Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Leukemia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/leukemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20374373

  Leukemia is cancer of the body’s blood-forming tissues, including the bone marrow and the lymphatic system. […] Scientists don’t understand the exact causes of leukemia. It seems to develop from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] In general, leukemia is thought to occur when some blood cells acquire changes (mutations) in their genetic material or DNA. […] Factors that may increase your risk of developing some types of leukemia include: Previous cancer treatment. People who’ve had certain types of chemotherapy and radiation therapy for other cancers have an increased risk of developing certain types of leukemia. […] Genetic disorders. Genetic abnormalities seem to play a role in the development of leukemia. Certain genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome, are associated with an increased risk of leukemia.

• #1 Leukemia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/leukemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20374373

  Exposure to certain chemicals. Exposure to certain chemicals, such as benzene which is found in gasoline and is used by the chemical industry is linked to an increased risk of some kinds of leukemia. […] Smoking. Smoking cigarettes increases the risk of acute myelogenous leukemia. […] Family history of leukemia. If members of your family have been diagnosed with leukemia, your risk of the disease may be increased.

• #2 Leukemia: Symptoms, Signs, Causes, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4365-leukemia

  Leukemia starts when the DNA of a single cell in your bone marrow changes (mutates) and cant develop and function normally. […] Leukemia begins in bone marrow, the soft spongy tissue in the inner cavity of your bones, where your bodys blood cells are made. […] Leukemia starts when the DNA of a single cell in your bone marrow changes (mutates). DNA is the instruction code that tells a cell when to grow, how to develop and when to die. Because of the mutation, or coding error, leukemia cells keep multiplying. All cells arising from the original mutated cell also have the mutated DNA. […] Scientists dont know what causes these developing cells to mutate. Theyve been able to identify some common mutations that people diagnosed with different types of leukemia share. […] Studies have shown that certain factors may increase your risk, including: Previous cancer treatment. Past cancer treatments involving radiation or chemotherapy may increase the likelihood youll develop some types of leukemia.

• #2 Leukemia: Symptoms, Signs, Causes, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4365-leukemia

  Smoking. If you have a history of smoking or exposure to second-hand smoke, youre at increased risk of developing acute myelogenous leukemia. […] Exposure to industrial chemicals. Benzene and formaldehyde are known cancer-causing chemicals found in building materials and household chemicals. […] Certain genetic disorders. Genetic disorders, such as neurofibromatosis, Klinefelter syndrome, Schwachman-Diamond syndrome and Down syndrome, may increase your risk. […] Family history of leukemia. Research suggests that some types of leukemia may run in families.

• #3 Leukemia: Definition, Types & Risk Factors | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/leukemia.html

  Leukemia is an umbrella term for several different cancers of the blood and the blood-forming tissues of the body. All start with problems in the creation of blood cells. […] Leukemia occurs when the DNA (the genetic instructions that control cell activity) of a bone marrow stem cell mutates at some point in its development. The cell becomes cancerous, begins multiplying rapidly and crowds out healthy cells in the blood and bone marrow. […] What causes leukemia? Leukemia is caused by a mutation in the DNA of a bone marrow stem cell at some point in its development. When this mutation occurs, the cell becomes cancerous, begins multiplying rapidly, and crowds out healthy cells in the blood and bone marrow. […] Is leukemia genetic? Yes, in some cases, leukemia is related to genetics. People with a parent, sibling, or child who has certain types of leukemia are more likely to develop the disease. People with certain genetic disorders are also at a higher risk of developing leukemia.

• #4 Etiology of Acute Leukemia: A Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8125807/

  The major inherited and genetic disorders resulting in a predisposition to acute leukemia are summarized in Table 1. […] DNA damage and impaired DNA damage repair capacity during proliferative DNA replication can result in mutations leading to the initiation of malignant transformation. […] Events associated with leukemic transformation are often a multifactorial process. […] A large number of environmental causes for the development of leukemia have been suggested. These mostly involve exposure to cancer-causing agents, including chemicals, infections and radiation during various stages of life. […] The effects of ionizing radiation in the development of leukemia at various phases of life, including preconception, in utero, and post-natal exposures, have been proposed, and various examples have been published.

• #4 Etiology of Acute Leukemia: A Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8125807/

  Individuals who have received chemotherapy for the treatment of cancer, with or without radiation, have an increased risk of leukemia. […] In the pediatric age group, paternal hobbies and occupations, such as work involving contact with gasoline, paint, pigments, solvents, pesticide and plastics, jobs in metal, textile, pharmaceutical industries and professions requiring engine repair, have been investigated for the development of leukemia in children. […] Infections, including bacterial, viral and fungal agents alone, and in conjunction with genetic mutations, have been implicated in leukemogenesis. […] A recent two-hit theory combines genetic mutation and exposure to one or more infections for the genesis of ALL. […] This proposal, therefore, hypothesizes that the process of developing ALL begins in utero by fusion gene formation or hyperdiploidy and preparation of pre-leukemic clone. […] Recent reports suggest a mycovirus containing Aspergillus flavus as one of the possible candidates for the infection category.

• #4 Etiology of Acute Leukemia: A Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8125807/

  Acute leukemias are some of the most common cancers affecting all age groups. Despite a significant improvement made in the treatment of acute leukemias, their cause remains unknown. A number of genetic and environmental factors for the development of acute leukemias have been proposed, but none have been proven. […] Undoubtedly, genetics have a major role in the development of these diseases. The effects of a variety of environmental factors, occupations and hobbies have been explored. A recent two-hit theory for the development of acute lymphoblastic leukemia has been proposed. This combines genetic factors and exposure to infections for the development of this disease. Several genetic factors are suggested. Most recently, for the infection portion, exposure to a virus containing Aspergillus Flavus has been proposed.

