a cut or scratch. […] There are over 100 different types of HPV viruses, and they are contagious with a long incubation period (anywhere between two and six months) which can make it difficult to identify where you came into contact with a wart virus. […] The viruses that cause warts are usually completely harmless, and not everybody who comes into contact with wart viruses becomes infected. […] A family history of warts could make you more susceptible to wart viruses, and people who have a weakened immune system are also at higher risk. […] Children, whose immune systems are not fully developed, are also more susceptible to wart viruses than healthy adults.
#61 Viral Warts > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine
https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/viral-warts
Viral warts are viral infections of the skin (most originating from the human papillomavirus or HPV family, but not the strains associated with cancer). […] Viral warts affect children and teens more than adults because their immune systems haven’t developed the antibodies to fight strains of HPV that cause warts. […] Skin-to-skin contact, or skin that comes in contact with things that have been touched by others, is often what spreads the virus. […] Though most people become immune to the viruses over time, usually by the end of the teenage years, some people may develop warts into adulthood, possibly because of certain genetic susceptibilities. […] Doctors typically diagnose warts by examining suspected warts, which often develop near broken skin, such as where fingernails and cuticles have been bitten or picked. […] Therefore, one of the most common reasons for treatment failure is not completing the full therapy needed to eliminate the virus at the base of the wart.
#62 Understanding Symptoms, Treatments & Causes of Verrucas
https://bucksfootclinic.com/understanding-symptoms-treatments-causes-of-verrucas/
Age and gender: Verrucas are more common in children and young adults, and they tend to affect males slightly more than females. […] The likelihood of developing verrucas can vary depending on various factors. While anyone can get a verruca, certain individuals may be more susceptible. For example, those with weakened immune systems, such as individuals with diabetes or undergoing immunosuppressive treatments, may have a higher risk of developing verrucas.
#63 Warts
https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Warts/
Warts are generally harmless skin growths. They are very common, affecting around one in five children. Warts can come up anywhere on the skin or mucous membranes (e.g. the mouth, genitals). However, they are most commonly found on the hands, fingers, feet and face. […] Warts are caused by a family of viruses called human papillomavirus (HPV). Once infected with the virus, it may take up to a year or more for the wart to become visible. They then grow very slowly over a period of months to years. […] There are many different types of wart virus, and it is possible to become immune to one type, but develop other types of warts. Any immunity is not lifelong. […] Genital warts are caused by a different family type of HPV. These are sexually transmitted and can sometimes cause cervical and vulval cancer. Ordinary skin warts do not cause cancer.
#64 What is a Verruca
https://www.brightwellclinic.co.uk/what-is-a-verruca
Verrucae also known as warts are caused by a viral infection known as Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). […] Human papillomavirus can survive months to years on surfaces. […] It is thought microtrauma of the epidermal skin barrier on the foot allows entry of the virus as well as hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating). […] Each person’s immune system responds differently to HPV. […] The HPV strain that causes plantar warts aren’t highly contagious. […] Other risk factors include; Individuals with weakened immune systems, ethnicity, environment, activities such as athletes/sports, history of verruca, nutrition/diet and trauma or injury to the skin. […] It has been found that zinc deficiency can adversely affect immune function and relating this to viral infections like HPV makes the individual more susceptible to plantar warts and the immune system fighting off the virus.
#65 Verruca: Diagnosis, Cause and Treatment | Aventus Clinic
https://aventusclinic.com/verruca-diagnosis-causes-and-treatment/
A wart or verruca is caused by Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), a virus family that can infect healthy skin within just minutes. […] A verruca occurs when there is a break in the skin surface, allowing a virus to enter and cause an infection. […] A wart or verruca is considered extremely contagious, so youâll want to take active steps to prevent spreading the virus. […] Youâre more likely to contract warts and verrucas if you are deficient in vitamin B12 or have a weakened immune system. […] A verruca is an infection of the skin caused by human papilloma virus (commonly known as HPV), which is highly contagious. […] Once the virus enters your body, it may cause a series of warts.
#66 Warts – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/viral-skin-diseases/warts
Warts are common, benign, epidermal lesions caused by human papillomavirus infection. […] Warts are cutaneous lesions caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection; there are over 100 HPV subtypes. […] Trauma and maceration facilitate initial epidermal inoculation. Spread can then occur by autoinoculation. Local and systemic immune factors also appear to influence spread; immunosuppressed patients (especially those with suppressed cellular immunity, [eg, HIV infection or a kidney transplant or those with a history of tumor-suppressive immunotherapy]) are at particular risk of developing generalized lesions that are difficult to treat. […] Cellular immunity by CD8+ T-cells is crucial for established infection to regress. However, intact humoral immunity can also provide resistance to HPV infection.
#67 Warts and verrucas: assessment and treatment – The Pharmaceutical Journal
https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/warts-and-verrucas-assessment-and-treatment
Studies suggest that the bovine papilloma virus (which is related) can retain infectivity for months and possibly years, and the same may be true for HPV. […] Warts can last longer in patients who are immunocompromised, especially those with cell-mediated immunodeficiency. In patients with severely impaired immune function (e.g. patients treated with immunosuppressants after organ or bone marrow transplant), warts may be large, extensive and resistant to treatment. Warts can also be a presenting complaint of patients with undiagnosed conditions such as HIV, lymphoma and CD4 lymphocytopenia. All patients with warts who are immunocompromised should be referred to a dermatologist. […] HPV infection is associated with squamous cell carcinoma and pre-malignancy. The likelihood of squamous cell carcinoma is increased in mild immunodeficiency and carriers of certain HPV types. HPV types 5 and 8 are also associated with epidermodysplasia verruciformis, an extremely rare skin disorder that results in the growth of scaly macules and papules.
#68 Warts – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/viral-skin-diseases/warts
Warts are common, benign, epidermal lesions caused by human papillomavirus infection. […] Warts are cutaneous lesions caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection; there are over 100 HPV subtypes. […] Trauma and maceration facilitate initial epidermal inoculation. Spread can then occur by autoinoculation. Local and systemic immune factors also appear to influence spread; immunosuppressed patients (especially those with suppressed cellular immunity, [eg, HIV infection or a kidney transplant or those with a history of tumor-suppressive immunotherapy]) are at particular risk of developing generalized lesions that are difficult to treat. […] Cellular immunity by CD8+ T-cells is crucial for established infection to regress. However, intact humoral immunity can also provide resistance to HPV infection.
