Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Understanding the nature and mechanism of foot pain

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2631512/

  Approximately one-quarter of the population are affected by foot pain at any given time. […] Currently, the nature and mechanism underlying many types of foot pain is not clearly understood. […] Currently, the aetiological mechanisms underlying some types of tissue injury within the foot are not clearly understood. […] A deeper understanding of pain is needed to identify the nature and mechanism of foot pain, its diagnosis and how best to target clinical intervention. […] The following section clarifies the underlying neurological differences between the many clinical presentations of foot pain, although it is important to point out that many aspects of foot pain are not mutually exclusive. […] Physiological foot pain is experienced as an acute response to injury (or potential injury) following healthy functioning of both the peripheral and central nervous systems.

• #1 Current and future advances in practice: mechanical foot pain

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10712443/

  Mechanical foot pain affects 20% of the UK population 50 years of age, with 10% reporting disabling pain that impacts daily activities. […] Mechanical foot pain can present as localized pain, but more often the pain presents in multiple structures. […] The roles of weight loss and strengthening of the foot and leg muscles offer new avenues to explore. […] The prevalence of disabling foot pain (pain that impacts on daily activities, such as standing, walking and climbing stairs) ranges from 8 to 10%. […] The risk factors for developing persistent and severe mechanical foot pain include excess body weight, working in manual and intermediate occupations, having poorer physical and mental health, having catastrophizing beliefs, having greater foot-specific functional limitation, and self-assessed hallux valgus.

• #1 Understanding the nature and mechanism of foot pain | Journal of Foot and Ankle Research | Full Text

  https://jfootankleres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1757-1146-2-1

  Currently, the aetiological mechanisms underlying some types of tissue injury within the foot are not clearly understood. […] A deeper understanding of pain is needed to identify the nature and mechanism of foot pain, its diagnosis and how best to target clinical intervention. […] Tissue damage in the foot may occur via chemical, mechanical or thermal stimulation associated with direct trauma, musculoskeletal overload, infection, or systemic or proximal pathology. […] Many common types of foot pain such as tendonitis, stress fracture, corns and callus are routinely attributed, in part or full, to mechanical stress. […] While mechanical stress (broadly defined as force applied to tissue) is a normal component of foot function, tissue damage occurs when the maximum stress threshold of the tissue is exceeded.

• #1 Pain on Top of Foot: Causes, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pain-on-top-of-the-foot

  Pain on the top of the foot typically results from extensor tendonitis but can also occur due to nerve damage. […] Extensor tendonitis can result from overuse or tight-fitting shoes. The tendons that run along the top of the foot and pull the foot upward become inflamed and painful. […] Peripheral neuropathy: Nerve damage causes pain, prickling, or numbness that can spread from the feet into the legs. […] Common peroneal nerve dysfunction: This dysfunction of a branch of the sciatic nerve can cause tingling and pain at the top of the foot and weakness of the foot or lower leg. […] Extensor tendonitis can cause discomfort, pain, and swelling in the tendons that run across the top of your foot. It may hurt during and after exercise, including walking, and after being on your feet. […] Top-of-foot pain can also occur with health conditions such as gout or peripheral neuropathy. If this is the case, treating the underlying cause may relieve pain.

• #1 Extensor Tendonitis: What It Is, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23126-extensor-tendinitis

  Extensor tendinitis causes inflammation in the tendons on the back of your hands and the top of your feet. […] Extensor tendinitis is inflammation in your extensor tendons the tendons that help you straighten your fingers, lift your toes, extend your wrists back and bring your ankle up. […] Extensor tendinitis can be caused by anything that makes you use your hands or feet in a repetitive motion. Over time, the normal wear and strain builds up on your extensor tendons and causes irritation. That irritation makes your tendons swell (become inflamed). That inflammation is what causes pain and makes it hard for your tendons to move as smoothly as they usually can. […] If you have extensor tendinitis, one of the extensor tendons that run along the top of your foot or back of your hand just below your skin is irritated or inflamed.

• #1 Pain on top of the foot: Causes and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319737

  Pain on the top of the foot often occurs due to overexertion or injury. However, several chronic conditions can also cause pain in the top of the foot. […] Disruption of any of these parts can cause pain throughout the foot. […] Injuries to the midfoot can cause pain and swelling on the top of the foot, which may worsen when standing or walking. […] Pain on the outer side of the top of the foot is often related to the fifth metatarsal. […] Excessive flexion or walking in shoes without proper support can damage these tendons. This is known as extensor tendinitis, which can cause significant pain in the top of the foot. […] A ganglion cyst can cause pain if it is pressing against a muscle or joint in the foot. […] Not all foot pain is related to an injury or overuse. Some health conditions can cause foot pain, especially those affecting nerves and joints.

• #1 Foot and Ankle Nerve Pain | Foot Neuritis | The Foot Practice

  https://thefootpractice.com/foot-ankle/foot-ankle-nerve-pain/

  Foot neuritis refers to inflammation of the nerves and often presents as pain, tingling, or burning caused by inflammation. […] Plantar nerve neuritis explicitly affects the nerves in the plantar region of the foot, leading to inflammation and pain. […] Injuries or trauma to different foot structures, including microtears that exceed the body’s natural healing capacity, can significantly contribute to neuritis of the plantar nerve. The plantar fascia, a web-like structure stretching along the sole, plays a vital role in foot support and overall foot health. Inflammation of the plantar fascia can lead to compression and damage to the network of nerves in the feet, resulting in plantar nerve neuritis. […] Though the symptoms are different, both conditions can deteriorate similarly, leading to permanent damage of the nerves if not adequately treated.

