Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Bradycardia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradycardia

  Bradycardia, also called bradyarrhythmia, is a resting heart rate under 60 beats per minute (BPM). While bradycardia can result from various pathological processes, it is commonly a physiological response to cardiovascular conditioning or due to asymptomatic type 1 atrioventricular block. […] Bradycardia may be associated with symptoms of fatigue, dyspnea, dizziness, confusion, and syncope due to reduced blood flow to the brain. The types of symptoms often depend on the etiology of the slow heart rate, classified by the anatomical location of a dysfunction within the cardiac conduction system. […] However, bradycardia can also result without dysfunction of the conduction system, arising secondarily to medications, including beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, antiarrythmics, and other cholinergic drugs. Excess vagus nerve activity or carotid sinus hypersensitivity are neurological causes of transient symptomatic bradycardia. Hypothyroidism and metabolic derangements are other common extrinsic causes of bradycardia.

• #2 Bradycardia | Diagnosis & Disease Information – The Cardiology Advisor

  https://www.thecardiologyadvisor.com/ddi/bradycardia/

  Bradycardia is a type of arrhythmia characterized by a reduced resting heart rate below 50 to 60 beats per minute (bpm). It can develop in patients of all ages, but is more common in older adults. […] A range of physiological, pathological, and pharmacological factors are associated with the development of bradycardia. […] At the electrophysiologic level, bradycardia is the result of sinus node dysfunction (SND), atrioventricular (AV) block, or conduction disorders. […] Sinus node dysfunction (also known as sick sinus syndrome) refers to disorders of the sinoatrial (SA) node that cause abnormal electricity conduction and propagation due to intrinsic or extrinsic disease. […] Most SND is related to age-dependent fibrosis of the sinus nodal tissue and surrounding atrial tissue. […] Potential causes of AV block include the following: Coronary artery disease; MI; Congenital heart defects; Heart valve disease; Prior heart surgery; Inflammation of the electrical conduction system; Excessive vagal tone; Infections (such as Lyme disease); Thyroid disease; and Certain medications.

• #3 Bradycardia DDx • LITFL • CCC Differential Diagnosis

  https://litfl.com/bradycardia-ddx/

  Bradycardia refers to heart rate 60/min in an adult. […] The underlying causes of bradycardia are legion. […] Differential diagnosis of the underlying causes of bradycardia includes cardiac disease, hypoxia, electrolyte disturbance, medications, poisonings and toxic exposures, hypothermia, hypothyroidism, raised intracranial pressure, infections, autoimmune disorders, infiltrative disorders, and physiological causes.

• #4 Sinus Bradycardia | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/s/sinus-bradycardia.html

  If sinus bradycardia is a normal event and doesn’t cause symptoms, it’s called physiologic sinus bradycardia. Causes of this type include: High-endurance athletic training. Pressure on the carotid sinus, for example, from a very tight collar. Vomiting or coughing. Straining when having a bowel movement. Sudden contact with cold water. Body temperature that’s too low (hypothermia).

• #5 Understanding Bradycardia | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/understanding-bradycardia

  Bradycardia is often normal, particularly during sleep. […] Sometimes bradycardia is caused by failure of the hearts natural timer or failure of the electrical pathways within the heart. […] Many things can cause bradycardia, including: The natural aging process, coronary artery disease, heart attacks, heart muscle disease, problems with the SA (sinoatrial) node, problems with the electrical pathways in the heart, problems with the structure of the heart that you are born with, infection, use of certain medicines, electrolyte imbalances, underactive thyroid, sleep apnea, increased pressure in the brain or stroke. […] Treatment for bradycardia depends on the cause.

• #6 Sinus Bradycardia • LITFL • ECG Library Diagnosis

  https://litfl.com/sinus-bradycardia-ecg-library/

  Sinus bradycardia may be indistinguishable from type II sino-atrial block. […] Causes of bradycardia include normal during sleep, increased vagal tone (e.g. athletes), vagal stimulation (e.g. pain), inferior myocardial infarction, sinus node disease, hypothyroidism, hypothermia, anorexia nervosa, electrolyte abnormalities hyperkalaemia, hypermagnesaemia, brainstem herniation (the Cushing reflex), and myocarditis. […] Sinus bradycardia secondary to anorexia nervosa is noted in a 15-year old girl with sinus bradycardia (35 bpm).

• #7

  https://www.baker.edu.au/research/laboratories/sports-cardiology/project-bradycardia-athletes

  It is well known that athletes have lower heart rates (bradycardia) than non-athletes. […] However, bradycardia has been associated with the subsequent development of atrial fibrillation (AF), an arrhythmia known to increase the risk of heart failure, stroke and even death. […] The reasons athletes have slow heart rates are not well understood. […] However, several studies have demonstrated that even after blocking these inputs (autonomic blockade), athletes continue to have lower heart rates than non-athletes. […] The reasons for this are not known however recent research using athlete mice models suggests this is due to intrinsic changes within the heart by down-regulation of the HCN4 gene. […] We hypothesise that ivabradine will be less effective in athletes, (i.e. it will lower the heart rate of athletes less than non-athletes). […] This would suggest that bradycardia in athletes is associated with changes within the heart rather than reversible changes in neural inputs.

• #8 Bradycardia | Diagnosis & Disease Information – The Cardiology Advisor

  https://www.thecardiologyadvisor.com/ddi/bradycardia/

  Bradycardia is a type of arrhythmia characterized by a reduced resting heart rate below 50 to 60 beats per minute (bpm). It can develop in patients of all ages, but is more common in older adults. […] A range of physiological, pathological, and pharmacological factors are associated with the development of bradycardia. […] At the electrophysiologic level, bradycardia is the result of sinus node dysfunction (SND), atrioventricular (AV) block, or conduction disorders. […] Sinus node dysfunction (also known as sick sinus syndrome) refers to disorders of the sinoatrial (SA) node that cause abnormal electricity conduction and propagation due to intrinsic or extrinsic disease. […] Most SND is related to age-dependent fibrosis of the sinus nodal tissue and surrounding atrial tissue. […] Potential causes of AV block include the following: Coronary artery disease; MI; Congenital heart defects; Heart valve disease; Prior heart surgery; Inflammation of the electrical conduction system; Excessive vagal tone; Infections (such as Lyme disease); Thyroid disease; and Certain medications.