#69 Wart – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wart
Warts are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). […] HPV infects the squamous epithelium, usually of the skin or genitals, but each HPV type is typically only able to infect a few specific areas of the body. […] Many HPV types can produce a benign growth, often called a „wart” or „papilloma”, in the area they infect. […] The virus is believed to infect the host through the entrance of a skin wound. […] Factors that increase the risk include the use of public showers and pools, working with meat, eczema, and a weak immune system. […] Infection of a virus, such as HIV, can cause warts. […] The estimated current rate of non-genital warts among the general population is 113%. […] Prior to widespread adoption of the HPV vaccine, the estimated rate of genital warts in sexually active women was 12%.
#70 Warts and verrucas: assessment and treatment – The Pharmaceutical Journal
https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/warts-and-verrucas-assessment-and-treatment
Studies suggest that the bovine papilloma virus (which is related) can retain infectivity for months and possibly years, and the same may be true for HPV. […] Warts can last longer in patients who are immunocompromised, especially those with cell-mediated immunodeficiency. In patients with severely impaired immune function (e.g. patients treated with immunosuppressants after organ or bone marrow transplant), warts may be large, extensive and resistant to treatment. Warts can also be a presenting complaint of patients with undiagnosed conditions such as HIV, lymphoma and CD4 lymphocytopenia. All patients with warts who are immunocompromised should be referred to a dermatologist. […] HPV infection is associated with squamous cell carcinoma and pre-malignancy. The likelihood of squamous cell carcinoma is increased in mild immunodeficiency and carriers of certain HPV types. HPV types 5 and 8 are also associated with epidermodysplasia verruciformis, an extremely rare skin disorder that results in the growth of scaly macules and papules.
#71 Common Warts: Symptoms, Causes & Treatments | Ada Health
https://ada.com/conditions/common-warts/
Common warts are caused by an infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). […] HPV infects the skin through small cuts, scrapes, or weak spots, with warts appearing approximately two to six months later. […] Common warts are particularly prevalent in children and young adults, as well as people with weakened immune systems as a result of conditions such as HIV/AIDS, certain other severe and long-lasting medical conditions, receiving certain kinds of chemotherapy, or after procedures such as organ transplantation and the ensuing treatment. […] HPV is contagious and is passed on through direct skin-to-skin contact or indirect contact with objects or surfaces.
#72 Warts and verrucas: assessment and treatment – The Pharmaceutical Journal
https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/warts-and-verrucas-assessment-and-treatment
Studies suggest that the bovine papilloma virus (which is related) can retain infectivity for months and possibly years, and the same may be true for HPV. […] Warts can last longer in patients who are immunocompromised, especially those with cell-mediated immunodeficiency. In patients with severely impaired immune function (e.g. patients treated with immunosuppressants after organ or bone marrow transplant), warts may be large, extensive and resistant to treatment. Warts can also be a presenting complaint of patients with undiagnosed conditions such as HIV, lymphoma and CD4 lymphocytopenia. All patients with warts who are immunocompromised should be referred to a dermatologist. […] HPV infection is associated with squamous cell carcinoma and pre-malignancy. The likelihood of squamous cell carcinoma is increased in mild immunodeficiency and carriers of certain HPV types. HPV types 5 and 8 are also associated with epidermodysplasia verruciformis, an extremely rare skin disorder that results in the growth of scaly macules and papules.
#73 Warts and Verrucas: Causes and Treatment
https://patient.info/skin-conditions/warts-and-verrucas-leaflet
Warts are caused by a virus (human papillomavirus) which causes a reaction in the skin. […] Warts and verrucas usually clear in time without treatment. […] Most commonly, treatment involves applying salicylic acid or freezing with liquid nitrogen or a cold spray. […] Warts are generally harmless, and usually disappear on their own, although this can take some time. […] About two-thirds of warts go away without treatment within two years. […] Yes – however, the risk of passing them on to others is low. […] You are more at risk of being infected if your skin is damaged, or if it is wet and macerated, and in contact with roughened surfaces. […] If you have a poor immune system you may develop lots of warts which are difficult to clear. […] Most treatments for verrucas work by destroying the verruca itself with acid or freezing treatment. […] Verruca needling works by stimulating your own body’s immune response to fight off the virus. […] There are some other treatments used by specialists if other treatments have failed.
#74 Wart – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431047/
Cystic warts are caused by type 60 […] Focal epithelial hyperplasia is caused by types 13 and 32 […] Butcher’s warts are caused by type 7. […] Out of the 100 subtypes of HPV, a few of them have the propensity to induce cancer. […] HPV strains 5, 8, 20, and 47 also have malignant potential in individuals with epidermodysplasia verruciformis. […] Warts, in general, are benign, but there are reports that sometimes they may become malignant and develop into what is known as verrucous carcinoma.
#75 Warts, verrucas, human papillomavirus infection
https://dermnetnz.org/topics/viral-wart
A viral wart is a very common benign lesion caused by infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). […] Warts are due to infection by the human papillomavirus (HPV), a double-stranded DNA virus. There are more than 150 known HPV types, only some of which infect the skin, giving rise to a variety of clinical presentations. […] The most common HPV types infecting the skin are types 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 27, 29, and 57. […] HPV is spread by direct skin-to-skin contact or autoinoculation; if a wart is scratched or picked, a wart may develop under the fingernail (subungual wart) or virus may be spread to another area of skin. […] The incubation period can be as long as twelve months, depending on the amount of virus inoculated. […] Butcher’s warts are specifically caused by HPV 7 infecting the hands of butchers and others whose occupation involves chronic exposure to a cold moist environment. […] Epidermodysplasia verruciformis is a rare autosomal recessive condition susceptible to skin infection with specific HPV types that cause flat pityriasis versicolor-like lesions and squamous cell carcinoma.
#76 Warts, verrucas, human papillomavirus infection
https://dermnetnz.org/topics/viral-wart
A viral wart is a very common benign lesion caused by infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). […] Warts are due to infection by the human papillomavirus (HPV), a double-stranded DNA virus. There are more than 150 known HPV types, only some of which infect the skin, giving rise to a variety of clinical presentations. […] The most common HPV types infecting the skin are types 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 27, 29, and 57. […] HPV is spread by direct skin-to-skin contact or autoinoculation; if a wart is scratched or picked, a wart may develop under the fingernail (subungual wart) or virus may be spread to another area of skin. […] The incubation period can be as long as twelve months, depending on the amount of virus inoculated. […] Butcher’s warts are specifically caused by HPV 7 infecting the hands of butchers and others whose occupation involves chronic exposure to a cold moist environment. […] Epidermodysplasia verruciformis is a rare autosomal recessive condition susceptible to skin infection with specific HPV types that cause flat pityriasis versicolor-like lesions and squamous cell carcinoma.
