Astma
Etiologia i przyczyny

Astma jest przewlekłą chorobą zapalną dróg oddechowych, charakteryzującą się obturacją oskrzeli, nadreaktywnością i nadmierną produkcją śluzu. Etiologia astmy jest wieloczynnikowa, obejmująca interakcje genetyczne i środowiskowe. Predyspozycje genetyczne, takie jak mutacje w genach ORMDL3, GSDMB, IL33, IL1R1, PYHIN1 oraz TSLP, odgrywają kluczową rolę, zwłaszcza u osób z obciążeniem rodzinnym (ryzyko 3-6-krotnie wyższe przy astmie u rodziców). Atopia i nadprodukcja IgE wobec alergenów środowiskowych (roztocza kurzu domowego, pleśń, pyłki, sierść zwierząt) są najsilniejszymi czynnikami ryzyka. Czynniki środowiskowe, takie jak zanieczyszczenie powietrza, dym tytoniowy, ekspozycja zawodowa, urbanizacja oraz hipoteza higieniczna, wpływają na rozwój i zaostrzenie astmy. Wczesne czynniki ryzyka obejmują wcześniactwo, niską masę urodzeniową, palenie matki w ciąży oraz infekcje wirusowe dróg oddechowych (RSV, rynowirus). Otyłość zwiększa ryzyko i nasilenie objawów astmy, prawdopodobnie poprzez mechanizmy zapalne i mechaniczne.

Etiologia astmy – przyczyny i czynniki ryzyka

Astma jest przewlekłą chorobą zapalną dróg oddechowych charakteryzującą się zwężeniem oskrzeli, nadmierną produkcją śluzu oraz nadreaktywnością oskrzeli na różne bodźce. Dokładna przyczyna astmy nie jest w pełni poznana, jednak naukowcy uważają, że rozwój tej choroby jest wynikiem złożonej interakcji czynników genetycznych i środowiskowych.123

Czynniki genetyczne

Predyspozycje genetyczne odgrywają istotną rolę w rozwoju astmy. Badania wykazały, że ryzyko zachorowania jest znacznie wyższe u osób, których bliscy krewni chorują na astmę.23 Osoby, których rodzice chorują na astmę, mają 3-6 razy większe prawdopodobieństwo zachorowania niż osoby bez takiego obciążenia rodzinnego.24 Szczególnie silny związek obserwuje się, gdy na astmę choruje matka dziecka.5

Badania asocjacyjne całego genomu powiązały astmę o wczesnym początku z markerami w pobliżu genów ORMDL3 (regulator biosyntezy sfingolipidów) i GSDMB (białko podobne do gasderminy) na chromosomie 17q21.6 Inne istotne genetycznie powiązania obejmują geny takie jak interleukina-33 (IL33), geny podobne do receptora IL-1 (IL1R1) oraz nowy locus podatności w genie PYHIN1, który szczególnie wpływa na osoby pochodzenia afrykańskiego.7

Konsorcjum EVE zidentyfikowało również locus podatności dla limfopoetyny zrębu grasicy (TSLP), cytokiny pochodzącej z komórek nabłonkowych, zaangażowanej w inicjację zapalenia związanego z astmą.7 Dotychczas zidentyfikowano ponad 100 genów podatności na astmę, a wiele z nich ma związek z komórkami T pomocniczymi typu 2 (TH2) i może odgrywać rolę w procesach zapalnych.89

Atopia i alergie

Najsilniejszym znanym czynnikiem ryzyka astmy jest atopia, charakteryzująca się genetyczną skłonnością do wytwarzania swoistych przeciwciał immunoglobuliny E (IgE) w odpowiedzi na powszechne alergeny środowiskowe.710 Osoby z innymi chorobami alergicznymi, takimi jak alergiczny nieżyt nosa (katar sienny), atopowe zapalenie skóry (egzema) czy alergie pokarmowe, mają znacznie zwiększone ryzyko rozwoju astmy.1211

Astma alergiczna, najczęstszy typ astmy, występuje, gdy układ odpornościowy reaguje nadmiernie na nieszkodliwe substancje w środowisku, takie jak:1213

  • Roztocza kurzu domowego – mikroskopijne pajęczaki żywiące się ludzkimi złuszczonymi komórkami skóry; zarówno części ciała, jak i odchody roztoczy mogą wywoływać reakcje alergiczne13
  • Pleśń – może rosnąć niemal wszędzie, gdzie występuje wilgoć13
  • Zwierzęta – mocz, odchody, ślina, sierść lub złuszczone komórki naskórka zwierząt, takich jak koty, psy, myszy, szczury i ptaki są alergenami13
  • Pyłki – pochodzące z drzew, traw i chwastów13
  • Karaluchy – ich odchody, ślina i części ciała uważane są za alergeny13

Czynniki środowiskowe

Różne czynniki środowiskowe mogą zwiększać ryzyko rozwoju astmy lub zaostrzać jej objawy:1114

Zanieczyszczenie powietrza – niska jakość powietrza spowodowana zanieczyszczeniami komunikacyjnymi czy wysokim poziomem ozonu jest powiązana zarówno z rozwojem astmy, jak i zwiększoną ciężkością choroby.1516 Narażenie na lotne związki organiczne w pomieszczeniach może być czynnikiem wyzwalającym astmę; na przykład narażenie na formaldehyd wykazuje pozytywny związek z astmą.15

Dym tytoniowy – palenie w czasie ciąży i po porodzie wiąże się z większym ryzykiem objawów podobnych do astmy.15 Narażenie na dym papierosowy w dzieciństwie przyczynia się zarówno bezpośrednio, jak i pośrednio do rozwoju astmy.1017 Osoby palące mają wyższe ryzyko zachorowania na astmę.16

Narażenie zawodowe – ekspozycja na określone substancje chemiczne, opary, pyły i pleśnie w miejscu pracy może zwiększać ryzyko rozwoju astmy.118 Ponad 300 konkretnych czynników zawodowych wiąże się z astmą, która może rozwinąć się po raz pierwszy w miejscu pracy.1918

Urbanizacja i higiena – astma jest znacznie częstsza w krajach uprzemysłowionych takich jak Stany Zjednoczone niż w krajach rozwijających się, co może być związane z tzw. hipotezą higieniczną.1015 Zgodnie z tą hipotezą, zmniejszona ekspozycja na bakterie i wirusy w dzieciństwie, wynikająca z bardziej higienicznego stylu życia, mniejszych rodzin, czystszego środowiska domowego oraz wczesnego stosowania szczepionek i antybiotyków, może osłabiać prawidłowy rozwój układu odpornościowego, zwiększając ryzyko astmy i innych chorób alergicznych.2021

Czynniki okresu perinatalnego i wczesnodziecięcego

Wydarzenia w okresie okołoporodowym i wczesnym dzieciństwie mogą wpływać na rozwój płuc i zwiększać ryzyko astmy:14

  • Wcześniactwo – jest najważniejszym czynnikiem ryzyka wpływającym na częstość występowania astmy w tym okresie1722
  • Niska masa urodzeniowa – zwiększa ryzyko rozwoju astmy w późniejszym okresie życia2214
  • Palenie przez matkę w czasie ciąży – powoduje zmniejszenie czynności płuc u noworodków i zwiększa prawdopodobieństwo rozwoju astmy w dzieciństwie1723
  • Infekcje dróg oddechowych – świszczący oddech spowodowany infekcjami wirusowymi, szczególnie wirusem syncytialnym oddechowym (RSV) i rynowirusem, może predysponować niemowlęta i małe dzieci do rozwoju astmy w późniejszym życiu1719