• #1 Extensor Tendonitis in the Foot: What It Is and How to Treat It

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-extensor-tendonitis-in-the-foot

  The tendon that runs along the top center of your foot can become irritated and cause pain. This is caused by extensor tendonitis. People who have flat feet or high arches are at risk of this type of tendonitis. Symptoms include: […] The main symptom of extensor tendonitis in the foot is pain on the top of the foot. It’s often right where your shoelaces are. You may feel this pain while you’re running or walking. […] Most cases of tendonitis are from repetitive motion and develop over time. However, they can also happen because of a sudden injury. […] Extensor tendonitis, in particular, may be caused by: Shoes that are too small or tight, Doing too many uphill workouts and not enough downhill ones, Running on an unstable surface. […] If you continue to use your foot without allowing your tendon to heal, you have a risk of the tendon tearing. If this happens, you might need surgery to repair it.

• #1 Pinpoint Your Foot & Ankle Pain | OrthoNebraskaMenuBack to topFacebookYouTubePinterestInstagramLinkedIn

  https://orthonebraska.com/pinpoint-foot-and-ankle-pain/

  While pain in the top of the foot, or midfoot, may seem unusual, it is a very common symptom for a foot and ankle orthopaedic surgeon to see in practice. […] Extensor Tendonitis is the most common cause of top-of-foot pain, this condition is typically characterized by pain when the toes are lifted up and swelling on the top of the foot. […] Tibialis Anterior Tendonitis irritation of the tendon across the top of the ankle can causes pain when walking on stairs or inclines. But even more common is for this to ache mostly at night when the ankle is in a relaxed position.

• #1 Why Does the Top of My Foot Hurt? – Watsonia Podiatry

  https://watsoniapodiatry.com.au/why-does-the-top-of-my-foot-hurt/

  Dorsal jamming, often affecting the big toe joint, occurs when the bones rub against each other instead of gliding smoothly. Surgical intervention may be necessary if conservative measures fail, but conservative options such as footwear modifications or orthotics should be tried first. […] Other causes of dorsal foot pain include injuries to the extensor tendons, corns due to abnormal pressure on the toes, anterior ankle impingement caused by abnormal joint function or previous injury, and stress fractures resulting from repetitive force or trauma. Treatment approaches vary but may include exercises, footwear modifications, orthotics, or, in some cases, surgical intervention. […] Osteoarthritis occurs when the cartilage between two bones degenerates. Instead of having a nice smooth surface for the bones to articulate, we end up with one bone rubbing against another bone.

• #1 Pain on Top of Foot | YourCareEverywhere

  https://yourcareeverywhere.com/health-research/health-insights/foot-care-insights/pain-on-top-of-foot.html

  Pain on Top of Foot […] Overuse and extra stress placed on your feet due to repetitive actions, including sports, are the main causes of pains on top of foot. […] If you jog or play a sport like soccer or basketball and suffer from pain on top of your foot, inflammation of tendons that run along the top of your foot a condition known as tendonitis is likely the cause. […] Stress fractures are small cracks in a foot bone, most often the result of overuse, such as starting a new exercise or sport (especially running, gymnastics, and dance), the AOFAS explains. […] Many types of arthritis affect joints, bones, and muscles and can cause pain, stiffness, and swelling in your feet, the Arthritis Foundation explains, including top of foot pain. […] Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disease that can affect the small joints of your feet, causing symptoms in several areas of both feet, including top of foot pain.

• #1 Top Of Foot Pain – Entire Podiatry

  https://entirepodiatry.com.au/problems-solutions/top-of-foot-pain/?srsltid=AfmBOorJziaZbc7lTgLcufBVIx-twZOkJr6WCX19__fwQ0LgdemJNwy9

  Pain across the top of the foot is a common complaint that we treat. There is quite a lot of anatomy in this area including tendons, joints, ligaments, bones and muscles and any one of these structures can be susceptible to injury causing pain. […] Pain across the top of the foot can also be due to improper shoes. […] The most common causes of pain on the top of the feet are as follows: Midfoot arthritis, Stress fractures, Metatarsalgia, Nerve entrapment, Extensor tendinopathy, Dorsal midfoot interosseous compression syndrome. […] Midfoot arthritis usually involves swelling and pain across the top of the foot. […] A stress fracture can develop when too much force is applied to a bone over time, causing the bone to gradually weaken leading to an incomplete break. […] The two most common places for a stress fracture to develop in the foot is the navicular and the second metatarsal.

• #1 Metatarsalgia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/metatarsalgia/symptoms-causes/syc-20354790

  Stress fractures. Small breaks in the metatarsals or toe bones can be painful and change the way you put weight on your foot. […] Morton’s neuroma. This noncancerous growth of fibrous tissue around a nerve usually occurs between the third and fourth metatarsal heads. It causes symptoms that are like those of metatarsalgia. The growth can stress the metatarsal. […] Left untreated, metatarsalgia might lead to pain in other parts of the same foot or in the other foot. Limping because of the foot pain of metatarsalgia also can cause pain in other parts of the body, such as the low back or hip.

• #1 Why Does the Top of My Foot Hurt? – Watsonia Podiatry

  https://watsoniapodiatry.com.au/why-does-the-top-of-my-foot-hurt/

  Stress fractures are caused from repetitive force or trauma and result in tiny cracks within the bone. […] Stress fractures are common within the lower leg and feet, as these are the structures that take a lot of the load when we are standing, walking and running. […] A sudden increase in activity, inappropriate footwear and hard training surfaces can also contribute to a stress fracture. […] Treatment typically involves a moon boot for approximately 6 weeks to immobilise and offload the area to allow it to heal.

