Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Global prevalence of Ascaris infection in humans (2010-2021): a systematic review and meta-analysis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36401308/

  Ascariasis is one of the most important neglected tropical diseases of humans worldwide. The epidemiology of Ascaris infection appears to have changed with improvements in sanitation and mass drug administration, but there is no recent information on prevalence worldwide. […] We estimated that ~ 732 (682-782) million people harboured Ascaris worldwide in 2021. The infected people in Latin America and the Caribbean region had a higher prevalence of high intensity infection (8.4%, 3.9-14.1%). Prevalence estimates were higher in children, and people in rural communities or in countries or regions with lower income and human development indices. […] Our findings indicate that, despite a renewed commitment by some communities or authorities to control ascariasis, a substantial portion of the world’s human population (0.7 billion) is infected with Ascaris.

• #2 Global prevalence of Ascaris infection in humans (2010–2021): a systematic review and meta-analysis | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-022-01038-z

  However, the number of routine surveys and monitoring programmes that utilise a measure of intensity remains low. […] Despite variations in treatment efficacy among STHs, albendazole and mebendazole appear to remain efficacious anthelmintics against human ascariasis. […] Thus, WHO set new targets that included the elimination of morbidity due to STHs (defined as the prevalence of moderate and heavy infection intensities of 2%) in preschool- and school-age children by 2030 and universal access to at least basic sanitation and hygiene by 2030 in STH-endemic areas. […] Our findings indicate that, globally, 11% of the ~6.6 billion people living in endemic regions, representing the ~732 million people, harbour Ascaris. […] Our results indicated that the prevalence of Ascaris infection varies among SDG regions and sub-regions, with the lowest prevalences (4%) in countries in Eastern Asia (China and the Republic of Korea) and Western Asia (Iraq, Iran, Palestine, Turkey and the United Arab Emirates) and the highest prevalences (20%) in some countries in Oceania (Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands), South-eastern Asia (Indonesia, Laos PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Vietnam), the Latin and Caribbean region (Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Honduras and Nicaragua), sub-Saharan Africa (including Angola, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, DR Congo and Madagascar) and South Asia (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India and Pakistan). […] The present findings on the prevalence and intensity of Ascaris infection should assist health policy makers in designing and supporting ascariasis intervention/control programmes that improve public health and reduce the burden of infection and disease.

• #3 Ascariasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascariasis

  Ascariasis is common in tropical regions as well as subtropical and regions that lack proper sanitation. It is rare to find traces of the infection in developed or urban regions. […] Roughly 0.81.3 billion individuals are infected with this intestinal worm, primarily in Africa and Asia. About 120 to 220 million of these cases are symptomatic. […] As of 2010, ascariasis caused about 2,700 directly attributable deaths, down from 3,400 in 1990. The indirectly attributable deaths due to the malnutrition link may be much higher.

• #4 About Ascariasis | Soil-Transmitted Helminths | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/sth/about/ascariasis.html

  Ascaris is the most common worm parasite found in humans. It lives in people’s small intestine. […] This parasite spreads through contaminated soil (soil that contains the parasite). […] Ascaris infection is sometimes called ascariasis. […] The human roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides, sometimes just called Ascaris or ascariasis, is a parasitic worm that infects an estimated 772892 million people globally. […] Most cases occur in tropical and subtropical areas of Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and the Americas. […] People get ascariasis by consuming contaminated soil. […] A person infected with Ascaris passes the parasite eggs in their feces (poop). […] People get ascariasis by consuming infective eggs found in contaminated soil. […] To lower your risk of getting ascariasis […] Avoid soil or water contaminated with human feces (poop).

• #5 Ascariasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430796/

  Ascariasis is one of the most common human parasitic infections. It is found worldwide. Ascariasis has been a disease that has affected the world population for centuries. It was described in ancient Egyptian papyruses and has been identified in Egyptian mummies from around 800 B.C. […] This disease has been described in children and adults in tropical and subtropical areas with poor sanitation and poor personal hygiene and in places where human feces are used as fertilizer. There is a higher risk of infection in nonendemic areas due to the increased rate of migration and travel. […] Many programs have been started by the WHO to help diagnose and manage ascariasis. However, this parasite affects close to 1.2 billion people, and an interprofessional approach is the only way to fight the infection.

• #6 Global prevalence of Ascaris infection in humans (2010–2021): a systematic review and meta-analysis | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-022-01038-z

  Ascariasis is one of the most important neglected tropical diseases of humans worldwide. The epidemiology of Ascaris infection appears to have changed with improvements in sanitation and mass drug administration, but there is no recent information on prevalence worldwide. […] The global prevalence estimated was 11.01% (95% confidence interval: 10.27-11.78%), with regional prevalences ranging from 28.77% (7.07-57.66%) in Melanesia (Oceania) to 1.39% (1.07-1.74%) in Eastern Asia. […] Our findings indicate that, despite a renewed commitment by some communities or authorities to control ascariasis, a substantial portion of the worlds human population (0.7 billion) is infected with Ascaris. […] Key epidemiological measures used to determine the extent of Ascaris infection are the prevalence of infection (% of persons infected in a particular population) and the intensity of infection.

