Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Ascariasis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment Algorithm, Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/212510-treatment

  All intestinal Ascaris infections should be treated to prevent complications. Effective treatment options include albendazole (400 mg orally once), mebendazole (100 mg orally twice a day for 3 days or 500 mg orally once), or ivermectin (150 to 200 mcg/kg orally once). However, these medications may pose risks to the fetus, so the benefits of treatment in pregnant women must be weighed against the risks of untreated infection. […] For mild Ascaris infections, nitazoxanide is effective, but it is less effective for severe cases. Piperazine, once a common treatment, has been largely replaced by safer alternatives. Obstructive complications may require surgical or endoscopic removal of adult worms, although anthelmintic drugs can also be effective. […] When the lungs are affected, treatment focuses on symptomatic relief, including bronchodilators and corticosteroids, as anthelmintic drugs are typically not used.

• #2 Ascariasis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/nematodes-roundworms/ascariasis

  Treatment is with albendazole, mebendazole, or ivermectin (or pyrantel pamoate in pregnant women). […] All intestinal Ascaris infections should be treated. […] Pyrantel pamoate is also efficacious and is recommended treatment in pregnant women. Benzimidazoles are potentially teratogenic, and if their use is considered in pregnant women, the risk of treatment must be balanced with risk of untreated disease. […] Before treatment with ivermectin, patients should be assessed for coinfection with Loa loa if they have lived in areas of central Africa where Loa loa is endemic because ivermectin can cause severe reactions in patients with loiasis and high microfilarial levels. […] Nitazoxanide is effective for light Ascaris infections but less effective for heavy infections. […] Obstructive complications may be effectively treated with anthelmintics or require surgical or endoscopic extraction of adult worms.

• #2 Ascariasis: Symptoms, Causes & Transmission, Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14071-ascariasis

  Ascariasis symptoms include stomach pain and occasional diarrhea. Providers treat ascariasis with antiparasitic medications that kill adult worms. […] Antiparasitic medications get rid of the infection by killing the adult worms. You’ll need to take your medicine for one to three days to kill all the adults. […] Medicines include: Albendazole (Albenza), Ivermectin (Stromectol), Pyrantel pamoate (Pin-X), which may be a better option if you’re pregnant. […] Although it’s rare, you may need surgery if there’s a complication, like a bowel obstruction. Your provider may need to remove the worms or repair damaged tissue. […] Ascariasis is highly treatable and doesn’t cause long-term problems if you take antiparasitic medications. Follow your provider’s instructions for taking your medicine. Take precautions to prevent reinfections. […] Antiparasitic medicines can kill the worms and clear the infection.

• #3 Ascariasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430796/

  Even mild cases of Ascaris infection should be treated to prevent complications from parasite migration, and however, during active migration through the lungs, medical therapy is not indicated, secondary to the increased risk of pneumonitis. Medical therapy with albendazole 400 mg as a single dose is the drug of choice. The second choice of treatment is mebendazole 100 mg twice a day for three days or 500 mg as a single dose or ivermectin 100 microgram/kg to 200 microgram/kg once. […] Medical therapy will target adult worms, which is the reason why treatment should be repeated after one to three months, to give time to larvae that can be present to mature to adulthood and be susceptible to therapy. Alternative agents include nitazoxanide and levamisole. […] If partial bowel obstruction is present, a nasogastric tube should be placed, give nothing per mouth, give intravenous fluids and piperazine. If total bowel obstruction is present, the patient may need laparotomy for enterotomy for the extraction of worms, but if necrosis is found, they may need resection and reanastomosis. Once the surgery is performed and intestinal transit is restored, medical anti-parasitic treatment should be given to kill any residual eggs. […] Retreatment in 3-6 months is recommended in endemic areas if the stool ova still persist. Compliance with drug therapy is necessary to eradicate the disease.

• #3 Anthelmintic drugs for treating ascariasis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7156140/

  Singledose of albendazole, mebendazole, and ivermectin all appeared effective against Ascaris lumbricoides infection, yielding high parasitological cure and large reductions in eggs excreted, with no differences detected between them. The drugs appear to be safe to treat children and adults with confirmed Ascaris infection. There is little to choose between drugs and regimens in terms of cure or adverse events. […] Mebendazole, albendazole, and ivermectin single dose were effective against Ascaris lumbricoides infection, yielding high parasitological cure without any differences detected between them. There were no serious side effects reported. […] Single dose of albendazole is as effective as multiple doses of albendazole. […] Studies did not detect a difference between a single dose of albendazole and a single dose of ivermectin.