#77 Warts and verrucas: assessment and treatment – The Pharmaceutical Journal
https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/warts-and-verrucas-assessment-and-treatment
Studies suggest that the bovine papilloma virus (which is related) can retain infectivity for months and possibly years, and the same may be true for HPV. […] Warts can last longer in patients who are immunocompromised, especially those with cell-mediated immunodeficiency. In patients with severely impaired immune function (e.g. patients treated with immunosuppressants after organ or bone marrow transplant), warts may be large, extensive and resistant to treatment. Warts can also be a presenting complaint of patients with undiagnosed conditions such as HIV, lymphoma and CD4 lymphocytopenia. All patients with warts who are immunocompromised should be referred to a dermatologist. […] HPV infection is associated with squamous cell carcinoma and pre-malignancy. The likelihood of squamous cell carcinoma is increased in mild immunodeficiency and carriers of certain HPV types. HPV types 5 and 8 are also associated with epidermodysplasia verruciformis, an extremely rare skin disorder that results in the growth of scaly macules and papules.
#78 Warts and verrucas: assessment and treatment – The Pharmaceutical Journal
https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/warts-and-verrucas-assessment-and-treatment
Studies suggest that the bovine papilloma virus (which is related) can retain infectivity for months and possibly years, and the same may be true for HPV. […] Warts can last longer in patients who are immunocompromised, especially those with cell-mediated immunodeficiency. In patients with severely impaired immune function (e.g. patients treated with immunosuppressants after organ or bone marrow transplant), warts may be large, extensive and resistant to treatment. Warts can also be a presenting complaint of patients with undiagnosed conditions such as HIV, lymphoma and CD4 lymphocytopenia. All patients with warts who are immunocompromised should be referred to a dermatologist. […] HPV infection is associated with squamous cell carcinoma and pre-malignancy. The likelihood of squamous cell carcinoma is increased in mild immunodeficiency and carriers of certain HPV types. HPV types 5 and 8 are also associated with epidermodysplasia verruciformis, an extremely rare skin disorder that results in the growth of scaly macules and papules.
#79 Wart – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431047/
Cystic warts are caused by type 60 […] Focal epithelial hyperplasia is caused by types 13 and 32 […] Butcher’s warts are caused by type 7. […] Out of the 100 subtypes of HPV, a few of them have the propensity to induce cancer. […] HPV strains 5, 8, 20, and 47 also have malignant potential in individuals with epidermodysplasia verruciformis. […] Warts, in general, are benign, but there are reports that sometimes they may become malignant and develop into what is known as verrucous carcinoma.
#80 Wart – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431047/
Cystic warts are caused by type 60 […] Focal epithelial hyperplasia is caused by types 13 and 32 […] Butcher’s warts are caused by type 7. […] Out of the 100 subtypes of HPV, a few of them have the propensity to induce cancer. […] HPV strains 5, 8, 20, and 47 also have malignant potential in individuals with epidermodysplasia verruciformis. […] Warts, in general, are benign, but there are reports that sometimes they may become malignant and develop into what is known as verrucous carcinoma.
#81 What Causes Verruca Vulgaris?
https://www.icliniq.com/articles/skin-care/verruca-vulgaris
Warts are noncancerous skin growths that can transmit by direct or indirect contact. […] These are small, noncancerous skin growths that appear when your skin is infected with the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) or other subtypes of this virus. […] The following are the more common types of warts: Common Warts: They are associated with Human Papillomavirus types 2, 4 (most common), 1, 3, 27, 29, and 57. […] Palmoplantar Warts: They are caused by types 1 (most common) followed by types 2, 3, 4, 27, and 57. […] Warts thrive in moist or injured skin. […] Warts are more common among whites than in blacks or Asians. […] Most warts resolve on their own without any significant problems. However, some warts can cause issues, including cancer, disfigurement, infections, and pain. […] Warts are a common skin growth caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) or other subtypes of this virus. They are mostly non-cancerous or benign. However, some types of HPV viruses are malignant and are linked to different cancers, like anal cancer, cervical cancer, and throat cancer. […] Most of the time, warts are harmless and often go away naturally.
#82 Warts – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/viral-skin-diseases/warts
Common warts (verrucae vulgaris) are caused by HPV types 1, 2, 4, and 7 and occasionally other types in immunosuppressed patients. […] Genital warts are caused by HPV type 6 or 11 (most commonly) and by types 1a, 2, 4, 7, 16, 18, 27b, 27, 33, 38, 40, 42, 43, 44, 54, 57b, 57c, 61, 72, 81, and 89. […] Infection with high-risk HPV types (most notably types 16 and 18 but also types 31, 33, 35, and 39) is the main cause of cervical cancer. […] Many warts regress spontaneously (particularly common warts); others may persist for years and recur at the same or different sites, even with treatment. Factors influencing recurrence appear to be related to the patients overall immune status as well as local factors. […] HPV vaccines protect against some of the types of HPV that cause warts and cancer.
#83 Warts Information | Mount Sinai – New York
https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/warts
Warts are small, usually painless growths on the skin. Most of the time, they are harmless. They are caused by a virus called human papillomavirus (HPV). There are more than 150 types of HPV viruses. Some types of warts are spread through sex. […] All warts can spread from one part of your body to another. Warts can spread from person to person by contact, especially sexual contact. […] Infection with certain types of HPV can increase cancer risk, most commonly cervical cancer in women. This is most common with genital warts. To decrease the risk for cervical cancer in women, a vaccine is available. Your provider can discuss this with you.
#84 Warts – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/viral-skin-diseases/warts
Common warts (verrucae vulgaris) are caused by HPV types 1, 2, 4, and 7 and occasionally other types in immunosuppressed patients. […] Genital warts are caused by HPV type 6 or 11 (most commonly) and by types 1a, 2, 4, 7, 16, 18, 27b, 27, 33, 38, 40, 42, 43, 44, 54, 57b, 57c, 61, 72, 81, and 89. […] Infection with high-risk HPV types (most notably types 16 and 18 but also types 31, 33, 35, and 39) is the main cause of cervical cancer. […] Many warts regress spontaneously (particularly common warts); others may persist for years and recur at the same or different sites, even with treatment. Factors influencing recurrence appear to be related to the patients overall immune status as well as local factors. […] HPV vaccines protect against some of the types of HPV that cause warts and cancer.
#85 Warts – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/viral-skin-diseases/warts
Common warts (verrucae vulgaris) are caused by HPV types 1, 2, 4, and 7 and occasionally other types in immunosuppressed patients. […] Genital warts are caused by HPV type 6 or 11 (most commonly) and by types 1a, 2, 4, 7, 16, 18, 27b, 27, 33, 38, 40, 42, 43, 44, 54, 57b, 57c, 61, 72, 81, and 89. […] Infection with high-risk HPV types (most notably types 16 and 18 but also types 31, 33, 35, and 39) is the main cause of cervical cancer. […] Many warts regress spontaneously (particularly common warts); others may persist for years and recur at the same or different sites, even with treatment. Factors influencing recurrence appear to be related to the patients overall immune status as well as local factors. […] HPV vaccines protect against some of the types of HPV that cause warts and cancer.