• #7 Global prevalence of Ascaris infection in humans (2010–2021): a systematic review and meta-analysis | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-022-01038-z

  However, the number of routine surveys and monitoring programmes that utilise a measure of intensity remains low. […] Despite variations in treatment efficacy among STHs, albendazole and mebendazole appear to remain efficacious anthelmintics against human ascariasis. […] Thus, WHO set new targets that included the elimination of morbidity due to STHs (defined as the prevalence of moderate and heavy infection intensities of 2%) in preschool- and school-age children by 2030 and universal access to at least basic sanitation and hygiene by 2030 in STH-endemic areas. […] Our findings indicate that, globally, 11% of the ~6.6 billion people living in endemic regions, representing the ~732 million people, harbour Ascaris. […] Our results indicated that the prevalence of Ascaris infection varies among SDG regions and sub-regions, with the lowest prevalences (4%) in countries in Eastern Asia (China and the Republic of Korea) and Western Asia (Iraq, Iran, Palestine, Turkey and the United Arab Emirates) and the highest prevalences (20%) in some countries in Oceania (Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands), South-eastern Asia (Indonesia, Laos PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Vietnam), the Latin and Caribbean region (Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Honduras and Nicaragua), sub-Saharan Africa (including Angola, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, DR Congo and Madagascar) and South Asia (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India and Pakistan). […] The present findings on the prevalence and intensity of Ascaris infection should assist health policy makers in designing and supporting ascariasis intervention/control programmes that improve public health and reduce the burden of infection and disease.

• #8 Ascaris Lumbricoides: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/788398-overview

  In the United States, approximately 4 million people are believed to be infected. High-risk groups include international travelers, recent immigrants (especially from Latin America and Asia), refugees, and international adoptees. Ascariasis is indigenous to the rural southeast, where cross-infection by pigs with the nematode Ascaris suum is thought to occur. (Children aged 2-10 years are thought to be more heavily infected in this and all other regions.) […] Worldwide, 1.4 billion people are infected with A lumbricoides, with prevalence among developing countries as low as 4% in Mafia Island, Zanzibar, to as high as 90% in some areas of Indonesia. Local practices (eg, termite moundeating in Kenya) may predispose to ascariasis in some populations. Further risk factors include other forms of geophagia and cat/dog ownership. In some regions, Ascaris infection is thought to contribute significantly to the burden of abdominal surgical emergencies.

• #9 CDC – DPDx – Ascariasis

  https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/ascariasis/index.html

  Ascariasis is the most common human helminthic infection globally. The burden is highest in tropical and subtropical regions, especially in areas with inadequate sanitation. This infection is generally rare to absent in developed countries, but sporadic cases may occur in rural, impoverished regions of those countries. Some cases in these areas where human transmission is negligible have direct epidemiologic associations to pig farms. […] Microscopic identification of eggs in the stool is the most common method for diagnosing intestinal ascariasis. […] Molecular methods for the detection of egg/worm DNA in human stools are increasingly used in research settings, often in multi-parallel formats for detecting this and other soil-transmitted helminths.

• #10 Ascariasis | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/notifiable-conditions/soil-transmitted-helminths/ascariasis

  Ascariasis is the most prevalent soil-transmitted helminth in the world. […] Ascariasis became a reportable condition in 2016. The average annual case count from 2016 to 2020 is 12.8, ranging between 6-19 cases per year.

• #11 About Ascariasis | Soil-Transmitted Helminths | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/sth/about/ascariasis.html

  Ascaris is the most common worm parasite found in humans. It lives in people’s small intestine. […] This parasite spreads through contaminated soil (soil that contains the parasite). […] Ascaris infection is sometimes called ascariasis. […] The human roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides, sometimes just called Ascaris or ascariasis, is a parasitic worm that infects an estimated 772892 million people globally. […] Most cases occur in tropical and subtropical areas of Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and the Americas. […] People get ascariasis by consuming contaminated soil. […] A person infected with Ascaris passes the parasite eggs in their feces (poop). […] People get ascariasis by consuming infective eggs found in contaminated soil. […] To lower your risk of getting ascariasis […] Avoid soil or water contaminated with human feces (poop).

• #12 Ascariasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430796/

  Ascariasis is one of the most common human parasitic infections. It is found worldwide. Ascariasis has been a disease that has affected the world population for centuries. It was described in ancient Egyptian papyruses and has been identified in Egyptian mummies from around 800 B.C. […] This disease has been described in children and adults in tropical and subtropical areas with poor sanitation and poor personal hygiene and in places where human feces are used as fertilizer. There is a higher risk of infection in nonendemic areas due to the increased rate of migration and travel. […] Many programs have been started by the WHO to help diagnose and manage ascariasis. However, this parasite affects close to 1.2 billion people, and an interprofessional approach is the only way to fight the infection.