• #9 Sinus Node Dysfunction | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0800/p179.html

  Sinus node dysfunction, previously known as sick sinus syndrome, describes disorders related to abnormal conduction and propagation of electrical impulses at the sinoatrial node. […] The causes of sinus node dysfunction are intrinsic (e.g., degenerative idiopathic fibrosis, cardiac remodeling) or extrinsic (e.g., medications, metabolic abnormalities) to the sinoatrial node. […] Causes of sinus node dysfunction are generally categorized as intrinsic or extrinsic based on their effect on the SAN. It is important to note that sinus node dysfunction is usually a progressive condition and most causes are chronic and irreversible. […] Intrinsic causes originate from structural or functional changes within the SAN. These changes can occur because of fibrosis, ischemia, cardiac remodeling, infiltrative disease, or ion channel dysfunction.

• #10 Bradycardia | Diagnosis & Disease Information – The Cardiology Advisor

  https://www.thecardiologyadvisor.com/ddi/bradycardia/

  Bradycardia is a type of arrhythmia characterized by a reduced resting heart rate below 50 to 60 beats per minute (bpm). It can develop in patients of all ages, but is more common in older adults. […] A range of physiological, pathological, and pharmacological factors are associated with the development of bradycardia. […] At the electrophysiologic level, bradycardia is the result of sinus node dysfunction (SND), atrioventricular (AV) block, or conduction disorders. […] Sinus node dysfunction (also known as sick sinus syndrome) refers to disorders of the sinoatrial (SA) node that cause abnormal electricity conduction and propagation due to intrinsic or extrinsic disease. […] Most SND is related to age-dependent fibrosis of the sinus nodal tissue and surrounding atrial tissue. […] Potential causes of AV block include the following: Coronary artery disease; MI; Congenital heart defects; Heart valve disease; Prior heart surgery; Inflammation of the electrical conduction system; Excessive vagal tone; Infections (such as Lyme disease); Thyroid disease; and Certain medications.

• #11 Bradycardia | Diagnosis & Disease Information – The Cardiology Advisor

  https://www.thecardiologyadvisor.com/ddi/bradycardia/

  Bradycardia is a type of arrhythmia characterized by a reduced resting heart rate below 50 to 60 beats per minute (bpm). It can develop in patients of all ages, but is more common in older adults. […] A range of physiological, pathological, and pharmacological factors are associated with the development of bradycardia. […] At the electrophysiologic level, bradycardia is the result of sinus node dysfunction (SND), atrioventricular (AV) block, or conduction disorders. […] Sinus node dysfunction (also known as sick sinus syndrome) refers to disorders of the sinoatrial (SA) node that cause abnormal electricity conduction and propagation due to intrinsic or extrinsic disease. […] Most SND is related to age-dependent fibrosis of the sinus nodal tissue and surrounding atrial tissue. […] Potential causes of AV block include the following: Coronary artery disease; MI; Congenital heart defects; Heart valve disease; Prior heart surgery; Inflammation of the electrical conduction system; Excessive vagal tone; Infections (such as Lyme disease); Thyroid disease; and Certain medications.

• #12 Sinus Node Dysfunction | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0800/p179.html

  Degenerative idiopathic fibrosis of the SAN is the most common cause of sinus node dysfunction. […] Ischemic heart disease and embolization of the sinus node artery may cause ischemic necrosis of the node, resulting in sinus node dysfunction. […] Extrinsic causes are related to external factors causing abnormal conduction at the SAN. These causes include medications, metabolic abnormalities, autonomic imbalances, toxins, and endocrine disorders. […] Extrinsic causes may be reversible, such as electrolyte abnormalities, hypothyroidism, metabolic abnormalities, and certain medications.

• #13 Sinus Bradycardia: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/760220-overview

  Causes of sinus bradycardia include the following: […] One of the most common pathologic causes of symptomatic sinus bradycardia is the sick sinus syndrome. […] The most common medications responsible include therapeutic and supratherapeutic doses of digitalis glycosides, beta-blockers, and calcium channel-blocking agents. […] Other cardiac drugs less commonly implicated include class I antiarrhythmic agents and amiodarone. […] A broad variety of other drugs and toxins have been reported to cause bradycardia, including lithium, paclitaxel, toluene, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), topical ophthalmic acetylcholine, fentanyl, alfentanil, sufentanil, reserpine, and clonidine. […] Sinus bradycardia may be seen in hypothermia, hypoglycemia, and sleep apnea. […] Less commonly, the sinus node may be affected as a result of diphtheria, rheumatic fever, or viral myocarditis. […] Sinus bradycardia has also been associated with feeding and eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa. The underlying mechanism may be from nonneural mechanisms that lead to bradycardia as well as heart rate variability saturation.

• #14 Sinus Bradycardia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493201/

  Sinus bradycardia has many intrinsic and extrinsic etiologies. […] Inherent Etiologies: Chest trauma, Ischemic heart disease, Acute myocardial infarction, Acute and chronic coronary artery disease, Repair of congenital heart disease, Sick sinus syndrome, Radiation therapy, Amyloidosis, Pericarditis, Lyme disease, Rheumatic fever, Collagen vascular disease, Myocarditis, Neuromuscular disorder, X-linked muscular dystrophy, Familial disorder, Inherited channelopathy. […] Extrinsic Etiologies: Vasovagal simulation (endotracheal suctioning), Carotid sinus hypersensitivity, Beta-blockers, Calcium channel blockers, Digoxin, Ivabradine, Clonidine, Reserpine, Adenosine, Cimetidine, Antiarrhythmic class I to IV, Lithium, Amitriptyline, Narcotics, Cannabinoids, Hypothyroidism, Sleep apnea, Hypoxia, Intracranial hypertension, Hyperkalemia, Anorexia nervosa. […] Sinus bradycardia, as any of the other bradyarrhythmias, is caused by a multitude of intrinsic and extrinsic factors which may compromise the integrity of the sinus node.

• #15 Sinus Bradycardia (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568806/

  Sinus bradycardia has many intrinsic and extrinsic etiologies. […] Inherent Etiologies: Chest trauma, Ischemic heart disease, Acute myocardial infarction, Acute and chronic coronary artery disease, Repair of congenital heart disease, Sick sinus syndrome, Radiation therapy, Amyloidosis, Pericarditis, Lyme disease, Rheumatic fever, Collagen vascular disease, Myocarditis, Neuromuscular disorder, X-linked muscular dystrophy, Familial disorder, Inherited channelopathy. […] Extrinsic Etiologies: Vasovagal simulation (endotracheal suctioning), Carotid sinus hypersensitivity, Beta-blockers, Calcium channel blockers, Digoxin, Ivabradine, Clonidine, Reserpine, Adenosine, Cimetidine, Antiarrhythmic Class I to IV, Lithium, Amitriptyline, Narcotics, Cannabinoids, Hypothyroidism, Sleep apnea, Hypoxia, Intracranial hypertension, Hyperkalemia, Anorexia nervosa.