Otyłość

Dzieci i dorośli z nadwagą lub otyłością są narażeni na większe ryzyko astmy.114 Chociaż dokładne mechanizmy nie są jednoznacznie określone, niektórzy eksperci wskazują na zapalenie o niskim stopniu nasilenia w organizmie, które występuje przy nadmiarze masy ciała.16 Otyli pacjenci często stosują więcej leków, cierpią na cięższe objawy i mają mniejsze możliwości kontrolowania astmy niż pacjenci o prawidłowej masie ciała.16 Nadmiar tkanki tłuszczowej wokół klatki piersiowej i brzucha może uciskać płuca, a ponadto tkanka tłuszczowa produkuje substancje zapalne, które mogą wpływać na funkcję płuc.24

Różnice związane z płcią i wiekiem

Astma wykazuje różnice w występowaniu w zależności od płci i wieku:5

  • W dzieciństwie astma jest częstsza u chłopców niż u dziewcząt35
  • W okresie dojrzewania i dorosłości astma częściej występuje u kobiet525
  • Hormony żeńskie mogą wpływać na rozwój i nasilenie astmy – zmiany hormonalne, w tym ciąża, menopauza i przyjmowanie estrogenów po menopauzie, mogą powodować astmę u dorosłych2325

Czynniki etniczne

Istnieją różnice w występowaniu astmy w zależności od pochodzenia etnicznego:5

  • Osoby pochodzenia portorykańskiego oraz osoby czarnoskóre/afroamerykańskie mają wyższe ryzyko zachorowania na astmę niż osoby z innych grup rasowych lub etnicznych35
  • Konsorcjum EVE zidentyfikowało locus podatności w genie PYHIN1, który szczególnie wpływa na osoby pochodzenia afrykańskiego7

Mechanizmy rozwijające astmę

Patofizjologia astmy jest złożona i obejmuje zapalenie dróg oddechowych, okresową obturację przepływu powietrza i nadreaktywność oskrzeli.19 Mechanizm zapalenia w astmie może mieć charakter ostry, podostry lub przewlekły, a obrzęk dróg oddechowych i wydzielanie śluzu przyczyniają się do obturacji przepływu powietrza i reaktywności oskrzeli.19

W rozwoju astmy istotną rolę odgrywają następujące procesy:26

  • Zapalenie – wewnętrzna wyściółka dróg oddechowych ulega obrzękowi w wyniku działania czynnika wyzwalającego, co czyni je bardziej wrażliwymi26
  • Nadmierne wydzielanie – zwiększona produkcja lepkiego śluzu, powszechnie znanego jako flegma lub określanego jako plwocina26
  • Skurcz oskrzeli – mięśnie wokół dróg oddechowych napinają się, dodatkowo zwężając drogi oddechowe, a płuca stają się bardziej wrażliwe26
  • Niedrożność dróg oddechowych – dodatkowy śluz i obrzęk zapalny blokują drogi oddechowe26

W różnym stopniu w drogach oddechowych osób z astmą występuje naciek komórek jednojądrzastych i eozynofilów, nadmierne wydzielanie śluzu, złuszczanie nabłonka, hiperplazja mięśni gładkich i przebudowa dróg oddechowych.19

Typy astmy

Astma może być różnorodna pod względem fenotypowym, co prawdopodobnie wynika ze złożonych interakcji między czynnikami genetycznymi i środowiskowymi.6 Niektórzy naukowcy uważają, że to, co nazywamy „astmą”, to w rzeczywistości kilka różnych chorób, powstających w różny sposób.10

Ze względu na czynniki wyzwalające, astmę można podzielić na następujące typy:527

  • Astma alergiczna – wywoływana przez alergeny takie jak pyłki, sierść zwierząt, roztocza kurzu domowego czy pleśń528
  • Astma niealergiczna – wywoływana przez czynniki niebędące alergenami, takie jak zimne powietrze, infekcje dróg oddechowych, dym tytoniowy, silne zapachy czy zanieczyszczenia powietrza5
  • Astma zawodowa – spowodowana wdychaniem substancji chemicznych lub pyłów przemysłowych w miejscu pracy5
  • Astma indukowana wysiłkiem – pojawia się podczas wysiłku fizycznego, zwłaszcza gdy powietrze jest suche5
  • Astma eozynofilowa – charakteryzująca się zwiększoną liczbą eozynofilów, rodzaju białych krwinek pomagających zwalczać choroby i zakażenia28
  • Astma neutrofilowa – typ astmy nieoeozynofilowej28

W zależności od typu zapalenia, ciężką astmę można podzielić na dwie główne kategorie: zapalenie typu 2 i zapalenie nie-typu 2.28

Czynniki wyzwalające ataki astmy

Czynniki wyzwalające astmę to substancje, stany lub działania, które prowadzą do objawów astmy.29 Mogą one różnić się znacznie u poszczególnych osób i mogą zmieniać się w czasie.530

Alergeny

Alergeny są jednymi z najczęstszych czynników wyzwalających astmę. Obejmują one:3129

  • Roztocza kurzu domowego29
  • Naskórek zwierząt, szczególnie kotów i psów29
  • Zarodniki pleśni, które mogą być bardziej intensywne w określonych porach roku29
  • Pyłki traw, chwastów i drzew, zwykle występujące sezonowo29
  • Substancje w miejscu pracy, takie jak lateks, pył drzewny lub mąka29

Infekcje dróg oddechowych

Infekcje wirusowe dróg oddechowych, w tym grypa, są główną przyczyną ostrych ataków astmy.32 Przeziębienia, grypa, infekcje zatok i wirus syncytialny oddechowy (RSV) mogą wywoływać ataki astmy.26 U wielu osób z astmą objawy nie pojawiają się, dopóki nie zostaną narażone na czynniki wyzwalające.32

Drażniące substancje środowiskowe

Różne substancje drażniące w środowisku mogą również wywoływać epizod astmatyczny:31

  • Dym tytoniowy – dym papierosowy zawiera różne chemikalia i gazy, które mogą drażnić płuca33
  • Zanieczyszczenia powietrza – zarówno w domu, jak i na zewnątrz3123
  • Silne zapachy z perfum, środków czyszczących itp.34
  • Zimne, suche powietrze lub nagłe zmiany pogody czy temperatury31

Leki i substancje chemiczne

Niektóre leki mogą wywoływać astmę, takie jak:31

Refluks żołądkowo-przełykowy (GERD)

Ciężka zgaga i astma często idą w parze. Do 89% osób z astmą cierpi również na ciężką zgagę.34 Obecność kwasu w dalszej części przełyku, za pośrednictwem nerwu błędnego lub innych odruchów nerwowych, może znacznie zwiększyć opór dróg oddechowych i reaktywność dróg oddechowych.19 Osoby z astmą są dwa razy bardziej narażone na rozwój przewlekłego refluksu kwasu, który nasila się w nocy, znanego jako choroba refluksowa przełyku (GERD).35

Wysiłek fizyczny i aktywność

Ćwiczenia i inne czynności, które zmuszają do cięższego oddychania, mogą wpływać na astmę.31 U około 80% osób z astmą intensywny wysiłek fizyczny może powodować zwężenie dróg oddechowych. Ćwiczenia są często głównym czynnikiem wyzwalającym astmę.34

Dodatki do żywności

Najczęstszym żywnościowym czynnikiem wyzwalającym astmę są siarczyny, konserwanty stosowane w takich produktach jak:32

  • Mrożone ziemniaki32
  • Niektóre piwa i wina32
  • Suszone owoce32
  • Butelkowane soki cytrynowe i limonkowe32

Stres i emocje

Gdy odczuwasz silne emocje, twój oddech zmienia się, nawet jeśli nie masz astmy.31 Silne emocje, takie jak stany lękowe, śmiech, smutek lub stres, mogą wywoływać objawy astmy.36 Chociaż dowody są nadal niejednoznaczne, niektóre badania sugerują, że stres wywołuje odpowiedź immunologiczną, która może zapalać drogi oddechowe, prowadząc do zwiększonego prawdopodobieństwa ataku u osób z astmą.35