• #4 Ascariasis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment Algorithm, Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/212510-treatment

  Medical therapy is usually not indicated during active pulmonary infection, because dying larvae are considered a higher risk for significant pneumonitis. […] Initial treatment for uncomplicated disease is anthelminthic therapy. If other parasitic coinfections are detected, they will have to be treated as well. […] Albendazole 400 mg one dose orally is the drug of choice for ascariasis in stable patients older than 12 months with uncomplicated infection. […] Mebendazole (100 mg bid for 3 days or 500 mg orally single dose) is alternative therapy. […] Ivermectin can be given as an alternative in a dose of 150-200 micrograms/kg bodyweight. […] Paralyzing vermifuges (eg, pyrantel pamoate, ivermectin) should be avoided in patients with complete or partial intestinal obstruction, because the paralyzed worms may necessitate or further complicate surgery.

• #5 Ascariasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430796/

  Even mild cases of Ascaris infection should be treated to prevent complications from parasite migration, and however, during active migration through the lungs, medical therapy is not indicated, secondary to the increased risk of pneumonitis. Medical therapy with albendazole 400 mg as a single dose is the drug of choice. The second choice of treatment is mebendazole 100 mg twice a day for three days or 500 mg as a single dose or ivermectin 100 microgram/kg to 200 microgram/kg once. […] Medical therapy will target adult worms, which is the reason why treatment should be repeated after one to three months, to give time to larvae that can be present to mature to adulthood and be susceptible to therapy. Alternative agents include nitazoxanide and levamisole. […] If partial bowel obstruction is present, a nasogastric tube should be placed, give nothing per mouth, give intravenous fluids and piperazine. If total bowel obstruction is present, the patient may need laparotomy for enterotomy for the extraction of worms, but if necrosis is found, they may need resection and reanastomosis. Once the surgery is performed and intestinal transit is restored, medical anti-parasitic treatment should be given to kill any residual eggs. […] Retreatment in 3-6 months is recommended in endemic areas if the stool ova still persist. Compliance with drug therapy is necessary to eradicate the disease.

• #6 Clinical Care of Soil-transmitted Helminths | Soil-Transmitted Helminths | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/sth/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Soil-transmitted helminths, including ascariasis, whipworm, and hookworm, are treatable with medication. […] Treatment is highly effective and can last 1 3 days. […] Oral albendazole, oral mebendazole, oral ivermectin, and oral pyrantel pamoate are available for human use in the United States. […] The FDA has not approved albendazole as a treatment for ascariasis nor hookworm infection. […] Ascariasis […] Albendazole* […] 400 mg orally once. Take on an empty stomach. […] Mebendazole […] 100 mg orally twice daily for 3 days or 500 mg orally once. […] Ivermectin […] 150 200 mcg/kg orally once. Take with water on an empty stomach. […] *Not FDA-approved as a treatment for ascariasis or hookworm infection. […] The safety of albendazole in children less than 6 years old is not certain.

• #7 Ascariasis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/nematodes-roundworms/ascariasis

  Treatment is with albendazole, mebendazole, or ivermectin (or pyrantel pamoate in pregnant women). […] All intestinal Ascaris infections should be treated. […] Pyrantel pamoate is also efficacious and is recommended treatment in pregnant women. Benzimidazoles are potentially teratogenic, and if their use is considered in pregnant women, the risk of treatment must be balanced with risk of untreated disease. […] Before treatment with ivermectin, patients should be assessed for coinfection with Loa loa if they have lived in areas of central Africa where Loa loa is endemic because ivermectin can cause severe reactions in patients with loiasis and high microfilarial levels. […] Nitazoxanide is effective for light Ascaris infections but less effective for heavy infections. […] Obstructive complications may be effectively treated with anthelmintics or require surgical or endoscopic extraction of adult worms.

• #8 Ascariasis – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/parasitic-infections-roundworms-nematodes/ascariasis

  People are treated with medications used to treat worm infections. […] To treat a person with ascariasis, a doctor usually prescribes albendazole, mebendazole, or ivermectin, which are taken by mouth. These medications are not safe for use during pregnancy because of potential harm to the fetus, so a different medication, pyrantel pamoate, is used in pregnant women. […] If people have a mild ascariasis infection, doctors may give them nitazoxanide. This medication is used to treat parasite infections of the intestines, and it is taken by mouth. […] When Ascaris worms cause a blockage in the intestines, people may be treated with one of the anthelmintics, or the worms may be removed surgically or through an endoscope (a flexible viewing tube) inserted through the mouth into the intestine. […] When the lungs are affected, doctors focus on relieving symptoms. Treatment includes bronchodilators and corticosteroids. Anthelmintics are typically not used to treat the lungs.

