Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology and Etiology of Leukemia and Lymphoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7263093/

  The geographic distribution of leukemia burden is patterned by country-level development, with age-standardized incidence, and mortality higher in more developed countries. […] The World Health Organization’s International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) produces global estimates for all cancers contained in the GLOBOCAN database, using data from mostly high-quality population-based cancer registries worldwide. […] According to GLOBOCAN, leukemia was the 15th most commonly diagnosed cancer and 11th leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide in 2018, accounting for 437,033 incident cancer cases and 309,006 cancer deaths. […] The age distribution of chronic leukemia is generally unimodal, with incidence rates that tend to increase with age. […] The estimated 24,370 leukemia deaths accounted for 4% of cancer deaths among both males and females.

• #2 Leukemia — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/leuks.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 66,890. […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 23,540. […] Leukemia represents 3.3% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 66,890 new cases of leukemia and an estimated 23,540 people will die of this disease. […] The rate of new cases of leukemia was 14.4 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 2018-2022 cases, age-adjusted. […] Death rates from leukemia are higher among the elderly. […] The death rate was 5.8 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 2019-2023 deaths, age-adjusted. […] The percent of leukemia deaths is highest among people aged 75-84. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new leukemia cases have been falling on average 0.5% each year over 2013-2022. Age-adjusted death rates have been falling on average 1.8% each year over 2014-2023.

• #3 Leukemia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560490/

  Leukemia is a heterogeneous group of hematologic malignancies that arise from the dysfunctional proliferation of developing leukocytes. […] According to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, there are 61,090 estimated new cases of leukemia in 2021, accounting for 3.2% of all new cancer cases, making leukemia the 10th most common cancer in the United States. […] GLOBOCAN, which is a global observatory for cancer trends, showed a global incidence of 474,519 cases, with 67,784 in North America. The age-standardized rates are around 11 per 100,000, with a mortality rate of about 3.2. […] According to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, there are 61,090 estimated new cases of leukemia in 2021, accounting for 3.2% of all new cancer cases, making leukemia the 10th most common cancer in the United States. Estimated deaths are about 23,660, which comprises 3.9% of all cancer deaths. Since 2006, the incidence of the disease has increased by an average of 0.6% per year, while the mortality has decreased by an annual average of 1.5%.

• #4 Epidemiology and Etiology of Leukemia and Lymphoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7263093/

  The geographic distribution of leukemia burden is patterned by country-level development, with age-standardized incidence, and mortality higher in more developed countries. […] The World Health Organization’s International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) produces global estimates for all cancers contained in the GLOBOCAN database, using data from mostly high-quality population-based cancer registries worldwide. […] According to GLOBOCAN, leukemia was the 15th most commonly diagnosed cancer and 11th leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide in 2018, accounting for 437,033 incident cancer cases and 309,006 cancer deaths. […] The age distribution of chronic leukemia is generally unimodal, with incidence rates that tend to increase with age. […] The estimated 24,370 leukemia deaths accounted for 4% of cancer deaths among both males and females.

• #5 Leukemia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560490/

  Leukemia is a heterogeneous group of hematologic malignancies that arise from the dysfunctional proliferation of developing leukocytes. […] According to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, there are 61,090 estimated new cases of leukemia in 2021, accounting for 3.2% of all new cancer cases, making leukemia the 10th most common cancer in the United States. […] GLOBOCAN, which is a global observatory for cancer trends, showed a global incidence of 474,519 cases, with 67,784 in North America. The age-standardized rates are around 11 per 100,000, with a mortality rate of about 3.2. […] According to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, there are 61,090 estimated new cases of leukemia in 2021, accounting for 3.2% of all new cancer cases, making leukemia the 10th most common cancer in the United States. Estimated deaths are about 23,660, which comprises 3.9% of all cancer deaths. Since 2006, the incidence of the disease has increased by an average of 0.6% per year, while the mortality has decreased by an annual average of 1.5%.

• #6 Epidemiology and Etiology of Leukemia and Lymphoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7263093/

  Available evidence suggests that the incidence of leukemia and lymphoma tends to be higher in highly developed regions of the world and among Whites in the United States. […] The prognosis varies by subtype, with poorer survival outcomes for acute leukemias among adults, and more favorable outcomes for Hodgkin’s lymphoma. […] In the United States, national trends in leukemia incidence and mortality are monitored using data from state population-based cancer registries, namely through the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program (SEER), and the National Center for Health Statistics. […] Overall age-adjusted leukemia incidence in the United States tends to be highest in Whites (15 per 100,000), followed by Blacks (11 per 100,000), and Hispanics (10.6 per 100,000). […] Among those exposures most consistently identified as risk factors for leukemia are radiation (therapeutic, occupational, and wartime-related), chemotherapy, family history, genetic syndromes and abnormalities, chemical exposures (e.g., residential and occupational), and lifestyle factors like smoking.

• #7 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1201870-overview

  ALL is the most common type of cancer and leukemia in children in the United States. […] The American Cancer Society estimates that 6550 cases of ALL (adult and pediatric) will occur in the United States in 2024, resulting in 1330 deaths. […] Worldwide, the highest incidence of ALL occurs in Italy, the United States, Switzerland, and Costa Rica. In Europe overall, B-cell precursor ALL has been increasing by around 1% each year. […] Analysis of the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database showed that the incidence of ALL was higher than expected in patients with a prior history of Hodgkin lymphoma, small cell lung cancer, and ovarian cancer. […] The prognosis for these patients with secondary ALL was unfavorable compared with that of patients with de novo ALL.

• #8 Leukemia Types and Subtypes Analysis: Epidemiological Age-Standardized Exploration in the Mexican Bajio Region

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/60/5/731

  Leukemia, characterized by abnormal leukocyte production, exhibits clonal origin from somatic mutations. Globally, it ranked 15th in cancer incidence in 2020, with higher prevalence in developing countries. In Mexico, it was the ninth most frequent cancer. Regional registries are vital for understanding its epidemiology. This study aims to analyze the prevalence and age-standardized incidence rates of leukemias in a tertiary care hospital in the Mexican Bajio region. […] The epidemiology of leukemia varies geographically, with developing countries bearing the greatest burden. In 2020, leukemia ranked 15th globally in cancer incidence, with the 11th highest mortality rate related to cancer. In Mexico, it ranked ninth in cancer incidence and seventh in cancer-related mortality. […] Therefore, regional population-based registries are essential for understanding their prevalence, distribution, incidence, and mortality. Notably, Mexico lacks a national system providing epidemiological data on these neoplasms.