Czynniki wpływające na astmę nocną

Dokładna przyczyna zaostrzenia astmy w nocy (astmy nocnej) nie jest do końca poznana, choć uważa się, że rolę odgrywają następujące czynniki:3537

  • Wewnętrzny zegar organizmu, czyli rytm dobowy, wpływa na hormony takie jak adrenalina, kortyzol i melatonina, które zmieniają się w ciągu dnia i mogą wyzwalać nocne objawy astmy37
  • Rytm dobowy może również wpływać na poziom zapalenia dróg oddechowych37
  • Śluz z wycieku zanosowego, alergeny i zimne powietrze mogą wywoływać nocne ataki astmy37
  • Chłodne pomieszczenie jest lepsze dla snu, ale nocna astma może być gorsza zimą lub w klimatyzowanym pomieszczeniu, ponieważ zimne powietrze jest suche – utrata wilgoci i ciepła w drogach oddechowych może wywołać atak astmy35

Teorie dotyczące rozwoju astmy

Naukowcy opracowali kilka teorii wyjaśniających, dlaczego astma staje się coraz powszechniejsza, mimo że dokładna przyczyna pozostaje nieznana.1038

Hipoteza higieniczna

Hipoteza higieniczna próbuje wyjaśnić zwiększone wskaźniki astmy na całym świecie jako bezpośredni i niezamierzony rezultat zmniejszonej ekspozycji w dzieciństwie na niechorobotwórcze bakterie i wirusy.15 Według tej hipotezy, zwiększona ekspozycja na określone czynniki zakaźne, takie jak bakterie, wirusy i pasożyty, ma korzystny wpływ na rozwój układu odpornościowego.39

Ekspozycja na większą różnorodność zarazków w młodym wieku, będąca wynikiem wychowywania się na obszarach wiejskich lub w dużej rodzinie, w porównaniu z wychowywaniem jedynaka lub dziecka w czystszym, miejskim środowisku, pomaga rozwijającemu się układowi odpornościowemu skutecznie odróżniać substancje szkodliwe od nieszkodliwych.39

Najnowsze badania wykazują, że niemowlęta, które są narażone na wysokie ryzyko rozwoju astmy, mają zaburzony skład mikrobioty jelitowej już w wieku jednego miesiąca.40 Wiele znanych czynników ryzyka astmy, takich jak zła dieta (niska zawartość błonnika/wysoka zawartość cukru), życie w mieście, mniejsza liczebność rodziny, porody przez cesarskie cięcie, karmienie sztuczne i większe stosowanie antybiotyków, wpływa na różnorodność mikrobioty.40

Teoria wieloczynnikowa („uderzeń”)

Jedna z teorii wyjaśniających powstawanie astmy zakłada kombinację wrodzonej podatności i ekspozycji środowiskowej, często określanej jako „uderzenia” (ang. „hits”).10 Zgodnie z tą teorią, u osób predysponowanych do rozwoju astmy, obrzęk dróg oddechowych pojawia się w związku z ekspozycją na określone czynniki wyzwalające.39

Astma jako choroba heterogenna

Obecnie wiadomo, że istnieją różne podtypy astmy, które mogą mieć różne przyczyny.38 Dominujący podtyp, który dotyka około 50% astmatyków, określany jest jako astma eozynofilowa.40 Kilka nowych terapii wykorzystujących przeciwciała, które neutralizują lub absorbują określone białka, wchodzi obecnie na rynek i okazuje się skutecznych u pacjentów z ciężką astmą.40

Ponieważ częstość występowania astmy wzrosła tak gwałtownie w ciągu ostatnich 50 lat, oznacza to, że sama nasza struktura genetyczna nie może być odpowiedzialna za ten wzrost.40 To kieruje uwagę na zachodni styl życia i jego wpływ na metagenom (czyli nasz genom wraz z mnogością genomów mikrobiologicznych).41

Naukowcy muszą teraz dowiedzieć się, w jaki sposób mikrobiota wpływa na nasz układ odpornościowy, aby zapewnić ochronę lub podatność na infekcje wirusowe dróg oddechowych, a później na astmę.41 Jedno z badań wykazało, że leczenie myszy antybiotykami (które zaburzają mikrobiotę) zmniejsza ich zdolność do produkcji białek interferonu w odpowiedzi na zakażenie wirusem grypy, co może być prawdopodobnym wyjaśnieniem tego zjawiska.41

Obecny stan wiedzy na temat etiologii astmy

Pomimo znacznych postępów w zrozumieniu genetycznych loci, czynników środowiskowych i czynników ryzyka związanych z astmą, wciąż brakuje skutecznych strategii klinicznych mających na celu zmniejszenie ryzyka rozwoju przewlekłej astmy w okresie dojrzewania i dorosłości.6

Astma wydaje się być chorobą, która rozwija się w wyniku złożonych interakcji między wieloma czynnikami podatności genetycznej a czynnikami środowiskowymi. Do tej pory zidentyfikowano wiele czynników ryzyka astmy, głównie poprzez badania asocjacyjne, ale dla większości z tych czynników nie wiadomo, w jakim stopniu można je złagodzić, aby zmienić prawdopodobieństwo wystąpienia astmy.42

Coraz większą uwagę zwraca się na okres prenatalny i okołoporodowy w celu zidentyfikowania czynników, które mogą pomóc przewidzieć rozwój astmy i świszczących chorób dolnych dróg oddechowych.42 Istnieje wyraźnie dziedziczny komponent fenotypu astmy, chociaż te odziedziczone komponenty nie podążają za prostym wzorcem mendlowskim, a konkretne geny odpowiedzialne za te odziedziczone komponenty i sposób, w jaki wchodzą w interakcje ze sobą i ekspozycjami środowiskowymi, muszą zostać jeszcze określone.42

Badania nad potencjalnymi genami podatności na astmę rozwijają się dynamicznie, ale wciąż brakuje jednoznacznego zrozumienia, w jaki sposób geny i środowisko współdziałają w powstawaniu tej choroby. Dzięki obecnym badaniom naukowcy mają nadzieję lepiej zrozumieć, jak nasze geny i środowisko, w którym żyjemy, wpływają na ryzyko rozwoju astmy.43

Kolejne rozdziały

Zapraszamy do dalszego czytania naszego leksykonu.

Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

  1. 09.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Asthma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/asthma/symptoms-causes/syc-20369653
    It isn’t clear why some people get asthma and others don’t, but it’s probably due to a combination of environmental and inherited (genetic) factors. […] Exposure to various irritants and substances that trigger allergies (allergens) can trigger signs and symptoms of asthma. […] A number of factors are thought to increase your chances of developing asthma. They include: […] Having a blood relative with asthma, such as a parent or sibling. […] Having another allergic condition, such as atopic dermatitis which causes red, itchy skin or hay fever which causes a runny nose, congestion and itchy eyes. […] Being overweight. […] Being a smoker. […] Exposure to secondhand smoke. […] Exposure to exhaust fumes or other types of pollution. […] Exposure to occupational triggers, such as chemicals used in farming, hairdressing and manufacturing.
  • #2 What Causes Asthma? | American Lung Association
    https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/asthma/learn-about-asthma/what-causes-asthma
    A combination of genetics and exposure to certain elements in the environment put people at the greatest risk of developing asthma for the first time. […] The most common factors for developing asthma are having a parent with asthma, having a severe respiratory infection as a child, having an allergic condition, or being exposed to certain chemical irritants or industrial dusts in the workplace. […] Scientists continue to explore what causes asthma, but we do know that these factors play an important role in the development of asthma: […] If you have a parent with asthma, you are three to six times more likely to develop asthma than someone who does not have a parent with asthma. […] Certain allergic conditions, such as atopic dermatitis (eczema) or allergic rhinitis (hay fever), are linked to people who get asthma.
  • #3 Asthma – Causes and Triggers | NHLBI, NIH
    https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/asthma/causes
    The exact causes for developing asthma are unknown and may be different from person to person. […] However, asthma can also occur when the body’s natural defenses against germs and sickness react strongly to a new substance in the lungs. […] Many factors may work together to cause you to develop asthma, such as: […] The following may also raise the risk of developing asthma: […] Asthma is usually a type of allergic reaction. […] Being overweight can raise your risk of developing asthma or make your asthma symptoms worse. […] Puerto Rican people and Black or African American people have a higher risk of developing asthma than people of other racial or ethnic groups. […] More boys than girls have asthma as children. […] Breathing in chemicals or industrial dust in the workplace can raise your risk of developing asthma.
  • #3
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/asthma
    Asthma is a chronic lung disease affecting people of all ages. It is caused by inflammation and muscle tightening around the airways, which makes it harder to breathe. […] Many factors have been linked to an increased risk of developing asthma, although it is often difficult to find a single, direct cause. […] Asthma is more likely if other family members also have asthma particularly a close relative, such as a parent or sibling. […] Asthma is more likely in people who have other allergic conditions, such as eczema and rhinitis (hay fever). […] Urbanization is associated with increased asthma prevalence, probably due to multiple lifestyle factors. […] Events in early life affect the developing lungs and can increase the risk of asthma. These include low birth weight, prematurity, exposure to tobacco smoke and other sources of air pollution, as well as viral respiratory infections.
  • #4 Types of asthma and what they mean | HealthPartners Blog
    https://www.healthpartners.com/blog/types-of-asthma/
    Many people know what asthma is generally, but few know that there are actually different types of asthma. […] Medical experts aren’t sure yet what exactly causes asthma, but there’s evidence to suggest that several factors contribute to its occurrence. One of those is genetics. Having a parent with asthma makes you 3-6 times more likely to develop the condition in your lifetime. […] Other factors that increase your likelihood of getting asthma include having one or more severe respiratory infections in childhood, having allergies and experiencing socioeconomic challenges. […] Studies have shown that low-income neighborhoods are subjected to higher concentrations of air pollution because of their proximity to busy roads and manufacturing operations. This air pollution makes it more likely that children born and raised in these areas will develop asthma.
  • #5 Asthma | Asthma Symptoms | Asthma Attack | MedlinePlus
    https://medlineplus.gov/asthma.html
    Exercise-induced asthma happens during physical exercise, especially when the air is dry. […] Asthma triggers may be different for each person and can change over time. […] Certain factors can raise your risk of having asthma: […] Genetics and family history. You are more likely to have asthma if one of your parents has it, especially if it’s your mother. […] Race or ethnicity. Black and African Americans and Puerto Ricans are at higher risk of asthma than people of other races or ethnicities. […] Having other diseases or conditions such as obesity and allergies. […] Often having viral respiratory infections as a young child. […] In children, asthma is more common in boys. In teens and adults, it is more common in women.
  • #5 Asthma | Asthma Symptoms | Asthma Attack | MedlinePlus
    https://medlineplus.gov/asthma.html
    Asthma is a chronic (long-term) lung disease. It affects your airways, the tubes that carry air in and out of your lungs. When you have asthma, your airways can become inflamed and narrowed. This can cause wheezing, coughing, and tightness in your chest. When these symptoms get worse than usual, it is called an asthma attack or flare-up. […] The exact cause of asthma is unknown. Genetics and your environment likely play a role in who gets asthma. […] An asthma attack can happen when you are exposed to an asthma trigger. An asthma trigger is something that can set off or worsen your asthma symptoms. […] Different triggers can cause different types of asthma: […] Allergic asthma is caused by allergens. […] Nonallergic asthma is caused by triggers that are not allergens, such as […] Occupational asthma is caused by breathing in chemicals or industrial dusts at work.
  • #6 Asthma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430901/
    Asthma is a chronic inflammatory respiratory condition characterized by hallmark symptoms of intermittent dyspnea, cough, and wheezing. […] The development of asthma, often presenting in childhood, involves a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors associated with atopy. […] Despite significant advancements in understanding the underlying genetic loci, environmental triggers, and risk factors, clinical strategies remain lacking to mitigate the risks of persistent asthma development into adolescence and adulthood. […] Asthma manifests with diverse phenotypes, likely influenced by intricate interactions between genetic and environmental factors. […] Genomewide association studies have linked childhood-onset asthma to markers near the ORMDL sphingolipid biosynthesis regulator 3 (ORMDL3) and gasdermin B (GSDMB) genes on chromosome 17q21, encoding ORM1-like protein 3 and gasdermin-like protein.
  • #7 Asthma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430901/
    Other associations include genes such as interleukin-33 (IL33), IL-1 receptor-like 1 (IL1R1) genes, and a novel susceptibility locus at the IF-inducible protein X (PYHIN1) gene, particularly affecting individuals of African descent. […] The EVE Consortium also identifies a susceptibility locus for thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), an epithelial cell-derived cytokine implicated in asthma-related inflammation initiation. […] Genetics may also be pivotal in asthma treatment. […] Differing concordance rates among monozygotic twins suggest that exposure to environmental factors has an essential role in the development of asthma. […] Risk factors for asthma development encompass exposures throughout a patient’s lifespan, including the perinatal period. […] The most substantial known risk factor is atopy, which is characterized by the genetic tendency to produce specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies in response to common environmental allergens.
  • #8 Asthma – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/asthma-and-related-disorders/asthma
    Development of asthma is multifactorial and depends on the interactions among multiple susceptibility genes and environmental factors. […] More than 100 asthma susceptibility genes have been reported. Many are thought to involve the broad category of T-helper cells type 2 (TH2) and may play a role in inflammation. […] Environmental risk factors for asthma may include the following: Allergen exposure, Diet, Perinatal factors. […] Evidence clearly implicates household allergens (eg, dust mite, cockroach, pet) and other environmental allergens in disease development in older children and adults. […] Asthma has also been linked to perinatal factors, such as young maternal age, poor maternal nutrition, prematurity, low birthweight, and lack of breastfeeding. […] Genetic and environmental components may interact. Infants may be born with a predisposition toward proallergic and proinflammatory type 2 (T2) immune responses.
  • #9 What Causes Asthma? | MyAsthmaTeam
    https://www.myasthmateam.com/resources/what-causes-asthma