• #9 Ascariasis – Helminthiases – Parasitic Diseases – Infectious Diseases – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.18.84.1.8.

  TREATMENT […] Treat all patients with parasitic infection, including asymptomatic individuals, given the worms ability to migrate. […] Antiparasitic Treatment […] 1. First-line treatment: Oral mebendazole 100 mg bid for 3 days or 500 mg in a single dose; or a single dose of oral albendazole 400 mg. […] 2. Alternative treatment: A single dose of oral pyrantel pamoate 11 mg/kg (max 1 g; recommended in pregnant or breastfeeding patients) or a single dose of oral ivermectin 150 to 200 microg/kg. […] Surgical treatment may be indicated in patients with complications (see above). […] Pulmonary ascariasis: If antiparasitic agents are given in this phase, retreatment should be given 2 weeks later, as the drugs’ efficacy against larvae in the lungs is not confirmed. A follow-up stool examination should be performed after several months and appropriate therapy should be introduced if intestinal ascariasis is confirmed.

• #10 Ascariasis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment Algorithm, Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/212510-treatment

  In the setting of mass treatment, the WHO allows use of albendazole for pregnant women in the second and third trimesters. […] Nitazoxanide, a drug used primarily for protozoal infection, was shown to have 89% clinical efficacy for the treatment of ascariasis in rural Mexico, and may offer a future alternative to other medications. […] Anthelminthic therapy should be administered when the acute obstruction is relieved. […] Recommended criteria for surgical exploration include the following: Passage of blood per rectum, Multiple air fluid levels on abdominal radiographs, An ill child with abdominal distension and rebound tenderness, Unsatisfactory response to conservative therapy, Appendicitis and primary peritonitis, Hepatobiliary disease, Pancreatic pseudocyst. […] Patients with biliary ascariasis usually respond with conservative management.

• #11 Anthelmintic drugs for treating ascariasis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7156140/

  Singledose of albendazole, mebendazole, and ivermectin all appeared effective against Ascaris lumbricoides infection, yielding high parasitological cure and large reductions in eggs excreted, with no differences detected between them. The drugs appear to be safe to treat children and adults with confirmed Ascaris infection. There is little to choose between drugs and regimens in terms of cure or adverse events. […] Mebendazole, albendazole, and ivermectin single dose were effective against Ascaris lumbricoides infection, yielding high parasitological cure without any differences detected between them. There were no serious side effects reported. […] Single dose of albendazole is as effective as multiple doses of albendazole. […] Studies did not detect a difference between a single dose of albendazole and a single dose of ivermectin.

• #12 Anthelmintic drugs for treating ascariasis | Cochrane Infectious Diseases

  https://cidg.cochrane.org/news/anthelmintic-drugs-treating-ascariasis

  Albendazole and mebendazole are most commonly used to treat ascariasis. Ivermectin can also be used. […] Mebendazole, albendazole, and ivermectin single dose were effective against Ascaris lumbricoides infection, yielding high parasitological cure without any differences detected between them. There were no serious side effects reported. […] Treatment with medications removes adult worms from the gastrointestinal tract reducing morbidity (illness) and infection transmission. […] Parasitological cure is probably sixfold more frequent in people receiving anthelmintic medicines when compared to people receiving placebo (treatment with no active ingredient) (moderate-certainty evidence). […] No difference in ascariasis cure was found in comparisons between single dose albendazole with single doses of either mebendazole or ivermectin; and no difference was found between single dose albendazole compared with giving multiple doses. […] Severe side effects were not reported. The occurrence of other side effects (feeling sick, being sick, diarrhoea, abdominal discomfort, headache, fever) may be uncommon among the compared anthelmintic medicines (moderate to low-certainty evidence).

• #13 Anthelmintic drugs for treating ascariasis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7156140/

  The egg reduction rate (ERR) measured up to 60 days after the treatment was high in all treated groups, regardless of the anthelmintic used (range 96% to 100%). […] No included trials reported complication or serious adverse events. Other adverse events were apparently similar among the compared anthelmintic groups. The most commonly reported other adverse events were nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, headache, and fever.