• #9 Clinical Epidemiology of Leukemia in The Western Region of Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Study (2015-2021)

  https://acquaintpublications.com/article/clinical_epidemiology_of_leukemia_in_the_western_region_of_saudi_arabia_a_retrospective_study_2015_2021

  The frequency of leukemia has been steadily rising in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia during the last several years. […] The goal of this study was to determine the mortality factors and evaluate the overall clinical and epidemiological features of patients who were diagnosed with leukemia at Princess Norah Oncology Center. […] The Saudi Cancer Registry declared in 2017 that leukemia came in fifth place among other types of cancer in the Saudi population, with increasing incidence among people of different ages, sexes, and regions. […] Because of advancements in diagnostic and therapeutic techniques over the last several decades, the survival rate for the majority of leukemia types has risen. […] The age of the patients is the second significant predictor of leukemia cause of death after the leukemia type, with the older population of all kinds of leukemia having the worst outcomes.

• #10 Leukemia — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/leuks.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 66,890. […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 23,540. […] Leukemia represents 3.3% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 66,890 new cases of leukemia and an estimated 23,540 people will die of this disease. […] The rate of new cases of leukemia was 14.4 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 2018-2022 cases, age-adjusted. […] Death rates from leukemia are higher among the elderly. […] The death rate was 5.8 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 2019-2023 deaths, age-adjusted. […] The percent of leukemia deaths is highest among people aged 75-84. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new leukemia cases have been falling on average 0.5% each year over 2013-2022. Age-adjusted death rates have been falling on average 1.8% each year over 2014-2023.

• #11 Leukemia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560490/

  Leukemia is a heterogeneous group of hematologic malignancies that arise from the dysfunctional proliferation of developing leukocytes. […] According to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, there are 61,090 estimated new cases of leukemia in 2021, accounting for 3.2% of all new cancer cases, making leukemia the 10th most common cancer in the United States. […] GLOBOCAN, which is a global observatory for cancer trends, showed a global incidence of 474,519 cases, with 67,784 in North America. The age-standardized rates are around 11 per 100,000, with a mortality rate of about 3.2. […] According to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, there are 61,090 estimated new cases of leukemia in 2021, accounting for 3.2% of all new cancer cases, making leukemia the 10th most common cancer in the United States. Estimated deaths are about 23,660, which comprises 3.9% of all cancer deaths. Since 2006, the incidence of the disease has increased by an average of 0.6% per year, while the mortality has decreased by an annual average of 1.5%.

• #12 The epidemiology, treatment patterns, healthcare utilizations and costs of Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML) in Taiwan | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0261871

  The epidemiology, treatment patterns, healthcare utilizations and costs of Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML) in Taiwan […] An increasing incidence of Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML) has been reported in several Western countries. However, the epidemiology of AML in Asia is very limited. […] Understanding the treatment patterns, healthcare utilization and costs of AML would thus be essential for clinicians and policymakers to optimize the treatment strategies of AML. […] The objective of this study was to investigate the incidence, treatment patterns, healthcare utilization and costs of AML in Taiwan using a nationwide population database. […] We retrospectively identified AML patients diagnosed from 2006 to 2015 from the Taiwan Cancer Registry Database (TCRD) and estimated the epidemiology of AML in Taiwan. […] The crude annual incidence of AML increased from 2.78 to 3.21 cases per 100,000 individuals from 2006 to 2015. However, the age-standardized rate (ASRs) of AML slightly declined from 2.47 to 2.41 cases per 100,000 individuals in the same period. […] This study is the first population-based study conducted in Asia to provide updated and comprehensive information on epidemiology, treatment patterns and healthcare resource utilization and costs of AML.

• #13 Leukemia in Iran: Epidemiology and Morphology Trends

  https://journal.waocp.org/article_31654.html

  Leukemia accounts for 8% of total cancer cases and involves all age groups with different prevalence and incidence rates in Iran and the entire world and causes a significant death toll and heavy expenses for diagnosis and treatment processes. […] This study was done to evaluate epidemiology and morphology of blood cancer during 2003-2008. […] Joinpoint analysis showed a significant increasing trend for the adjusted standard incidence rate (ASIR) for both sexes (P-value0.05). […] Hematopoietic system cancers in Iran demonstrate an increasing trend for incidence rate and decreasing trend for ALL, ALM and CLL morphology.

• #14 Epidemiology and Etiology of Leukemia and Lymphoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7263093/

  The geographic distribution of leukemia burden is patterned by country-level development, with age-standardized incidence, and mortality higher in more developed countries. […] The World Health Organization’s International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) produces global estimates for all cancers contained in the GLOBOCAN database, using data from mostly high-quality population-based cancer registries worldwide. […] According to GLOBOCAN, leukemia was the 15th most commonly diagnosed cancer and 11th leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide in 2018, accounting for 437,033 incident cancer cases and 309,006 cancer deaths. […] The age distribution of chronic leukemia is generally unimodal, with incidence rates that tend to increase with age. […] The estimated 24,370 leukemia deaths accounted for 4% of cancer deaths among both males and females.

• #15 Key Statistics for CLL | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia/about/key-statistics.html

  The American Cancer Society’s estimates for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in the United States for 2025 are: […] CLL accounts for about 1 in 3 new cases of leukemia in the US, and about 1% of cancers overall. […] CLL mainly affects older adults. The average age of people when they are diagnosed is around 70 years. It’s rarely seen in people under age 40, and it’s extremely rare in children.

• #16 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: an overview of etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://lymphoblastic-hub.com/medical-information/acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia-an-overview-of-etiology-epidemiology-pathophysiology-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a malignant neoplasm clinically characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal, immature lymphoid cells resulting in clonal accumulation in the bone marrow, blood, and extramedullary sites. […] Despite occurring in both children and adults, it is more frequent in children, with a peak incidence in those aged 14 years and the lowest incidence in those aged 25-45 years. […] The etiology of ALL is currently unknown; however, there are various environmental risk factors and several genetic syndromes that predispose some individuals to ALL. […] Environmental risk factors include exposure to benzene, ionising radiation, or previous exposure to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. […] Epidemiology of ALL is derived from various studies and organizations, including data from Malard, et al. and the American Cancer Society.

• #17 Overview of the clinical presentation and diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma in children – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-the-clinical-presentation-and-diagnosis-of-acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia-lymphoma-in-children

  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)/lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL) is the most common childhood malignancy. […] ALL/LBL accounts for approximately one-third of all childhood malignancies and is the most common form of cancer in children; ALL/LBL is five times more common in children than acute myeloid leukemia (AML). […] Approximately 2500 to 3500 new cases of ALL/LBL are diagnosed in children each year in the United States, with an incidence of approximately 3.4 cases per 100,000. […] In the United States, the incidence of ALL/LBL is higher in Latino and White individuals than in Black and Asian individuals. […] The peak incidence of ALL/LBL occurs between ages two to five years, and it is more common among boys than girls.