• #16 Causes of Bradycardia – RCEMLearning India

  https://www.rcemlearning.org/modules/bradycardias/lessons/causes-of-bradycardia/

  The causes of bradycardia can be broadly categorised as: […] Intrinsic cardiac causes such as: Idiopathic degeneration, Infarction and ischaemia, Myotonic dystrophy, Congenital Heart disease, Sick sinus syndrome […] Infections such as endocarditis […] Drugs […] Autonomic mediated such as: Situational vasovagal syncope, Carotid sinus hypersensitivity, Cough or micturition syncope […] Systemic illness such as: Hypothyroidism, Hypothermia, Sarcoid, Amyloidosis […] Head injury: Cushings response […] Electrolyte disturbance: Hyperkalaemia and hypokalaemia […] Various drugs can also affect the electrophysiology of the heart myocytes and their nerve supply.

• #17 Sinus Bradycardia – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/heart-health/sinus-bradycardia/

  Sinus bradycardia is a heart condition where the heart rate is slower than normal. There are many different things that could cause this condition. They are split into two categories intrinsic (coming from within the body) and extrinsic (coming from outside the body). […] Intrinsic causes could include: Chest injury or trauma Different heart diseases, such as ischemic heart disease where the blood supply to the heart is reduced, and acute myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack Coronary artery disease, which affects the blood vessels supplying the heart, and can be either a short-term or long-term condition Procedures done to fix birth defects of the heart An irregular heartbeat due to sick sinus syndrome Treatment with radiation therapy for cancer Amyloidosis, a disorder that causes an abnormal protein to build up in the body’s organs Inflammation of the heart’s lining (pericarditis), perhaps due to infection Lyme disease and Rheumatic fever, which are infections that can affect your heart Collagen vascular disease, which affects the body’s connective tissue Myocarditis, or inflammation of the heart muscle Disorders of the nerves and muscles, muscular dystrophy which can affect the heart Certain genetic disorders related to heart conditions.

• #18 Bradycardia | Diagnosis & Disease Information – The Cardiology Advisor

  https://www.thecardiologyadvisor.com/ddi/bradycardia/

  Bradycardia is a type of arrhythmia characterized by a reduced resting heart rate below 50 to 60 beats per minute (bpm). It can develop in patients of all ages, but is more common in older adults. […] A range of physiological, pathological, and pharmacological factors are associated with the development of bradycardia. […] At the electrophysiologic level, bradycardia is the result of sinus node dysfunction (SND), atrioventricular (AV) block, or conduction disorders. […] Sinus node dysfunction (also known as sick sinus syndrome) refers to disorders of the sinoatrial (SA) node that cause abnormal electricity conduction and propagation due to intrinsic or extrinsic disease. […] Most SND is related to age-dependent fibrosis of the sinus nodal tissue and surrounding atrial tissue. […] Potential causes of AV block include the following: Coronary artery disease; MI; Congenital heart defects; Heart valve disease; Prior heart surgery; Inflammation of the electrical conduction system; Excessive vagal tone; Infections (such as Lyme disease); Thyroid disease; and Certain medications.

• #19 Symptomatic bradycardia | ClinCaseQuest

  https://clincasequest.hospital/symptomatic-bradycardia/

  The most common causes of life-threatening bradycardia include hyperkalemia, myocardial ischemia, and overdose with cardiac glycosides, beta-blockers, and calcium channel antagonists. […] Sinus node weakness syndrome is a condition characterized by dysfunction in the normal functioning of the sinus node, resulting in bradycardia and the potential development of heart failure. […] Atrioventricular block refers to a partial or complete interruption of impulses conduction from the atria to the ventricles. […] Symptomatic bradycardia commonly occurs in patients with second- and third-degree AV block.

• #20 Bradycardia: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/types-bradycardia

  If your doctor says you or a loved one has bradycardia, a resting heart beat that’s less than 60 beats per minute, it’s only part of the diagnosis. […] Any number of other conditions can scar or injure your sinus node. Some of them are: Heart attack, Pericarditis, or inflammation of the thin tissues around the outside of the heart, A defect at birth, Sleep apnea, or when you briefly stop breathing while you sleep, A problem with your thyroid, the gland in your neck that helps control many of your bodys functions, Certain medications, including a class of medicines called beta blockers. You may take them to lower blood pressure or for other heart conditions. […] It can be caused by some of the same conditions you see with sinus bradycardia. […] The main cause is a heart attack. Other conditions can also damage the steady electrical flow between the sinus and AV nodes. They include: Heart failure, because the heart is not pumping enough blood for your body, Myocarditis, or inflammation of the heart muscle, Coronary artery disease, or narrowing of the arteries in the heart, Rheumatic fever, which is most common in children who didnt get treated well for strep throat or scarlet fever.

• #21 Sinus Bradycardia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493201/

  Sinus bradycardia has many intrinsic and extrinsic etiologies. […] Inherent Etiologies: Chest trauma, Ischemic heart disease, Acute myocardial infarction, Acute and chronic coronary artery disease, Repair of congenital heart disease, Sick sinus syndrome, Radiation therapy, Amyloidosis, Pericarditis, Lyme disease, Rheumatic fever, Collagen vascular disease, Myocarditis, Neuromuscular disorder, X-linked muscular dystrophy, Familial disorder, Inherited channelopathy. […] Extrinsic Etiologies: Vasovagal simulation (endotracheal suctioning), Carotid sinus hypersensitivity, Beta-blockers, Calcium channel blockers, Digoxin, Ivabradine, Clonidine, Reserpine, Adenosine, Cimetidine, Antiarrhythmic class I to IV, Lithium, Amitriptyline, Narcotics, Cannabinoids, Hypothyroidism, Sleep apnea, Hypoxia, Intracranial hypertension, Hyperkalemia, Anorexia nervosa. […] Sinus bradycardia, as any of the other bradyarrhythmias, is caused by a multitude of intrinsic and extrinsic factors which may compromise the integrity of the sinus node.

• #22 Sinus Bradycardia (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568806/

  Sinus bradycardia has many intrinsic and extrinsic etiologies. […] Inherent Etiologies: Chest trauma, Ischemic heart disease, Acute myocardial infarction, Acute and chronic coronary artery disease, Repair of congenital heart disease, Sick sinus syndrome, Radiation therapy, Amyloidosis, Pericarditis, Lyme disease, Rheumatic fever, Collagen vascular disease, Myocarditis, Neuromuscular disorder, X-linked muscular dystrophy, Familial disorder, Inherited channelopathy. […] Extrinsic Etiologies: Vasovagal simulation (endotracheal suctioning), Carotid sinus hypersensitivity, Beta-blockers, Calcium channel blockers, Digoxin, Ivabradine, Clonidine, Reserpine, Adenosine, Cimetidine, Antiarrhythmic Class I to IV, Lithium, Amitriptyline, Narcotics, Cannabinoids, Hypothyroidism, Sleep apnea, Hypoxia, Intracranial hypertension, Hyperkalemia, Anorexia nervosa.