    The cause of asthma is not well understood, and it may vary for different people with asthma. Most researchers believe the development of asthma is due to a combination of genetic and environmental risk factors. […] Many risk factors for asthma have been identified and are being studied, but none have been pinpointed as the cause of asthma. […] Asthma runs in families. If one of your parents has asthma, you are more likely (but not guaranteed) to develop it. […] Researchers have identified eight genes so far that are related to asthma risk, with more than 100 other genes still under study. […] Risk factors that are not related to inherited genes are known as environmental factors. There are many environmental risk factors that lead to an increased risk for developing asthma. […] People with other health conditions including allergies, obesity, and viral respiratory infections are more likely to have asthma. […] Unfortunately, there is no way to prevent asthma from developing. Some risk factors, such as inherited genes, are beyond anyone’s control.
  • #10 Causes of Asthma | UI Health
    https://uicdss2.ingeniuxondemand.com/primary-and-specialty-care/pulmonary/our-areas-of-expertise/asthma/causes-of-asthma
    Although research has revealed much about asthma over recent decades, we still don’t really understand what causes the disease. […] When we know what causes asthma, we will be much better equipped to prevent it and possibly to cure it. […] One risk factor for asthma is a condition called atopy, which is essentially a predisposition to be allergic to things. […] A large percentage probably about one-third of babies and young children will experience wheezing at some point, usually during a viral respiratory infection. […] The evidence is clear that air pollution can have a negative effect on the breathing of people who already have asthma. […] It is thought that exposure to cigarette smoke in childhood contributes both directly and indirectly to the development of asthma. […] Another observation that may hold clues to the causes of asthma is that asthma is much more common in industrialized nations such as the United States than in the developing world. […] One theory for explaining how asthma is caused involves a combination of underlying susceptibility with environmental exposures, often referred to as „hits.” […] Some scientists believe that what we call „asthma” is actually several different diseases, caused in different ways.
  • #11 Asthma – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma
    Some genetic variants may only cause asthma when they are combined with specific environmental exposures. […] The strongest risk factor for developing asthma is a history of atopic disease; with asthma occurring at a much greater rate in those who have either eczema or hay fever. […] There is a correlation between obesity and the risk of asthma with both having increased in recent years.
  • #11 Asthma – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma
    Asthma is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Environmental factors include exposure to air pollution and allergens. […] Asthma is caused by a combination of complex and incompletely understood environmental and genetic interactions. These influence both its severity and its responsiveness to treatment. […] It is believed that the recent increased rates of asthma are due to changing epigenetics (heritable factors other than those related to the DNA sequence) and a changing living environment. […] Many environmental factors have been associated with asthma’s development and exacerbation, including allergens, air pollution, and other environmental chemicals. […] There are some substances that are known to cause asthma in exposed people and they are called asthmagens.
  • #12 Allergic Asthma | AAFA.org
    https://aafa.org/asthma/asthma-triggers-causes/allergic-asthma/
    Nearly 28 million people in the United States have asthma. The best way to manage asthma is to avoid triggers, take medications to prevent symptoms, and prepare to treat asthma episodes if they occur. […] Many people with asthma also have allergies. In fact, allergens are the most common asthma trigger. This is called allergic asthma. It is the most common type of asthma. Allergic asthma is most common in early childhood and steadily decreases through adulthood. […] Allergens are substances that cause an allergic reaction. Allergens can enter the body by being breathed in, swallowed, touched, or injected. They cause an allergic reaction because your body thinks they are harmful. Your immune system responds by releasing an antibody called immunoglobulin E (or IgE). Too much IgE can cause inflammation (swelling) of the airways in your lungs. This can make it harder for you to breathe and can trigger an asthma flare-up or attack.
  • #13 Allergic Asthma | AAFA.org
    https://aafa.org/asthma/asthma-triggers-causes/allergic-asthma/
    Reducing your exposure to your allergens is an important part of managing your allergic asthma. Here are some of the most common allergens that trigger asthma: […] Dust mites: These spider-like creatures are too small to see with the naked eye. They feed on human skin flakes. Both the body parts and feces of dust mites trigger allergies. […] Mold: Mold can grow on almost anything when moisture is present. […] Animals: Urine, feces, saliva, hair, or dander (skin flakes) from animals such as cats, dogs, mice, rats, and birds are all allergens. […] Pollen: Pollen from trees, grasses, and weeds is a very common allergen. […] Cockroaches: Cockroaches live all over the world from tropical areas to the coldest spots on earth. Studies show most urban homes have cockroaches. The feces, saliva, and body parts of these insects are believed to be allergens.
  • #14
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/asthma
    Exposure to a range of environmental allergens and irritants are also thought to increase the risk of asthma, including indoor and outdoor air pollution, house dust mites, moulds, and occupational exposure to chemicals, fumes or dust. […] Children and adults who are overweight or obese are at a greater risk of asthma.
  • #14
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/asthma
    Asthma is a chronic lung disease affecting people of all ages. It is caused by inflammation and muscle tightening around the airways, which makes it harder to breathe. […] Many factors have been linked to an increased risk of developing asthma, although it is often difficult to find a single, direct cause. […] Asthma is more likely if other family members also have asthma particularly a close relative, such as a parent or sibling. […] Asthma is more likely in people who have other allergic conditions, such as eczema and rhinitis (hay fever). […] Urbanization is associated with increased asthma prevalence, probably due to multiple lifestyle factors. […] Events in early life affect the developing lungs and can increase the risk of asthma. These include low birth weight, prematurity, exposure to tobacco smoke and other sources of air pollution, as well as viral respiratory infections.
  • #15 Asthma – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma
    Smoking during pregnancy and after delivery is associated with a greater risk of asthma-like symptoms. […] Low air quality from environmental factors such as traffic pollution or high ozone levels has been associated with both asthma development and increased asthma severity. […] Exposure to indoor volatile organic compounds may be a trigger for asthma; formaldehyde exposure, for example, has a positive association. […] Maternal psychological stress during pregnancy is a risk factor for the child to develop asthma. […] Asthma is associated with exposure to indoor allergens. […] The hygiene hypothesis attempts to explain the increased rates of asthma worldwide as a direct and unintended result of reduced exposure, during childhood, to non-pathogenic bacteria and viruses. […] Family history is a risk factor for asthma, with many different genes being implicated.
  • #16 What Causes Asthma? | American Lung Association
    https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/asthma/learn-about-asthma/what-causes-asthma
    Respiratory problems during infancy and childhood can cause wheezing. Some children who experience viral respiratory infections go on to develop chronic asthma. […] If you have asthma, exposures to certain elements in the workplace can cause asthma symptoms. And, for some people, exposure to certain dusts (industrial or wood dusts), chemical fumes and vapors, and molds can cause asthma to develop for the very first time. […] Cigarette smoke irritates the airways. Smokers have a high risk of asthma. Those whose mothers smoked during pregnancy or who were exposed to secondhand smoke are also more likely to have asthma. […] Exposure to the main component of smog (ozone) raises the risk for asthma. Those who grew up or live in urban areas have a higher risk for asthma. […] Children and adults who are overweight or obese are at a greater risk of asthma. Although the reasons are unclear, some experts point to low-grade inflammation in the body that occurs with extra weight. Obese patients often use more medications, suffer worse symptoms and are less able to control their asthma than patients in a healthy weight range.
  • #17 Asthma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430901/
    Prematurity is the most crucial risk factor influencing asthma incidence during this period. […] Exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy causes diminished pulmonary function in newborns and an increased probability of developing childhood asthma. […] Wheezing caused by viral infections, particularly respiratory syncytial virus and human rhinovirus, may predispose infants and young children to develop asthma later in life. […] The most significant risk factors for adult-onset asthma include tobacco smoke, occupational exposure, and adults with rhinitis or atopy. […] Major risk factors that place patients at high risk for future fatal asthma exacerbations include a recent history of poorly controlled asthma, a prior history of near-fatal asthma, a history of endotracheal intubation for asthma, and a history of intensive care unit admission for asthma.