• #18 Hairy Cell Leukemia: A Review of Epidemiology and Disease Presentation

  https://www.onclive.com/view/hairy-cell-leukemia-a-review-of-epidemiology-and-disease-presentation

  HCL is a rare hematologic neoplasm. According to 1992 to 2001 data, approximately 1000 new cases of HCL are diagnosed each year in the United States, HCL accounts for 2% of all leukemias and 1% of all lymphoid neoplasms in the United States. Because most patients achieve a durable initial response to therapy, the prevalence of HCL is actually considerably higher. […] The male predominance of HCL has been well documented, with a male-to-female ratio of about 4:1. Data suggest that in the United States, the median age at diagnosis is 50 years (range, 28 to 79 years). […] The incidence of HCL varies according to ethnicity and genetic background. The disease is less common among individuals of Asian, African, and Arab descent, and it is more common in Caucasians, particularly among Jewish individuals. Data from one study reported the age-adjusted incidence of HCL (per 1 million population 20 years of age) in men was 0.7 in blacks, 1.5 in Asians, and 3.5 in non-Hispanic whites. In women, the age-adjusted incidence was 0.3 in Asians and 0.8 in non-Hispanic whites (per 1 million population 20 years of age). The incidence of HCL is approximately 1.5 times higher in Jewish men compared with non-Jewish men.

• #19 Leukemia — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/leuks.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 66,890. […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 23,540. […] Leukemia represents 3.3% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 66,890 new cases of leukemia and an estimated 23,540 people will die of this disease. […] The rate of new cases of leukemia was 14.4 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 2018-2022 cases, age-adjusted. […] Death rates from leukemia are higher among the elderly. […] The death rate was 5.8 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 2019-2023 deaths, age-adjusted. […] The percent of leukemia deaths is highest among people aged 75-84. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new leukemia cases have been falling on average 0.5% each year over 2013-2022. Age-adjusted death rates have been falling on average 1.8% each year over 2014-2023.

• #20 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/197802-overview

  The American Cancer Society (ACS) estimates that 22,010 new cases of AML (12,060 in men, 9950 in women) will occur in the United States in 2025. AML is more commonly diagnosed in developed countries, and it is more common in Whites than in other populations. […] The prevalence of AML increases with age. The median age of onset is approximately 70 years. However, AML affects all age groups. […] AML is more common in men than in women, especially in older patients. This is likely because MDS is more common in men, and advanced MDS frequently evolves into AML. Some have proposed that the higher prevalence of AML in men may be related to occupational exposures (see Etiology). […] The ACS estimates that in 2025 11,090 deaths from AML will occur in the United States. Of those, 6130 are expected to occur in men and 4960 in women.

• #21 Overview of the clinical presentation and diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma in children – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-the-clinical-presentation-and-diagnosis-of-acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia-lymphoma-in-children

  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)/lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL) is the most common childhood malignancy. […] ALL/LBL accounts for approximately one-third of all childhood malignancies and is the most common form of cancer in children; ALL/LBL is five times more common in children than acute myeloid leukemia (AML). […] Approximately 2500 to 3500 new cases of ALL/LBL are diagnosed in children each year in the United States, with an incidence of approximately 3.4 cases per 100,000. […] In the United States, the incidence of ALL/LBL is higher in Latino and White individuals than in Black and Asian individuals. […] The peak incidence of ALL/LBL occurs between ages two to five years, and it is more common among boys than girls.

• #22 Leukemia Surveillance Counterpoint: USA | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-60327-969-7_96

  Hematologic malignancies account for 68 % of new cancers diagnosed in the USA annually. Over 40,000 new cases of leukemia and 20,000 deaths are attributed to leukemia of all types in the USA each year. Based on a recent National Cancer Institute report, the overall age-adjusted incidence of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the USA is 1.5 in 100,000. The incidence in African Americans is approximately one-half the incidence in Caucasians. The male-to-female ratio is 1.2:1.0. Among the approximately 4,000 new cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia diagnosed each year in the USA, the incidence is highest in persons younger than 15 years old with a peak between ages 2 and 5. In the National Cancer Institute’s 2000-2003 Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results Statistic Review (SEER), the median age at diagnosis was 13 years. The incidence of acute lymphoblastic leukemia decreases between the ages of 13-50; after age 50, it steadily rises. There are also geographic differences in the incidence, with higher rates in North America and Europe and lower rates in Africa and Asia.

• #23 Hairy Cell Leukemia: A Review of Epidemiology and Disease Presentation

  https://www.onclive.com/view/hairy-cell-leukemia-a-review-of-epidemiology-and-disease-presentation

  HCL is a rare hematologic neoplasm. According to 1992 to 2001 data, approximately 1000 new cases of HCL are diagnosed each year in the United States, HCL accounts for 2% of all leukemias and 1% of all lymphoid neoplasms in the United States. Because most patients achieve a durable initial response to therapy, the prevalence of HCL is actually considerably higher. […] The male predominance of HCL has been well documented, with a male-to-female ratio of about 4:1. Data suggest that in the United States, the median age at diagnosis is 50 years (range, 28 to 79 years). […] The incidence of HCL varies according to ethnicity and genetic background. The disease is less common among individuals of Asian, African, and Arab descent, and it is more common in Caucasians, particularly among Jewish individuals. Data from one study reported the age-adjusted incidence of HCL (per 1 million population 20 years of age) in men was 0.7 in blacks, 1.5 in Asians, and 3.5 in non-Hispanic whites. In women, the age-adjusted incidence was 0.3 in Asians and 0.8 in non-Hispanic whites (per 1 million population 20 years of age). The incidence of HCL is approximately 1.5 times higher in Jewish men compared with non-Jewish men.

• #24 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Chronic-Myelogenous-Leukemia-Epidemiology.aspx

  The leukemia usually does not run in families and there are no hereditary, geographic, ethnic, or economic associations with CML. […] The risk however is higher around areas where there has been a high radiation exposure. […] According to the American Cancer Society’s estimates for chronic myeloid leukemia cases there will be around 5,920 new cases of chronic myeloid leukemia and 610 deaths from the cancer in 2013. The average person’s lifetime risk of getting CML is about 1 in 625.

• #25 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/197802-overview

  The American Cancer Society (ACS) estimates that 22,010 new cases of AML (12,060 in men, 9950 in women) will occur in the United States in 2025. AML is more commonly diagnosed in developed countries, and it is more common in Whites than in other populations. […] The prevalence of AML increases with age. The median age of onset is approximately 70 years. However, AML affects all age groups. […] AML is more common in men than in women, especially in older patients. This is likely because MDS is more common in men, and advanced MDS frequently evolves into AML. Some have proposed that the higher prevalence of AML in men may be related to occupational exposures (see Etiology). […] The ACS estimates that in 2025 11,090 deaths from AML will occur in the United States. Of those, 6130 are expected to occur in men and 4960 in women.