• #1 Current and future advances in practice: mechanical foot pain

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10712443/

  The burden and impact of mechanical foot pain are greatest in lower socioeconomic groups, who have an increased likelihood of concomitant knee or hip pains, leading to greater physical and mental burden. […] In general practice and rheumatology clinics, foot pain is often overlooked owing to barriers of performing assessment and removing footwear and hosiery in busy clinics. […] The most common foot conditions in regions for the forefoot, midfoot and hindfoot are presented, followed by clinical management. […] First MTP joint OA, also known as hallux rigidus, is characterized by degeneration of joint articular cartilage and bony proliferation at joint margins, but there are also changes in surrounding joint tissues, including synovitis and subchondral bone marrow oedema. […] Hallux valgus is characterized by the progressive subluxation of the first MTP joint owing to lateral deviation of the hallux and medial deviation of the first metatarsal.

• #1 Midfoot Arthritis

  https://www.massgeneral.org/orthopaedics/foot-ankle/conditions-and-treatments/midfoot-arthritis

  Midfoot arthritis is characterized by pain and swelling in the midfoot, aggravated by standing and walking. […] There is often an associated bony prominence on the top of the foot. […] Patients may have two problems arising from midfoot arthritis; pain on the dorsum (top) of the foot due to spurs from the arthritic joint (bony prominence), worse in closed shoes or, pain arising from the arthritic joint itself. […] Symptoms due to a local bony prominence may benefit from removal of bone spurs, though this is uncommonly performed because it does not change the underlying arthritis and the bone spurs generally return. […] In most cases, pain arising from the arthritic joint is the main symptom. Therefore, if an operation is deemed necessary, it is often necessary to fuse the involved joints (midfoot fusion). This entails roughening up the opposing bone surfaces and fixing the bones together with plates, screws, or staples in order to get the two bones to fuse together into one larger bone. By eliminating the movement through the arthritic joints, the pain originating from these joints is eradicated. Essentially, it converts a painful stiff joint into a painless stiff joint.

• #1 Radiologic Evaluation of Chronic Foot Pain | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/1001/p975.html

  The mechanism of pain in the presence of an accessory tarsal navicular has been attributed to traumatic or degenerative changes at the synchondrosis or to soft-tissue inflammation. […] Freiberg’s disease is characterized by pain, tenderness, swelling, and limitation of motion in the affected metatarsophalangeal joint. […] The cause of Freiberg’s disease is controversial and is probably multifactorial. A traumatic insult in the form of acute or repetitive injury and vascular compromise are the most popular theories. […] Tarsal tunnel syndrome is a compressive entrapment neuropathy of the posterior tibial nerve or one of its branches.

• #1 Foot Pain Conditions, Causes, Symptoms, Treatments | HSS

  https://www.hss.edu/condition-list_foot-pain-causes.asp

  Pain at the top of the forefoot over the big toe is often caused by hallux rigidus, arthritis of the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint of the big toe. This condition is different from bunions and gout, which can affect the same area. […] Stress fracture of one or more metatarsal bones: Tiny cracks in the bone that are typically the result of overuse or repetitive force, often from high-impact activities like running or jumping. However, they can also occur due to normal use of a bone that’s weakened by a condition such as osteoporosis. The pain from a stress fracture usually starts off as barely noticeable, but it tends to worsen over time, particularly during or after weight-bearing activity. Other symptoms may include swelling on the top of the foot or the outside of the ankle, tenderness to touch, and increased pain during activities and decreased pain during rest.

• #1 Lisfranc (Midfoot) Injury – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/lisfranc-midfoot-injury/

  Lisfranc (midfoot) injuries result if bones in the midfoot are broken or ligaments that support the midfoot are torn. […] The severity of a Lisfranc injury can vary widely from a simple injury involving one midfoot joint to a complex injury involving many midfoot joints and broken bones. […] A simple Lisfranc injury can be easily mistaken for a sprain, especially if the injury is a result of a straightforward twist and fall. […] Injury to the Lisfranc joint is not a simple sprain that should be „walked off” or expected to heal quickly. […] Even a simple Lisfranc injury is a severe injury that may take many months to heal and may require surgery to treat. […] If a Lisfranc injury is left untreated, instability of the arch can persist, resulting in the collapse or flattening of the foot.

• #1 Pain on Top of Foot: 5 Causes, Swelling, Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/pain-on-top-of-foot-8421077

  Gout is a type of arthritis that develops when there is too much uric acid in the body, causing crystals to form in a joint. […] Extensor tendonitis is a condition caused by inflammation of these tendons. […] Injury to the Lisfranc joint complex can cause pain on the top of the foot. […] Pain on the top of the foot can be caused by damage to the bones, tendons, ligaments, or nerves. Common conditions that cause pain on top of the foot include osteoarthritis, peripheral neuropathy, gout, extensor tendonitis, and Lisfranc injuries.

• #1 Pain on Top of Foot: Causes, and Treatment | The Foot Hub

  https://thefoothub.com.au/pain-on-top-of-foot/

  Experiencing pain on the top of your foot can be frustrating, especially if it limits your mobility and daily activities. […] Extensor tendonitis occurs when these tendons become inflamed due to overuse or improper footwear. […] Stress fractures are tiny cracks in the bones of the foot, usually due to repetitive activity like running or jumping. […] Gout is a type of arthritis that results from a build-up of uric acid crystals in the joints, often affecting the big toe but also causing pain across the top of the foot. […] Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that can affect the foot, leading to pain and stiffness in the joints. […] Nerve entrapment conditions, such as Morton’s neuroma, cause sharp or tingling pain as nerves become compressed. […] Structural issues, such as bone spurs or arch abnormalities, can lead to pain on top of the foot. […] Pain on the top of your foot can have various underlying causes, from tendonitis to stress fractures and nerve entrapment. Understanding the cause of your pain and getting the right treatment is essential for lasting relief.