• #4 Etiology of Acute Leukemia: A Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8125807/

  Despite significant progress made in the treatment of these disorders, their etiology remains unknown. A large and diverse group of genetic and environmental variables have been proposed. The role of a variety of factors, including pre-existing and acquired genetic mutations, exposure to radiation and various chemicals during preconception, pregnancy and throughout life, have been explored. […] The exact nature, timing, sequence of the events and mechanisms resulting in the occurrence of leukemia requires further investigations. […] Undoubtedly, genetics plays a major role in the etiology of leukemia. […] While for the majority of leukemia cases there are no obvious known predisposing factors, some genetic and acquired germline mutations and clonal chromosomal abnormalities are associated with increased incidence of leukemia.

• #5 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/207631-overview

  A proposed mechanism for some cases of childhood ALL is a two-step process of genetic mutation and exposure to infection. In contrast, most adults with ALL have no identifiable risk factors. […] A review of the genetics, cell biology, immunology, and epidemiology of childhood leukemia by Greaves concluded that B-cell precursor ALL has a multifactorial etiology, with a two-step process of genetic mutation and exposure to infection playing a prominent role. The first step occurs in utero, when fusion gene formation or hyperdiploidy generates a covert, pre-leukemic clone. The second step is the postnatal acquisition of secondary genetic changes that drive conversion to overt leukemia. Only 1% of children born with a pre-leukemic clone progress to leukemia. […] The second step is triggered by infection. Triggering is more likely to occur in children whose immune response is abnormally regulated because they were not exposed to infections in the first few weeks and months of life. Lack of exposure to these early infections, which prime the immune system, is more likely to occur in societies that are zealous about hygiene; this would help explain why at present, pediatric ALL is seen primarily in industrialized societies.

• #5 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/207631-overview

  In a study of the California Cancer Registry it was noted that 3% of patients had a prior known malignancy and that any prior malignancy predisposed to the development of ALL. The prognosis for these patients with secondary ALL was unfavorable compared with that of patients with de novo ALL. […] Cases of ALL with abnormalities of chromosome band 11q23 following treatment with topoisomerase II inhibitors for another malignancy have been described. However, most patients who develop secondary acute leukemia after chemotherapy for another cancer develop AML rather than ALL. […] A genome-wide association study of susceptibility to ALL in adolescents and young adults identified a significant susceptibility locus in GATA3: rs3824662 (odds ratio 1.77) and rs3781093 (OR 1.73). Other studies have shown increased risk of ALL in association with polymorphisms of the following: Arylamine N-acetyltransferases 1 and 2, MMP-8 promoter genotypes, HLA alleles, ARID5B, IKZF1, CEBPE, CDKN2A, PIP4K2A, LHPP, ELK3.

• #6 Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) | Learn What Is CML | LLS

  https://www.lls.org/leukemia/chronic-myeloid-leukemia

  Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is also called chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronic granulocytic leukemia and chronic myelocytic leukemia. CML is one of four main types of leukemia. […] All cases of CML are caused by the BCR::ABL1 fusion gene. This gene is not found in normal blood cells. […] For most people who have chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), there are no obvious reasons why they develop the disease. No one is born with CML. It happens when there is an injury to the DNA of a single bone marrow cell. Risk factors for CML are: […] Radiation exposure – In a small number of patients, CML is caused by exposure to very high doses of radiation (such as being a survivor of an atomic bomb blast or a nuclear reactor accident).

• #7 Leukemia: Symptoms, Treatment, Causes, Survival Rate

  https://www.medicinenet.com/leukemia/article.htm

  Leukemia is a cancer of the blood and blood-forming cells, such as white blood cells. […] The exact cause of leukemia is not known, but it is thought to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] Leukemia cells have acquired mutations in their DNA that cause them to grow abnormally and lose the functions of typical white blood cells. […] One type of change in the cell’s DNA that is common in leukemias is known as a chromosome translocation. […] Most cases of leukemia are not believed to be hereditary, but certain genetic mutations and conditions can be passed along to offspring that increase the chances of developing leukemia. […] Exposure to radiation is known to increase the risk of developing AML, CML, or ALL. […] Increases in leukemia were observed in people surviving atomic bombs.

• #7 Leukemia: Symptoms, Treatment, Causes, Survival Rate

  https://www.medicinenet.com/leukemia/article.htm

  Radiation therapy for cancer can also increase the risk of leukemia. […] Exposure to certain chemicals, including benzene (used commonly in the chemical industry), increases the risk of leukemia. […] Cigarette smoking is known to increase the risk of developing AML. […] Certain genetic disorders can increase the risk; Down syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, and other medical conditions can increase the risk of developing leukemia. […] Blood disorders known as myelodysplastic syndromes confer an increased risk of developing AML. […] Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a virus that causes a rare type of leukemia. […] Certain chemotherapy drugs for cancer can increase the risk for AML or ALL. […] Age over 65 as well as being a male are risk factors for leukemia.

• #8 Leukemia: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/leukemia-causes-risk-factors-2252385

  Ionizing radiation was found to be carcinogenic (or cancer-causing) only a few years after X-rays were discovered. […] Radiation therapy for cancer can increase the risk of developing leukemia (especially AML), with the risk highest in the period five to nine years after radiation. […] Some chemotherapy drugs can predispose a person to leukemia later on. […] Myelodysplastic syndromes are disorders of the bone marrow that have been referred to as „preleukemia” and carry a significant risk of developing into AML (up to 30%). […] Tobacco use is associated with a significantly increased risk of AML. […] Benzene is a known carcinogen that is present in a number of materials, such as some paints, solvents, plastics, pesticides, detergents, and unleaded gasoline. […] Infection with the human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1) increases the risk of leukemia. […] Genetic conditions and syndromes that are associated with an increased risk of some types of leukemia include Down syndrome (trisomy 21): People with Down syndrome have roughly a 20% increased risk of developing leukemia (AML and ALL).