• #26 Epidemiology and Etiology of Leukemia and Lymphoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7263093/

  Available evidence suggests that the incidence of leukemia and lymphoma tends to be higher in highly developed regions of the world and among Whites in the United States. […] The prognosis varies by subtype, with poorer survival outcomes for acute leukemias among adults, and more favorable outcomes for Hodgkin’s lymphoma. […] In the United States, national trends in leukemia incidence and mortality are monitored using data from state population-based cancer registries, namely through the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program (SEER), and the National Center for Health Statistics. […] Overall age-adjusted leukemia incidence in the United States tends to be highest in Whites (15 per 100,000), followed by Blacks (11 per 100,000), and Hispanics (10.6 per 100,000). […] Among those exposures most consistently identified as risk factors for leukemia are radiation (therapeutic, occupational, and wartime-related), chemotherapy, family history, genetic syndromes and abnormalities, chemical exposures (e.g., residential and occupational), and lifestyle factors like smoking.

• #27 Leukemia: Definition, Types & Risk Factors | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/leukemia.html

  Yes, in some cases, leukemia is related to genetics. People with a parent, sibling, or child who has certain types of leukemia are more likely to develop the disease. People with certain genetic disorders are also at a higher risk of developing leukemia. […] Leukemia is treatable with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplantation, CAR T-cell therapy, targeted therapy, and other methods. The goal of leukemia treatment is to put the disease into remission (where no cancer is detectable in the patient’s body) and, ultimately, to cure the patient.

• #28 Epidemiology of Acute Leukemia among Children with Down Syndrome in Korea

  https://www.e-crt.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.4143/crt.2021.368

  Children with Down syndrome (DS) show a higher risk of acute leukemia than those without DS. […] Our findings support the fact that the incidence of acute leukemia is higher among patients with DS than among those without DS in Korea. […] The risk of acute leukemia for patients with DS has been reported to be 10 to 20 times higher than that for patients without DS. […] The relative risk of acute leukemia, ALL, and AML was 49.25, 20.75, and 163.38 times higher in the DS group than in the non-DS group, respectively. […] In this study, acute leukemia with DS accounted 1.1% of all acute leukemia cases, DS AML accounted for 2.3% of all the AML cases, and DS ALL accounted for 0.6% of all the ALL cases. […] The incidence of acute leukemia was higher in the DS group than in the general population, a finding that is in accordance with those of previous studies. […] Despite these limitations, this is the first population-based study in Korea in which the epidemiology of acute leukemia with DS over a 10-year period was investigated using the NHIS database, and the survival rates of the DS and non-DS groups were compared.

• #29 Clinical Epidemiology of Leukemia in The Western Region of Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Study (2015-2021)

  https://acquaintpublications.com/article/clinical_epidemiology_of_leukemia_in_the_western_region_of_saudi_arabia_a_retrospective_study_2015_2021

  Our findings suggest that ETV6 mutations are mainly reported in ALL individuals. […] In Summary, our study described and analyzed leukemia trends and defined the most prevalent types and patterns of leukemia over the period 2015-2021 within the Saudi population in a single institution in the Western region and identified the type of leukemia and age as predicted factors for patient’s death among leukemia patients.

• #30 Epidemiology of childhood acute leukemias

  https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/ahem-2023-0023

  Acute leukemias are the largest group of childhood cancers. According to the latest WHO data 80,491 leukemias were diagnosed in 2020 alone. In the coming years the incidence worldwide will continue at a similar level. The morbidity correlates with biological determinants such age, gender and race. The etiology of leukemia formation is complex and depends on genetic, physiological, environmental and even prior treatment-related factors. Both the incidence and curability are also influenced by age, gender, and race. The peak of incidence of leukemia occurs between the ages of 14 years and 919. Boys suffer from leukemia more often than girls. In 2020 58.2% of diagnoses were for boys. Numerous factors contribute to the development of acute leukemia. In the case of young children, a notable association exists between acute leukemia and infections caused by viruses such as EBV or HHV-6. Furthermore, the risk of leukemia can be elevated by allergies, which involve Th1/Th2 lymphocyte-dependent mechanisms. A familial predisposition to tumorigenesis in children is observed in Li-Fraumeni Syndrome. Also, genetic diseases such as Down syndrome and Fanconi anemia are associated with an increased risk of acute leukemia. Previous exposure to radiation therapy or the use of anti-cancer drugs can also lead to the development of secondary cancers, including leukemia. The analysis of risk factors can be used to support efforts aimed to reduce potentially harmful exposure and to decrease the risk of disease.

• #31 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: an overview of etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://lymphoblastic-hub.com/medical-information/acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia-an-overview-of-etiology-epidemiology-pathophysiology-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a malignant neoplasm clinically characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal, immature lymphoid cells resulting in clonal accumulation in the bone marrow, blood, and extramedullary sites. […] Despite occurring in both children and adults, it is more frequent in children, with a peak incidence in those aged 14 years and the lowest incidence in those aged 25-45 years. […] The etiology of ALL is currently unknown; however, there are various environmental risk factors and several genetic syndromes that predispose some individuals to ALL. […] Environmental risk factors include exposure to benzene, ionising radiation, or previous exposure to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. […] Epidemiology of ALL is derived from various studies and organizations, including data from Malard, et al. and the American Cancer Society.

• #32 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Chronic-Myelogenous-Leukemia-Epidemiology.aspx

  The leukemia usually does not run in families and there are no hereditary, geographic, ethnic, or economic associations with CML. […] The risk however is higher around areas where there has been a high radiation exposure. […] According to the American Cancer Society’s estimates for chronic myeloid leukemia cases there will be around 5,920 new cases of chronic myeloid leukemia and 610 deaths from the cancer in 2013. The average person’s lifetime risk of getting CML is about 1 in 625.

• #33 Hairy Cell Leukemia: A Review of Epidemiology and Disease Presentation

  https://www.onclive.com/view/hairy-cell-leukemia-a-review-of-epidemiology-and-disease-presentation

  Although several large studies have attempted to elucidate occupational, lifestyle, and environmental risk factors associated with HCL, the definitive risk factors have not yet been identified. An early pooled analysis of 2 Swedish case-control studies that combined patients with both non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and HCL suggested that exposure to herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, and impregnating agents was associated with an increased risk for disease in univariate models. […] Most recently, the International Lymphoma Epidemiology Consortium (InterLymph) NHL Subtypes Project investigated the association of lifestyle and environmental risk factors with HCL in a pooled analysis of 5 case-control studies, which included 154 cases of HCL and 8834 controls, from Europe and Australia. The pooled analysis revealed that those individuals who had ever worked as a mixed animal and crop farmer had an increased risk for HCL (OR, 2.34; 95% CI, 1.36 to 4.01). In addition, a dose-response relationship was observed (based on a small number of cases), with a longer duration of occupation as a farmer associated with a higher risk for HCL. […] Data suggest that cigarette smoking may be inversely associated with HCL (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.37 to 0.71). The frequency and duration of cigarette smoking, as well as lifetime cigarette exposure, were all significantly associated with a reduced risk for the disease.