• #13 Ascaris Lumbricoides: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/788398-overview

  In the United States, approximately 4 million people are believed to be infected. High-risk groups include international travelers, recent immigrants (especially from Latin America and Asia), refugees, and international adoptees. Ascariasis is indigenous to the rural southeast, where cross-infection by pigs with the nematode Ascaris suum is thought to occur. (Children aged 2-10 years are thought to be more heavily infected in this and all other regions.) […] Worldwide, 1.4 billion people are infected with A lumbricoides, with prevalence among developing countries as low as 4% in Mafia Island, Zanzibar, to as high as 90% in some areas of Indonesia. Local practices (eg, termite moundeating in Kenya) may predispose to ascariasis in some populations. Further risk factors include other forms of geophagia and cat/dog ownership. In some regions, Ascaris infection is thought to contribute significantly to the burden of abdominal surgical emergencies.

• #14 What is Ascariasis Roundworm? | GIDEON

  https://www.gideononline.com/blogs/ascariasis/

  Over 807 million to 1.2 billion people in the world live with Ascariasis – one of the most widespread worm infections. It is commonly found in the tropics and subtropic regions of Asia, Africa, and the Americas. It is uncommon in the United States; cases are usually associated with travel to higher-risk countries. […] Ascariasis falls under the World Health Organization’s (WHO) list of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). […] With awareness, mass public health initiatives, and better sanitation, millions of people worldwide can be free from worm-related infections like Ascariasis. […] WHO identifies the following demographics at high-risk for ascariasis: preschool children, school-age children, pregnant women and women of reproductive age, adults in high-risk occupations like miners and tea-pickers.

• #15 Ascariasis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/212510-overview

  Ascariasis is most prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions with poor sanitation, particularly affecting children aged 2 to 10 years. […] The prevalence of ascariasis is highest in children aged 2 to 10 years, with the highest intensity of infection occurring in children aged 5 to 15 years who have simultaneous infections with other soil-transmitted helminths, such as Trichuris trichiura and hookworm. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated that that there are more than one billion cases of A. lumbricoides infection worldwide. […] Because the lifespan of adult worms in the intestine is only 1 to 2 years, persistent infection requires frequent re-exposure and reinfection. […] Most A lumbricoides or A suum infections are asymptomatic especially in adults. Severe, symptomatic ascariasis is most common in children.

• #16 Ascaris Lumbricoides: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/788398-overview

  The rate of complications secondary to ascariasis ranges from 11-67%, with intestinal and biliary tract obstruction representing the most common serious sequelae. Although infection with A lumbricoides is often asymptomatic, it is responsible for an estimated 730,000 cases of bowel obstruction annually, 11,000 of which are fatal. In one series of pregnant patients in Bangladesh, biliary ascariasis was responsible for a plurality (28%) of nonobstetric etiologies of acute abdomen. […] No racial predilection is known. A genetic predisposition has been described in a study of families from Nepal. […] Male children are thought to be infected more frequently, owing to a greater propensity to eat soil. […] Children, because of their habits (eg, directly or indirectly consuming soil), are more commonly and more heavily infected than adults. Neonates may be infected by transplacental infection. Frequently, families may be infected and reinfected in group fashion due to shared food and water sources as well as hygiene practices.

• #17 Ascaris Lumbricoides (Ascariasis) | Select 5-Minute Pediatrics Topics

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/Select-5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/14076/all/Ascaris_Lumbricoides__Ascariasis_

  Ascaris lumbricoides is a large parasitic nematode (roundworm), 15 to 40 cm in length, which infects humans via eggs found in soil. […] Geographic distribution: South America, sub-Saharan Africa, China, and East Asia. […] All ages may be affected; however, children are more frequent hosts owing to oral behavior and tend to have a higher worm burden. […] Ascariasis is more common where sanitation is poor and population is dense. […] Eggs are viable in the soil for 6 years in temperate climates. […] It is the most prevalent helminth infection in the world. […] 800 million cases worldwide and estimated 400 million children infected. […] Around 51 million children suffer severe morbidity, mostly from moderate and heavy worm loads. […] Infection control: Sanitary disposal of human excrement, not using human feces as fertilizer, and hand washing has the potential to eliminate this infection.

• #18 Ascaris Lumbricoides (Ascariasis) | Select 5-Minute Pediatrics Topics

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/Select-5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/14076/all/Ascaris_Lumbricoides__Ascariasis_

  Ascaris lumbricoides is a large parasitic nematode (roundworm), 15 to 40 cm in length, which infects humans via eggs found in soil. […] Geographic distribution: South America, sub-Saharan Africa, China, and East Asia. […] All ages may be affected; however, children are more frequent hosts owing to oral behavior and tend to have a higher worm burden. […] Ascariasis is more common where sanitation is poor and population is dense. […] Eggs are viable in the soil for 6 years in temperate climates. […] It is the most prevalent helminth infection in the world. […] 800 million cases worldwide and estimated 400 million children infected. […] Around 51 million children suffer severe morbidity, mostly from moderate and heavy worm loads. […] Infection control: Sanitary disposal of human excrement, not using human feces as fertilizer, and hand washing has the potential to eliminate this infection.