  • #18 About Work-related Asthma | Asthma | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/asthma/about/index.html
    Work-related asthma is triggered or develops from exposures at work. […] Over 300 known substances in the workplace can cause or worsen asthma. […] Worsening asthma or new onset asthma in a worker should raise questions about workplace causes. […] Work-related asthma is associated with exposure to worksite triggers (irritants, allergens, and physical conditions). Examples of asthma triggers are: […] Other possible triggers include:
  • #19 Asthma: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296301-overview
    Occupational factors are associated with 10-15% of adult asthma cases. More than 300 specific occupational agents have been associated with asthma. […] The presence of acid in the distal esophagus, mediated via vagal or other neural reflexes, can significantly increase airway resistance and airway reactivity. […] Evidence suggests that rhinovirus illness during infancy is a significant risk factor for the development of wheezing in preschool children and a frequent trigger of wheezing illnesses in children with asthma. […] Chronic inflammation of the airways is associated with increased bronchial hyperresponsiveness, which leads to bronchospasm and typical symptoms of wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing after exposure to allergens, environmental irritants, viruses, cold air, or exercise.
  • #19 Asthma: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296301-overview
    Asthma is a common chronic disease worldwide and affects approximately 25 million persons in the United States. […] The pathophysiology of asthma is complex and involves airway inflammation, intermittent airflow obstruction, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. […] The mechanism of inflammation in asthma may be acute, subacute, or chronic, and the presence of airway edema and mucus secretion also contributes to airflow obstruction and bronchial reactivity. Varying degrees of mononuclear cell and eosinophil infiltration, mucus hypersecretion, desquamation of the epithelium, smooth muscle hyperplasia, and airway remodeling are present. […] Factors that can contribute to asthma or airway hyperreactivity may include any of the following: Environmental allergens (eg, house dust mites; animal allergens, especially cat and dog; cockroach allergens; and fungi), Viral respiratory tract infections, Exercise, hyperventilation, Gastroesophageal reflux disease, Chronic sinusitis or rhinitis, Aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) hypersensitivity, sulfite sensitivity, Use of beta-adrenergic receptor blockers (including ophthalmic preparations), Obesity, Environmental pollutants, tobacco smoke, Occupational exposure, Irritants (eg, household sprays, paint fumes), Various high- and low-molecular-weight compounds (eg, insects, plants, latex, gums, diisocyanates, anhydrides, wood dust, and fluxes; associated with occupational asthma), Emotional factors or stress, Perinatal factors (prematurity and increased maternal age; maternal smoking and prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke; breastfeeding has not been definitely shown to be protective).
  • #20 Asthma – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/asthma-and-related-disorders/asthma
    Trends toward smaller families with fewer children, cleaner indoor environments, and early use of vaccinations and antibiotics may deprive children of these T2-suppressing, tolerance-inducing exposures and may partly explain the continuous increase in asthma prevalence in higher income countries (the hygiene hypothesis).
  • #21 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-Asthma.aspx
    The high levels of sanitation are proposed to have resulted in a dramatic decline in exposure to organisms and infections in early childhood. This may have an effect on the development of the immune system and result in an increased risk for asthma. […] Additionally, the levels of air pollution have risen in many areas in recent times, which may cause increased exposure to irritants and risk of acquiring asthma.
  • #22 Asthma: pathophysiology, causes and diagnosis – The Pharmaceutical Journal
    https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/asthma-pathophysiology-causes-and-diagnosis
    There is no single cause for asthma, and a range of environmental and genetic factors are known to influence its development. These include premature birth and low birth weight and exposure to tobacco smoke (especially if the mother smokes in pregnancy). […] Although there is no single cause of asthma, certain environmental and genetic factors are known to contribute to the development of the condition. These include: Family history of asthma (especially a parent or sibling) or other atopic conditions (for example, eczema or hayfever) […] Environmental and cultural factors in recent decades, such as changes in housing, air pollution levels and a more hygienic lifestyle (reducing early exposure to allergens), may also increase the risk of asthma. […] Asthma is more common in prepubertal boys, but boys are more likely to grow out of their asthma during adolescence than girls. […] Phenotyping is becoming increasingly important for clinicians in determining why some people are predisposed to develop asthma and others are not. Furthermore, it is believed that a person’s phenotype may also contribute to the way he or she responds to treatment.
  • #23 Asthma: Types, causes, and diagnosis
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323523
    Asthma causes the inside walls of the airways, or the bronchial tubes, to become swollen and inflamed. […] There are many types of this condition, and several factors can cause it or trigger an acute attack. […] Health experts do not know exactly what causes asthma, but genetic and environmental factors both seem to play a significant role. […] According to a 2020 study, smoking during pregnancy appears to increase the risk of the fetus developing asthma later in life. […] According to a 2018 study, obesity is both a risk factor for and a disease modifier of asthma in both children and adults. […] Allergies develop when a person’s body becomes sensitized to a specific substance. […] Allergic asthma is the most common type of asthma. […] According to the ALA, smoking cigarettes can trigger asthma symptoms.
  • #23 Asthma: Types, causes, and diagnosis
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323523
    Air pollution, both at one’s home and outdoors, can affect the development and triggers of asthma. […] Stress can give rise to asthma symptoms, but so can several other emotions. […] According to the ALA, a genetic component may play a role in whether an individual will develop asthma during their lifetime. […] Around 6.1% of males and 9.8% of females are living with asthma. […] The relationship between hormones and asthma is complex, and it varies from person to person.
  • #24 Asthma at Night – Global Allergy & Airways Patient PlatformExpandExpandExpandExpandExpandExpandToggle MenuScroll to topScroll to topExpandExpandExpandExpandExpandExpand
    https://gaapp.org/diseases/asthma/nocturnal-asthma
    Certain groups of people with asthma are more likely to experience nocturnal asthma due to certain risk factors which include: Excess weight around the chest and abdomen might constrict the lungs while fatty tissue produces inflammatory substances that could affect lung function. […] Smoking damages your lungs and will make you more prone to asthma symptoms including asthma attacks at night. […] One study found poor treatment of allergic rhinitis was linked to a 50% increase in asthma symptoms at night. […] The condition, a type of viral infection of the sinuses, causes a nasal discharge that can aggravate your asthma as you sleep and wake you with the need to cough. […] With this condition, the throat muscles relax during sleep, obstructing the airways, and research has shown a link between OSA and nocturnal asthma.
  • #25 Adult-Onset Asthma – Allergy & Asthma Network
    https://allergyasthmanetwork.org/news/adult-onset-asthma/
    Asthma is more common in adult women than men. African Americans, Alaskan Natives/American Indians and Puerto Ricans have higher rates of asthma than other ethnicities. […] Adult-onset asthma is often caused by: […] Allergies, Hormonal changes including pregnancy, menopause and taking estrogen following menopause, Certain respiratory infections like the cold or flu, GERD, heartburn and acid reflux, Environmental irritants including smoke, mold, dust, feather beds and perfumes. […] Its also believed that as people age, their immune system becomes more sensitive, opening the door to new allergies. […] Asthma can become more serious as people age. This is because adults tend to ignore their asthma symptoms or attribute them to other factors.
  • #26 What Causes Asthma Attacks | Norton Children’s Louisville, Ky.
    https://nortonchildrens.com/services/pediatric-pulmonologist/services/asthma/causes/
    Various triggers — materials in the air, such as smoke and pollution, as well as some respiratory infections — can cause asthma attacks. […] Flu, colds, sinus infections and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause an attack. […] During an asthma attack, the lungs and other parts of the upper respiratory system can react quickly to the trigger, causing airways to constrict and become obstructed. Difficulty breathing can occur in waves, with moments of relief between gasps for breath. […] Inflammation – The inner lining of the airways swells due to a trigger, making them more sensitive. […] Hypersecretion – An increase in the production of sticky mucus, commonly known as phlegm or referred to as sputum. […] Bronchoconstriction – The muscles around the airways tighten, making the airways even more narrow, and the lungs become more sensitive. […] Airway obstruction – Extra mucus and inflammatory swelling block the airways.