• #8 Leukemia: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/leukemia-causes-risk-factors-2252385

  Leukemia is due to a series of mutations in genes that control the growth of cells, which leads to their uncontrolled growth in the bone marrow. While the exact causes of this are unknown, several risk factors for the disease have been identified. […] Known risk factors vary with the different types of leukemia but include radiation (from atomic bomb exposures to medical radiation), exposures to chemicals such as benzene and pesticides, previous chemotherapy, some infections, and certain genetic conditions. […] Some types of radiation are known risk factors for leukemia, and others are only possible risk factors. […] Ionizing radiation has been linked to leukemia. […] Survivors of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombings had a significantly increased risk of developing leukemia. […] Survivors of the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear reactor disaster had an increased risk of leukemia two to five years after the meltdown.

• #9 Leukemia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560490/

  Multiple genetic and environmental risk factors are identified in the development of leukemia. […] Exposure to ionizing radiation is associated with an increased risk of multiple leukemia subtypes. […] Exposure to benzene is a risk factor for leukemia in adults, particularly AML. […] Previous exposure to chemotherapy, especially alkylating agents and topoisomerase II inhibitors, increases the risk for acute leukemia later in life. […] A history of any hematologic malignancy is a risk factor for subsequently developing another subtype of leukemia. […] Viral infections (e.g., human T-cell leukemia virus, Epstein Barr virus) are linked with subtypes of ALL. […] Several genetic syndromes (e.g., Down syndrome, Fanconi anemia, Bloom syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome) are associated with an increased risk of AML and ALL.

• #10 Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/leukemia/patient/child-all-treatment-pdq

  Childhood ALL is caused by changes to how the blood stem cells function, especially how they grow and divide into new cells. The exact cause of these cell changes is often unknown. […] Possible genetic risk factors for ALL include: Down syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1, Bloom syndrome, Fanconi anemia, ataxia-telangiectasia, Li-Fraumeni syndrome (TP53 gene), constitutional mismatch repair deficiency (mutations in certain genes that stop DNA from repairing itself, which leads to the growth of cancers at an early age), having certain changes in chromosomes or genes. […] Other possible risk factors for ALL include: being exposed to x-rays before birth, being exposed to radiation, past treatment with chemotherapy.

• #11 Risks and causes of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/acute-myeloid-leukaemia-aml/risks-causes

  People who have had treatment for Hodgkin lymphoma or breast cancer with particular chemotherapy drugs (such as chlorambucil, melphalan or cyclophosphamide) have a slightly increased risk of developing blood changes. These changes can lead to AML many years later. […] Some types of blood disorder make you more likely to get leukaemia than people without those blood disorders. […] Research has found that people with particular immune disorders have an increased risk of AML. […] Stories about possible cancer causes are often in the media and it can be hard to know whats true and whats not.

• #11 Risks and causes of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/acute-myeloid-leukaemia-aml/risks-causes

  We dont know what causes most cases of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). But there are some factors that may increase your risk of developing it. Some of these include being older, smoking and ionising radiation. […] AML is more common in older people. The risk of AML increases from around 50 years and is greatest in those aged between 85 and 89 years. […] Smoking cigarettes can increase your risk of developing AML. There is benzene in cigarette smoke and this is likely to be a significant cause. […] Weve known for a long time that exposure to high energy (ionising) radiation increases acute leukaemia risk. AML is one type of acute leukaemia. […] Exposure to the chemical benzene at work over a long time increases the risk of developing acute leukaemia. […] Certain rare, inherited conditions can increase the risk of developing acute myeloid leukaemia.

• #12 Causes & Risk Factors of Leukemia | Rocky Mountain Cancer Centers

  https://www.rockymountaincancercenters.com/leukemia/causes-risk-factors-of-leukemia

  Smoking: Tobacco use can increase the risk of some leukemias. […] Genetic disorders: Certain genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome, Fanconi anemia, Bloom syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1, Trisomy 8, Klinefelter syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, Kostmann syndrome, and Shwachman-Diamond syndrome are associated with an increased risk of leukemia. […] Blood disorders: Other blood cancers or disorders, such as polycythemia vera, primary myelofibrosis, essential thrombocythemia and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) could contribute to an increased leukemia risk. […] Previous cancer treatment: Past chemotherapy or radiation treatments for other cancers can increase the risk of certain leukemias. […] Exposure to cancer-causing agents: Exposure to radiation and certain chemicals are known to increase the risk of leukemia. This can include exposure to high-energy radiation (e.g. atomic bomb explosions or nuclear reactor accidents), intense exposure to low-energy radiation from electromagnetic fields (e.g. power lines), and exposure to toxic substances such as benzene and Agent Orange.

• #12 Causes & Risk Factors of Leukemia | Rocky Mountain Cancer Centers

  https://www.rockymountaincancercenters.com/leukemia/causes-risk-factors-of-leukemia

  Leukemia is a cancer of the blood cells that affects more than 60,000 people each year. And while scientists understand how leukemia forms, they dont quite understand the exact cause of it. […] In general, leukemia develops when the DNA in blood cells mutate, disabling their ability to control growth and division. Over time, these abnormal cells can crowd out healthy blood cells in the bone marrow, eventually causing the signs and symptoms of leukemia. […] While the exact cause of a persons leukemia may not be known, there are certain risk factors linked to the disease. […] Known risk factors for leukemia include: […] Age: The risk of most leukemias increases with age with the exception of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), which mostly occurs in people under the age of 20. […] Family history: If members of your family have been diagnosed with leukemia, your risk of the disease may be increased.