• #19 Ascariasis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/212510-overview

  The prevalence of infection in Vietnam is estimated at 44.4%, more commonly in the northern peri-urban and rural areas of the country. […] The disease is commonly symptomatic during the early phase larval migration stage with pulmonary symptoms and in late-phase adult worm intestinal stage and manifests as intestinal, hepatobiliary, or pancreatic symptoms. […] A suum infections have been seen in countries where pigs are raised and pig manure is used as a fertilizer.

• #20 Molecular Epidemiology of Ascariasis: A Global Perspective on the Transmission Dynamics of Ascaris in People and Pigs – LSTM Online Archive

  https://archive.lstmed.ac.uk/4583/

  BackgroundThe roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides infects 0.8 billion people worldwide, and Ascaris suum infects innumerable pigs across the globe. […] However, human Ascaris infections in Europe were of pig origin, and there was evidence of cross-transmission between humans and pigs in Africa. […] Our results provide novel insights into the transmission dynamics and speciation of Ascaris worms from humans and pigs that are of importance for control programs.

• #21 Phylogeographical Studies of Ascaris spp. Based on Ribosomal and Mitochondrial DNA Sequences | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002170

  Studies aimed at investigating the molecular epidemiology of ascariasis are important not only to clarify the transmission patterns of the two roundworms, but also to better quantify the level of gene introgression between host-associated populations. […] The overall results showed no fixed differences between human and pig Ascaris, describing two taxonomic entities intimately interconnected and therefore likely to experience gene flow.

• #22 LSHTM LSHTM Research Online

  https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/9980/

  OBJECTIVES: To identify environmental factors that could serve to predict Ascaris lumbricoides infection patterns and thus guide control efforts in the absence of epidemiological information; to assess whether A. lumbricoides infection is positively associated with the soil clay content. […] CONCLUSION: NDVI seems to have a high potential for the prediction of A. lumbricoides infection as it was strongly associated with infection patterns in the study area. Further advantages are that NDVI information is easy to use, affordable and available with global coverage.

• #23 Ascaris suum: occurrence, epidemiology and control in Saskatchewan pigs

  https://harvest.usask.ca/items/4382c612-4363-425d-905c-739dfd44d518

  Ascaris suum Goeze, 1782, the large roundworm, is a common parasite of pigs (Sus scrofa domestica Linnaeus, 1758) throughout the world. […] There are reports describing the epidemiology of A. suum from other areas of the world but little is known regarding the situation in Saskatchewan. […] First, two surveys investigating the prevalence and intensity of A. suum were conducted at a Saskatchewan abattoir examining livers and intestines of market pigs. […] Determination of a parasite problem was not based on quantitative measures of infection and treatment patterns did not appear to be based on known epidemiological information. […] Development to the infective stage took from three to four weeks in summer to as long as 11-12 weeks in winter. […] Lastly, two groups of pigs were monitored from weaning to market by regular fecal examinations for A. suum infection.

• #24 Ascaris lumbricoides – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascaris_lumbricoides

  An estimated 807 million1.2 billion people are infected with A. lumbricoides worldwide. […] While infection occurs throughout most of the world, ascariasis is most common in sub-Saharan Africa, the Americas, China, and east Asia. […] Although the prevalence is low in the United States, ascariasis is still endemic in the southeastern United States due to the temperature and humid climate. […] A. lumbricoides eggs are extremely resistant to strong chemicals, desiccation, and low temperatures. The eggs can remain viable in soil for months or even years. […] Infections with these parasites are more common where sanitation is poor, and raw human feces are used as fertilizer. […] Ascaris lumbricoides is primarily distributed in tropical and subtropical regions around the world, particularly in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene practices. It is most prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia (including countries like India, Bangladesh, and Indonesia), and parts of Latin America, where inadequate sanitation infrastructure and the use of human faeces as fertilizer contribute to its spread.

• #25 Prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides in contaminated faecal samples of children residing in urban areas of Lahore, Pakistan | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-78743-y

  Ascariasis is a common public health problem of preschool and primary school children in developing countries like Pakistan. […] Overall 32/3600 (0.88%) prevalence of fecal samples was found positive for eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides. […] The highest month wise positivity prevalence 3/300 (3.33%) (p0.001) was observed in the month of September that gradually declined up to 0/300 (0.00%) in the month of March. […] The results reveal that urban areas of Lahore are susceptible to Ascaris Lubricoides infection and the highest prevalence were observed autumn on the month of September. […] Studies revealed that poor sociodemographic and socioeconomic status of the children are important factors for the presence of high prevalence of STH. […] In Pakistan seasonal and climatic variations due to global changes have marked effects on ascariasis and it was observed that prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides was nearly equally distributed, both in faecal and soil samples of urban areas.