• #14 Anthelmintic drugs for treating ascariasis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7156140/

  The egg reduction rate (ERR) measured up to 60 days after the treatment was high in all treated groups, regardless of the anthelmintic used (range 96% to 100%). […] No included trials reported complication or serious adverse events. Other adverse events were apparently similar among the compared anthelmintic groups. The most commonly reported other adverse events were nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, headache, and fever.

• #15 Ascariasis Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Life Cycle, Prevention

  https://www.medicinenet.com/ascariasis/article.htm

  Fortunately, there are effective anthelmintic treatments available for ascariasis. Medications such as […] Dingle-dose albendazole (Albenza) or mebendazole (Vermox) are drugs of choice for ascariasis. […] Health care providers administer drugs for only about one to three days. […] Other drugs such as ivermectin (Stromectol), levamisole (Ergamisol), pyrantel pamoate (Pin Rid, Pin X), nitazoxanide, and piperazine citrate have also been used effectively. […] Pyrantel pamoate treats pregnant women; other drugs like mebendazole and albendazole may cause teratogenic effects in the fetus. […] However, infected individuals should check with their doctor before utilizing any of these home remedies as their effectiveness might not be as good or as fast as the prescription medications described in the treatment section.

• #16 Clinical Care of Soil-transmitted Helminths | Soil-Transmitted Helminths | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/sth/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  According to WHO guidelines for MDA campaigns, children as young as one year of age (able to safely swallow tablets) can take albendazole. […] The safety of mebendazole in children is unclear. […] The WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children lists mebendazole as an intestinal antihelminthic medicine that can be used for children older than 2 years of age. […] The safe use of ivermectin in children weighing less than 15 kg (33 lbs) is unclear. […] According to the WHO guidelines for mass drug administration campaigns, ivermectin can safely treat children at least 90 cm (35 in) tall. […] The safety of pyrantel pamoate in children is unclear. […] The WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children lists pyrantel pamoate as an intestinal anthelminthic medicine that can be used in children one year of age and older.

• #17 Ascaris Lumbricoides Treatment & Management: Emergency Department Care, Consultations, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/788398-treatment

  Inhaled beta-agonists may be indicated. […] Steroids for pulmonary symptoms are controversial. […] Whether anthelmintic therapy is effective against larval stages is unclear. (Stool ova microscopy will likely be negative at this phase). Because infection in the early phase is rarely serious, generally treatment is delayed until definitive diagnosis can be made. […] Benzimidazoles are the mainstay of treatment of symptomatic and asymptomatic infections. They are poorly systemically absorbed and thus have low human toxicity and exert their action directly on worms. The most common members of this family are albendazole and mebendazole. […] Treatment of bowel obstruction includes intravenous hydration, nasogastric suctioning, electrolyte monitoring, and laparotomy if conservative measures fail. Colonoscopy and esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) may be useful in removing obstructing masses of worms.

• #18 Ascariasis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/nematodes-roundworms/ascariasis

  For pulmonary infections, treatment is symptomatic; it includes bronchodilators and corticosteroids. Anthelmintics are typically not used. […] Treat with albendazole, mebendazole, or ivermectin or pyrantel pamoate in pregnant women; obstructions may require surgical or endoscopic extraction of the worms.

• #19 Ascariasis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment Algorithm, Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/212510-treatment

  Drug therapy should be delayed in patients with right upper quadrant or pancreatic pain, as no evidence has shown that drugs are active against worms located in the biliary tree. […] Milking of worms to the large bowel, resection of gangrenous bowel, ileostomy, and enterotomy are the most common surgical procedures used to manage bowel obstruction. […] Routine repeat stool testing is not essential due to the high cure rate with anthelminthic therapy, however, in endemic areas, repeat stool testing may be done 2 to 3 months after treatment to ensure resolution of infection. […] Patients with ascariasis who have partial or complete obstruction should be treated at facilities with surgical support.