• #34 Hairy Cell Leukemia: A Review of Epidemiology and Disease Presentation

  https://www.onclive.com/view/hairy-cell-leukemia-a-review-of-epidemiology-and-disease-presentation

  Although several large studies have attempted to elucidate occupational, lifestyle, and environmental risk factors associated with HCL, the definitive risk factors have not yet been identified. An early pooled analysis of 2 Swedish case-control studies that combined patients with both non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and HCL suggested that exposure to herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, and impregnating agents was associated with an increased risk for disease in univariate models. […] Most recently, the International Lymphoma Epidemiology Consortium (InterLymph) NHL Subtypes Project investigated the association of lifestyle and environmental risk factors with HCL in a pooled analysis of 5 case-control studies, which included 154 cases of HCL and 8834 controls, from Europe and Australia. The pooled analysis revealed that those individuals who had ever worked as a mixed animal and crop farmer had an increased risk for HCL (OR, 2.34; 95% CI, 1.36 to 4.01). In addition, a dose-response relationship was observed (based on a small number of cases), with a longer duration of occupation as a farmer associated with a higher risk for HCL. […] Data suggest that cigarette smoking may be inversely associated with HCL (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.37 to 0.71). The frequency and duration of cigarette smoking, as well as lifetime cigarette exposure, were all significantly associated with a reduced risk for the disease.

• #35 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1201870-overview

  ALL is the most common type of cancer and leukemia in children in the United States. […] The American Cancer Society estimates that 6550 cases of ALL (adult and pediatric) will occur in the United States in 2024, resulting in 1330 deaths. […] Worldwide, the highest incidence of ALL occurs in Italy, the United States, Switzerland, and Costa Rica. In Europe overall, B-cell precursor ALL has been increasing by around 1% each year. […] Analysis of the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database showed that the incidence of ALL was higher than expected in patients with a prior history of Hodgkin lymphoma, small cell lung cancer, and ovarian cancer. […] The prognosis for these patients with secondary ALL was unfavorable compared with that of patients with de novo ALL.

• #36 Epidemiology of childhood acute leukemias

  https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/ahem-2023-0023

  Acute leukemias are the largest group of childhood cancers. According to the latest WHO data 80,491 leukemias were diagnosed in 2020 alone. In the coming years the incidence worldwide will continue at a similar level. The morbidity correlates with biological determinants such age, gender and race. The etiology of leukemia formation is complex and depends on genetic, physiological, environmental and even prior treatment-related factors. Both the incidence and curability are also influenced by age, gender, and race. The peak of incidence of leukemia occurs between the ages of 14 years and 919. Boys suffer from leukemia more often than girls. In 2020 58.2% of diagnoses were for boys. Numerous factors contribute to the development of acute leukemia. In the case of young children, a notable association exists between acute leukemia and infections caused by viruses such as EBV or HHV-6. Furthermore, the risk of leukemia can be elevated by allergies, which involve Th1/Th2 lymphocyte-dependent mechanisms. A familial predisposition to tumorigenesis in children is observed in Li-Fraumeni Syndrome. Also, genetic diseases such as Down syndrome and Fanconi anemia are associated with an increased risk of acute leukemia. Previous exposure to radiation therapy or the use of anti-cancer drugs can also lead to the development of secondary cancers, including leukemia. The analysis of risk factors can be used to support efforts aimed to reduce potentially harmful exposure and to decrease the risk of disease.

• #37 FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA IN ACUTE LEUKEMIA. EPIDEMIOLOGY, ETIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND TREATMENT | Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases

  https://www.mjhid.org/index.php/mjhid/article/view/2020.009

  Acute leukemias are a group of aggressive malignant diseases associated with a high degree of morbidity and mortality. […] Patients with acute leukemia are highly susceptible to infectious diseases due to factors related to the disease itself, factors attributed to treatment, and specific individual risk factors in each patient. […] A recurring problem is increasing resistance to antimicrobial agents, and in particular, this applies to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase resistance (ESBL), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) and even carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE). […] Here, we discuss infectious diseases in acute leukemia with a major focus on febrile neutropenia and sepsis, and we problematize the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic aspects of infectious complications in this patient group. […] The main challenge for reducing the spread of resistant microbes is to avoid unnecessary antibiotic treatment, but without giving to narrow treatment to the febrile neutropenic patient that reduce the prognosis.

• #38 Active surveillance for chronic lymphocytic leukemia | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia-cll/treatment/active-surveillance

  During active surveillance, your healthcare team uses tests and exams to check if CLL is progressing or your condition is getting worse. You and your healthcare team will decide together what the timing intervals between the tests should be. […] CLL weakens your immune system, which increases your risk for infections. […] CLL affects the immune system. So when you have CLL, you’re at an increased risk for other cancers. […] Non-melanoma skin cancer is the most common second cancer diagnosed in people with CLL. As part of your active surveillance plan, your doctor will likely check your skin regularly. […] Knowing that you have CLL but that you won’t start active treatment right away may make you feel anxious or worried. Many people feel more comfortable as they start to better understand all that the healthcare team does to watch for signs of disease progression.

• #39 Epidemiology, Incidence, and Mortality of Leukemia in Children Early Infancy to 14 Years Old of Age in South-Central Asia: A Global Ecological Study

  https://brieflands.com/articles/jcp-82258

  The incidence rate of acute leukemia was estimated at less than 3% of the total cancers significantly remarked owing to a high rate of mortality. […] The highest ratio of incidence in under 14-year-old infants in South-Central Asia was reported in Iran, Kazakhstan, Sri Lanka, and Uzbekistan with 3.6, 3.6, 3.2, and 3 cases per 100000 people, respectively. […] The highest ratio of mortality under 14-year-old infants in South-Central Asia was reported in Maldives, Nepal, and Uzbekistan with 2.5, 2.3, and 2.2 cases per 100000 people, respectively. […] The highest mortality ratios in under 14-year-old infants in South-Central Asia were reported in Maldives, Nepal, and Uzbekistan as 2.5, 2.3, and 2.2 cases per 100000 people, respectively compared with the lowest mortality ratios in Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Tajikistan as 0.6, 0.9, and 1 case per 100000 people, respectively. […] Monitoring cancer incidence trend is considered one of the most important branches of cancer supervision system.