#86 Wart – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431047/
Cystic warts are caused by type 60 […] Focal epithelial hyperplasia is caused by types 13 and 32 […] Butcher’s warts are caused by type 7. […] Out of the 100 subtypes of HPV, a few of them have the propensity to induce cancer. […] HPV strains 5, 8, 20, and 47 also have malignant potential in individuals with epidermodysplasia verruciformis. […] Warts, in general, are benign, but there are reports that sometimes they may become malignant and develop into what is known as verrucous carcinoma.
#87 Warts and verrucas: assessment and treatment – The Pharmaceutical Journal
https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/warts-and-verrucas-assessment-and-treatment
Studies suggest that the bovine papilloma virus (which is related) can retain infectivity for months and possibly years, and the same may be true for HPV. […] Warts can last longer in patients who are immunocompromised, especially those with cell-mediated immunodeficiency. In patients with severely impaired immune function (e.g. patients treated with immunosuppressants after organ or bone marrow transplant), warts may be large, extensive and resistant to treatment. Warts can also be a presenting complaint of patients with undiagnosed conditions such as HIV, lymphoma and CD4 lymphocytopenia. All patients with warts who are immunocompromised should be referred to a dermatologist. […] HPV infection is associated with squamous cell carcinoma and pre-malignancy. The likelihood of squamous cell carcinoma is increased in mild immunodeficiency and carriers of certain HPV types. HPV types 5 and 8 are also associated with epidermodysplasia verruciformis, an extremely rare skin disorder that results in the growth of scaly macules and papules.
#88 Warts and verrucas | Healthify
https://healthify.nz/health-a-z/w/warts-and-verrucas
Warts are caused by strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV). […] Warts happen when HPV virus infects the top layer of your skin and causes your skin cells to grow very fast. […] The strains of HPV that cause harmless warts on your hands, legs or feet are different to those that cause genital warts and cervical cancer.
#89 Warts
https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Warts/
Warts are generally harmless skin growths. They are very common, affecting around one in five children. Warts can come up anywhere on the skin or mucous membranes (e.g. the mouth, genitals). However, they are most commonly found on the hands, fingers, feet and face. […] Warts are caused by a family of viruses called human papillomavirus (HPV). Once infected with the virus, it may take up to a year or more for the wart to become visible. They then grow very slowly over a period of months to years. […] There are many different types of wart virus, and it is possible to become immune to one type, but develop other types of warts. Any immunity is not lifelong. […] Genital warts are caused by a different family type of HPV. These are sexually transmitted and can sometimes cause cervical and vulval cancer. Ordinary skin warts do not cause cancer.
#90 Wart – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431047/
Cystic warts are caused by type 60 […] Focal epithelial hyperplasia is caused by types 13 and 32 […] Butcher’s warts are caused by type 7. […] Out of the 100 subtypes of HPV, a few of them have the propensity to induce cancer. […] HPV strains 5, 8, 20, and 47 also have malignant potential in individuals with epidermodysplasia verruciformis. […] Warts, in general, are benign, but there are reports that sometimes they may become malignant and develop into what is known as verrucous carcinoma.
#91 What Causes Verruca Vulgaris?
https://www.icliniq.com/articles/skin-care/verruca-vulgaris
Warts are noncancerous skin growths that can transmit by direct or indirect contact. […] These are small, noncancerous skin growths that appear when your skin is infected with the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) or other subtypes of this virus. […] The following are the more common types of warts: Common Warts: They are associated with Human Papillomavirus types 2, 4 (most common), 1, 3, 27, 29, and 57. […] Palmoplantar Warts: They are caused by types 1 (most common) followed by types 2, 3, 4, 27, and 57. […] Warts thrive in moist or injured skin. […] Warts are more common among whites than in blacks or Asians. […] Most warts resolve on their own without any significant problems. However, some warts can cause issues, including cancer, disfigurement, infections, and pain. […] Warts are a common skin growth caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) or other subtypes of this virus. They are mostly non-cancerous or benign. However, some types of HPV viruses are malignant and are linked to different cancers, like anal cancer, cervical cancer, and throat cancer. […] Most of the time, warts are harmless and often go away naturally.
#92 Wart – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431047/
Cystic warts are caused by type 60 […] Focal epithelial hyperplasia is caused by types 13 and 32 […] Butcher’s warts are caused by type 7. […] Out of the 100 subtypes of HPV, a few of them have the propensity to induce cancer. […] HPV strains 5, 8, 20, and 47 also have malignant potential in individuals with epidermodysplasia verruciformis. […] Warts, in general, are benign, but there are reports that sometimes they may become malignant and develop into what is known as verrucous carcinoma.
#93 Warts and verrucas: assessment and treatment – The Pharmaceutical Journal
https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/warts-and-verrucas-assessment-and-treatment
Studies suggest that the bovine papilloma virus (which is related) can retain infectivity for months and possibly years, and the same may be true for HPV. […] Warts can last longer in patients who are immunocompromised, especially those with cell-mediated immunodeficiency. In patients with severely impaired immune function (e.g. patients treated with immunosuppressants after organ or bone marrow transplant), warts may be large, extensive and resistant to treatment. Warts can also be a presenting complaint of patients with undiagnosed conditions such as HIV, lymphoma and CD4 lymphocytopenia. All patients with warts who are immunocompromised should be referred to a dermatologist. […] HPV infection is associated with squamous cell carcinoma and pre-malignancy. The likelihood of squamous cell carcinoma is increased in mild immunodeficiency and carriers of certain HPV types. HPV types 5 and 8 are also associated with epidermodysplasia verruciformis, an extremely rare skin disorder that results in the growth of scaly macules and papules.
#94 Warts and Verrucas: Causes and Treatment
https://patient.info/skin-conditions/warts-and-verrucas-leaflet
Warts are caused by a virus (human papillomavirus) which causes a reaction in the skin. […] Warts and verrucas usually clear in time without treatment. […] Most commonly, treatment involves applying salicylic acid or freezing with liquid nitrogen or a cold spray. […] Warts are generally harmless, and usually disappear on their own, although this can take some time. […] About two-thirds of warts go away without treatment within two years. […] Yes – however, the risk of passing them on to others is low. […] You are more at risk of being infected if your skin is damaged, or if it is wet and macerated, and in contact with roughened surfaces. […] If you have a poor immune system you may develop lots of warts which are difficult to clear. […] Most treatments for verrucas work by destroying the verruca itself with acid or freezing treatment. […] Verruca needling works by stimulating your own body’s immune response to fight off the virus. […] There are some other treatments used by specialists if other treatments have failed.