• #23 Sinus Node Dysfunction | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0800/p179.html

  Degenerative idiopathic fibrosis of the SAN is the most common cause of sinus node dysfunction. […] Ischemic heart disease and embolization of the sinus node artery may cause ischemic necrosis of the node, resulting in sinus node dysfunction. […] Extrinsic causes are related to external factors causing abnormal conduction at the SAN. These causes include medications, metabolic abnormalities, autonomic imbalances, toxins, and endocrine disorders. […] Extrinsic causes may be reversible, such as electrolyte abnormalities, hypothyroidism, metabolic abnormalities, and certain medications.

• #24 Sinus Bradycardia – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/heart-health/sinus-bradycardia/

  Extrinsic causes could include: Reactions to certain medications, like beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers (both types of heart medication), digoxin, ivabradine, clonidine, reserpine, adenosine, cimetidine, antiarrhythmic drugs, lithium, amitriptyline, and narcotics. Other substances like cannabinoids (found in cannabis) Body conditions like an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism), sleep apnea, low oxygen levels in your blood (hypoxia), a high amount of pressure within your skull (intracranial hypertension), an unusually high level of potassium in your blood (hyperkalemia), an eating disorder like anorexia nervosa. Additionally, some people might experience this due to an extreme reaction to certain stimuli, like having your windpipe suctioned during a medical procedure. People may also have an overly sensitive carotid sinus, an area in your neck that helps control your blood pressure, causing a slower heart rate.

• #25 Bradycardia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradycardia

  Bradycardia arrhythmia may have many causes, both cardiac and non-cardiac. Non-cardiac causes are usually secondary and can involve recreational drug use or abuse, metabolic or endocrine issues, especially hypothyroidism, an electrolyte imbalance, neurological factors, autonomic reflexes, situational factors, such as prolonged bed rest, and autoimmunity. […] Cardiac causes include acute or chronic ischemic heart disease, vascular heart disease, valvular heart disease, or degenerative primary electrical disease. Ultimately, the causes act by three mechanisms: depressed automaticity of the heart, conduction block, or escape pacemakers and rhythms. […] In general, two types of problems result in bradycardias: disorders of the SA node and disorders of the AV node. […] A variety of medications can induce or exacerbate bradycardia. These include beta blockers like propranolol, calcium channel blockers like verapamil and diltiazem, cardiac glycosides like digoxin, alpha-2 agonists like clonidine, and lithium, among others. […] Chronic cocaine use has been associated with bradycardia. Desensitization of -adrenergic receptors has been suggested as a possible cause of this. […] COVID-19 has been found to be a cause of bradycardia.

• #26 Sinus Bradycardia: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/760220-overview

  Causes of sinus bradycardia include the following: […] One of the most common pathologic causes of symptomatic sinus bradycardia is the sick sinus syndrome. […] The most common medications responsible include therapeutic and supratherapeutic doses of digitalis glycosides, beta-blockers, and calcium channel-blocking agents. […] Other cardiac drugs less commonly implicated include class I antiarrhythmic agents and amiodarone. […] A broad variety of other drugs and toxins have been reported to cause bradycardia, including lithium, paclitaxel, toluene, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), topical ophthalmic acetylcholine, fentanyl, alfentanil, sufentanil, reserpine, and clonidine. […] Sinus bradycardia may be seen in hypothermia, hypoglycemia, and sleep apnea. […] Less commonly, the sinus node may be affected as a result of diphtheria, rheumatic fever, or viral myocarditis. […] Sinus bradycardia has also been associated with feeding and eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa. The underlying mechanism may be from nonneural mechanisms that lead to bradycardia as well as heart rate variability saturation.

• #27 Bradycardia (Low Heart Rate): Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/atrial-fibrillation/bradycardia

  Bradycardia can be caused by many conditions. Some of the most common causes include: […] Certain medications, such as beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, anti-arrhythmia drugs, narcotics, lithium, depressants, or cannabis. […] Anything that increases your risk of having heart problems can increase your risk of bradycardia, such as: Older age, High blood pressure, Smoking, Heavy alcohol use, High levels of stress and anxiety, Using recreational drugs, especially narcotics and cannabis (marijuana).

• #28 Bradycardia Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/bradycardia.html

  Bradycardia can be a form of cardiac arrhythmia, a heart-rate abnormality. Cardiac arrhythmia can be caused by a problem in the sinus node, or it can be related to some disturbance in the passage of heartbeat signals through the A-V node and bundle of His. Bradycardia can occur with toxic levels of certain drugs, such as digoxin (Lanoxin) and narcotics. Also, bradycardia sometimes is a side effect of certain medications, including propranolol (Inderal), atenolol (Tenormin), metoprolol (Toprol-XL), sotalol (Betapace), verapamil (Calan, Isoptin, Verelan) and diltiazem (Cardizem). […] Bradycardia also occurs in some people who have certain medical illnesses not related to the heart, such as: an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism), an abnormally low body temperature (hypothermia), a very high blood potassium level, Lyme disease, typhoid fever.

• #29 Bradycardia Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/bradycardia.html

  Bradycardia can be a form of cardiac arrhythmia, a heart-rate abnormality. Cardiac arrhythmia can be caused by a problem in the sinus node, or it can be related to some disturbance in the passage of heartbeat signals through the A-V node and bundle of His. Bradycardia can occur with toxic levels of certain drugs, such as digoxin (Lanoxin) and narcotics. Also, bradycardia sometimes is a side effect of certain medications, including propranolol (Inderal), atenolol (Tenormin), metoprolol (Toprol-XL), sotalol (Betapace), verapamil (Calan, Isoptin, Verelan) and diltiazem (Cardizem). […] Bradycardia also occurs in some people who have certain medical illnesses not related to the heart, such as: an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism), an abnormally low body temperature (hypothermia), a very high blood potassium level, Lyme disease, typhoid fever.