• #1 Why Does the Top of My Foot Hurt? – Columbus, OH – OrthoNeuro

  https://orthoneuro.com/top-of-foot-pain/

  Feeling a sharp pain on the top of the foot is very common. […] The pain you are feeling can be due to injury, overuse, everyday wear and tear, or even footwear that does not properly fit. Pain on top of the foot can also result from an issue within your bones, soft tissues, or other health conditions. […] Stress fractures are a common cause of pain. A stress fracture is a small break in one of the bones within your foot, usually resulting from repetitive overuse. […] Sinus tarsi syndrome is a common cause of continuous pain that can be felt at the top of your foot and on the outer side of your ankle. […] Extensor tendonitis is one of the most common causes of a gradual onset of swelling, tenderness, and pain on top of the foot. […] Arthritis pain can begin at the base of your big toe and work its way up to the top of the arch of your foot.

• #1 Why Is the Top of My Foot in Pain? | Family Practice Nurse Practitioner, Podiatry, Foot & Ankle Surgeons and Wound Care Specialists, Pediatrics & Geriatrics located in Phoenix and Sun City, AZ | Prestige Medical Care

  https://www.prestigemedicalaz.com/post/why-is-the-top-of-my-foot-in-pain

  A variety of conditions may be responsible for causing pain in the top of your foot. […] Severe, sudden pain may be due to a stress fracture of one or more of the bones of the foot, such as the metatarsals. […] If the pain worsens with activity, you may have extensor tendonitis. This occurs when the tendons on top of the foot that help you lift the toes become inflamed, due to wearing tight shoes, standing for a prolonged period or running on rugged terrain. […] Sinus tarsi syndrome is another type of severe top-of-foot pain that occurs in the tiny channel located between the ankle and the heel. […] If the pain in the top of your foot is burning or shooting, and is accompanied by a pins-and-needles or numbness, it may be due to a compressed nerve. […] If you notice a nodule under the skin on the top of the foot near a joint or tendon, it may be a ganglion cyst. These are just a few possible causes for pain on the top of the foot.

• #1 Top Of Foot Pain – Entire Podiatry

  https://entirepodiatry.com.au/problems-solutions/top-of-foot-pain/?srsltid=AfmBOorJziaZbc7lTgLcufBVIx-twZOkJr6WCX19__fwQ0LgdemJNwy9

  Metatarsalgia is a broad term used to describe pain across the ball off the foot at the metatarsals. […] A rarer condition that can affect the top of the foot is Common Peroneal Nerve Dysfunction. […] These tendons are responsible for lifting feet and toes up, i.e. dorsiflex your foot. […] DMICS is caused by chronic excessive interosseous compression forces through the joints in the top of the midfoot during weight-bearing activities. […] Any factors that cause flattening of the arches of the feet can increase these compressive forces. […] DMICS usually responds well to conservative treatment, especially if treatment is commenced early. […] However, effective management requires underlying mechanical causes to be addressed. […] By preventing collapse of the arches, total contact orthotics can reduce interosseous compression forces through the top of the foot.

• #1 Why You’re Experiencing Pain On Top of Your Foot – Feet First Clinic

  https://feetfirstclinic.com/blog/pain-on-top-of-your-foot/

  Neuroma is a benign growth of nerve tissue frequently found between the third and fourth toes, often referred to as a ‘pinched nerve’. […] You may experience pain in the ball of your foot, a burning sensation, or tingling, depending on the severity. […] Similarly, it can feel like you’re walking with a pebble in your shoe. […] Causes of neuroma include biomechanical deficiencies, trauma, improper footwear, and repeated impact and stress. […] In terms of treatments, simple fixes include: Metatarsal pad or neuroma pad – these types of padding are placed under the ball of the foot and act to open the intermetatarsal space and reduce irritation of nerve tissue; […] Wear shoes with wider toe box, and lower heels to reduce pressures applied to the front of the foot; […] Custom foot orthotics – these custom-made devices can help further offload the forefoot and control and biomechanical abnormalities; […] Injection therapy: An alcohol solution can be injected into the nerve site at regular intervals to decrease size and subsequent pain.

• #1 Foot Pain Types, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/foot_pain/article.htm

  Biomechanical abnormalities from muscle and tendon tightness or laxity, flat feet, or high arched feet often lead to muscle imbalances, deformities, and foot pain. […] Trauma from an acute injury or from accumulative repetitive injury is a very common cause of foot pain. […] Delayed treatment of many foot pain can lead to complications, chronic long-term pain, disability, and arthritis of the affected foot. […] The muscles and fascia of the foot can be strained by overstretching, overuse, or overloading. […] Injury to the bones and joints of the foot can be caused by a single blow or twist to the foot or also by repetitive trauma that can result in a stress fracture. […] Pain and tenderness associated with plantar fascia strains are usually felt on the bottom of the foot between the heel and the base of the toes.

• #1 Mechanism of orthotic therapy for the painful cavus foot deformity | Journal of Foot and Ankle Research | Full Text

  https://jfootankleres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1757-1146-7-2

  People who have extremely high arched feet or pes cavus often suffer from substantial foot pain. Custom-made foot orthoses (CFO) have been shown to be an effective treatment option, but their specificity is unclear. It is generally thought that one of the primary functions of CFO is redistributing abnormal plantar pressures. This study sought to identify variables associated with pain relief after CFO intervention. […] Our data suggest that a primary function of effective orthotic therapy with CFO is redistribution of abnormal plantar pressures. Results of this study add to the growing body of literature providing mechanistic support for CFO providing pain relief in painful foot conditions. […] It has been estimated that 60% of people with pes cavus will experience foot pain, such as metatarsalgia, sesamoiditis and plantar heel pain, all of which are thought to be the result of high, localized plantar pressures.