• #13 Leukemia Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/cancer-care/leukemia-cancer-care/leukemia/causes-and-diagnoses

  The cause of leukemia is unknown, but certain factors may increase the risk of leukemia, including: […] Smoking […] Chemotherapy (however, the benefit of taking the medication outweighs the risk) […] Radiation exposure […] Blood disorders, such as myelodysplastic syndromes (occurs when blood-forming cells in the bone marrow are damaged) […] Certain chemicals, like benzene […] A known family history of leukemia […] Rare congenital diseases, such as Down syndrome, ataxia telangiectasia, and Bloom syndrome.

• #14 Risks and causes for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/acute-lymphoblastic-leukaemia-all/risks-causes

  Your risk of developing cancer depends on many things. These can include environmental, lifestyle and genetic factors. […] We dont know what causes most cases of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). But there are some factors that may increase your risk of developing it. These include certain genetic conditions, previous chemotherapy treatment and ionising radiation. […] Some rare, inherited conditions can increase the risk of acute leukaemia, including: Downs syndrome, Fanconi anaemia, ataxia telangiectasia, Bloom syndrome. […] People who have had certain chemotherapy in the past have a slightly increased risk of developing leukaemia some years later. […] High energy (ionising) radiation can cause cancer because it can affect your cells and damage the DNA. Research suggests that children who have had radiotherapy have a slightly increased risk of developing leukaemia later in life.

• #15 Acute Leukemia: Causes and Symptoms

  https://www.drpeushonco.com/acute-leukemia-causes-and-symptoms.php

  Cancer affecting the white blood cells is known as leukaemia. […] The exact cause of Acute leukemia remains unknown. Genetics is thought to play an important role in its development. The risk of Acute Leukemia is high in case of: […] Genetic conditions like Downs Syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1, and Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Ataxia Telangiectasia. […] A parent or sibling having Acute leukemia.

• #16 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Leukemia-Causes.aspx

  The exact cause of leukemia is unknown but several risk factors may raise the chance of getting leukemias. These include familial and genetic risks as well as environmental and lifestyle factors. […] Genetic abnormalities play an important role only for a small proportion of cases of leukemias. In most of the cases there is an interaction with faulty genes and DNA damage with environmental and lifestyle factors to bring about risk of leukemia. […] Some genetic abnormalities have been associated with leukemias directly. These include Philadelphia chromosome and its association with CML. Klinefelter syndrome, Down syndrome, Bloom syndrome ataxia, telangiectasia and Fanconi syndrome are chromosomal disorders leading to predisposition of leukemia. […] It is suggested that the chromosomes of white blood cells of the elderly are fragile and more prone to DNA damage and changes that may lead to leukemia. With age, there is a reduced ability of the DNA to repair itself and protect itself against damage. There could also be free radical damage to the DNA in the elderly.

• #16 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Leukemia-Causes.aspx

  Increased cigarette smoking is associated with increased risk of leukemia. Cigarettes contain agents such as benzene and other chemicals that have been linked to leukemias. […] Studies have shown that several environmental and past exposures may raise the risk of leukemias. Previous exposure to chemotherapy and radiation raises the risk of leukemias. […] Certain chemicals like benzene raise the risk of leukemias. Benzene is used as a solvent in leather, printing and petrochemical industries. Benzene exposure occurs at the workplace or by environmental sources such as tobacco smoking. […] Acute leukemia, especially those affecting T cells, may be caused by exposure to the human T cell leukemia virus (HTLV). This virus has proteins that attaches to the proteins in the lymphocytes and causes abnormalities in their growth leading to cancer.

• #17 What Are the Causes and Risk Factors of Leukemia? | MyLeukemiaTeam

  https://www.myleukemiateam.com/resources/what-causes-leukemia

  Leukemia is a blood cancer that causes the bone marrow (the soft center of bones, where blood cells are made) to produce too many leukocytes. […] This article explores possible causes and risk factors associated with leukemia, including genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. […] Like other cancers, leukemia is caused by genetic mutations (changes) that allow cells to divide and grow uncontrollably. […] Acquired mutations: Happen during a persons life, often due to aging or exposure to harmful substances. […] Can be caused by high levels of radiation, certain chemicals, smoking, or some viruses. […] Most cases of cancer, including leukemia, are caused by acquired mutations. […] However, some inherited genetic conditions can raise the risk of leukemia. […] At least 5 percent of leukemias may be linked to inherited mutations.

• #17 What Are the Causes and Risk Factors of Leukemia? | MyLeukemiaTeam

  https://www.myleukemiateam.com/resources/what-causes-leukemia

  Certain genetic disorders can increase the risk of childhood leukemia. […] Examples include: Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Down syndrome (also called trisomy 21), Neurofibromatosis type 1, Fanconi anemia. […] Certain inherited conditions that affect the immune system can also raise the risk of leukemia. […] Anything that raises the risk of acquired genetic mutations also raises the risk of leukemia and other types of cancer. […] High doses of radiation exposure, including radiation therapy used for previous cancers, may increase leukemia risk for some people. […] Frequent exposure to high levels of benzene is a possible cause of AML. […] Research indicates that obesity (a body mass index above 30) raises the overall risk of leukemia by 19 percent. […] Scientists have identified many genetic mutations in blood stem cells that can lead to leukemia.

• #18 Causes of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cll/causes-of-chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia-cll

  Still, theres strong evidence suggesting that you may be more likely to develop CLL if someone in your immediate family has also been diagnosed with CLL. […] The most common causes of CLL are genetic mutations in chromosomes or specific genes. […] CLL is a rare type of blood cancer that results from genetic mutations that affect your lymphocytes. Scientists have identified specific mutations that cause CLL, but what causes them is still unclear. Exposure to environmental toxins like Agent Orange is one risk factor.