• #30 Sinus Bradycardia | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/s/sinus-bradycardia.html

  Sinus bradycardia can happen off and on in response to certain things. Other times, it can be permanent. It’s more likely to happen during deep sleep. It can happen with or without any other heart rhythm problems. In some people, sinus bradycardia goes back and forth with a heart rhythm that’s too fast. The fast heart rhythm is called tachycardia. […] Many conditions can cause sinus bradycardia. In some cases, the cause is not known. When it causes problems, it is called pathophysiologic sinus bradycardia. Causes of this type include: Older age. The SA node being unable to consistently pace in a steady pattern (sick sinus syndrome). Inflammatory heart conditions such as pericarditis or myocarditis. Heart problems that exist at birth (congenital). Increased pressure inside the head; for example, in an injury to the brain. Heart attack (myocardial infarction). Obstructive sleep apnea. Medicines that affect the SA node and heart rate. These include beta-blockers or calcium channel blockers. Hypothyroidism. Certain rare genetic problems, such as myotonic dystrophy.

• #31 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Bradycardia-Causes.aspx?reply-cid=aa3c64a6-cf98-44d9-88b8-fc1369fd633d

  Infections of the heart muscles such as endocarditis and Chagas disease […] Infiltrative diseases such as sarcoidosis, amyloidosis or hemochromatosis […] Autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematous (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma […] Heart transplant or heart surgery […] Myotonic muscular dystrophy […] Autonomic nervous system disorders such as neurocardiac disease and carotid-sinus hypersensitivity […] Medications such as beta blockers (such as atenolol, metoprolol and propranolol), calcium channel blockers (such as nifedipine, amlodipine, diltiazem, verapamil), clonidine and digoxin. […] Metabolic causes such as underactive thyroid function (hypothyroidism), electrolyte imbalance such as a high or low blood potassium level, hypothermia, raised intracranial pressure and obstructive sleep apnea.

• #32 What Is the Most Common Cause of Bradycardia? (17 Reasons)

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_is_the_most_common_cause_of_bradycardia/article.htm

  Bradycardia can be due to extreme fitness (as seen in athletes). However, it is frequently linked to additional factors, such as: An irregular heartbeat or arrhythmia, Hypothyroidism, Heart tissue damage, Electrolyte imbalance, A congenital heart defect, An infection of the heart tissue, Medications used to manage high blood pressure. […] Bradycardia can also have more severe reasons, such as drug side effects, aging, cardiac problems, and other illnesses. […] Sick sinus syndrome: Develops when the heart’s natural pacemaker, the sinus node, fails to consistently initiate each heartbeat. […] Heart block: Results when the electrical signal that contracts the atria (top chambers of the heart) does not always reach the ventricles. […] Electrolyte imbalances: Your heart rate may be affected if you don’t have adequate levels of electrolytes including calcium, magnesium, and potassium in your blood.

• #33 What Is the Most Common Cause of Bradycardia? (17 Reasons)

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_is_the_most_common_cause_of_bradycardia/article.htm

  Inflammation: Refers to pericarditis (inflammation of your heart’s pericardium [the sac that surrounds and cushions your heart]), myocarditis (inflammation of your heart muscle), or endocarditis (inflammation of heart muscles inner lining). […] Drugs: These include narcotic pharmaceuticals, lithium, beta-blockers, calcium-channel blockers, antiarrhythmia drugs, and antidepressants. […] Lyme disease: Caused by microorganisms that tick bites transmit. […] Chagas disease: Like Lyme disease and caused by a parasite that you can catch from „kissing bugs,” which are blood-sucking insects. […] Other causes of bradycardia include severe hypothermia (cold) or hypoxia (not enough oxygen in the blood), obstructive sleep apnea, hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), high pressure inside the skull (increased intracranial pressure), Duchenne muscular dystrophy, long Q-T syndrome, scleroderma, lupus, and anorexia nervosa (bradycardia may be caused by this eating disorder).

• #34 Bradycardia: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/heart/arrhythmias/bradycardia

  Bradycardia occurs when the hearts electrical impulses between the chambers dont flow properly, causing the heart to beat in an irregular rhythm. […] Common causes of bradycardia in adults include: Aging – Heart tissue can become damaged as we grow older […] Heart attack – Injury from a heart attack can make it susceptible to bradycardia […] Heart muscle inflammation (myocarditis) […] Heart disease […] Complications from heart surgery […] Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid gland) […] Congenital heart defect […] COVID and bradycardia – Some hospitalized COVID-19 patients developed sinus bradycardia and heart/atrioventricular block […] Lyme disease […] Sleep apnea […] Certain medications – Such as opioids, sedatives, and drugs for heart rhythm disorders […] Sinus node problems – Malfunctions in the sinus node can cause alternating fast and slow heart rates […] Atrioventricular block (heart block) […] Partial or complete interruption of the electrical signals between the ventricles in the heart.

• #35 Reflex bradycardia: Causes, symptoms, treatments, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/reflex-bradycardia

  Reflex bradycardia is a reflexive response from the autonomic nervous system that causes the heart rate to slow. […] Bradycardia means that the heart rate is slower than 60 beats per minute, which can be typical depending on the circumstances, for example, during sleep or in young athletes. […] The main reasons for reflex bradycardia are to conserve energy and balance other changes happening within the body, such as a rise in blood pressure. […] There are several possible causes of reflex bradycardia. These include the below. […] Oculocardiac reflex can happen during trauma or surgery. This action can stimulate the vagus nerve in the brain, leading to reflex bradycardia. […] Elevations in intracranial pressure in the skull can cause the body to produce a response called the Cushing reflex. This can, in turn, lead to bradycardia. The exact mechanism for how it leads to bradycardia is unclear.

• #36 Reflex bradycardia: Causes, symptoms, treatments, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/reflex-bradycardia

  Exerting pressure on certain places of the body, especially where major blood vessels or nerves responsible for regulating heart rate are, can cause reflex bradycardia. […] Emotional responses, such as fear and panic, can activate the PSNS. This process may activate the vagus nerve and cause reflex bradycardia in an attempt to regulate the body’s response to stress. […] Someone holding their breath and submerging their head in cold water can cause bradycardia. […] Certain triggers and stimuli can cause the heart rate to slow down, which doctors refer to as reflex bradycardia. Certain activities, pressure on certain body areas, and emotional stress can cause it.

• #37 Symptomatic Bradycardia: Considering the Differential — NUEM Blog

  https://www.nuemblog.com/blog/symptomatic-bradycardia

  Moderate to severe hypothermia can cause significant bradycardia leading to hypotension. […] Classic triad of bradycardia, respiratory depression, and hypertension (Cushing reflex), concerning for brainstem compression and/or herniation. […] Other Etiologies of Symptomatic Bradycardia: Prolonged hypoxia, Severe electrolyte derangements (hyperkalemia), Vagal response, Severe obstructive sleep apnea, Genetic channelopathies.”