• #26 CDC – DPDx – Ascariasis

  https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/ascariasis/index.html

  Ascariasis is the most common human helminthic infection globally. The burden is highest in tropical and subtropical regions, especially in areas with inadequate sanitation. This infection is generally rare to absent in developed countries, but sporadic cases may occur in rural, impoverished regions of those countries. Some cases in these areas where human transmission is negligible have direct epidemiologic associations to pig farms. […] Microscopic identification of eggs in the stool is the most common method for diagnosing intestinal ascariasis. […] Molecular methods for the detection of egg/worm DNA in human stools are increasingly used in research settings, often in multi-parallel formats for detecting this and other soil-transmitted helminths.

• #27 CDC – DPDx – Ascariasis

  https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/ascariasis/index.html

  Ascariasis is the most common human helminthic infection globally. The burden is highest in tropical and subtropical regions, especially in areas with inadequate sanitation. This infection is generally rare to absent in developed countries, but sporadic cases may occur in rural, impoverished regions of those countries. Some cases in these areas where human transmission is negligible have direct epidemiologic associations to pig farms. […] Microscopic identification of eggs in the stool is the most common method for diagnosing intestinal ascariasis. […] Molecular methods for the detection of egg/worm DNA in human stools are increasingly used in research settings, often in multi-parallel formats for detecting this and other soil-transmitted helminths.

• #28 Global prevalence of Ascaris infection in humans (2010–2021): a systematic review and meta-analysis | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-022-01038-z

  Ascariasis is one of the most important neglected tropical diseases of humans worldwide. The epidemiology of Ascaris infection appears to have changed with improvements in sanitation and mass drug administration, but there is no recent information on prevalence worldwide. […] The global prevalence estimated was 11.01% (95% confidence interval: 10.27-11.78%), with regional prevalences ranging from 28.77% (7.07-57.66%) in Melanesia (Oceania) to 1.39% (1.07-1.74%) in Eastern Asia. […] Our findings indicate that, despite a renewed commitment by some communities or authorities to control ascariasis, a substantial portion of the worlds human population (0.7 billion) is infected with Ascaris. […] Key epidemiological measures used to determine the extent of Ascaris infection are the prevalence of infection (% of persons infected in a particular population) and the intensity of infection.

• #29 Global prevalence of Ascaris infection in humans (2010–2021): a systematic review and meta-analysis | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-022-01038-z

  However, the number of routine surveys and monitoring programmes that utilise a measure of intensity remains low. […] Despite variations in treatment efficacy among STHs, albendazole and mebendazole appear to remain efficacious anthelmintics against human ascariasis. […] Thus, WHO set new targets that included the elimination of morbidity due to STHs (defined as the prevalence of moderate and heavy infection intensities of 2%) in preschool- and school-age children by 2030 and universal access to at least basic sanitation and hygiene by 2030 in STH-endemic areas. […] Our findings indicate that, globally, 11% of the ~6.6 billion people living in endemic regions, representing the ~732 million people, harbour Ascaris. […] Our results indicated that the prevalence of Ascaris infection varies among SDG regions and sub-regions, with the lowest prevalences (4%) in countries in Eastern Asia (China and the Republic of Korea) and Western Asia (Iraq, Iran, Palestine, Turkey and the United Arab Emirates) and the highest prevalences (20%) in some countries in Oceania (Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands), South-eastern Asia (Indonesia, Laos PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Vietnam), the Latin and Caribbean region (Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Honduras and Nicaragua), sub-Saharan Africa (including Angola, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, DR Congo and Madagascar) and South Asia (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India and Pakistan). […] The present findings on the prevalence and intensity of Ascaris infection should assist health policy makers in designing and supporting ascariasis intervention/control programmes that improve public health and reduce the burden of infection and disease.

• #30 Global prevalence of Ascaris infection in humans (2010–2021): a systematic review and meta-analysis | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-022-01038-z

  However, the number of routine surveys and monitoring programmes that utilise a measure of intensity remains low. […] Despite variations in treatment efficacy among STHs, albendazole and mebendazole appear to remain efficacious anthelmintics against human ascariasis. […] Thus, WHO set new targets that included the elimination of morbidity due to STHs (defined as the prevalence of moderate and heavy infection intensities of 2%) in preschool- and school-age children by 2030 and universal access to at least basic sanitation and hygiene by 2030 in STH-endemic areas. […] Our findings indicate that, globally, 11% of the ~6.6 billion people living in endemic regions, representing the ~732 million people, harbour Ascaris. […] Our results indicated that the prevalence of Ascaris infection varies among SDG regions and sub-regions, with the lowest prevalences (4%) in countries in Eastern Asia (China and the Republic of Korea) and Western Asia (Iraq, Iran, Palestine, Turkey and the United Arab Emirates) and the highest prevalences (20%) in some countries in Oceania (Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands), South-eastern Asia (Indonesia, Laos PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Vietnam), the Latin and Caribbean region (Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Honduras and Nicaragua), sub-Saharan Africa (including Angola, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, DR Congo and Madagascar) and South Asia (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India and Pakistan). […] The present findings on the prevalence and intensity of Ascaris infection should assist health policy makers in designing and supporting ascariasis intervention/control programmes that improve public health and reduce the burden of infection and disease.