• #18 Causes of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cll/causes-of-chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia-cll

  Scientists arent exactly sure what causes the genetic mutations that result in CLL. Exposure to certain chemicals and family history may increase your risk. […] Its not exactly known what causes CLL. Several factors may be involved in causing CLL, including your genetics and family history, as well as your exposure to certain chemicals in your environment. […] Exposure to certain chemicals may also increase your risk of developing CLL. […] Exposure to Agent Orange is a well-documented risk factor for developing CLL. […] A 2018 study of over 2,000 Vietnam veterans found that exposure to Agent Orange resulted in diagnosis with CLL at a younger age than is typical (around 63 years old instead of 70). […] Although gene mutations are responsible for CLL, most cases dont result from mutations passed down through families.

• #19 Risk Factors for Leukemia | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/leukemias/risk-factors

  Rare genetic syndromes. People with Down syndrome, Fanconi anemia, ataxia-telangiectasia, and Bloom syndrome are at slightly higher risk for developing leukemia. […] Family history. People who have a first-degree relative a parent, child, or sibling with CLL have a two- to four-fold increased risk of developing CLL. Most people who develop leukemia, however, do not have a relative with the disease.

• #19 Risk Factors for Leukemia | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/leukemias/risk-factors

  Exposure to high levels of radiation and certain chemicals are the main risk factors we know about for leukemia, particularly acute myeloid leukemia (AML). […] Specific risk factors for leukemia include: […] Exposure to cancer-causing agents. People exposed to high doses of radiation (from the explosion of an atomic bomb, working in an atomic weapons plant, or a nuclear reactor accident) have a heightened risk of developing leukemia. […] Smoking. Cigarettes contain dozens of cancer-causing chemicals. Researchers estimate that about 20 percent of AML cases are related to smoking. […] History of radiation therapy or chemotherapy. Radiation therapy and chemotherapy can cause mutations, or changes in a cells DNA, that later may lead to cancers including leukemia. […] Myelodysplastic syndromes. About one-third of patients who have this bone marrow failure disorder may eventually develop leukemia.

• #20 Leukemia: Causes, treatment, and early signs

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/142595

  Leukemia is a blood or bone marrow cancer that produces blood cells. Leukemia occurs due to a problem with blood cell production. It usually affects the leukocytes or white blood cells. […] Leukemia develops when damage occurs to the DNA of developing blood cells, mainly white cells. This causes the blood cells to grow and divide uncontrollably. […] Experts often do not know why leukemia happens, but environmental and genetic factors likely play a role. […] While genetic features may not cause leukemia, they may make it more likely to appear in certain conditions, for example, after exposure to some chemicals or infections. […] Scientists have found links between leukemia and various factors, although more research is needed to confirm most of them. […] Genetic and environmental factors may play a role. Depending on the type of leukemia, there is evidence that exposure to radiation and toxins such as tobacco smoke and benzene may increase the risk. Certain health conditions can also contribute. […] Experts do not know exactly why leukemia happens, but genetic factors and exposure to toxins, such as pesticides, may play a role.

• #21 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) | LLS.org

  https://www.lls.org/leukemia/acute-myeloid-leukemia

  Exposure to very high doses of radiation: people exposed to very high levels of radiation are at increased risk of developing AML (for example, survivors of an atomic bomb blast or a nuclear reactor accident) […] Genetic disorders: genetic disorders present at birth that seem to increase the risk of AML include Down syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1, Bloom syndrome, Trisomy 8, Fanconi anemia, Klinefelter syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, Kostmann syndrome, and Shwachman-Diamond syndrome […] Familial risk/germline predisposition: certain gene mutations present at birth may increase the risk of developing AML.

• #21 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) | LLS.org

  https://www.lls.org/leukemia/acute-myeloid-leukemia

  Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a cancer of the bone marrow and the blood that progresses rapidly without treatment. […] For most people who have AML, there are no known cause or obvious reasons (risk factors) why they developed the disease. You cannot catch AML from someone else. […] While the cause of AML is unknown, several factors are associated with an increased risk of developing AML, including the following: […] Exposure to dangerous chemicals: long-term exposure to high levels of certain chemicals, such as benzene, is linked to a greater risk of AML […] Smoking: AML is linked to exposure to tobacco smoke, which contains benzene and other cancer-causing agents […] Previous cancer treatment: people who received radiation therapy or chemotherapy have an increased risk of developing AML, called „treatment-related” or „therapy-related” AML

• #22 Risk factors for leukemia | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/leukemia/risks

  Radiation therapy given in the past to treat cancer or other health conditions increases the risk of leukemia. Chemotherapy given in the past to treat cancer also increases the risk. Having had both radiation therapy and chemotherapy to treat cancer increases the risk more than having had the individual treatments alone. […] Smoking tobacco increases the risk of some types of leukemia, and it may increase the risk for other types. […] Benzene increases the risk of leukemia. […] Some studies have shown that breathing in formaldehyde increases the risk of leukemia. […] These conditions are called family cancer syndromes or inherited (hereditary) cancer syndromes. Most family cancer syndromes are rare. Family cancer syndromes can lead to leukemia in both children and adults. […] Overweight and obesity are possible risk factors for leukemia. This means that they have been linked with leukemia, but there is not enough evidence to show for sure that they are risk factors.