• #38 Bradycardia | Diagnosis & Disease Information – The Cardiology Advisor

  https://www.thecardiologyadvisor.com/ddi/bradycardia/

  Shared causes of conduction disorders and SA and AV node dysfunction include the following: Cardiomyopathy; Congenital heart disease; Degenerative fibrosis; Infections; Infiltrative disorders; Cardiac ischemia/infarction; Rheumatologic conditions; Medications; Autonomic dysfunction; and Metabolic abnormalities. […] Most bradycardia develops in the setting of cardiac tissue damage. Conditions that increase the risk of heart damage and bradycardia include the following: Hypertension; Smoking; Heavy alcohol use; Recreational drug use; Stress; Anxiety; and Older age.

• #39 Symptomatic Bradycardia Causes and Treatment – ACLS.com

  https://acls.com/articles/symptomatic-bradycardia-adequate-versus-poor-perfusion/

  Bradycardia can stem from either sinus node dysfunction (SND) or atrioventricular block (AVB). […] SND, historically referred to as sick sinus syndrome, is most often related to age-dependent, progressive, degenerative fibrosis of the sinus nodal tissue and surrounding atrial myocardium. […] Abnormalities of the sinus node, atrial tissue, atrioventricular nodal tissue, and the specialized conduction system can all contribute to bradycardia, discordant timing of atrial and ventricular depolarization, and abnormal ventricular depolarization. […] The clinical manifestations of atrioventricular block will also depend on whether the atrioventricular block is fixed or intermittent and the ventricular rate or duration of ventricular asystole associated with atrioventricular block. […] The following is a list of conditions associated with bradycardia and conduction disorders: Autonomic dysfunction, Carotid sinus hypersensitivity, Neurally-mediated syncope, Situational syncope, Cardiomyopathy, Congenital heart disease, Degenerative, Infection, Ischemia/ infarction especially inferior MI, Medications/ drugs, Metabolic/ endocrine, Rheumatologic, Surgical/ traumatic.

• #40 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Bradycardia-Causes.aspx?reply-cid=aa3c64a6-cf98-44d9-88b8-fc1369fd633d

  Infections of the heart muscles such as endocarditis and Chagas disease […] Infiltrative diseases such as sarcoidosis, amyloidosis or hemochromatosis […] Autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematous (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma […] Heart transplant or heart surgery […] Myotonic muscular dystrophy […] Autonomic nervous system disorders such as neurocardiac disease and carotid-sinus hypersensitivity […] Medications such as beta blockers (such as atenolol, metoprolol and propranolol), calcium channel blockers (such as nifedipine, amlodipine, diltiazem, verapamil), clonidine and digoxin. […] Metabolic causes such as underactive thyroid function (hypothyroidism), electrolyte imbalance such as a high or low blood potassium level, hypothermia, raised intracranial pressure and obstructive sleep apnea.

• #41 Bradycardia | Diagnosis & Disease Information – The Cardiology Advisor

  https://www.thecardiologyadvisor.com/ddi/bradycardia/

  Shared causes of conduction disorders and SA and AV node dysfunction include the following: Cardiomyopathy; Congenital heart disease; Degenerative fibrosis; Infections; Infiltrative disorders; Cardiac ischemia/infarction; Rheumatologic conditions; Medications; Autonomic dysfunction; and Metabolic abnormalities. […] Most bradycardia develops in the setting of cardiac tissue damage. Conditions that increase the risk of heart damage and bradycardia include the following: Hypertension; Smoking; Heavy alcohol use; Recreational drug use; Stress; Anxiety; and Older age.

• #42 Bradycardia (Low Heart Rate): Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/atrial-fibrillation/bradycardia

  Bradycardia can be caused by many conditions. Some of the most common causes include: […] Certain medications, such as beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, anti-arrhythmia drugs, narcotics, lithium, depressants, or cannabis. […] Anything that increases your risk of having heart problems can increase your risk of bradycardia, such as: Older age, High blood pressure, Smoking, Heavy alcohol use, High levels of stress and anxiety, Using recreational drugs, especially narcotics and cannabis (marijuana).

• #43 Bradycardia: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17841-bradycardia

  Bradycardia can happen for a wide range of reasons. Many of the other most common reasons include those listed below. […] Bradycardia is a common condition among people in certain age groups and with certain circumstances. Its most common in the following: […] Bradycardia is an arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythm) because it is slower than the typical rate. The normal heart rate range for adults is between 60 and 100 beats per minute. […] Bradycardia can also happen because of injuries to your chest or because of nutrition problems and eating disorders. […] Bradycardia can happen to people of any age and background but is more common in adults over 65. […] Bradycardia can happen for a wide range of reasons. […] Bradycardia is not contagious (but some of the conditions that cause it are). […] Bradycardia can happen for a wide range of reasons. Many of the other most common reasons include those listed below. […] Bradycardia can happen for a wide range of reasons. Many of the other most common reasons include those listed below.

• #44 Reflex bradycardia: Causes, symptoms, treatments, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/reflex-bradycardia

  Reflex bradycardia is a reflexive response from the autonomic nervous system that causes the heart rate to slow. […] Bradycardia means that the heart rate is slower than 60 beats per minute, which can be typical depending on the circumstances, for example, during sleep or in young athletes. […] The main reasons for reflex bradycardia are to conserve energy and balance other changes happening within the body, such as a rise in blood pressure. […] There are several possible causes of reflex bradycardia. These include the below. […] Oculocardiac reflex can happen during trauma or surgery. This action can stimulate the vagus nerve in the brain, leading to reflex bradycardia. […] Elevations in intracranial pressure in the skull can cause the body to produce a response called the Cushing reflex. This can, in turn, lead to bradycardia. The exact mechanism for how it leads to bradycardia is unclear.

• #45 Unusual cause of symptomatic bradycardia. passing out once looking right! – MedCrave online

  https://medcraveonline.com/JCCR/unusual-cause-of-symptomatic-bradycardia-passing-out-once-looking-right.html

  A 63 year old white man with hypertension presents complaining of episodes of light headedness and generalized weakness, in the last year, more frequent in the last few weeks. […] We suspected that the neck mass is compressing the carotid sinus and causing bradycardia. […] Upon further questioning it was found that the patients symptoms were always precipitated by turning his head to the right side!! […] Therefore there was a high suspicion that a neck mass is compressing the carotid sinus causing a reflex bradycardia. […] The most common reversible causes of bradycardia include drug-induced bradycardia [such as beta-blockers, calcium-channel blockers, and antiarrhythmic agents]; increased vagal tone; and electrolyte abnormalities. Other reversible causes include: Increased Intra Cranial Pressure, Carotid sinus pressure, Hypothyroidism, Hypoxia , and Obstructive Sleep Apnea. […] It is very important to rule out completely reversible causes of bradycardia before a permanent pacemaker is indicated. This is a very rare case of symptomatic bradycardia and episodes of chronotropic incompetence secondary to a goiter compressing the carotid sinus which was treated successfully.