• #20 Evaluation, Diagnosis and Treatment of Ascariasis: An Updated Review | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/85272

  Medical therapy with Albendazole is the first line drug ascariasis can be eliminated by preventing faecal contamination of soil. […] Those recommended by WHO for ascariasis are Albendazole, Mebendazole, Levamisole and Pyrantal pamoate. […] Medical therapy with albendazole 400 mg as a single dose is the first line of drug. […] Albendazole is contraindicated during pregnancy and children less than 2 years of age. […] Pyrantal pamoate: Pyrantal activates nicotinic cholinergic receptors in the worm causing spastic paralysis. […] For Ascaris single dose of 11 mg/kg is recommended. […] Other medications: Nitazoxanide, Hexylresorcinol, Ivermectin, Levamisole, Tetramisole. […] In sub acute intestinal obstruction, conservative treatment in the form of IV fluid, NG suction and hypertonic saline enema is recommended.

• #21 Ascaris Lumbricoides Treatment & Management: Emergency Department Care, Consultations, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/788398-treatment

  Piperazine citrate, a helminth paralytic, has been suggested in cases of obstruction; however, it is no longer commercially available in the United States. […] Hepatobiliary ascariasis typically responds to similarly conservative therapy, but it may require invasive intervention (eg, ERCP) should this fail, or if there are coexisting stones or strictures. It may also be indicated in cases of pyogenic cholangitis and acute pancreatitis. […] Bowel or hepatobiliary obstruction may require surgical or gastroenterologic consultation. […] Primary care follow up is suggested to confirm cure. […] Presumptive administration of albendazole to all immigrants at risk for parasitosis has been suggested and shown to save lives and money. However, current recommendations do not include its implementation. […] Follow-up stool ova and parasite microscopic testing is warranted post treatment to ensure clearance of parasite infection and as well to monitor for re-infection, which can be common. […] Further inpatient care is warranted for patients with complications due to worm migration.

• #22 Gallbladder ascariasis in Kosovo – focus on ultrasound and conservative therapy: a case series | Journal of Medical Case Reports | Full Text

  https://jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13256-017-1536-4

  Gallbladder ascariasis should be considered in all patients presenting with abdominal pain, distension, colic, nausea, anorexia, and intermittent diarrhea associated with jaundice, nausea, vomiting, fever, and severe radiating pain. […] Mebendazole is an effective drug for the treatment. Surgical treatment is rarely needed. […] Initial therapy for gallbladder ascariasis should involve conservative treatment, unless an associated disease is present or a complication arises. Albendazole 400 mg orally administered as a single dose or mebendazole 100 mg twice a day for 3 days or 500 mg as a single dose are both accepted alternatives. Mebendazole is especially suitable for patients when ascariasis coexists with whipworm infection. It is a treatment of choice in our institution and has been proven successful.

• #23 Ascariasis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/ascariasis-facts

  Doctors use antiparasitic medications to treat ascariasis. These include: albendazole, mebendazole. […] Symptoms usually go away in a week. Doctors will check for eggs and worms again around 3 weeks later. […] If there are any infestation-related blockages or infections, you may need surgery to take care of them. […] Traditional treatments for ascariasis usually involve herbs and are more widely used outside the U.S.

• #24 Ascariasis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/ascariasis

  Treatment includes medicines such as albendazole that paralyze or kill intestinal parasitic worms. […] If there is a blockage of the intestine caused by a large number of worms, a procedure called an endoscopy may be used to remove the worms. In rare cases, surgery is needed. […] People who are treated for roundworms should be checked again in 3 months. This involves examining the stools to check for eggs of the worm. If eggs are present, treatment should be given again.

• #25 Ascariasis – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/ascariasis

  Treatment includes medicines such as albendazole that paralyze or kill intestinal parasitic worms. […] If there is a blockage of the intestine caused by a large number of worms, a procedure called endoscopy may be used to remove the worms. In rare cases, surgery is needed. […] People who are treated for roundworms should be checked again in 3 months. This involves examining the stools to check for eggs of the worm. If eggs are present, treatment should be given again.

• #26 Ascariasis – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/infectious-disease/ascariasis/

  Even the milder cases of Ascaris infection (a type of parasitic worm infection) should receive treatment to avoid problems that may arise when the parasites move around in the body. […] The commonly recommended treatment for Ascaris infection is a single dose of a medication called albendazole, at a dose of 400 mg. Alternatively, the medication mebendazole can be used, either as 100 mg two times a day for three days or as a single dose of 500 mg. Another option is ivermectin, given once at a dose between 100 and 200 micrograms per kilogram of body weight. […] For pregnant women, the treatment options include piperazine (either 50 mg per kilogram a day for five days or a single dose of 75 mg per kilogram), or pyrantel pamoate (11mg per kilogram, up to a maximum of 1 g). Pyrantel pamoate is the preferred treatment in this case.