• #23 What Causes Leukemia, Risk Factors and Prevention

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/leukemia/risk-factors

  Some congenital syndromes including Down syndrome, Fanconi anemia, Bloom syndrome, ataxia-telangiectasia and Blackfan-Diamond syndrome seem to raise the risk of AML. […] Although smoking may not be a direct cause of leukemia, smoking cigarettes does increase the risk of developing AML. […] Exposure to high-energy radiation (e.g., atomic bomb explosions) and intense exposure to low-energy radiation from electromagnetic fields (e.g., power lines) may increase the risk for developing leukemia. […] Long-term exposure to certain pesticides or industrial chemicals like benzene is considered a risk for leukemia. […] Prolonged exposure, such as living near power lines, may increase a persons risk for developing ALL. […] Certain types of chemotherapy and radiation therapy for other cancers are considered leukemia risk factors.

• #24 Leukemia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia

  The exact cause of leukemia is unknown. A combination of genetic factors and environmental (non-inherited) factors are believed to play a role. […] Among adults, the known causes are natural and artificial ionizing radiation and petrochemicals, notably benzene and alkylating chemotherapy agents for previous malignancies. […] Studies in 2009 and 2010 have shown a positive correlation between exposure to formaldehyde and the development of leukemia, particularly myeloid leukemia. […] Viruses have also been linked to some forms of leukemia. For example, human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1) causes adult T-cell leukemia. […] Some people have a genetic predisposition towards developing leukemia. This predisposition is demonstrated by family histories and twin studies. […] In addition to these genetic issues, people with chromosomal abnormalities or certain other genetic conditions have a greater risk of leukemia.

• #25 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20352428

  Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a type of cancer of the blood and bone marrow the spongy tissue inside bones where blood cells are made. […] Doctors aren’t certain what starts the process that causes chronic lymphocytic leukemia. What’s known is that something happens to cause changes (mutations) in the DNA of blood-producing cells. A cell’s DNA contains the instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes tell the blood cells to produce abnormal, ineffective lymphocytes. […] Doctors and researchers are working to understand the exact mechanism that causes chronic lymphocytic leukemia. […] Factors that may increase the risk of chronic lymphocytic leukemia include: […] Certain herbicides and insecticides, including Agent Orange used during the Vietnam War, have been linked to an increased risk of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

• #26 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia | CLL | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/chroniclymphocyticleukemia.html

  Leukemia happens when there are changes in the genetic material (DNA) in bone marrow cells. The cause of these genetic changes is unknown, so it’s hard to predict who might get CLL. […] There are a few factors that could raise your risk: Age – your risk goes up as you get older. Most people who are diagnosed with CLL are over 50. […] Family history of CLL and other blood and bone marrow diseases […] Racial/ethnic group – CLL is more common in whites than in people from other racial or ethnic groups […] Exposure to certain chemicals, including Agent Orange, a chemical that was used in the Vietnam War.

• #27 What Is Leukemia? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/leukemia/guide/

  Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood cells and bone marrow, a soft spongy tissue inside the bones where blood cells are made. […] The exact cause of leukemia isn’t known, but certain risk factors can up your chances of acquiring the cancer. […] Children with Down syndrome are up to 30 times more likely to develop ALL, according to Leukaemia Care. Other inherited conditions, blood disorders, and even some common viruses like HIV or Epstein-Barr virus may raise a person’s risk for leukemia. […] Environmental triggers are another possible culprit. Exposure to radiation, chemicals, pesticides, and cigarette smoke are linked to specific types of leukemia. Being treated with certain chemotherapy drugs can also increase your likelihood of later developing leukemia. […] While there’s no way to completely evade leukemia, avoiding preventable risk factors may help you lower your chances of developing the disease.

• #28 Leukemia: Symptoms, Causes, Types, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/lymphoma/understanding-leukemia-basics

  Leukemia Causes […] No one knows exactly what causes leukemia. People who have this disease have certain unusual chromosomes, but the chromosomes dont cause leukemia. […] When you have leukemia, your body makes more white cells than it needs. […] These leukemia cells cant fight infection the way normal white blood cells do. And because there are so many of them, they start to affect the way your organs work. Over time, you may not have enough red blood cells to supply oxygen, enough platelets to clot your blood, or enough normal white blood cells to fight infection. […] You cant prevent leukemia, and scientists dont know how to predict who will get it. But certain things might raise your risk of getting it. These include: […] People who smoke or are around secondhand smoke are more likely to get a kind of leukemia called AML. […] People who work around chemicals such as benzene and formaldehyde have a higher risk of getting leukemia. […] Sometimes, people who have had treatments such as radiation therapy or chemotherapy for other kinds of cancer might end up with leukemia. […] People born with Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, neurofibromatosis, or other conditions are more likely to get leukemia. […] People who have been exposed to a lot of radiation are at higher risk of leukemia. […] Your race and ethnicity can impact your risk of getting leukemia. […] People who are assigned male at birth (AMAB) are a little bit more likely to get leukemia than people who were assigned a different sex. […] If other people in your family have had leukemia, you might be more likely to get it. […] Leukemia is more common in children and adults older than 55.

• #29 causes of leukemia | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/causes-of-leukemia/203232120

  Cancer patients treated with certain cancer-fighting drugs sometimes later develop leukemia. For example, drugs known as alkylating agents are associated with the development of leukemia many years later. […] Smoking is also causally associated with cancers of the pancreas, kidney, bladder, stomach, and cervix and with myeloid leukemia. Smoking cigarettes may increase a person’s risk of contracting leukemia by 30 percent and cause up to 3,600 cases of adult leukemia a year in the United States. […] Some diseases caused by abnormal chromosomes may increase the risk of leukemia. Down syndrome was linked to leukemia for the first time in a case report published in 1930. Since then, Down syndrome has been recognized as one of the most important leukemia-predisposing syndromes and patients with Down syndrome and leukemia have unique clinical features and significant differences in treatment response and toxicity profiles compared to patients without Down syndrome.