  • #27 Severe Asthma | American Lung Association
    https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/asthma/learn-about-asthma/types/severe-asthma
    People with asthma always have some underlying inflammation in the airway that can usually be treated with a combination of quick-relief and long-term controller medicines. […] This inflammation may be more difficult to treat and requires testing to find the root cause of the inflammation. […] Patients with severe asthma use the highest dose of inhaled corticosteroids plus a second controller and/or oral corticosteroids. However, despite using high dose medicines, reducing risks, and following their treatment plan, many times their asthma remains uncontrolled. Severe asthma is categorized into three types: allergic asthma, eosinophilic asthma and non-eosinophilic asthma. […] The underlying inflammation of a severe asthma patients lungs may be more difficult to treat and requires testing to identify biomarkers causing the inflammation.
  • #28 Severe Asthma | American Lung Association
    https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/asthma/learn-about-asthma/types/severe-asthma
    Once the biomarkers are identified, your doctor can determine the type of severe asthma and the different treatment options that are available to treat that specific type. […] There are two main categories of severe asthma: Type-2 inflammation and Non-Type-2 inflammation. […] Allergic asthma is caused by exposure to allergens such as pollen, pet dander, molds, etc. […] Eosinophilic asthma (E-asthma) is characterized by having an increase in eosinophils, a type of white blood cell that helps fight disease and infections. […] Non-eosinophilic asthma includes neutrophilic, smooth-muscle mediated and mixed cells. […] Neutrophilic asthma is a type of non-eosinophilic asthma. […] New treatments are available for patients with severe persistent asthma whose asthma is not controlled with inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting bronchodilators.
  • #29 How to avoid your asthma triggers | Better Health Channel
    https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/avoiding-asthma-triggers
    Asthma triggers are substances, conditions or activities that lead to symptoms of asthma. […] Asthma symptoms can be triggered by substances that cause allergic reactions or by conditions or activities not related to allergies. […] Allergies are a common cause of asthma symptoms. […] Allergy triggers that can lead to asthma symptoms include: dust mites, animal dander especially from cats and dogs, mould spores which can be worse at certain times of the year, pollen from grass, weeds and trees and usually occurring seasonally, workplace substances such as latex, wood dust or flour. […] Non-allergy triggers that can lead to asthma symptoms include: exposure to cigarette smoke, airway infections like respiratory viruses, COVID19, colds and flu, especially during infancy, indoor and outdoor air pollution, weather conditions such as cold air or thunderstorms, exercise, food additives such as sulphites in food and drink. […] Understanding what triggers your asthma symptoms will help you to manage them.
  • #30 Asthma Causes & Triggers – Asthma Australia
    https://asthma.org.au/triggers/
    A trigger is anything that can cause you to have asthma symptoms. This might include trouble breathing, wheezing, tightness in the chest or coughing. […] When you have asthma your airways are more sensitive. Your airways get swollen, red (inflamed) and become narrow when exposed to your triggers. […] Asthma triggers can come from your environment, lifestyle or the quality of the air you breathe. Cold and flu viruses, smoke, exercise or allergies to pollen or dust mites are all types of triggers. […] Asthma triggers are different for different people. Each person (both adults and kids) can have different reactions to different triggers. Some triggers are avoidable (like cigarette smoke or perfumes), while others are more difficult to avoid (such as weather changes and pollen). […] Knowing your asthma triggers and understanding how to avoid them can help lower your chance of having asthma symptoms.
  • #31 What Triggers or Causes Asthma?
    https://aafa.org/asthma/asthma-triggers-causes/
    The most common asthma triggers include allergies, air pollution and other airborne irritants, other health conditions including respiratory infections, exercise or physical activity, weather and air temperature, strong emotions, and some medicines. […] Substances that cause allergies (allergens) can trigger asthma. […] Irritants in the environment can also bring on an asthma episode. […] Certain comorbid conditions can also compound the symptoms of asthma. […] Exercise and other activities that make you breathe harder can affect your asthma. […] Dry wind, cold air, or sudden changes in weather or temperature can sometimes bring on an asthma episode. […] When you feel strong emotions, your breathing changes even if you dont have asthma. […] Some medicines can also trigger asthma, such as: Aspirin and NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs).
  • #32 What Causes Asthma – Identify Your Asthma Triggers | ACAAI Patient
    https://acaai.org/asthma/asthma-101/what-causes-asthma/
    From pollen, to smoke, to the flu: a range of triggers can cause asthma symptoms. […] In some people, asthma symptoms don’t appear until they are exposed to a trigger such as smoke or pollen. Their immune system views these triggers as foreign substances and releases chemicals to combat them. For people with asthma, those chemicals can cause an asthma attack – meaning their airways tighten up, they have difficulty breathing and they may experience coughing or wheezing. […] Viral respiratory infections, including the flu, are the leading cause of acute asthma attacks. […] Beta blockers, which often are prescribed for high blood pressure, glaucoma, migraine headaches and angina, can cause bronchospasm, an airway tightening. Patients with asthma should consult their allergist about the use of these medications. […] The most common food trigger for asthma is sulfite, a preservative used in such products as frozen potatoes and some beers and wines.
  • #33 Asthma: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment
    https://www.thehealthsite.com/diseases-conditions/asthma/
    Tobacco smoke: Cigarette smoke contains different chemicals and gases that can irritate the lungs. […] Heartburn: Severe heartburn, known as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and asthma often go hand-in-hand. […] Drugs: Certain prescription and over-the-counter drugs like aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ibuprofen and beta-blockers) may trigger asthma attacks. […] Alcohol: alcohol can cause asthma symptoms to worsen. […] Non-Specific Triggers: This category of triggers includes everything from emotional stress to genetic predisposition. […] Emotional Stress: Extreme emotions such as anxiety, anger, and fear-induced stress change the heart rate and breathing patterns. […] Exercise: Asthma can be triggered by intense exercise sessions or physical exertion. […] Extreme weather: Hot and humid weather or extremely cold weather causes asthma symptoms to flare up. […] Genetic predisposition: Yes, if you have a family member with asthma or have a family history of allergies, you are more likely to be vulnerable to asthma attack triggers.
  • #34 What Causes Asthma? 10 Asthma Triggers Explained
    https://www.webmd.com/asthma/asthma-triggers
    People who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get asthma. […] Cold, flu, bronchitis, and sinus can cause an asthma attack. […] Many people with asthma are sensitive to certain medications that can trigger an asthma attack. […] Tobacco smoke, smoke from wood-burning appliances or fireplaces, strong odors from perfumes, cleaning agents, etc., can all trigger asthma. […] When you have asthma, your airways are always inflamed and sensitive. They react to a variety of external triggers. Contact with these triggers is what causes asthma symptoms. […] Figuring out what was going on around you when you had an attack is the first step to identifying your triggers.
  • #34 What Causes Asthma? 10 Asthma Triggers Explained
    https://www.webmd.com/asthma/asthma-triggers
    No one really knows what causes asthma. What we do know is that asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways. The causes can vary from person to person. […] Why do you have asthma and your friend doesn’t? No one knows for sure. Allergies play a role for many people, as do genetics. […] Allergies with asthma is a common problem. Eighty percent of people with asthma have allergies to things in the air, like tree, grass, and weed pollens; mold; animal dander; dust mites; and cockroach droppings. […] Food allergies can cause mild to severe life-threatening reactions. […] For about 80% of people with asthma, a heavy workout can cause airways to narrow. Exercise is often the main asthma trigger. […] Severe heartburn and asthma often go hand-in-hand. Up to 89% of people with asthma also have severe heartburn.
  • #35 Asthma at Night – Global Allergy & Airways Patient PlatformExpandExpandExpandExpandExpandExpandToggle MenuScroll to topScroll to topExpandExpandExpandExpandExpandExpand
    https://gaapp.org/diseases/asthma/nocturnal-asthma