• #1 Mechanism of orthotic therapy for the painful cavus foot deformity | springermedizin.de

  https://www.springermedizin.de/mechanism-of-orthotic-therapy-for-the-painful-cavus-foot-deformi/9664190

  We concluded that custom-made foot orthoses are beneficial for people with painful pes cavus, postulating a link between the improvements in pain and function and reduced plantar pressures. […] While our initial expectations were based on the reduction in plantar pressure being correlated with reduction of pain and subsequent improvement in function, we were not able to show this to be the case. […] The Dynamic Plantar Loading Index (DPLI) is a method for investigating the redistribution of plantar pressures. The method is based on the probability distribution of peak pressure time series and is quantified using the Regression Factor. […] In summary, DPLI is calculated by the least square regression slope between the experimentally observed plantar pressure magnitude probability distribution and a Gaussian distribution with the same mean, standard deviation, and magnitude.

• #1 Foot Pain Types, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/foot_pain/article.htm

  Pain in the foot indicates that there is something wrong with either the interaction of internal structures of the foot or with how the foot is interacting with external influences. […] When there is pain, the body reacts by changing the way it moves or functions in an effort to reduce the pain. These compensations or biomechanical changes may prevent normal movement and cause further injury in the foot and/or other parts of the body. […] Foot pain may be caused by many different diseases, deformities, biomechanical conditions, improper footwear, or injuries. […] Many systemic diseases such as diabetes, lupus, gout, and rheumatoid arthritis can cause foot pain. Rheumatoid arthritis can cause painful inflammation in the joints of the foot, accompanied by alignment changes that lead to foot deformities.

• #1 Metatarsalgia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/metatarsalgia/symptoms-causes/syc-20354790

  Certain foot shapes. A high arch can put extra pressure on the metatarsals. So can having a second toe that’s longer than the big toe. This causes more weight than usual to be shifted to the second metatarsal head. […] Toes that have different shapes. Wearing too-small shoes or high heels can cause feet and toes to change shape. A downward-curling toe, called a hammertoe, can cause metatarsalgia. So can swollen, painful bumps at the base of the big toes, called bunions. […] Excess weight. Most of a body’s weight goes to the forefoot while moving. So extra pounds mean more pressure on the metatarsals. Losing weight might reduce or get rid of symptoms. […] High heels or poorly fitting shoes. High heels are a common cause of metatarsalgia. Wearing high heels puts extra weight on the front of the foot. Shoes with a narrow toe box or athletic shoes that don’t have enough support and padding also can be part of the problem.

• #1 Pain in the top of the foot

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/pain-in-the-top-of-the-foot/

  Common causes of pain in the top of your foot are exercising too much or wearing shoes that are too tight. […] Some of the possible causes of pain in the top of the foot: […] Pain, swelling, bruising, started after intense or repetitive exercise Possible cause sprained metatarsal or stress fracture […] Pain, swelling and stiffness that lasts a long time, a grating or crackling sensation when you move the foot, a lump along a tendon Possible cause tendonitis or osteoarthritis […] Red, hot, swollen skin, sudden or severe pain when anything touches your foot, the pain usually starts near the bottom of the big toe Possible cause gout.

• #1 Pain on Top of Foot: 9 Causes, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/why_does_the_top_of_my_foot_hurt_when_i_walk/article_em.htm

  Possible causes of pain on the top of the foot include sprain, strain, stress fracture, tendonitis, wearing shoes that are too tight, osteoarthritis, Lisfranc injury (also called Lisfranc fracture), nerve problems, and medical conditions (such as gout). […] Within the foot there are muscles, bones, ligaments, tendons, and nerves, all of which can be injured or not function properly, resulting in pain on the top of the foot. […] There are many different causes of pain on the top of the foot, such as: Sprain, Stretching or tearing of ligaments, Strain, Injury to tendon or muscle, Stress fracture, Small cracks in the bones due to overuse, Tendonitis, Inflammation of the tendons, Can be caused by overuse, Wearing shoes that are too tight, Wearing tight shoes when you have high arches can cause pain, Tight shoes can also cause tendonitis, Osteoarthritis, Wear and tear over time of the cartilage that covers and protects the surface of the joints, Lisfranc injury (also called Lisfranc fracture), The Lisfranc joint is where the five long bones of the feet (metatarsals) connect with the tarsal bones toward the ankle, Occurs when the metatarsals are misplaced, fractured, or sprained when the foot is placed under excessive pressure or force, May be caused by dropping something heavy on the foot or landing hard on the feet after jumping from a height, May also be caused by twisting the foot at an angle that strains the midfoot, Nerve problems, Can cause tingling, prickling, burning, and numbing sensations along with pain, Pain may be due to a problem further up the leg where nerves are compressed or damaged.

• #1 Current and future advances in practice: mechanical foot pain

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10712443/

  Pain in the anterior and extensor tendons is often related to acute injury and not commonly reported within sports or running literature. […] This review has highlighted the strong relationships between foot pain and increased body mass, in addition to emerging evidence showing the relationship between foot pain and muscle strength. […] More research is needed to explore causes and treatments of mechanical foot pain, with particular emphasis on understanding the role of muscle strengthening and weight-loss interventions.

• #1 Pain on top of the foot: Causes and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319737

  The metatarsophalangeal joint (MCP) is located at the base of each toe and can cause pain on top of the foot if it is affected by arthritis. […] Diagnosis usually involves a doctor taking a persons medical history, as well as medical tests. […] Impact injuries are a common cause of pain in the top of the foot, but overexertion, flexion, and some underlying health conditions can also cause pain in the top of the foot.