• #30 Leukemia: Symptoms, Causes, Types, Diagnosis & Treatment – OncoDaily

  https://oncodaily.com/oncolibrary/cancer-types/leukemia-overview

  The 2023 study in Environmental Health Perspectives that found occupational exposure to benzene increases the risk of AML by approximately 40% was conducted by Dr. Qing Lan and colleagues. […] Tobacco use is associated with an increased risk of AML. According to the American Journal of Epidemiology (2024), smokers have a 50% higher risk of developing AML compared to non-smokers. […] Excess body weight has been implicated in leukemia risk. A meta-analysis in Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers Prevention (2023) concluded that obese individuals have a 20% increased risk of developing leukemia. […] The 2024 article in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute discussing the association between previous cancer treatments and an elevated risk of secondary leukemia, particularly implicating alkylating agents and topoisomerase II inhibitors, was authored by Dr. Jane Smith. […] The 2023 article in The Lancet Oncology highlighting the causative role of Human T-cell Leukemia Virus type 1 (HTLV-1) in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma was authored by Dr. John Doe.

• #31 Acute myeloid leukemia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_myeloid_leukemia

  Different genetic mutations are associated with a difference in outcomes. Certain cytogenetic abnormalities are associated with very good outcomes (for example, the (15;17) translocation in APL). […] The rate of therapy-related AML (AML caused by previous chemotherapy) is expected to rise with an increase in the use of chemotherapy, an ageing population and more patients surviving their initial chemotherapy treatment; therapy-related disease accounts for just under 10% of all cases of AML.

• #31 Acute myeloid leukemia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_myeloid_leukemia

  High amounts of ionizing radiation exposure, such as that used for radiotherapy used to treat some forms of cancer, can increase the risk of AML. […] Most cases of AML arise spontaneously, however there are some genetic mutations associated with an increased risk. […] Being overweight and obese increase the risk of developing AML, as does any amount of active smoking. […] The malignant cell in AML is the myeloblast. In normal development of blood cells (hematopoiesis), the myeloblast is an immature precursor of myeloid white blood cells; a normal myeloblast will mature into a white blood cell such as an eosinophil, basophil, neutrophil or monocyte. […] Specific cytogenetic abnormalities can be found in many people with AML; the types of chromosomal abnormalities often have prognostic significance.

• #32

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acute-myeloid-leukaemia/causes/

  It’s not clear what causes acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), but the myeloid stem cells produce more white blood cells than are needed. […] It’s not known what triggers the genetic mutation in AML, although a number of different things can increase your risk of developing the condition. […] Being exposed to a significant level of radiation can increase your chances of developing AML, although this usually requires exposure at very high levels. […] Exposure to the chemical benzene is a known risk factor for AML in adults. […] Treatment with radiotherapy and certain chemotherapy medicines for an earlier, unrelated cancer can increase your risk of developing AML many years later. […] People with certain blood disorders, such as myelodysplasia, myelofibrosis or polycythaemia vera, have an increased risk of developing AML. […] People with certain genetic conditions, including Down’s syndrome and Fanconi’s anaemia, have an increased risk of developing leukaemia.

• #33

  https://www.parkwayeast.com.sg/conditions-diseases/leukemia/symptoms-causes

  Leukemia is generally thought to be caused by mutations (changes) in the DNA of the blood cells, resulting in them not functioning normally. […] The exact causes of leukemia are not known, although there may be some risk factors. […] These include: Family history of leukemia, Genetic disorders, such as Downs syndrome, Exposure to radiation, or chemicals such as benzene, Having an impaired immune system (or people who take drugs that suppress the immune system), Developing certain infections, including the Epstein-Barr virus and Helicobacter pylori infection. […] Leukemia can also develop in those who have received certain types of chemotherapy for previous cancer treatment.

• #34 Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/acute-lymphoblastic-leukaemia/

  Exposure to the chemical benzene is a known risk factor for adult acute leukaemia. […] There is some evidence to show an increased risk of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in people who are obese or have a weakened immune system due to HIV or AIDS or taking immunosuppressants after an organ transplant.

• #35 Causes and Risk Factors of Acute Leukemia – English

  https://dev-trial.dana-farber.org/resource/causes-and-risk-factors-of-acute-leukemia/

  Exposure to certain chemicals, such as benzene, increases a person’s risk of developing acute leukemia. […] People who have been exposed to certain types of radiation, such as during cancer treatment, are more likely to develop acute leukemia than someone who has not been exposed to radiation. […] Acute leukemia can develop at any age, but it is more common when adults get older. Acute leukemia is most common in adults aged 50 and older. […] Men are more likely to develop acute leukemia than women. […] Some syndromes that are caused by genetic mutations are associated with an increased risk of acute leukemia. […] Having a close relative, such as a parent, sibling, or identical twin with acute leukemia increases your risk.

• #35 Causes and Risk Factors of Acute Leukemia – English

  https://dev-trial.dana-farber.org/resource/causes-and-risk-factors-of-acute-leukemia/

  Leukemia cells are created when cells in the bone marrow developed changes, or “mutations,” in its DNA. Normally the DNA tells the cells to grow at a set rate and die after a period of time. The abnormal DNA in leukemia cells tell the cell to continuing growing and dividing at a quick rate. […] A “risk factor” is something that increases your risk of getting a disease like acute leukemia. This means it increases the chance that these DNA mutations happen or your body can’t get rid of them. […] Having a risk factor, or several, does not always mean that a person will get acute leukemia. Many people are diagnosed with acute leukemia without having any risk factors. Many people with risk factors will never develop acute leukemia. […] Smoking is the only lifestyle-related risk factor for acute leukemia. Cancer causing substances in tobacco are absorbed by the lungs and spread through the body through the bloodstream.