• #31 About Ascariasis | Soil-Transmitted Helminths | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/sth/about/ascariasis.html

  To prevent spreading Ascaris infection to others in a community setting […] Use improved sanitation facilities, if available, to ensure separation of human waste from human contact, and […] Do not use human feces as fertilizer for crops. […] Your healthcare provider can take a stool (poop) sample and examine it for Ascaris eggs under a microscope. […] Your healthcare provider can prescribe medications to help your body get rid of Ascaris worms.

• #32 Ascaris Lumbricoides (Ascariasis) | Select 5-Minute Pediatrics Topics

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/Select-5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/14076/all/Ascaris_Lumbricoides__Ascariasis_

  In communities with high transmission of Ascaris, community-wide mass drug delivery of anthelmintics is effective in controlling morbidity. […] Ascariasis should be considered in the differential diagnosis when a patient presents with pneumonia, peripheral eosinophilia, and/or intestinal obstruction in returned traveler or resident from an endemic area. […] Reinfection is common in endemic areas and has led to mass drug administration programs.

• #33

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/soil-transmitted-helminth-infections

  In 2021, over 500 million children were treated with anthelminthic medicines in endemic countries, corresponding to 62% of all children at risk. […] WHO recommend to endemic countries to measure the success of their programmes through epidemiological assessments after 5 to 6 years of PC implementation with effective treatment coverage of =75% and to adjust their treatment frequency. […] The indicators to monitor the impact are the prevalence of any STH and the prevalence of moderate and heavy intensity.

• #34

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/soil-transmitted-helminth-infections

  In 2021, over 500 million children were treated with anthelminthic medicines in endemic countries, corresponding to 62% of all children at risk. […] WHO recommend to endemic countries to measure the success of their programmes through epidemiological assessments after 5 to 6 years of PC implementation with effective treatment coverage of =75% and to adjust their treatment frequency. […] The indicators to monitor the impact are the prevalence of any STH and the prevalence of moderate and heavy intensity.

• #35

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/soil-transmitted-helminth-infections

  In 2021, over 500 million children were treated with anthelminthic medicines in endemic countries, corresponding to 62% of all children at risk. […] WHO recommend to endemic countries to measure the success of their programmes through epidemiological assessments after 5 to 6 years of PC implementation with effective treatment coverage of =75% and to adjust their treatment frequency. […] The indicators to monitor the impact are the prevalence of any STH and the prevalence of moderate and heavy intensity.

• #36 Global prevalence of Ascaris infection in humans (2010–2021): a systematic review and meta-analysis | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-022-01038-z

  Ascariasis is one of the most important neglected tropical diseases of humans worldwide. The epidemiology of Ascaris infection appears to have changed with improvements in sanitation and mass drug administration, but there is no recent information on prevalence worldwide. […] The global prevalence estimated was 11.01% (95% confidence interval: 10.27-11.78%), with regional prevalences ranging from 28.77% (7.07-57.66%) in Melanesia (Oceania) to 1.39% (1.07-1.74%) in Eastern Asia. […] Our findings indicate that, despite a renewed commitment by some communities or authorities to control ascariasis, a substantial portion of the worlds human population (0.7 billion) is infected with Ascaris. […] Key epidemiological measures used to determine the extent of Ascaris infection are the prevalence of infection (% of persons infected in a particular population) and the intensity of infection.

• #37 Ascariasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430796/

  Ascariasis needs to be tackled on a broader spectrum rather than just healthcare. There is a need for improved farming practices, food and personal hygiene, and the availability of clean drinking water. Also of importance is to remove cultural perceptions and improve compliance with medications. Ascariasis has enormous morbidity and affects many organs in the body. While the mortality rates are unknown, the numbers are not minuscule. The WHO has stepped in and is working with an interprofessional group of healthcare workers to lower the burden of this parasite.

• #38 Individual Predisposition, Household Clustering and Risk Factors for Human Infection with Ascaris lumbricoides: New Epidemiological Insights | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0001047

  Much of our current understanding of the epidemiology of Ascaris lumbricoides infections in humans has been acquired by analyzing worm count data. […] These effects, known respectively as individual predisposition and household clustering, are considered characteristic of the epidemiology of ascariasis. […] Individual predisposition was found to be of limited epidemiological significance once household clustering had been accounted for. […] Heterogeneities in the exposure of individuals to infectious eggs have an important role in the epidemiology of A. lumbricoides infection. […] The household covariates identified as being associated with worm burden provide valuable insights into the source of these heterogeneities although above all emphasize and reiterate that infection with A. lumbricoides is inextricably associated with acute poverty.