#95 Warts and Verrucas: Causes and Treatment
https://patient.info/skin-conditions/warts-and-verrucas-leaflet
Warts are caused by a virus (human papillomavirus) which causes a reaction in the skin. […] Warts and verrucas usually clear in time without treatment. […] Most commonly, treatment involves applying salicylic acid or freezing with liquid nitrogen or a cold spray. […] Warts are generally harmless, and usually disappear on their own, although this can take some time. […] About two-thirds of warts go away without treatment within two years. […] Yes – however, the risk of passing them on to others is low. […] You are more at risk of being infected if your skin is damaged, or if it is wet and macerated, and in contact with roughened surfaces. […] If you have a poor immune system you may develop lots of warts which are difficult to clear. […] Most treatments for verrucas work by destroying the verruca itself with acid or freezing treatment. […] Verruca needling works by stimulating your own body’s immune response to fight off the virus. […] There are some other treatments used by specialists if other treatments have failed.
#96 Warts and Verrucas: Causes and Treatment
https://patient.info/skin-conditions/warts-and-verrucas-leaflet
Warts are caused by a virus (human papillomavirus) which causes a reaction in the skin. […] Warts and verrucas usually clear in time without treatment. […] Most commonly, treatment involves applying salicylic acid or freezing with liquid nitrogen or a cold spray. […] Warts are generally harmless, and usually disappear on their own, although this can take some time. […] About two-thirds of warts go away without treatment within two years. […] Yes – however, the risk of passing them on to others is low. […] You are more at risk of being infected if your skin is damaged, or if it is wet and macerated, and in contact with roughened surfaces. […] If you have a poor immune system you may develop lots of warts which are difficult to clear. […] Most treatments for verrucas work by destroying the verruca itself with acid or freezing treatment. […] Verruca needling works by stimulating your own body’s immune response to fight off the virus. […] There are some other treatments used by specialists if other treatments have failed.
#97 Warts – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/viral-skin-diseases/warts
Common warts (verrucae vulgaris) are caused by HPV types 1, 2, 4, and 7 and occasionally other types in immunosuppressed patients. […] Genital warts are caused by HPV type 6 or 11 (most commonly) and by types 1a, 2, 4, 7, 16, 18, 27b, 27, 33, 38, 40, 42, 43, 44, 54, 57b, 57c, 61, 72, 81, and 89. […] Infection with high-risk HPV types (most notably types 16 and 18 but also types 31, 33, 35, and 39) is the main cause of cervical cancer. […] Many warts regress spontaneously (particularly common warts); others may persist for years and recur at the same or different sites, even with treatment. Factors influencing recurrence appear to be related to the patients overall immune status as well as local factors. […] HPV vaccines protect against some of the types of HPV that cause warts and cancer.
#98 Destructive therapies for cutaneous warts: A review of the evidence
https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2022/october/destructive-therapies-for-cutaneous-warts
Non-genital warts are benign cutaneous growths caused by infection with the human papillomavirus. […] A break in the epidermal barrier of the skin allows entry of HPV and subsequent infection of basal epithelial cells. HPV replicates alongside the natural lifecycle of epithelial cells, and is eventually released from desquamated keratinocytes on the surface of warts, potentially infecting other sites via direct contact or through fomites. […] Common warts (Verruca vulgaris), plantar warts (Verruca plantaris) and flat/plane warts (Verruca plana), collectively known as cutaneous warts, are benign growths of the skin caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). […] Cutaneous warts generally self-resolve. […] Patients might request treatment for their warts when they cause discomfort, functional impairment, social ostracism, are numerous, grow large or raise concerns regarding transmission.
#99 Warts – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/viral-skin-diseases/warts
Warts are common, benign, epidermal lesions caused by human papillomavirus infection. […] Warts are cutaneous lesions caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection; there are over 100 HPV subtypes. […] Trauma and maceration facilitate initial epidermal inoculation. Spread can then occur by autoinoculation. Local and systemic immune factors also appear to influence spread; immunosuppressed patients (especially those with suppressed cellular immunity, [eg, HIV infection or a kidney transplant or those with a history of tumor-suppressive immunotherapy]) are at particular risk of developing generalized lesions that are difficult to treat. […] Cellular immunity by CD8+ T-cells is crucial for established infection to regress. However, intact humoral immunity can also provide resistance to HPV infection.
#100 Warts
https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Warts/
Warts are generally harmless skin growths. They are very common, affecting around one in five children. Warts can come up anywhere on the skin or mucous membranes (e.g. the mouth, genitals). However, they are most commonly found on the hands, fingers, feet and face. […] Warts are caused by a family of viruses called human papillomavirus (HPV). Once infected with the virus, it may take up to a year or more for the wart to become visible. They then grow very slowly over a period of months to years. […] There are many different types of wart virus, and it is possible to become immune to one type, but develop other types of warts. Any immunity is not lifelong. […] Genital warts are caused by a different family type of HPV. These are sexually transmitted and can sometimes cause cervical and vulval cancer. Ordinary skin warts do not cause cancer.
#101 Warts – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/viral-skin-diseases/warts
Common warts (verrucae vulgaris) are caused by HPV types 1, 2, 4, and 7 and occasionally other types in immunosuppressed patients. […] Genital warts are caused by HPV type 6 or 11 (most commonly) and by types 1a, 2, 4, 7, 16, 18, 27b, 27, 33, 38, 40, 42, 43, 44, 54, 57b, 57c, 61, 72, 81, and 89. […] Infection with high-risk HPV types (most notably types 16 and 18 but also types 31, 33, 35, and 39) is the main cause of cervical cancer. […] Many warts regress spontaneously (particularly common warts); others may persist for years and recur at the same or different sites, even with treatment. Factors influencing recurrence appear to be related to the patients overall immune status as well as local factors. […] HPV vaccines protect against some of the types of HPV that cause warts and cancer.
#102 Warts – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/viral-skin-diseases/warts
Common warts (verrucae vulgaris) are caused by HPV types 1, 2, 4, and 7 and occasionally other types in immunosuppressed patients. […] Genital warts are caused by HPV type 6 or 11 (most commonly) and by types 1a, 2, 4, 7, 16, 18, 27b, 27, 33, 38, 40, 42, 43, 44, 54, 57b, 57c, 61, 72, 81, and 89. […] Infection with high-risk HPV types (most notably types 16 and 18 but also types 31, 33, 35, and 39) is the main cause of cervical cancer. […] Many warts regress spontaneously (particularly common warts); others may persist for years and recur at the same or different sites, even with treatment. Factors influencing recurrence appear to be related to the patients overall immune status as well as local factors. […] HPV vaccines protect against some of the types of HPV that cause warts and cancer.