• #1 Extensor Tendinopathy (Foot)

  https://bexleymsk.engage.gp/conditions/foot-and-ankle-pain/extensor-tendinopathy-foot

  Therefore an extensor tendinopathy of the foot refers to a symptomatic tendon at the top of the foot. […] As with most tendinopathies, the main cause is relative overuse. This can occur after a single bout of excessive activity that you are not used to, or it can occur gradually over time. Walking or running (especially uphill) more than your body is used to are common culprits for causing extensor tendinopathies because the extensor tendons of the foot are used a lot during these activities. […] Diagnosis of an extensor tendinopathy can often be done clinically meaning a diagnosis is made based on the symptoms that you are presenting with. A scan is not needed in most cases as it does not change the management plan and only tells us what we already know. […] Extensor tendinopathies respond well to treatment, usually over a period of 8-12 weeks (although it can sometimes be much longer).

• #1 DOAJ Logotype

  https://doaj.org/article/ab879ddf43eb492fbf7817e2efbdf920

  Deformation and foot pain are significant causes of the patients medical care. The pain in the foot combined with the violation of its structure is the basic indicators for the operational treatment in about one third of patients in orthopedic hospitals. […] For the effective choice of the treatment metod it is important to determine the cause, pathogenesis, the origin of the pain impulses, and a direct impact on the source of pain. […] The respective etiological and pathogenetic situations are characteristic for each of these groups. […] The causes and pathogenetic mechanisms of pain in the foot are extremely diverse, the patterns of their occurrence and the combination are insufficiently studied. Accordingly, the effectiveness of treatment remains low. Thus, there is a need for further improvement of the ways of diagnosis and supervision of patients with pain in the foot.

• #1 Pain in the Foot: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment Citefactor.org-Journal|Research Paper|Indexing|Impact factor

  https://www.citefactor.org/article/index/119472/pain-in-the-foot-pathogenesis-diagnosis-and-treatment

  The pain in the foot combined with the violation of its structure is the basic indicators for the operational treatment in about one third of patients in orthopedic hospitals. […] For the effective choice of the treatment metod it is important to determine the cause, pathogenesis, the origin of the pain impulses, and a direct impact on the source of pain. […] The respective etiological and pathogenetic situations are characteristic for each of these groups. […] Surgical intervention may be used in case of the ineffectiveness of conservative foot pain treatment, which includes reduction of physical activity, treatment of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, local administration of glucocorticosteroids, biologic drugs and matching of footwear. […] Local injecting treatment is effective using biologic drugs and glucocorticosteroids, which can be administered exclusively in the vagina, rather than in the tendon.

• #1 Pain in the Foot: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment Citefactor.org-Journal|Research Paper|Indexing|Impact factor

  https://www.citefactor.org/article/index/119472/pain-in-the-foot-pathogenesis-diagnosis-and-treatment

  For the insufficient efficacy of conservative treatment, such operations as longitudinal excision of the degenerate shaft of the tendon that preserves its integrity in the absence of thickening and, consequently, stenosis in the vagina, endoscopic dermatitis are recommended. […] The causes and pathogenetic mechanisms of pain in the foot are extremely diverse, the patterns of their occurrence and the combination are insufficiently studied. […] Thus, there is a need for further improvement of the ways of diagnosis and supervision of patients with pain in the foot.

• #2 Current and future advances in practice: mechanical foot pain

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10712443/

  Mechanical foot pain affects 20% of the UK population 50 years of age, with 10% reporting disabling pain that impacts daily activities. […] Mechanical foot pain can present as localized pain, but more often the pain presents in multiple structures. […] The roles of weight loss and strengthening of the foot and leg muscles offer new avenues to explore. […] The prevalence of disabling foot pain (pain that impacts on daily activities, such as standing, walking and climbing stairs) ranges from 8 to 10%. […] The risk factors for developing persistent and severe mechanical foot pain include excess body weight, working in manual and intermediate occupations, having poorer physical and mental health, having catastrophizing beliefs, having greater foot-specific functional limitation, and self-assessed hallux valgus.

• #2 Understanding the nature and mechanism of foot pain

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2631512/

  Pathological foot pain is experienced following nociceptive pathology; involving dysfunction of either or both of the peripheral or central nervous systems. […] Neuropathic foot pain is pain instigated by a primary dysfunction, lesion or transitory perturbation in the peripheral or central nervous systems. […] Inflammation produces characteristic changes within the nervous system. […] Chronic foot pain does not typically share the sharp spatial localisation typical of acute foot pain.

• #2 Understanding the nature and mechanism of foot pain | Journal of Foot and Ankle Research | Full Text

  https://jfootankleres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1757-1146-2-1

  Pathological foot pain is experienced following nociceptive pathology; involving dysfunction of either or both of the peripheral or central nervous systems. […] Neuropathic foot pain encompasses a heterogenous group of symptoms that share similar clinical characteristics, including spontaneous stimulus-dependent and stimulus-independent pain. […] Inflammation produces characteristic changes within the nervous system. […] These changes are frequently accompanied by sensitisation of the central nervous system and nerve damage, which may provoke neuropathic foot pain. […] Chronic foot pain does not typically share the sharp spatial localisation typical of acute foot pain. […] Chronic foot pain is characteristically diffuse, spreads beyond the original site of injury, exhibits a non-linear relationship between nociception and pain intensity, and involves adaptive changes at various levels of the nervous system.

• #2 Pain on Top of Foot: 5 Causes, Swelling, Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/pain-on-top-of-foot-8421077

  Pain on the top of the foot can occur from injury or as a side effect of a medical condition. Conditions such as osteoarthritis, extensor tendonitis, and gout can cause pain on the top of the foot. […] Osteoarthritis is a condition that causes cartilage (material providing padding between bones in a joint) to break down. This condition develops over time and is due to wear and tear. […] Osteoarthritis can cause pain, stiffness, and decreased range of motion. Swelling may be present with osteoarthritis, depending on the severity of the condition. […] Peripheral neuropathy may occur from direct trauma to the nerve that supplies sensation to the top of the foot—the common peroneal nerve, a branch of the sciatic nerve. […] Pain on the top of the foot accompanied by swelling is often the result of certain health conditions.