• #40 Leukemia — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/leuks.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 66,890. […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 23,540. […] Leukemia represents 3.3% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 66,890 new cases of leukemia and an estimated 23,540 people will die of this disease. […] The rate of new cases of leukemia was 14.4 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 2018-2022 cases, age-adjusted. […] Death rates from leukemia are higher among the elderly. […] The death rate was 5.8 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 2019-2023 deaths, age-adjusted. […] The percent of leukemia deaths is highest among people aged 75-84. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new leukemia cases have been falling on average 0.5% each year over 2013-2022. Age-adjusted death rates have been falling on average 1.8% each year over 2014-2023.

• #41 Leukemia surveillance program report no. 2, December 1, 1967

  https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/59143

  The leukemia surveillance program was begun in 1966 by the National Communicable Disease Center (NCDC) in association with the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The program consists of a series of leukemia case reporting projects in different parts of the United States with a central case registry maintained at the NCDC. The program’s goals are 1) to develop a source of accurate and current leukemia incidence data in the United States and 2) to assist research efforts, especially in the area of viral leukemogenesis, by identifying promptly after diagnosis individual cases or groups of cases worth special epidemiologic, genetic and virologic investigation. […] This report presents data received by the leukemia surveillance program concerning cases of leukemia diagnosed from July 1966 through June 1967. During this time, a total of 583 cases were diagnosed in 8 reporting areas participating in the program. These cases are analyzed in comparison with expected incidence and according to their distribution by age, race and sex, type of leukemia, and reporting area.

• #42 Epidemiology and Etiology of Leukemia and Lymphoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7263093/

  Available evidence suggests that the incidence of leukemia and lymphoma tends to be higher in highly developed regions of the world and among Whites in the United States. […] The prognosis varies by subtype, with poorer survival outcomes for acute leukemias among adults, and more favorable outcomes for Hodgkin’s lymphoma. […] In the United States, national trends in leukemia incidence and mortality are monitored using data from state population-based cancer registries, namely through the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program (SEER), and the National Center for Health Statistics. […] Overall age-adjusted leukemia incidence in the United States tends to be highest in Whites (15 per 100,000), followed by Blacks (11 per 100,000), and Hispanics (10.6 per 100,000). […] Among those exposures most consistently identified as risk factors for leukemia are radiation (therapeutic, occupational, and wartime-related), chemotherapy, family history, genetic syndromes and abnormalities, chemical exposures (e.g., residential and occupational), and lifestyle factors like smoking.

• #43 Epidemiology and Etiology of Leukemia and Lymphoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7263093/

  The geographic distribution of leukemia burden is patterned by country-level development, with age-standardized incidence, and mortality higher in more developed countries. […] The World Health Organization’s International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) produces global estimates for all cancers contained in the GLOBOCAN database, using data from mostly high-quality population-based cancer registries worldwide. […] According to GLOBOCAN, leukemia was the 15th most commonly diagnosed cancer and 11th leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide in 2018, accounting for 437,033 incident cancer cases and 309,006 cancer deaths. […] The age distribution of chronic leukemia is generally unimodal, with incidence rates that tend to increase with age. […] The estimated 24,370 leukemia deaths accounted for 4% of cancer deaths among both males and females.

• #44 Active surveillance for chronic lymphocytic leukemia | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia-cll/treatment/active-surveillance

  When you’re diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), you may start with a type of treatment called active surveillance and not need to start active treatment right away. This is because CLL often grows slowly and may not cause problems at first. […] Active surveillance means that your healthcare team monitors the cancer closely for changes rather than giving treatment right away. You will have tests and physical exams to check if CLL is progressing or your condition is getting worse. The goal during this time is to maintain your quality of life or make your quality of life better. Active surveillance may also be called active observation or watch and wait. […] Active surveillance helps avoid side effects that can happen with treatments like targeted therapy or chemoimmunotherapy. Research tells us that starting these treatments before there are certain signs of disease progression doesn’t help people live longer.

• #45 Active surveillance for chronic lymphocytic leukemia | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia-cll/treatment/active-surveillance

  When you’re diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), you may start with a type of treatment called active surveillance and not need to start active treatment right away. This is because CLL often grows slowly and may not cause problems at first. […] Active surveillance means that your healthcare team monitors the cancer closely for changes rather than giving treatment right away. You will have tests and physical exams to check if CLL is progressing or your condition is getting worse. The goal during this time is to maintain your quality of life or make your quality of life better. Active surveillance may also be called active observation or watch and wait. […] Active surveillance helps avoid side effects that can happen with treatments like targeted therapy or chemoimmunotherapy. Research tells us that starting these treatments before there are certain signs of disease progression doesn’t help people live longer.

• #46 Active Surveillance For Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) | SurvivorNet Connect

  https://snconnect.survivornet.com/articles/active-surveillance-for-chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia-cll/

  CLL patients can live for years without any symptoms or needing treatment. In fact, a small number of these patients, such as those with del13q14 but no other genetic mutations, may enjoy the same life expectancy without any treatment as those who do not have CLL. […] There has been no robust scientific evidence to date that early treatment for people with early, low-risk CLL holds any tangible benefit for or prolongs the lifespan of patients. […] Immunosuppression can put CLL patients at an increased risk for developing second cancers compared to the average population. Thus, they need to be prompt and diligent about cancer screenings.

• #47 Active surveillance for chronic lymphocytic leukemia | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia-cll/treatment/active-surveillance

  When you’re diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), you may start with a type of treatment called active surveillance and not need to start active treatment right away. This is because CLL often grows slowly and may not cause problems at first. […] Active surveillance means that your healthcare team monitors the cancer closely for changes rather than giving treatment right away. You will have tests and physical exams to check if CLL is progressing or your condition is getting worse. The goal during this time is to maintain your quality of life or make your quality of life better. Active surveillance may also be called active observation or watch and wait. […] Active surveillance helps avoid side effects that can happen with treatments like targeted therapy or chemoimmunotherapy. Research tells us that starting these treatments before there are certain signs of disease progression doesn’t help people live longer.

• #48 Active Surveillance For Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

  https://snconnect.survivornet.com/latest-news/active-surveillance-for-chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia-cll/

  CLL patients can live for years without any symptoms or needing treatment. In fact, a small number of these patients, such as those with del13q14 but no other genetic mutations, may enjoy the same life expectancy without any treatment as those who do not have CLL. […] There has been no robust scientific evidence to date that early treatment for people with early, low-risk CLL holds any tangible benefit for or prolongs the lifespan of patients. […] During active surveillance, physicians particularly need to manage the following aspects of CLL: Increased risk of infections. The abnormal WBCs produced in CLL are unable to fight off infections. Thus, the immune systems of CLL patients are compromised (immunocompromised). […] Immunosuppression can put CLL patients at an increased risk for developing second cancers compared to the average population. Thus, they need to be prompt and diligent about cancer screenings.