• #46 Bradycardia – Pediatric Cardiology Associates of Houston

  https://www.kidsheartshouston.com/answers/21880-bradycardia

  The most common cause of bradycardia in children and teenagers is sinus bradycardia. This simply means that the sinus node is firing at a slow rate. Most of the time sinus bradycardia is a normal physiologic response. […] Abnormal sinus bradycardia is fairly uncommon in children and seem most commonly following heart surgery. It can also be seen as a secondary problem in infants, especially premature babies. […] Other causes of bradycardia include certain forms of AV block. In second degree AV block, transmission of electricity from the top part of the heart to the bottom part of the heart is intermittently blocked. In complete heart block, or complete AV block, transmission of electricity from the atria to the ventricles is completely interrupted. With complete heart block, some other area below the AV node must take over and become responsible for generating electricity for the heart. Usually this happens at a much slower rate than normal, resulting in bradycardia.

• #47 Apnea and Bradycardia in Newborns | ABC Law Centers: Birth Injury Lawyers

  https://www.abclawcenters.com/practice-areas/apnea-and-bradycardia-in-newborns/

  Some newborns may experience apnea, which is the medical term for an unusually long pause in breathing. This may lead to bradycardia, or a decreased heart rate. Medical professionals often refer to apnea and bradycardia combined as “As and Bs.” […] Apnea and bradycardia may be caused by prematurity, as a result of an underdeveloped nervous system. If the brain’s respiratory center (which sends signals to the lungs to take breaths) is immature, the baby may stop breathing. This is called central apnea. […] The following are some additional causes of apnea and bradycardia. Premature babies are also more vulnerable to many of these issues: Infection, Baby being overheated, cold, or over-stimulated, Low blood oxygen (apnea and other breathing problems are common in babies with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), a form of neonatal brain damage caused by oxygen deprivation), Airway obstructions, such as mucous. This is known as obstructive apnea, Neurological issues, Brain bleeds or tissue damage, Heart or blood vessel issues, Feeding tubes or suctioning, Baby’s neck is too flexed. […] If apnea and bradycardia are properly managed by medical professionals, there may be no long-term negative effects. If apnea and bradycardia are more severe and they’re not promptly addressed, they may result in brain damage and even death.

• #48 Pediatric Sinus Bradycardia

  https://pedemmorsels.com/pediatric-sinus-bradycardia/

  Sinus Bradycardia is almost never due to a primary cardiac issue in children. […] Since Sinus Bradycardia is generally not a primary cardiac etiology, so it’d be good to consider other causes. […] Things we often think of, but generally are obvious (the Hs and Ts): Hypoxia, Heart Block, H+ ions, Hypothermia, Hyperkalemia/Hypokalemia, Trauma (Increased ICP), Toxins (Lithium, digoxin, Beta-blockers, Ca-Channel Blockers, Clonidine). […] Things to not under-appreciate (also known as things that I need to remember, cuz I keep forgetting them): Hypoglycemia, Hypothyroidism, Malnutrition, Anorexia Nervosa. […] So, while the overall clinical course of Pediatric Sinus Bradycardia is benign and reassuring, take the opportunity to consider other entities, particularly eating disorders.

• #49 Bradycardia during sleep

  https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/Bradycardia_during_sleep/

  Bradycardia during sleep is usually physiological […] Bradycardia during sleep is common in children […] Bradycardia during sleep is a normal physiological response due to increased vagal tone […] Differential diagnoses for causes of bradycardia include normal physiology, cardiac issues such as heart block and long QT syndrome, neurological causes like raised intracranial pressure, metabolic factors including electrolyte abnormalities and hypothyroidism, medications, hypoventilation and sleep apnoea, and vagal stimulation in neonates or infants.

• #50 Fetal Bradycardia | Types, Causes and Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/f/fetal-bradycardia

  Fetal bradycardia is a type of irregular heartbeat known as fetal arrhythmia. Fetal bradycardia occurs when a fetus (developing baby) has a sustained heart rate slower than 110 beats per minute (BPM). […] The causes of fetal bradycardia vary by type. […] Sinus bradycardia may be caused by a delayed signal to the heart muscle. This is due to a problem with the hearts sinus node. Causes include: fetal distress, maternal autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematous or Sjogrens syndrome, maternal medications. […] AV Block is caused by a problem with the hearts electrical system. Fetal AV block is more common in women with autoimmune diseases. A fetus with AV block may be at risk for developing a complete heart block. […] Partial Heart Block is caused by a problem with the electrical signal between the hearts upper and lower chambers. […] Complete Heart Block is caused when no electrical signals connect the upper and lower heart chambers. Complete heart block is more common in fetuses of women with autoimmune diseases. This type of fetal bradycardia can lead to a dangerous form of fluid buildup called hydrops fetalis.

• #51 Fetal Bradycardia | Types, Causes and Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/f/fetal-bradycardia

  Fetal bradycardia is a type of irregular heartbeat known as fetal arrhythmia. Fetal bradycardia occurs when a fetus (developing baby) has a sustained heart rate slower than 110 beats per minute (BPM). […] The causes of fetal bradycardia vary by type. […] Sinus bradycardia may be caused by a delayed signal to the heart muscle. This is due to a problem with the hearts sinus node. Causes include: fetal distress, maternal autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematous or Sjogrens syndrome, maternal medications. […] AV Block is caused by a problem with the hearts electrical system. Fetal AV block is more common in women with autoimmune diseases. A fetus with AV block may be at risk for developing a complete heart block. […] Partial Heart Block is caused by a problem with the electrical signal between the hearts upper and lower chambers. […] Complete Heart Block is caused when no electrical signals connect the upper and lower heart chambers. Complete heart block is more common in fetuses of women with autoimmune diseases. This type of fetal bradycardia can lead to a dangerous form of fluid buildup called hydrops fetalis.