#103 What Are Verrucas (Plantar Warts)? | Cosmedics Skin Clinics
https://www.cosmedics.co.uk/skin-conditions/verruca/
Verrucas, also known as plantar warts, are a localised thickening of the skin on the soles of the feet, which occur when the skin becomes infected by the human papilloma virus. […] The infection that causes plantar warts can be picked up from contact with infected skin cells. This is why you might have heard that you can get verrucas from the swimming pool. The virus can be picked up where the skin is more delicate or damaged through small or invisible cuts or abrasions. […] Some plantar warts will clear up on their own if they are left to heal, but this isn’t always the case. They can be quite persistent and if left untreated, can grow and last for years.
#104 Warts – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/viral-skin-diseases/warts
Common warts (verrucae vulgaris) are caused by HPV types 1, 2, 4, and 7 and occasionally other types in immunosuppressed patients. […] Genital warts are caused by HPV type 6 or 11 (most commonly) and by types 1a, 2, 4, 7, 16, 18, 27b, 27, 33, 38, 40, 42, 43, 44, 54, 57b, 57c, 61, 72, 81, and 89. […] Infection with high-risk HPV types (most notably types 16 and 18 but also types 31, 33, 35, and 39) is the main cause of cervical cancer. […] Many warts regress spontaneously (particularly common warts); others may persist for years and recur at the same or different sites, even with treatment. Factors influencing recurrence appear to be related to the patients overall immune status as well as local factors. […] HPV vaccines protect against some of the types of HPV that cause warts and cancer.
#105 Destructive therapies for cutaneous warts: A review of the evidence
https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2022/october/destructive-therapies-for-cutaneous-warts
Non-genital warts are benign cutaneous growths caused by infection with the human papillomavirus. […] A break in the epidermal barrier of the skin allows entry of HPV and subsequent infection of basal epithelial cells. HPV replicates alongside the natural lifecycle of epithelial cells, and is eventually released from desquamated keratinocytes on the surface of warts, potentially infecting other sites via direct contact or through fomites. […] Common warts (Verruca vulgaris), plantar warts (Verruca plantaris) and flat/plane warts (Verruca plana), collectively known as cutaneous warts, are benign growths of the skin caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). […] Cutaneous warts generally self-resolve. […] Patients might request treatment for their warts when they cause discomfort, functional impairment, social ostracism, are numerous, grow large or raise concerns regarding transmission.
#106 Warts
https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Warts/
Warts are generally harmless skin growths. They are very common, affecting around one in five children. Warts can come up anywhere on the skin or mucous membranes (e.g. the mouth, genitals). However, they are most commonly found on the hands, fingers, feet and face. […] Warts are caused by a family of viruses called human papillomavirus (HPV). Once infected with the virus, it may take up to a year or more for the wart to become visible. They then grow very slowly over a period of months to years. […] There are many different types of wart virus, and it is possible to become immune to one type, but develop other types of warts. Any immunity is not lifelong. […] Genital warts are caused by a different family type of HPV. These are sexually transmitted and can sometimes cause cervical and vulval cancer. Ordinary skin warts do not cause cancer.
#107 How to treat warts | healthdirect
https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/wart-treatments
Warts are caused by a virus known as the human papillomavirus (HPV). […] You can get the HPV virus from direct contact with the skin of another person who has the virus. […] You can also get the virus indirectly through contaminated surfaces such as swimming pools or gymnasiums. […] HPV infects the cells in the outer layer of the skin. The virus causes the infected skin cells to grow and form a wart. It can take up to a year for the wart to appear for the first time. […] There are more than 150 types of HPV. Most of these viruses cause no symptoms at all. Some types of HPV cause: warts, genital warts, cervical cancer. […] Ordinary skin warts do not cause cancer. […] HPV viruses are generally caught by skin-to-skin contact. It can live on your skin or genital area for many years.
#108 Warts and verrucas
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/warts-and-verrucas/
Warts and verrucas are caused by a virus. They can be spread to other people from contaminated surfaces or through close skin contact. […] You’re more likely to spread a wart or verruca if your skin is wet or damaged. […] It can take months for a wart or verruca to appear after contact with the virus.
#109 Warts and verrucas | nidirect
https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/warts-and-verrucas
Warts are small lumps that develop on the skin, caused by a viral infection. […] Warts are small, rough growths which are caused by certain strains of the human papilloma virus (HPV). […] Warts and verrucas can be spread to other people through close skin contact or contact with contaminated objects or surfaces, such as: […] You’re more likely to get infected if your skin is wet or damaged. After becoming infected, it can take weeks or even months for a wart or verruca to appear.
#110 Common Warts: Symptoms, Causes & Treatments | Ada Health
https://ada.com/conditions/common-warts/
Common warts are caused by an infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). […] HPV infects the skin through small cuts, scrapes, or weak spots, with warts appearing approximately two to six months later. […] Common warts are particularly prevalent in children and young adults, as well as people with weakened immune systems as a result of conditions such as HIV/AIDS, certain other severe and long-lasting medical conditions, receiving certain kinds of chemotherapy, or after procedures such as organ transplantation and the ensuing treatment. […] HPV is contagious and is passed on through direct skin-to-skin contact or indirect contact with objects or surfaces.
#111 Verruca – Overview | Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust
https://www.guysandstthomas.nhs.uk/health-information/verruca
A verruca (plantar wart) is a wart on the foot caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). […] When the skin gets very wet it loses its suppleness and flexibility, which can cause tiny cracks and splits to occur. […] The verruca virus thrives in warm, moist environments such as swimming pools, changing rooms and bathrooms.
#112 Warts/Verrucas Causes and Treatment Medical Consultations Online
https://medicalconsultationsonline.co.uk/product/warts-verrucas-causes-and-treatment/
Warts are generally harmless, and they occur due to the human papillomavirus (HPV). […] Warts/verrucas are contagious and can spread from person to person through direct contact with the virus. […] A weakened immune system makes it harder for the body to fight off the HPV virus, increasing the likelihood of developing warts/verrucas. […] HPV thrives in warm, moist environments, which is why verrucas are commonly found on the soles of the feet. […] Any damage to the skin, such as cuts, scrapes, or punctures, creates an entry point for the HPV virus. […] Poor personal hygiene can increase the risk of verruca transmission. […] Verrucas are more common in children and adolescents, possibly because their immune systems are still developing and they are more likely to participate in activities that expose them to the virus, such as walking barefoot in communal areas.
#113 What are warts and verrucas? | EndWarts®
https://www.endwarts.co.uk/en-gb/warts-and-verrucas/about
Once you have become infected, the wart virus initially lies dormant and the infection only becomes apparent after the wart starts to grow. […] Warts can also spread from one place on your body to another. […] Warts are most commonly spread from one person to another when broken skin comes into direct contact with a wart, for example through a handshake. […] Warts can also spread from one place on your body to another through contact with broken skin, such as on fingertips and the area around nails from nail biting and picking at a wart. […] Warts can also be passed on via objects that carry infected skin cells that have peeled off from the wart, such as sharing towels with people who have warts or walking barefoot in places like locker rooms and public showers.