• #49 Leukemia Statistics — Leukemia Research Foundation

  https://leukemiarf.org/leukemia/statistics/

  The trend for leukemia survival is improving, thanks to research efforts and the approval of new, effective therapies to treat leukemia. […] Since leukemia is different in every patient, we encourage you to discuss your specific disease and prognosis with your doctor. […] A number of factors, including your age, the stage of your disease, and your particular leukemia subtype, can have a significant impact on your prognosis. […] As of 2018 (most recent available), the five-year relative survival rate for acute lymphoblastic leukemia is 71%. […] As of 2018 (most recent available), the five-year relative survival rate for acute myeloid leukemia is 31%. […] As of 2018 (most recent available), the five-year relative survival rate for CLL is around 88%. […] As of 2018 (most recent available), the five-year relative survival rate for CML is about 70%.

• #50 Leukemia Statistics — Leukemia Research Foundation

  https://leukemiarf.org/leukemia/statistics/

  The trend for leukemia survival is improving, thanks to research efforts and the approval of new, effective therapies to treat leukemia. […] Since leukemia is different in every patient, we encourage you to discuss your specific disease and prognosis with your doctor. […] A number of factors, including your age, the stage of your disease, and your particular leukemia subtype, can have a significant impact on your prognosis. […] As of 2018 (most recent available), the five-year relative survival rate for acute lymphoblastic leukemia is 71%. […] As of 2018 (most recent available), the five-year relative survival rate for acute myeloid leukemia is 31%. […] As of 2018 (most recent available), the five-year relative survival rate for CLL is around 88%. […] As of 2018 (most recent available), the five-year relative survival rate for CML is about 70%.

• #51 Leukemia Statistics — Leukemia Research Foundation

  https://leukemiarf.org/leukemia/statistics/

  The trend for leukemia survival is improving, thanks to research efforts and the approval of new, effective therapies to treat leukemia. […] Since leukemia is different in every patient, we encourage you to discuss your specific disease and prognosis with your doctor. […] A number of factors, including your age, the stage of your disease, and your particular leukemia subtype, can have a significant impact on your prognosis. […] As of 2018 (most recent available), the five-year relative survival rate for acute lymphoblastic leukemia is 71%. […] As of 2018 (most recent available), the five-year relative survival rate for acute myeloid leukemia is 31%. […] As of 2018 (most recent available), the five-year relative survival rate for CLL is around 88%. […] As of 2018 (most recent available), the five-year relative survival rate for CML is about 70%.

• #52 Epidemiology and Etiology of Leukemia and Lymphoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7263093/

  Available evidence suggests that the incidence of leukemia and lymphoma tends to be higher in highly developed regions of the world and among Whites in the United States. […] The prognosis varies by subtype, with poorer survival outcomes for acute leukemias among adults, and more favorable outcomes for Hodgkin’s lymphoma. […] In the United States, national trends in leukemia incidence and mortality are monitored using data from state population-based cancer registries, namely through the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program (SEER), and the National Center for Health Statistics. […] Overall age-adjusted leukemia incidence in the United States tends to be highest in Whites (15 per 100,000), followed by Blacks (11 per 100,000), and Hispanics (10.6 per 100,000). […] Among those exposures most consistently identified as risk factors for leukemia are radiation (therapeutic, occupational, and wartime-related), chemotherapy, family history, genetic syndromes and abnormalities, chemical exposures (e.g., residential and occupational), and lifestyle factors like smoking.

• #53 Clinical Epidemiology of Leukemia in The Western Region of Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Study (2015-2021)

  https://acquaintpublications.com/article/clinical_epidemiology_of_leukemia_in_the_western_region_of_saudi_arabia_a_retrospective_study_2015_2021

  The frequency of leukemia has been steadily rising in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia during the last several years. […] The goal of this study was to determine the mortality factors and evaluate the overall clinical and epidemiological features of patients who were diagnosed with leukemia at Princess Norah Oncology Center. […] The Saudi Cancer Registry declared in 2017 that leukemia came in fifth place among other types of cancer in the Saudi population, with increasing incidence among people of different ages, sexes, and regions. […] Because of advancements in diagnostic and therapeutic techniques over the last several decades, the survival rate for the majority of leukemia types has risen. […] The age of the patients is the second significant predictor of leukemia cause of death after the leukemia type, with the older population of all kinds of leukemia having the worst outcomes.

• #54 Clinical Epidemiology of Leukemia in The Western Region of Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Study (2015-2021)

  https://acquaintpublications.com/article/clinical_epidemiology_of_leukemia_in_the_western_region_of_saudi_arabia_a_retrospective_study_2015_2021

  The frequency of leukemia has been steadily rising in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia during the last several years. […] The goal of this study was to determine the mortality factors and evaluate the overall clinical and epidemiological features of patients who were diagnosed with leukemia at Princess Norah Oncology Center. […] The Saudi Cancer Registry declared in 2017 that leukemia came in fifth place among other types of cancer in the Saudi population, with increasing incidence among people of different ages, sexes, and regions. […] Because of advancements in diagnostic and therapeutic techniques over the last several decades, the survival rate for the majority of leukemia types has risen. […] The age of the patients is the second significant predictor of leukemia cause of death after the leukemia type, with the older population of all kinds of leukemia having the worst outcomes.

• #55 Leukemia in Iran: Epidemiology and Morphology Trends

  https://journal.waocp.org/article_31654.html

  Leukemia accounts for 8% of total cancer cases and involves all age groups with different prevalence and incidence rates in Iran and the entire world and causes a significant death toll and heavy expenses for diagnosis and treatment processes. […] This study was done to evaluate epidemiology and morphology of blood cancer during 2003-2008. […] Joinpoint analysis showed a significant increasing trend for the adjusted standard incidence rate (ASIR) for both sexes (P-value0.05). […] Hematopoietic system cancers in Iran demonstrate an increasing trend for incidence rate and decreasing trend for ALL, ALM and CLL morphology.

• #56 The epidemiology, treatment patterns, healthcare utilizations and costs of Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML) in Taiwan | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0261871

  The epidemiology, treatment patterns, healthcare utilizations and costs of Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML) in Taiwan […] An increasing incidence of Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML) has been reported in several Western countries. However, the epidemiology of AML in Asia is very limited. […] Understanding the treatment patterns, healthcare utilization and costs of AML would thus be essential for clinicians and policymakers to optimize the treatment strategies of AML. […] The objective of this study was to investigate the incidence, treatment patterns, healthcare utilization and costs of AML in Taiwan using a nationwide population database. […] We retrospectively identified AML patients diagnosed from 2006 to 2015 from the Taiwan Cancer Registry Database (TCRD) and estimated the epidemiology of AML in Taiwan. […] The crude annual incidence of AML increased from 2.78 to 3.21 cases per 100,000 individuals from 2006 to 2015. However, the age-standardized rate (ASRs) of AML slightly declined from 2.47 to 2.41 cases per 100,000 individuals in the same period. […] This study is the first population-based study conducted in Asia to provide updated and comprehensive information on epidemiology, treatment patterns and healthcare resource utilization and costs of AML.