    People with asthma are twice as likely to develop a form of chronic acid reflux that flares up at night, known as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). […] Although the evidence is still inconclusive, some research suggests that stress triggers an immune response that might inflame the airways, leading to an increased likelihood of an attack in people with asthma.
  • #35 Asthma at Night – Global Allergy & Airways Patient PlatformExpandExpandExpandExpandExpandExpandToggle MenuScroll to topScroll to topExpandExpandExpandExpandExpandExpand
    https://gaapp.org/diseases/asthma/nocturnal-asthma
    If you have asthma, you may notice that your symptoms are worse at night – you are not alone. More than five million people in the UK have asthma; night-time asthma, also known as nocturnal asthma, is thought to affect up to three quarters of them. […] The exact reason why asthma might be worse for some people at night is unclear, although certain factors are thought to play a role. […] It is not known exactly why asthma is worse at night for some people, although there are certain factors that can make asthma attacks at night more likely. […] Certain sleeping positions, such as lying on your side or your front, can constrict your lungs, potentially making nocturnal asthma symptoms worse. […] A cool room is better for sleep but your night-time asthma might be worse in winter or if you sleep in an air-conditioned room. This is because cold air is dry – loss of moisture and heat in the airways can trigger an asthma attack.
  • #36 Asthma: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
    https://www.webmd.com/asthma/what-is-asthma
    Asthma Causes and Triggers […] When you have asthma, your airways react to things in the world around you. Doctors call these asthma triggers. They might cause symptoms or make them worse. Common asthma triggers include: […] Allergens such as pollen, mold, pet dander, and dust mites […] Irritants like strong odors from perfumes or cleaning solutions […] Tobacco smoke […] Strong emotions such as anxiety, laughter, sadness, or stress […] Medications such as aspirin […] Food preservatives called sulfites, found in things such as shrimp, pickles, beer and wine, dried fruits, and bottled lemon and lime juices.
  • #37 What is Nocturnal Asthma? – Allergy & Asthma Network
    https://allergyasthmanetwork.org/what-is-asthma/nocturnal-asthma/
    What causes nocturnal asthma is not completely understood. However, several factors can make asthma more severe at night. […] The body’s inner clock, or circadian rhythm, affects hormones such as adrenaline, cortisol, and melatonin. The hormones change throughout the day and can trigger nighttime asthma symptoms. […] The circadian rhythm can also affect levels of airway inflammation. This leads to nighttime asthma symptoms. […] In addition, mucus from post-nasal drip, allergens, and cold air can trigger nighttime asthma attacks. […] Yes. People with asthma who have nighttime symptoms may have poor asthma control. They are also at risk for severe or persistent asthma. Nocturnal asthma attacks are responsible for more than half of all deaths from asthma. […] Asthma often worsens at night, causing wheezing. This could be from nocturnal asthma. It might be from GERD and acid reflux.
  • #38 What causes asthma? What we know, don’t know and suspect
    https://theconversation.com/what-causes-asthma-what-we-know-dont-know-and-suspect-96409
    Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the lungs where the airways become so obstructed the sufferer struggles to breathe. […] Given asthma is about five times more common in Western societies, this suggests lifestyle plays a major role. […] A common finding in those who developed asthma is that they had experienced a severe respiratory viral infection or viral bronchiolitis in early life. […] So in already susceptible individuals, respiratory virus infections contribute to the onset, progression, and exacerbations of asthma. […] In some studies, cells from patients with asthma produced lower levels of interferons, suggesting this may make someone more susceptible to a respiratory virus, and then asthma. […] We now know there are different sub-types of the disease, which may have different causes.
  • #39 Asthma: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment | Ada Health
    https://ada.com/conditions/asthma/
    Infections which affect the airways. Viral infections, such as the viruses which cause the common cold, can cause asthma to develop in some people. […] Research suggests that growing up in an urbanised area makes people more likely to develop asthma, based on studies comparing the prevalence of the condition in rural environments, compared to more built-up areas. […] The hygiene hypothesis is the proposition that increased exposure to particular infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses and parasites has beneficial effects on the development of the immune system. […] Exposure to a wider variety of germs at a young age as a result of being raised in a rural area or a large family, compared to being an only child, or being a child raised in a cleaner, urban environment, is believed to help teach the developing immune system to differentiate effectively between harmful and harmless substances.
  • #39 Asthma: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment | Ada Health
    https://ada.com/conditions/asthma/
    In people who are predisposed to develop asthma, the swelling of the airways occurs in relation to exposure to certain triggers. The triggers which cause asthma symptoms to appear or worsen vary greatly between people. […] Asthma attacks or symptoms can be triggered by a very wide variety of different factors including: respiratory infections; such as colds and flu, which inflame the airways, exercise; the changes to the way a person breathes when they exercise can serve to trigger asthma symptoms, allergens; asthma can be triggered by allergies to seasonal irritants like pollen, perennial irritants like dust mites, pet dander and, if the affected person has a food allergy, certain foods. […] Good to know: There are several types of asthma which are associated with certain kinds of triggers, for example: allergic asthma is a type of asthma which is triggered by allergens, in people affected by allergies.
  • #40 What causes asthma? What we know, don’t know and suspect
    https://theconversation.com/what-causes-asthma-what-we-know-dont-know-and-suspect-96409
    The dominant subtype, which affects around 50% of asthmatics is referred to as eosinophilic asthma. […] Several new therapies involving antibodies that neutralise or absorb these proteins are now entering the market. […] Importantly, some of these new drugs are effective in patients with severe asthma. […] The majority of known risk factors for asthma onset for example, poor diet (low fibre/high sugar), urban living, smaller family size, Caesarean births, formula feeding and greater antibiotic use affect the diversity of our microbiota. […] Recent studies show infants who are at high risk of developing asthma have an imbalanced gut microbiota at one month of age. […] Because the prevalence of asthma has increased so rapidly over the past 50 years, this means our genetic make-up alone cannot be responsible.
  • #41 What causes asthma? What we know, don’t know and suspect
    https://theconversation.com/what-causes-asthma-what-we-know-dont-know-and-suspect-96409
    This is now placing the spotlight on Western lifestyle choices, and how these influence the metagenome (which is our genome together with the multitude of microbial genomes). […] We now need to find out how the microbiota affects our immune system to confer protection or susceptibility to respiratory virus infections, and later asthma. […] A study found treatment of mice with antibiotics (which disturb the microbiota) diminishes their ability to produce interferon proteins in response to influenza virus infection. […] The investigators of this large study didnt explore whether this effect was associated with alterations to the microbiota, which is the likely explanation, and this is something we need to find out.
  • #42 Risk factors for asthma – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/risk-factors-for-asthma
    Asthma is a respiratory condition that likely results from complex interactions between multiple environmental and genetic influences. Numerous risk factors for asthma have been identified, largely through association studies. Proposed risk factors for asthma vary with the age of asthma onset and timing of exposures and behaviors relative to the onset of asthma. For most of these risk factors, the degree to which the risk factors can be mitigated to change the likelihood of asthma is not known. […] Attention has increasingly focused on the prenatal and perinatal period to identify factors that may help predict the development of asthma and wheezing lower respiratory illnesses. […] There are clearly components of the asthma phenotype that appear strongly heritable, although these inherited components do not follow the simple Mendelian pattern, and the specific genes responsible for these inherited components and how they interact with each other and with environmental exposures have yet to be determined. […] Limited data suggest that increasing maternal age at delivery (age >30 years) is associated with a lower risk of asthma and higher adult lung function in the offspring, compared with younger maternal age.
  • #43 Asthma – Causes and Triggers | NHLBI, NIH
    https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/asthma/causes
    Air pollution and changing weather patterns contribute to asthma onset and exposure to allergens. […] Because the exact cause is unknown, you may not be able to prevent asthma in yourself or your children. […] Through our current research, we hope to better understand how our genes and the environment we live in affect our risk for developing asthma.