#114 Warts (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth
https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/wart.html
Warts are caused by an infection with a virus in the human papillomavirus (HPV) family. […] There are many types of HPV, which can affect different parts of the body. […] Sometimes warts are sexually transmitted and appear in the genital area. […] The HPV viruses that cause these are different from the viruses that cause warts on other parts of the body. […] HPV viruses that cause warts can pass from person to person through close physical contact or from touching something that a person with a wart touches, like a towel, bathmat, or a shower floor. […] Kids who bite their fingernails or pick at hangnails are at risk for warts because they create open areas for a virus to enter and cause a wart. […] A tiny cut or scratch can put any area of skin at risk for a wart. […] How long warts take to develop can vary. They can grow very slowly and may take weeks or months to develop after someone is exposed to the virus.
#115 Common warts – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/common-warts/symptoms-causes/syc-20371125
Common warts are caused by a virus and are transmitted by touch. […] Common warts are caused by the human papillomavirus, also called HPV. There are more than 100 types of this common virus, but only a few cause warts on the hands. Some strains of HPV are spread through sexual contact. But most are spread by casual skin contact or shared objects, such as towels or washcloths. The virus usually spreads through breaks in the skin, such as hangnails or scrapes. Biting your nails also can cause warts to spread on your fingertips and around your nails. […] Each person’s immune system responds to HPV differently. So not everyone who comes in contact with HPV develops warts.
#116 What are warts and verrucas? | EndWarts®
https://www.endwarts.co.uk/en-gb/warts-and-verrucas/about
Once you have become infected, the wart virus initially lies dormant and the infection only becomes apparent after the wart starts to grow. […] Warts can also spread from one place on your body to another. […] Warts are most commonly spread from one person to another when broken skin comes into direct contact with a wart, for example through a handshake. […] Warts can also spread from one place on your body to another through contact with broken skin, such as on fingertips and the area around nails from nail biting and picking at a wart. […] Warts can also be passed on via objects that carry infected skin cells that have peeled off from the wart, such as sharing towels with people who have warts or walking barefoot in places like locker rooms and public showers.
#117 Six Reasons Why You Shouldnât Ignore a Verruca – Feet By Pody
https://www.feetbypody.com/blog/six-reasons-why-you-shouldnt-ignore-a-verruca/
Verruca infections are caused by various strains of the Human Papillomavirus (HPV). It can easily enter the sole through broken skin. […] Professional verruca treatments are better than ever and more powerful than over-the-counter products.
#118 Warts – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/viral-skin-diseases/warts
Common warts (verrucae vulgaris) are caused by HPV types 1, 2, 4, and 7 and occasionally other types in immunosuppressed patients. […] Genital warts are caused by HPV type 6 or 11 (most commonly) and by types 1a, 2, 4, 7, 16, 18, 27b, 27, 33, 38, 40, 42, 43, 44, 54, 57b, 57c, 61, 72, 81, and 89. […] Infection with high-risk HPV types (most notably types 16 and 18 but also types 31, 33, 35, and 39) is the main cause of cervical cancer. […] Many warts regress spontaneously (particularly common warts); others may persist for years and recur at the same or different sites, even with treatment. Factors influencing recurrence appear to be related to the patients overall immune status as well as local factors. […] HPV vaccines protect against some of the types of HPV that cause warts and cancer.
#119 Warts | Better Health Channel
https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/warts
Warts are small skin growths caused by viral infections. […] Warts are infections in the skin caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). There are more than 100 types of HPV that are responsible for the many different types of warts, which include common warts, plantar warts, flat warts and genital warts. […] Some of the types of warts caused by HPV include: Common warts (verruca vulgaris) these look like hard, raised lumps with rough surfaces. […] Genital warts these look like grey or off-white lumps with a grainy cauliflower appearance. Since genital warts are sexually transmitted, the penis, vulva and anus are most commonly affected. Some common types of genital warts predispose women to cancer of the cervix. […] Factors that increase the risk include: Injuries to the skin. […] Gardasil9 vaccination is provided to teenagers (and is free for anyone aged 12 to 25 years) to protect them against HPV strains associated with genital warts and cervical cancer.
#120 Warts | Better Health Channel
https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/warts
Warts are small skin growths caused by viral infections. […] Warts are infections in the skin caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). There are more than 100 types of HPV that are responsible for the many different types of warts, which include common warts, plantar warts, flat warts and genital warts. […] Some of the types of warts caused by HPV include: Common warts (verruca vulgaris) these look like hard, raised lumps with rough surfaces. […] Genital warts these look like grey or off-white lumps with a grainy cauliflower appearance. Since genital warts are sexually transmitted, the penis, vulva and anus are most commonly affected. Some common types of genital warts predispose women to cancer of the cervix. […] Factors that increase the risk include: Injuries to the skin. […] Gardasil9 vaccination is provided to teenagers (and is free for anyone aged 12 to 25 years) to protect them against HPV strains associated with genital warts and cervical cancer.
#121 Warts – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/viral-skin-diseases/warts
Common warts (verrucae vulgaris) are caused by HPV types 1, 2, 4, and 7 and occasionally other types in immunosuppressed patients. […] Genital warts are caused by HPV type 6 or 11 (most commonly) and by types 1a, 2, 4, 7, 16, 18, 27b, 27, 33, 38, 40, 42, 43, 44, 54, 57b, 57c, 61, 72, 81, and 89. […] Infection with high-risk HPV types (most notably types 16 and 18 but also types 31, 33, 35, and 39) is the main cause of cervical cancer. […] Many warts regress spontaneously (particularly common warts); others may persist for years and recur at the same or different sites, even with treatment. Factors influencing recurrence appear to be related to the patients overall immune status as well as local factors. […] HPV vaccines protect against some of the types of HPV that cause warts and cancer.
#122 Warts – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/viral-skin-diseases/warts
Common warts (verrucae vulgaris) are caused by HPV types 1, 2, 4, and 7 and occasionally other types in immunosuppressed patients. […] Genital warts are caused by HPV type 6 or 11 (most commonly) and by types 1a, 2, 4, 7, 16, 18, 27b, 27, 33, 38, 40, 42, 43, 44, 54, 57b, 57c, 61, 72, 81, and 89. […] Infection with high-risk HPV types (most notably types 16 and 18 but also types 31, 33, 35, and 39) is the main cause of cervical cancer. […] Many warts regress spontaneously (particularly common warts); others may persist for years and recur at the same or different sites, even with treatment. Factors influencing recurrence appear to be related to the patients overall immune status as well as local factors. […] HPV vaccines protect against some of the types of HPV that cause warts and cancer.