• #57 Molecular epidemiology of acute leukemia in children: causal model, interaction of three factors—susceptibility, environmental exposure and vulnerability period | Boletín Médico del Hospital Infantil de México (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-boletin-medico-del-hospital-infantil-201-articulo-molecular-epidemiology-acute-leukemia-in-X2444340916505522

  Molecular epidemiology has been proposed as an evolving state of the classic epidemiology, which for some only represents the incorporation of new techniques, the molecular techniques, in epidemiological designs, whereas for others it represents the best way to explain the mechanisms related with the health-disease processes in human populations. […] It is then clear that in any epidemiological investigation it is possible to apply molecular epidemiology, although not necessarily. The principal level of analysis of epidemiology is population level, and its principal objective, as part of public health, is prevention. […] Molecular epidemiology emerges as an alternative when it is not possible to identify environmental factors of disease in the population and when it has been demonstrated that a substance is potentially harmful at the individual or basic levels.

• #58 Molecular epidemiology of acute leukemia in children: causal model, interaction of three factors—susceptibility, environmental exposure and vulnerability period | Boletín Médico del Hospital Infantil de México (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-boletin-medico-del-hospital-infantil-201-articulo-molecular-epidemiology-acute-leukemia-in-X2444340916505522

  One of the most promising fields within molecular epidemiology is to identify the interaction between environmental exposures and susceptibility of the individual as a way of identifying those persons truly at risk and, on the other hand, to identify factors that had not been detected as carcinogenic in population studies. […] Finally, the limitations of molecular epidemiology should be made clear. […] Despite its limitations, molecular epidemiology is an accepted discipline that permits the identification of why certain environmental factors in some populations produce disease and others do not. […] In this model I propose that susceptibility to childhood ALL should not be viewed as being determined solely by a genetic factor or by whatever other individual factor. Rather, susceptibility should be understood as a phenomenon composed of different variables.

• #59 Epidemiology of childhood acute leukemias

  https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/ahem-2023-0023

  Acute leukemias are the largest group of childhood cancers. According to the latest WHO data 80,491 leukemias were diagnosed in 2020 alone. In the coming years the incidence worldwide will continue at a similar level. The morbidity correlates with biological determinants such age, gender and race. The etiology of leukemia formation is complex and depends on genetic, physiological, environmental and even prior treatment-related factors. Both the incidence and curability are also influenced by age, gender, and race. The peak of incidence of leukemia occurs between the ages of 14 years and 919. Boys suffer from leukemia more often than girls. In 2020 58.2% of diagnoses were for boys. Numerous factors contribute to the development of acute leukemia. In the case of young children, a notable association exists between acute leukemia and infections caused by viruses such as EBV or HHV-6. Furthermore, the risk of leukemia can be elevated by allergies, which involve Th1/Th2 lymphocyte-dependent mechanisms. A familial predisposition to tumorigenesis in children is observed in Li-Fraumeni Syndrome. Also, genetic diseases such as Down syndrome and Fanconi anemia are associated with an increased risk of acute leukemia. Previous exposure to radiation therapy or the use of anti-cancer drugs can also lead to the development of secondary cancers, including leukemia. The analysis of risk factors can be used to support efforts aimed to reduce potentially harmful exposure and to decrease the risk of disease.

• #60 FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA IN ACUTE LEUKEMIA. EPIDEMIOLOGY, ETIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND TREATMENT | Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases

  https://www.mjhid.org/index.php/mjhid/article/view/2020.009

  Acute leukemias are a group of aggressive malignant diseases associated with a high degree of morbidity and mortality. […] Patients with acute leukemia are highly susceptible to infectious diseases due to factors related to the disease itself, factors attributed to treatment, and specific individual risk factors in each patient. […] A recurring problem is increasing resistance to antimicrobial agents, and in particular, this applies to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase resistance (ESBL), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) and even carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE). […] Here, we discuss infectious diseases in acute leukemia with a major focus on febrile neutropenia and sepsis, and we problematize the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic aspects of infectious complications in this patient group. […] The main challenge for reducing the spread of resistant microbes is to avoid unnecessary antibiotic treatment, but without giving to narrow treatment to the febrile neutropenic patient that reduce the prognosis.

• #61 Leukemia Types and Subtypes Analysis: Epidemiological Age-Standardized Exploration in the Mexican Bajio Region

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/60/5/731

  Our study provides a comprehensive analysis of leukemia epidemiology in the Bajio region over the past decade, offering insights into the incidence, prevalence, distribution, and age-specific patterns of different leukemia types and subtypes. […] Our comprehensive analysis contributes valuable insights into the nuanced epidemiology of leukemia in the Bajio region. The identified temporal trends, age-specific patterns, and subtype-specific variations provide a solid foundation for future research aimed at unraveling the multifaceted factors contributing to leukemia development in this population.

• #62 Leukemia Types and Subtypes Analysis: Epidemiological Age-Standardized Exploration in the Mexican Bajio Region

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/60/5/731

  Leukemia, characterized by abnormal leukocyte production, exhibits clonal origin from somatic mutations. Globally, it ranked 15th in cancer incidence in 2020, with higher prevalence in developing countries. In Mexico, it was the ninth most frequent cancer. Regional registries are vital for understanding its epidemiology. This study aims to analyze the prevalence and age-standardized incidence rates of leukemias in a tertiary care hospital in the Mexican Bajio region. […] The epidemiology of leukemia varies geographically, with developing countries bearing the greatest burden. In 2020, leukemia ranked 15th globally in cancer incidence, with the 11th highest mortality rate related to cancer. In Mexico, it ranked ninth in cancer incidence and seventh in cancer-related mortality. […] Therefore, regional population-based registries are essential for understanding their prevalence, distribution, incidence, and mortality. Notably, Mexico lacks a national system providing epidemiological data on these neoplasms.

• #63 Formaldehyde and LeukemiA: Epidemiology, Potential Mechanisms and Implications for Risk Assessment | Science Inventory | US EPA

  https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=210544&Lab=NCEA

  Formaldehyde and leukemia may be associated with an increased risk of leukemia in exposed individuals. […] Updated results of two of the three largest industrial cohort studies of formaldehyde-exposed workers have shown positive associations with leukemia, particularly myeloid leukemia, and a recent meta-analysis of studies to date supports this association. […] The implications of the updated findings for the design of future studies to more effectively assess the risk of leukemia arising from formaldehyde exposure were discussed and specific recommendations were made. […] It was recognized that increased communication among scientists who perform epidemiology, toxicology, biology, and risk assessment could enhance the design of future studies, which could ultimately reduce uncertainty in the risk assessment of formaldehyde and leukemia.

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