• #2 Pinpoint Your Foot & Ankle Pain | OrthoNebraskaMenuBack to topFacebookYouTubePinterestInstagramLinkedIn

  https://orthonebraska.com/pinpoint-foot-and-ankle-pain/

  While pain in the top of the foot, or midfoot, may seem unusual, it is a very common symptom for a foot and ankle orthopaedic surgeon to see in practice. […] Extensor Tendonitis is the most common cause of top-of-foot pain, this condition is typically characterized by pain when the toes are lifted up and swelling on the top of the foot. […] Tibialis Anterior Tendonitis irritation of the tendon across the top of the ankle can causes pain when walking on stairs or inclines. But even more common is for this to ache mostly at night when the ankle is in a relaxed position.

• #2 Pain on Top of Your Foot? It Could Be Extensor Tendonitis — Dr. Elton

  https://www.drelton.com/blog/pain-on-top-of-your-foot-extensor-tendonitis

  Extensor tendonitis is a condition that occurs when the tendons that run along the top of your foot and help you lift your toes become inflamed. This injury most often occurs from excessive use without adequate rest or recovery time, leading to pain and swelling. […] Extensor tendonitis is often seen in athletes who participate in activities that involve a lot of running or jumping. Repetitive motion puts stress on the tendons and can cause them to become irritated and inflamed. […] Poor footwear: Wearing shoes that are too tight can put unnecessary pressure on the tendons in the foot and lead to irritation and inflammation. Shoes that don’t provide adequate support or cushioning can also contribute to extensor tendonitis. […] The most common symptom of this condition is pain along the top of the foot, especially when walking or running.

• #2 Extensor Tendinopathy (Foot)

  https://bexleymsk.engage.gp/conditions/foot-and-ankle-pain/extensor-tendinopathy-foot

  Therefore an extensor tendinopathy of the foot refers to a symptomatic tendon at the top of the foot. […] As with most tendinopathies, the main cause is relative overuse. This can occur after a single bout of excessive activity that you are not used to, or it can occur gradually over time. Walking or running (especially uphill) more than your body is used to are common culprits for causing extensor tendinopathies because the extensor tendons of the foot are used a lot during these activities. […] Diagnosis of an extensor tendinopathy can often be done clinically meaning a diagnosis is made based on the symptoms that you are presenting with. A scan is not needed in most cases as it does not change the management plan and only tells us what we already know. […] Extensor tendinopathies respond well to treatment, usually over a period of 8-12 weeks (although it can sometimes be much longer).

• #2 Foot Pain Conditions, Causes, Symptoms, Treatments | HSS

  https://www.hss.edu/condition-list_foot-pain-causes.asp

  Pain at the top of the forefoot over the big toe is often caused by hallux rigidus, arthritis of the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint of the big toe. This condition is different from bunions and gout, which can affect the same area. […] Stress fracture of one or more metatarsal bones: Tiny cracks in the bone that are typically the result of overuse or repetitive force, often from high-impact activities like running or jumping. However, they can also occur due to normal use of a bone that’s weakened by a condition such as osteoporosis. The pain from a stress fracture usually starts off as barely noticeable, but it tends to worsen over time, particularly during or after weight-bearing activity. Other symptoms may include swelling on the top of the foot or the outside of the ankle, tenderness to touch, and increased pain during activities and decreased pain during rest.

• #2 Why Does the Top of My Foot Hurt? – Watsonia Podiatry

  https://watsoniapodiatry.com.au/why-does-the-top-of-my-foot-hurt/

  As you can imagine, this can cause a lot of pain, particularly on the top of the foot. […] How this is treated will vary depending on which joints are affected by osteoarthritis and what the mechanism for this injury to occur was. […] Orthotics can often help reduce painful symptoms by altering how your foot functions and spreading these bones out to assist with alignment. […] This tendon can become damaged if it is overused, or occasionally from poorly fitting footwear or laces that are done up too tight. […] Damage to this tendon can result in pain along the front of the ankle, as well as the top and inside of the foot. […] Rehabilitation of this injury will generally involve completing a range of exercises to increase the capacity or strength of the tendon, as well as addressing why this injury occurred in the first place.

• #2 Midfoot Arthritis

  https://www.massgeneral.org/orthopaedics/foot-ankle/conditions-and-treatments/midfoot-arthritis

  Midfoot arthritis is characterized by pain and swelling in the midfoot, aggravated by standing and walking. […] There is often an associated bony prominence on the top of the foot. […] Patients may have two problems arising from midfoot arthritis; pain on the dorsum (top) of the foot due to spurs from the arthritic joint (bony prominence), worse in closed shoes or, pain arising from the arthritic joint itself. […] Symptoms due to a local bony prominence may benefit from removal of bone spurs, though this is uncommonly performed because it does not change the underlying arthritis and the bone spurs generally return. […] In most cases, pain arising from the arthritic joint is the main symptom. Therefore, if an operation is deemed necessary, it is often necessary to fuse the involved joints (midfoot fusion). This entails roughening up the opposing bone surfaces and fixing the bones together with plates, screws, or staples in order to get the two bones to fuse together into one larger bone. By eliminating the movement through the arthritic joints, the pain originating from these joints is eradicated. Essentially, it converts a painful stiff joint into a painless stiff joint.