• #39 Ascariasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascariasis

  Ascariasis is common in tropical regions as well as subtropical and regions that lack proper sanitation. It is rare to find traces of the infection in developed or urban regions. […] Roughly 0.81.3 billion individuals are infected with this intestinal worm, primarily in Africa and Asia. About 120 to 220 million of these cases are symptomatic. […] As of 2010, ascariasis caused about 2,700 directly attributable deaths, down from 3,400 in 1990. The indirectly attributable deaths due to the malnutrition link may be much higher.

• #40 Predisposition to ascariasis: patterns, mechanisms and implications | Parasitology | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/parasitology/article/predisposition-to-ascariasis-patterns-mechanisms-and-implications/30A4F32A509626B4645B1AB3E961147F

  Ascaris lumbricoides, the human roundworm, is a remarkably infectious and persistent parasite. It is a member of the soil-transmitted helminths or geohelminths and infects in the order of 1472 million people worldwide. […] Ascariasis is associated with both chronic and acute morbidity, particularly in growing children, and the level of morbidity assessed as disability-adjusted life years is about 105 million. […] Furthermore, after chemotherapeutic treatment, individuals demonstrate consistency in the pattern of re-infection with ascariasis, described as predisposition. These epidemiological phenomena have been identified, in a consistent manner, from a range of geographical locations in both children and adults. […] However, what has proved to be much more refractory to investigation has been the mechanisms that contribute to the observed epidemiological patterns. […] Furthermore, these patterns of Ascaris intensity and re-infection have broader implications with respect to helminth control and interactions with other important bystander infections.

• #41 Ascaris Lumbricoides: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/788398-overview

  The rate of complications secondary to ascariasis ranges from 11-67%, with intestinal and biliary tract obstruction representing the most common serious sequelae. Although infection with A lumbricoides is often asymptomatic, it is responsible for an estimated 730,000 cases of bowel obstruction annually, 11,000 of which are fatal. In one series of pregnant patients in Bangladesh, biliary ascariasis was responsible for a plurality (28%) of nonobstetric etiologies of acute abdomen. […] No racial predilection is known. A genetic predisposition has been described in a study of families from Nepal. […] Male children are thought to be infected more frequently, owing to a greater propensity to eat soil. […] Children, because of their habits (eg, directly or indirectly consuming soil), are more commonly and more heavily infected than adults. Neonates may be infected by transplacental infection. Frequently, families may be infected and reinfected in group fashion due to shared food and water sources as well as hygiene practices.

• #42 Ascariasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430796/

  Ascariasis needs to be tackled on a broader spectrum rather than just healthcare. There is a need for improved farming practices, food and personal hygiene, and the availability of clean drinking water. Also of importance is to remove cultural perceptions and improve compliance with medications. Ascariasis has enormous morbidity and affects many organs in the body. While the mortality rates are unknown, the numbers are not minuscule. The WHO has stepped in and is working with an interprofessional group of healthcare workers to lower the burden of this parasite.

• #43 Epidemiology and Mass-Treatment of Ascariasis in Six Rural Communities in Central Iran in: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume 26 Issue 5 (1977)

  https://www.ajtmh.org/abstract/journals/tpmd/26/5/article-p866.xml

  In six villages near Isfahan in central Iran 1,455 persons were examined for intestinal parasites. Those with Ascaris infection were treated with pyrantel pamoate in a single dose of 10 mg/kg body weight and all stools passed during 48 hours after treatment were collected in plastic pans and screened for worms which were then sexed and measured. Ascaris infection rates, 87-95% in the six villages before treatment, were reduced to 18% (average 5%) and the mean number of eggs in the feces was reduced from 19/mg to 1/mg. […] Fecal examination at 2, 4, 6, and 12 months after treatment showed that the prevalence at 12 months had returned to the original level (87% vs. 91%) but the average intensity as reflected in egg-counts had not (10 vs. 19/mg feces). The findings confirm the necessity of repeated treatments at 2- to 3-month intervals.

• #44 Global prevalence of Ascaris infection in humans (2010-2021): a systematic review and meta-analysis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36401308/

  Ascariasis is one of the most important neglected tropical diseases of humans worldwide. The epidemiology of Ascaris infection appears to have changed with improvements in sanitation and mass drug administration, but there is no recent information on prevalence worldwide. […] We estimated that ~ 732 (682-782) million people harboured Ascaris worldwide in 2021. The infected people in Latin America and the Caribbean region had a higher prevalence of high intensity infection (8.4%, 3.9-14.1%). Prevalence estimates were higher in children, and people in rural communities or in countries or regions with lower income and human development indices. […] Our findings indicate that, despite a renewed commitment by some communities or authorities to control ascariasis, a substantial portion of the world’s human population (0.7 billion) is infected with Ascaris.