• #52 Fetal Bradycardia Causes & Complications

  https://www.hamptonking.com/blog/fetal-bradycardia-causes-complications/

  When the electrical signals from the hearts top chambers are fully blocked and cant reach the lower chambers, this is a complete heart block. This congenital heart block is very serious, as it causes the heart to beat much slower than normal. […] A variety of factors can make a babys heart rate slow down, including: A reflex triggered by a medical procedure called umbilical cord sampling. A problem with the hearts electrical system (conduction abnormality). A reflex triggered by pressure on the babys head or the umbilical cord. When the mother exercises too much (this can affect her oxygen levels). Low oxygen levels due to the babys heart pumping weakly. When certain receptors in the babys blood vessels sense pressure. […] Common fetal bradycardia causes include: Maternal medication. Certain medications, such as beta-blockers, can cross the placenta. They can reach the fetus and affect its heart rate. Epidural anesthesia and certain medications used to induce or augment labor can lead to bradycardia as well. Maternal hypotension. A decrease in the mothers blood pressure can lead to a decrease in blood flow to the placenta. Fetal heart failure or abnormalities. Structural heart disease problems like congenital heart defects can cause it as well. Fetal infections. Certain infections can affect the fetal heart rate. Examples include cytomegalovirus (CMV) and parvovirus B19. Uterine rupture. A ruptured uterus can cause fetal distress and lead to bradycardia in a baby. Systemic lupus erythematosus in the mother. This autoimmune disease can slow the fetal heart rate through the development of congenital heart block in the fetus. Cord compression. Compression of the umbilical cord can reduce blood flow to the fetus and slow the heartbeat. Polyhydramnios or Oligohydramnios. These terms refer to too much or too little amniotic fluid in the womb. […] Bradycardia in a fetus can be caused by several factors, including umbilical cord compression, fetal hypoxia, maternal drug use, congenital heart defects, or prolonged maternal hypotension.

• #53 Fetal Bradycardia Causes & Complications

  https://www.hamptonking.com/blog/fetal-bradycardia-causes-complications/

  When the electrical signals from the hearts top chambers are fully blocked and cant reach the lower chambers, this is a complete heart block. This congenital heart block is very serious, as it causes the heart to beat much slower than normal. […] A variety of factors can make a babys heart rate slow down, including: A reflex triggered by a medical procedure called umbilical cord sampling. A problem with the hearts electrical system (conduction abnormality). A reflex triggered by pressure on the babys head or the umbilical cord. When the mother exercises too much (this can affect her oxygen levels). Low oxygen levels due to the babys heart pumping weakly. When certain receptors in the babys blood vessels sense pressure. […] Common fetal bradycardia causes include: Maternal medication. Certain medications, such as beta-blockers, can cross the placenta. They can reach the fetus and affect its heart rate. Epidural anesthesia and certain medications used to induce or augment labor can lead to bradycardia as well. Maternal hypotension. A decrease in the mothers blood pressure can lead to a decrease in blood flow to the placenta. Fetal heart failure or abnormalities. Structural heart disease problems like congenital heart defects can cause it as well. Fetal infections. Certain infections can affect the fetal heart rate. Examples include cytomegalovirus (CMV) and parvovirus B19. Uterine rupture. A ruptured uterus can cause fetal distress and lead to bradycardia in a baby. Systemic lupus erythematosus in the mother. This autoimmune disease can slow the fetal heart rate through the development of congenital heart block in the fetus. Cord compression. Compression of the umbilical cord can reduce blood flow to the fetus and slow the heartbeat. Polyhydramnios or Oligohydramnios. These terms refer to too much or too little amniotic fluid in the womb. […] Bradycardia in a fetus can be caused by several factors, including umbilical cord compression, fetal hypoxia, maternal drug use, congenital heart defects, or prolonged maternal hypotension.

• #54 Bradycardia DDx • LITFL • CCC Differential Diagnosis

  https://litfl.com/bradycardia-ddx/

  Bradycardia refers to heart rate 60/min in an adult. […] The underlying causes of bradycardia are legion. […] Differential diagnosis of the underlying causes of bradycardia includes cardiac disease, hypoxia, electrolyte disturbance, medications, poisonings and toxic exposures, hypothermia, hypothyroidism, raised intracranial pressure, infections, autoimmune disorders, infiltrative disorders, and physiological causes.

• #55 Bradycardia – symptoms, causes and when to see your doctor | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/bradycardia

  Bradycardia is a slower than normal heart rate. […] There are many causes of bradycardia, including heart problems, medicines and problems with your thyroid gland. […] Bradycardia can also be caused by: damage to your heart from conditions such as a heart attack or cardiomyopathy, hypothyroidism (when your thyroid gland doesn’t make enough thyroid hormone), an electrolyte (salt) imbalance in your blood, a congenital heart defect (heart disorder present at birth), some medicines, sleep apnoea.

• #56 Bradycardia Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/bradycardia.html

  When bradycardia occurs as a side effect of medication, it usually will go away as soon as the drug that triggered the bradycardia is used by the body or excreted in the urine. Bradycardia caused by hypothyroidism will go away quickly after treatment with thyroid hormones. Certain forms of bradycardia resulting from cardiac arrhythmias can be cured with a permanent pacemaker. […] The following are conditions that produce bradycardia that requires treatment: Cardiac arrhythmias resulting from sinus node dysfunction. In people with frequent, severe symptoms of sinus-node dysfunction, the main treatment is usually a permanent pacemaker, an implanted device that generates electrical impulses to regulate the heartbeat. Cardiac arrhythmias resulting from A-V node problems. In people with A-V node problems, the passage of heartbeat signals may be blocked to different degrees. […] Hypothyroidism is treated with replacement doses of thyroid hormone. […] Treatment with antibiotics clears the infection and the bradycardia almost always resolves.

• #57 Bradycardia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bradycardia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355480

  Treatment for bradycardia depends on how severe the symptoms are and the cause of the slow heart rate. If you don’t have symptoms, treatment might not be needed. […] If another health problem, such as thyroid disease or sleep apnea, is causing the slow heart rate, treatment of that condition might correct bradycardia. […] Many different medicines can affect the heartbeat. Some might cause bradycardia. Always tell your healthcare team about all the medicines you take. Include those bought without a prescription. […] If a medicine you’re taking is causing bradycardia, your healthcare professional may suggest a lower dosage. Or you may be changed to a different medicine.

• #58 Sinus Bradycardia: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22473-sinus-bradycardia

  Sinus bradycardia can happen in connection with a number of factors. […] Sinus bradycardia is less likely to occur in children (but still possible in rare cases) unless it happens because of a condition that a child has when they’re born (congenital). […] Sinus bradycardia usually doesn’t need treatment unless you have symptoms. […] Sinus bradycardia can be a short-term problem, especially when it happens because of prescription or recreational drugs or other short-lived circumstances. When other conditions cause it, especially conditions you have when you’re born or inherited from your parents, it’s usually a life-long problem. […] Sinus bradycardia can happen in connection with a number of factors. […] Sinus bradycardia is a sign that their body isn’t pumping enough blood.

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