• #2 Foot Pain Conditions, Causes, Symptoms, Treatments | HSS

  https://www.hss.edu/condition-list_foot-pain-causes.asp

  Pain at the top of the foot near the ankle may be due to a stress fracture of the navicular bone. This is caused by repetitive force and is more commonly seen in athletes like basketball players and gymnasts. […] Pain at the top of the foot after an injury to the foot may be a Lisfranc injury, which is disruption of a strong ligament in the middle of the foot that holds up the arch. […] Pain at the top of the middle of the foot can be caused by arthritis in the small bones of the midfoot. Arthritis is the loss of cartilage in a joint and is typically due to wear and tear over time. The pain may be exacerbated when tying shoes too tightly. […] Similar to midfoot arthritis, pain on the top of the midfoot may be due to tendonitis of the anterior tibial tendon. This is typically an overuse injury of the tendon that helps you dorsiflex (bring the foot up off the ground).

• #2 Lisfranc (Midfoot) Injury – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/lisfranc-midfoot-injury/

  Lisfranc injuries tend to damage the cartilage of the midfoot joints. […] If severe midfoot injuries are not properly treated, damage to the cartilage and increased stress at the midfoot joints can result in arthritis and collapse of the arch, which requires complex surgery to correct. […] Even with successful surgery for the Lisfranc injury, arthritis can still develop in later life. […] A low-energy Lisfranc injury can happen with a simple twist and fall. […] More severe injuries occur from direct trauma, such as a fall from a height or a motor vehicle collision. […] These are the most common symptoms of Lisfranc injury: The top of foot may be swollen and painful. […] There may be bruising on both the top and bottom of the foot. […] Bruising on the bottom of the foot is highly suggestive of a Lisfranc injury.

• #2 Mechanism of orthotic therapy for the painful cavus foot deformity | springermedizin.de

  https://www.springermedizin.de/mechanism-of-orthotic-therapy-for-the-painful-cavus-foot-deformi/9664190

  People who have extremely high arched feet or pes cavus often suffer from substantial foot pain. Custom-made foot orthoses (CFO) have been shown to be an effective treatment option, but their specificity is unclear. It is generally thought that one of the primary functions of CFO is redistributing abnormal plantar pressures. […] Custom-made foot orthoses have been shown to be an effective treatment option for foot pain in a variety of clinical populations. However, the mechanism by which they produce an effect is not well understood. There are a number of theoretical explanations, including resisting or facilitating motion; plantar pressure reduction; altered muscle activity; and enhanced proprioception. […] It has been estimated that 60% of people with pes cavus will experience foot pain, such as metatarsalgia, sesamoiditis and plantar heel pain, all of which are thought to be the result of high, localized plantar pressures.

• #2 Understanding the nature and mechanism of foot pain | Journal of Foot and Ankle Research | Full Text

  https://jfootankleres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1757-1146-2-1

  Currently, the aetiological mechanisms underlying some types of tissue injury within the foot are not clearly understood. […] A deeper understanding of pain is needed to identify the nature and mechanism of foot pain, its diagnosis and how best to target clinical intervention. […] Tissue damage in the foot may occur via chemical, mechanical or thermal stimulation associated with direct trauma, musculoskeletal overload, infection, or systemic or proximal pathology. […] Many common types of foot pain such as tendonitis, stress fracture, corns and callus are routinely attributed, in part or full, to mechanical stress. […] While mechanical stress (broadly defined as force applied to tissue) is a normal component of foot function, tissue damage occurs when the maximum stress threshold of the tissue is exceeded.

• #2 Pain in the Foot: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment Citefactor.org-Journal|Research Paper|Indexing|Impact factor

  https://www.citefactor.org/article/index/119472/pain-in-the-foot-pathogenesis-diagnosis-and-treatment

  The pain in the foot combined with the violation of its structure is the basic indicators for the operational treatment in about one third of patients in orthopedic hospitals. […] For the effective choice of the treatment metod it is important to determine the cause, pathogenesis, the origin of the pain impulses, and a direct impact on the source of pain. […] The respective etiological and pathogenetic situations are characteristic for each of these groups. […] Surgical intervention may be used in case of the ineffectiveness of conservative foot pain treatment, which includes reduction of physical activity, treatment of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, local administration of glucocorticosteroids, biologic drugs and matching of footwear. […] Local injecting treatment is effective using biologic drugs and glucocorticosteroids, which can be administered exclusively in the vagina, rather than in the tendon.

• #2 DOAJ Logotype

  https://doaj.org/article/ab879ddf43eb492fbf7817e2efbdf920

  Deformation and foot pain are significant causes of the patients medical care. The pain in the foot combined with the violation of its structure is the basic indicators for the operational treatment in about one third of patients in orthopedic hospitals. […] For the effective choice of the treatment metod it is important to determine the cause, pathogenesis, the origin of the pain impulses, and a direct impact on the source of pain. […] The respective etiological and pathogenetic situations are characteristic for each of these groups. […] The causes and pathogenetic mechanisms of pain in the foot are extremely diverse, the patterns of their occurrence and the combination are insufficiently studied. Accordingly, the effectiveness of treatment remains low. Thus, there is a need for further improvement of the ways of diagnosis and supervision of patients with pain in the foot.

• #3 Understanding the nature and mechanism of foot pain | Journal of Foot and Ankle Research | Full Text

  https://jfootankleres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1757-1146-2-1

  Pathological foot pain is experienced following nociceptive pathology; involving dysfunction of either or both of the peripheral or central nervous systems. […] Neuropathic foot pain encompasses a heterogenous group of symptoms that share similar clinical characteristics, including spontaneous stimulus-dependent and stimulus-independent pain. […] Inflammation produces characteristic changes within the nervous system. […] These changes are frequently accompanied by sensitisation of the central nervous system and nerve damage, which may provoke neuropathic foot pain. […] Chronic foot pain does not typically share the sharp spatial localisation typical of acute foot pain. […] Chronic foot pain is characteristically diffuse, spreads beyond the original site of injury, exhibits a non-linear relationship between nociception and pain intensity, and involves adaptive changes at various levels of the nervous system.

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