• #27 Ascariasis – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/infectious-disease/ascariasis/

  Its important to note that these treatments focus on the adult parasites. Thats why re-treatment is usually advised one to three months later, as it allows any immature parasites time to grow into adulthood, at which point they can be killed by the medication. […] If the infection has caused a partial blockage in the intestines, a nasogastric tube (a tube inserted through the nose and down into the stomach) may be used. Along with this, the patient is typically told not to eat or drink, receives fluids through a drip, and is given piperazine. If the blockage in the intestines is complete, surgery may be needed to make a cut into the intestines and remove the worms. If parts of the intestines have died off, these may also need to be removed and the healthy parts joined back together. After the surgery and once normal bowel movement is restored, anti-parasitic medication should be given to kill any remaining parasite eggs.

• #28 Ascaris Lumbricoides (Ascariasis) | Select 5-Minute Pediatrics Topics

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/Select-5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/14076/all/Ascaris_Lumbricoides__Ascariasis_?q=Intestinal+Obstruction

  Oral […] Albendazole […] 400 mg, single dose […] The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends 200 mg single dose for children 1 year old. […] Mebendazole […] 100 mg, b.i.d. for 3 days or 500 mg once […] Ivermectin […] 150 to 200 mcg/kg, single dose […] Nitazoxanide […] 100 mg b.i.d. for 3 days (12 to 47 months of age) […] 200 mg b.i.d. for 3 days (4 to 11 years of age) […] 500 mg b.i.d. for 3 days (12 years and above) […] […] […] Surgery or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography may be required for severe intestinal or biliary tract obstruction. […] […] […] Treatment is highly effective. […] Reexamination of stool specimens 2 weeks after therapy can be considered but is not essential. […] Reinfection is common in endemic areas and has led to mass drug administration programs.

• #29 Ascariasis (roundworm infection)

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/ascariasis-roundworm-infection

  The usual treatment is albendazole, mebendazole or pyrantel. Ivermectin is also effective. Consult the current version of Therapeutic guidelines: gastrointestinal. […] Nutritional supplements may be necessary in children. […] When worms obstruct the pancreatic duct or migrate up the biliary tree, surgical or endoscopic removal of the worms may be necessary. […] Consider faecal screening of household members to determine whether they also require treatment.

• #30 Roundworms Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/roundworms

  The main treatment for roundworm infections are medications that kill parasites. Which medication you take depends on which roundworm is causing the infection. Sometimes a person may need surgery, but it is not always possible in areas where roundworm infections are common. […] Roundworm infections can cause inflammation in the intestines and make it hard for your body to absorb essential nutrients, including vitamins A and B6. Some scientists think that not getting enough vitamin A increases the risk of parasitic infections. So some researchers believe that vitamin A supplements may help prevent or reduce symptoms of roundworm infections. […] Antiparasitic drugs and other medications used to treat roundworm infections and certain complications include: […] Ascariasis: Medendazole (Vermox), ivermectin (Stromectol), albdendazole (Albenza)

• #31 Ascariasis FAQs | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/ascariasis/ascariasis-faqs

  Anthelminthic medications are drugs that rid the body of parasitic worms. They include albendazole and mebendazole and are the drugs of choice for treatment. Infections are generally treated for 1-3 days. The recommended medications are effective. […] In developing countries, groups at higher risk for soil-transmitted helminth infections are often treated without a prior stool examination. These infections include hookworm, Ascaris, and whipworm. Treating in this way is called preventive treatment (or „preventive chemotherapy”). […] The soil-transmitted helminths and other „neglected tropical diseases” are sometimes treated through mass drug administrations. Soil-transmitted helminths include hookworm, Ascaris, and whipworm.

• #32

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/soil-transmitted-helminth-infections

  The WHO recommended medicines albendazole (400 mg) and mebendazole (500 mg) are effective, inexpensive and easy to administer by non-medical personnel (e.g. teachers). They have been through extensive safety testing and have been used in millions of people with few and minor side-effects. […] Both albendazole and mebendazole are donated to national ministries of health through WHO in all endemic countries for the treatment of all children of school age. […] Generic ivermectin for the control of S. stercoralis has been available at affordable price since 2021.