• #36 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Acute-Myeloid-Leukemia-Causes.aspx

  The risk of AML rises when there is exposure to certain toxins in the environment and chemicals. These include benzene. […] Patients who have had chemotherapy before are more likely to develop AML. […] Exposure to high levels of radiation is a known risk factor for AML as well as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). […] Some blood disorders themselves may raise the risk of getting AML. […] Some congenital syndromes that run in families have been associated with AML. […] AML is slightly more common in males than in females and the reasons are not clear. […] AML is seen more commonly among Caucasians than in African Americans. […] Other unproven risk factors include exposure to electromagnetic fields like living near power grids and cell phone towers etc, exposure to pesticides, and certain other chemicals, hair dyes and bleaches and cigarette smoke.

• #37 Leukemia – Hematology.org

  https://www.hematology.org/education/patients/blood-cancers/leukemia

  Leukemia is a type of cancer found in your blood and bone marrow and is caused by the rapid production of abnormal white blood cells. […] Although experts are uncertain about the causes of leukemia, they have identified several risk factors that include the following: Exposure to high levels of radiation, Repeated exposure to certain chemicals (for example, benzene), Chemotherapy, Down Syndrome, A strong family history of leukemia. […] Because the cause of leukemia remains unknown, there is no certain way to prevent it.

• #38 Acute myeloid leukemia: Causes, treatment, and outlook

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/215538

  Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a type of blood cell cancer. […] Doctors do not know what causes healthy bone marrow cells to become leukemia cells. However, there is evidence that exposure to certain environmental toxins can increase the risk. […] If a nuclear accident exposes people to radiation, they have a higher risk of developing AML. […] Rarely, people who have had radiation therapy for cancer go on to develop leukemia. In this case, the leukemia is a secondary cancer. […] Exposure to benzene may increase the risk of health conditions that can become cancerous at a later stage. […] People who smoke appear to have a higher risk of AML. This may be because benzene is present in cigarette smoke. […] People with certain health conditions may have a higher risk of developing AML. […] Some kinds of chemotherapy can also increase the risk. […] Doctors do not know why AML develops, so it is not possible to prevent it.

• #39 Leukemia | Symptoms, Causes, & Treatment | MedStar Health

  https://www.medstarhealth.org/services/leukemia

  We dont know what causes most cases of leukemia, but certain risk factors can increase your chances of developing the disease. […] Risk factors vary for each common type of leukemia and may include: […] Risk factors for acute Lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) include: […] Risk factors for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) include: […] Risk factors for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) include: […] The only known risk factor for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is age. […] No, there is no clear way to prevent these types of cancers in either adults or children. […] Cancer causes too many cells to form, and they dont mature. […] Each main type of leukemia also has subtypes that often play a role in disease progression and treatment recommendations.

• #40 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL): MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000541.htm

  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a fast-growing cancer of a type of white blood cells called lymphocytes. […] Most of the time, no clear cause can be found for ALL. […] The following factors may play a role in the development of all types of leukemia: Certain chromosome problems, Exposure to radiation, Past treatment with chemotherapy medicines, Receiving a bone marrow transplant, Toxins, such as benzene. […] The following factors are known to increase the risk for ALL: Down syndrome or some other genetic conditions, A brother or sister with leukemia. […] The risk for developing ALL may be reduced by avoiding contact with certain toxins, radiation, and chemicals.

• #41 Demystifying Blood Cancer: Causes, Prevention, and More | AUC School of Medicine

  https://www.aucmed.edu/about/blog/what-causes-blood-cancer

  Unfortunately, there is no surefire way to prevent blood cancer as its underlying cause is still undetermined. […] Although there are many questions surrounding the cause of blood cancer, regular check-ups and medical screenings are vital for detecting any irregularities before they become serious.

• #42 What causes blood cancer? | Blood Cancer UK

  https://bloodcancer.org.uk/understanding-blood-cancer/about-blood-cancer/what-causes-blood-cancer/

  Theres some evidence that environmental factors such as radiation or chemical exposure may be linked to some types of blood cancer, but these would need to be at a much higher level than you’d experience in everyday life in the UK. […] Unlike some other cancers, lifestyle factors such as your diet or levels of exercise have little effect on your risk of developing blood cancer.

• #43

  https://winshipcancer.emory.edu/cancer-types-and-treatments/leukemia/prevention.php

  While little is known about what exactly causes leukemia, researchers are learning more about the disease all the time and hope to establish leukemia prevention guidelines. […] The disease develops when genetic mutations or damage occur in bone marrow tissue, which is responsible for making blood cells. […] Risk of developing leukemia increases if you’ve experienced long-term exposure to benzene or high levels of radiation, such as from a nuclear reactor accident. […] Certain inheritable genetic syndromes also appear to raise risk for AML, although having one doesn’t mean you will develop leukemia.

• #44 What Causes Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/acute-myeloid-leukemia/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Some people with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have one or more known risk factors. But it can be very hard to know if any of these factors actually caused the cancer. […] Cancer is caused by changes in the DNA inside our cells. DNA is the chemical in our cells that makes up our genes, which control how our cells function. […] Any of these types of DNA changes might lead to cells growing out of control, which might lead to cancer, including AML. For instance, changes in certain genes such as FLT3, c-KIT, and RAS are common in AML cells. […] Several types of chromosome changes might be found in AML cells: Translocations are the most common type of chromosome change. […] Doctors are trying to figure out why these changes occur and how each of them might lead to leukemia. […] Most DNA changes related to AML are acquired during a persons lifetime, rather than having been inherited before birth. […] Many of these gene changes are probably just random events that sometimes happen inside a cell, without having an outside cause.

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