• #45 Global prevalence of Ascaris infection in humans (2010–2021): a systematic review and meta-analysis | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-022-01038-z

  However, the number of routine surveys and monitoring programmes that utilise a measure of intensity remains low. […] Despite variations in treatment efficacy among STHs, albendazole and mebendazole appear to remain efficacious anthelmintics against human ascariasis. […] Thus, WHO set new targets that included the elimination of morbidity due to STHs (defined as the prevalence of moderate and heavy infection intensities of 2%) in preschool- and school-age children by 2030 and universal access to at least basic sanitation and hygiene by 2030 in STH-endemic areas. […] Our findings indicate that, globally, 11% of the ~6.6 billion people living in endemic regions, representing the ~732 million people, harbour Ascaris. […] Our results indicated that the prevalence of Ascaris infection varies among SDG regions and sub-regions, with the lowest prevalences (4%) in countries in Eastern Asia (China and the Republic of Korea) and Western Asia (Iraq, Iran, Palestine, Turkey and the United Arab Emirates) and the highest prevalences (20%) in some countries in Oceania (Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands), South-eastern Asia (Indonesia, Laos PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Vietnam), the Latin and Caribbean region (Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Honduras and Nicaragua), sub-Saharan Africa (including Angola, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, DR Congo and Madagascar) and South Asia (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India and Pakistan). […] The present findings on the prevalence and intensity of Ascaris infection should assist health policy makers in designing and supporting ascariasis intervention/control programmes that improve public health and reduce the burden of infection and disease.

• #46 Ascariasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430796/

  Ascariasis is one of the most common human parasitic infections. It is found worldwide. Ascariasis has been a disease that has affected the world population for centuries. It was described in ancient Egyptian papyruses and has been identified in Egyptian mummies from around 800 B.C. […] This disease has been described in children and adults in tropical and subtropical areas with poor sanitation and poor personal hygiene and in places where human feces are used as fertilizer. There is a higher risk of infection in nonendemic areas due to the increased rate of migration and travel. […] Many programs have been started by the WHO to help diagnose and manage ascariasis. However, this parasite affects close to 1.2 billion people, and an interprofessional approach is the only way to fight the infection.

• #47

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/soil-transmitted-helminth-infections

  Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are among the most common infections worldwide with an estimated 1.5 billion infected people or 24% of the worlds population. […] Over 260 million preschool-age children, 654 million school-age children, 108 million adolescent girls and 138.8 million pregnant and lactating women live in areas where these parasites are intensively transmitted, and are in need of treatment and preventive interventions. […] The strategy for control of soil-transmitted helminth infections is to control morbidity through the periodic treatment of at-risk people living in endemic areas. […] WHO recommends periodic medicinal treatment (deworming or preventive chemotherapy) without previous individual diagnosis to all at-risk people living in endemic areas. […] WHO added the control of morbidity due to S. stercoralis as an objective for 2030.

• #48

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40475-015-0064-9

  Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) infect over one billion people worldwide. […] The World Health Assembly, together with endemic countries, donors and drug-donating pharmaceutical companies, have set ambitious goals for the control of STH-related morbidity by 2020, aiming to treat at least 75 % of school-age children and high-risk groups, with mass drug administration (MDA) of albendazole or mebendazole. […] Sensitive, specific, user-friendly and cost-effective diagnostic tests are imperative for individual diagnosis and for planning, monitoring and evaluation (ME) of mass preventative chemotherapy programmes, and novel tools are needed, especially for measuring decreased infection intensities and drug efficacy. […] With the scale-up of national STH – control programmes, the associated scientific opportunities and known limitations of the currently recommended techniques, research on Ascaris diagnostics is needed more than ever.

• #49

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40475-015-0064-9

  In endemic countries, Ascaris infection is a common cause of malabsorption, and undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies may lead to growth failure and cognitive impairment, as well as defective immune regulation and increased risk of other parasitic infections. […] The impact of mass control programmes is currently evaluated through sentinel site surveys. […] Although current stool-based tests may be sufficient to define mass treatment strategies, especially in moderate- to high-endemic areas, tests with higher sensitivity are needed as infection intensity is reduced. […] As infection intensity decreases, measuring disease transmission becomes increasingly important, and direct markers of infection, including antigens, will be required. […] Despite global efforts to control STH-related morbidity, only approximately 30 % of children worldwide in need of treatment are currently receiving preventive chemotherapy. […] There is a paucity of data on novel, convenient diagnostics for ascariasis, even compared to other NTDs.

• #50

  https://journals.innovareacademics.in/index.php/ajpcr/article/view/36930

  Although Ascaris lumbricoides is a common intestinal parasite of humans with worldwide distribution causing ascariasis, Ascaris is a neglected disease and still is a burden in developing countries. […] Furthermore, the parasites permanence and prevalence present difficulties in control strategies. […] Therefore, more research on the mechanisms of resistance to infection is required for reducing prevalence parasite and control of infections. […] The Epidemiology of Ascaris lumbricoides and Other Soil-Transmitted Helminths in Primary School Children from Ile-Ife, Nigeria. […] The public health importance of Ascaris lumbricoides.

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