#123 Warts, verrucas, human papillomavirus infection
https://dermnetnz.org/topics/viral-wart
A viral wart is a very common benign lesion caused by infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). […] Warts are due to infection by the human papillomavirus (HPV), a double-stranded DNA virus. There are more than 150 known HPV types, only some of which infect the skin, giving rise to a variety of clinical presentations. […] The most common HPV types infecting the skin are types 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 27, 29, and 57. […] HPV is spread by direct skin-to-skin contact or autoinoculation; if a wart is scratched or picked, a wart may develop under the fingernail (subungual wart) or virus may be spread to another area of skin. […] The incubation period can be as long as twelve months, depending on the amount of virus inoculated. […] Butcher’s warts are specifically caused by HPV 7 infecting the hands of butchers and others whose occupation involves chronic exposure to a cold moist environment. […] Epidermodysplasia verruciformis is a rare autosomal recessive condition susceptible to skin infection with specific HPV types that cause flat pityriasis versicolor-like lesions and squamous cell carcinoma.
#124 Warts – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/viral-skin-diseases/warts
Warts are common, benign, epidermal lesions caused by human papillomavirus infection. […] Warts are cutaneous lesions caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection; there are over 100 HPV subtypes. […] Trauma and maceration facilitate initial epidermal inoculation. Spread can then occur by autoinoculation. Local and systemic immune factors also appear to influence spread; immunosuppressed patients (especially those with suppressed cellular immunity, [eg, HIV infection or a kidney transplant or those with a history of tumor-suppressive immunotherapy]) are at particular risk of developing generalized lesions that are difficult to treat. […] Cellular immunity by CD8+ T-cells is crucial for established infection to regress. However, intact humoral immunity can also provide resistance to HPV infection.
#125 Warts and verrucas
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/warts-and-verrucas/
Warts and verrucas are caused by a virus. They can be spread to other people from contaminated surfaces or through close skin contact. […] You’re more likely to spread a wart or verruca if your skin is wet or damaged. […] It can take months for a wart or verruca to appear after contact with the virus.
#126 What are warts and verrucas? | EndWarts®
https://www.endwarts.co.uk/en-gb/warts-and-verrucas/about
Once you have become infected, the wart virus initially lies dormant and the infection only becomes apparent after the wart starts to grow. […] Warts can also spread from one place on your body to another. […] Warts are most commonly spread from one person to another when broken skin comes into direct contact with a wart, for example through a handshake. […] Warts can also spread from one place on your body to another through contact with broken skin, such as on fingertips and the area around nails from nail biting and picking at a wart. […] Warts can also be passed on via objects that carry infected skin cells that have peeled off from the wart, such as sharing towels with people who have warts or walking barefoot in places like locker rooms and public showers.
#127 Common Warts: Symptoms, Causes & Treatments | Ada Health
https://ada.com/conditions/common-warts/
Common warts are caused by an infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). […] HPV infects the skin through small cuts, scrapes, or weak spots, with warts appearing approximately two to six months later. […] Common warts are particularly prevalent in children and young adults, as well as people with weakened immune systems as a result of conditions such as HIV/AIDS, certain other severe and long-lasting medical conditions, receiving certain kinds of chemotherapy, or after procedures such as organ transplantation and the ensuing treatment. […] HPV is contagious and is passed on through direct skin-to-skin contact or indirect contact with objects or surfaces.
#128 Warts: 3 Types, Treatment, and Prevention
https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/warts
Warts are fairly common. About 1 in 10 people get them at some point. Theyâre more common in children, people with weakened immune systems, and people who regularly handle raw meat. […] There are different types of warts. All of them are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). […] HPV is a virus that spreads through cuts and skin-to-skin contact during sex. It usually enters your body through areas of skin that are moist, soft, or damaged. […] There are many different types of HPV over 100 types, in fact. Some of them can cause warts. The type of warts you get (and where you get them) depends on the type of HPV you have. […] Ten percent of people will develop a wart (verruca vulgaris) at some time in their lives. Warts are caused by the HPV virus, which is contagious. […] Warts are caused by certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV).
#129 Warts – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/viral-skin-diseases/warts
Common warts (verrucae vulgaris) are caused by HPV types 1, 2, 4, and 7 and occasionally other types in immunosuppressed patients. […] Genital warts are caused by HPV type 6 or 11 (most commonly) and by types 1a, 2, 4, 7, 16, 18, 27b, 27, 33, 38, 40, 42, 43, 44, 54, 57b, 57c, 61, 72, 81, and 89. […] Infection with high-risk HPV types (most notably types 16 and 18 but also types 31, 33, 35, and 39) is the main cause of cervical cancer. […] Many warts regress spontaneously (particularly common warts); others may persist for years and recur at the same or different sites, even with treatment. Factors influencing recurrence appear to be related to the patients overall immune status as well as local factors. […] HPV vaccines protect against some of the types of HPV that cause warts and cancer.
#130 Wart – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431047/
Cystic warts are caused by type 60 […] Focal epithelial hyperplasia is caused by types 13 and 32 […] Butcher’s warts are caused by type 7. […] Out of the 100 subtypes of HPV, a few of them have the propensity to induce cancer. […] HPV strains 5, 8, 20, and 47 also have malignant potential in individuals with epidermodysplasia verruciformis. […] Warts, in general, are benign, but there are reports that sometimes they may become malignant and develop into what is known as verrucous carcinoma.
#131 Warts and verrucas
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/warts-and-verrucas/
Warts and verrucas are caused by a virus. They can be spread to other people from contaminated surfaces or through close skin contact. […] You’re more likely to spread a wart or verruca if your skin is wet or damaged. […] It can take months for a wart or verruca to appear after contact with the virus.
#132 Warts – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/viral-skin-diseases/warts
Common warts (verrucae vulgaris) are caused by HPV types 1, 2, 4, and 7 and occasionally other types in immunosuppressed patients. […] Genital warts are caused by HPV type 6 or 11 (most commonly) and by types 1a, 2, 4, 7, 16, 18, 27b, 27, 33, 38, 40, 42, 43, 44, 54, 57b, 57c, 61, 72, 81, and 89. […] Infection with high-risk HPV types (most notably types 16 and 18 but also types 31, 33, 35, and 39) is the main cause of cervical cancer. […] Many warts regress spontaneously (particularly common warts); others may persist for years and recur at the same or different sites, even with treatment. Factors influencing recurrence appear to be related to the patients overall immune status as well as local factors. […] HPV vaccines protect against some of the types of HPV that cause warts and cancer.