• #33 Seasonally timed treatment programs for Ascaris lumbricoides to increase impact—An investigation using mathematical models | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0006195

  Our results suggest that seasonal variation in egg survival and maturation could be exploited to maximise the impact of MDA in certain settings. […] Despite the precedent set in the veterinary sector, the majority of public health programs have yet to adopt seasonal timing of mass drug administration (MDA) for A. lumbricoides control due to a lack of empirical evidence on the expected impact of such a move. […] The key aims of this theoretical study are to propose a novel model for A. lumbricoides transmission that incorporates some of the seasonal elements of the system, and in doing so to demonstrate the potential impact seasonally-timed treatment could have in different climates and prevalence settings. […] Our results show that there could be large undetected fluctuations in the infective larval population, impacting transmission, without these effects being necessarily evident through untargeted surveys of human infection.

• #34 Seasonally timed treatment programs for Ascaris lumbricoides to increase impact—An investigation using mathematical models | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0006195

  The model implies that optimal timing for MDA could coincide with minima in the environmental larval population, with the best treatment time predicted to be just preceding the annual upswing. […] In temperate climates, like South Korea, high ranges of temperatures may allow for significant fluctuations in larval stage development across the year and could lead to important knock-on effects for MDA programs. […] Although the consistent temperature pattern in Nigeria results in low predicted seasonal differences and the data presented here shows no evidence for rainfall-dependence, it is possible that rainfall could still play an important role in other settings. […] Even though the evidence base in humans is weak there is enough grounds, combined with the depth of veterinary literature suggesting significant advantages to seasonally targeted anthelmintic therapy, to warrant further investigation.

• #35 Ascaris Lumbricoides (Ascariasis) | Select 5-Minute Pediatrics Topics

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/Select-5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/14076/all/Ascaris_Lumbricoides__Ascariasis_

  Oral medications for ascariasis include Albendazole, Mebendazole, Ivermectin, and Nitazoxanide. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends 200 mg single dose for children 1 year old. […] Surgery or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography may be required for severe intestinal or biliary tract obstruction. […] Treatment is highly effective. […] Reinfection is common in endemic areas and has led to mass drug administration programs. […] Warn parents about passage of worms in stool with treatment. […] Once intestinal infection is detected and treated, the prognosis is excellent. […] If obstructive or respiratory complications have occurred, the prognosis is less favorable.

• #36 Nematode infections | MSF Medical Guidelines

  https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/en/viewport/CG/english/nematode-infections-16689807.html

  Ascaris eggs may be detected through parasitological examination of stools. […] albendazole PO single dose Children 6 months and adults: 400 mg (200 mg in children 6 months but 10 kg) or mebendazole PO for 3 days Children 6 months and adults: 100 mg 2 times daily (50 mg 2 times daily in children 6 months but 10 kg). […] A single dose of albendazole or mebendazole is often insufficient. […] albendazole single dose (as for ascariasis) is much more effective than mebendazole single dose. When using mebendazole, a 3-day treatment (as for ascariasis) is recommended. […] While less effective, a 3-day treatment with albendazole PO (as for trichuriasis) may be an alternative. […] albendazole PO single dose, as for ascariasis or mebendazole PO single dose Children 6 months and adults: 100 mg (50 mg in children 6 months but 10 kg) A second dose may be given after 2 to 4 weeks.

• #37

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/from-insects-animals/Pages/Roundworm-Ascariasis.aspx

  To treat A lumbricoides infections, your pediatrician may prescribe a single dose of medicine called albendazole or 3 days of pyrantel or mebendazole. These treatments should be given whether the infection causes symptoms. […] Surgery is occasionally needed to relieve an intestinal or bile duct blockage. […] With proper treatment, children fully recover from ascariasis.

• #38 Ascariasis (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/ascariasis.html

  Treatment with prescription anti-parasite drugs usually clears up the infection within a week. […] Doctors treat ascariasis with prescription anti-parasite drugs. Symptoms usually stop within 1 week of starting treatment. […] Very rarely, doctors do surgery to remove the worms. This usually happens only if they block the intestines or cause problems with the liver, pancreas, or gallbladder.

• #39 Ascaris Lumbricoides (Ascariasis) | Select 5-Minute Pediatrics Topics

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/Select-5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/14076/all/Ascaris_Lumbricoides__Ascariasis_?q=Intestinal+Obstruction

  […] […] Warn parents about passage of worms in stool with treatment. […] […] […] Once intestinal infection is detected and treated, the prognosis is excellent. […] If obstructive or respiratory complications have occurred, the prognosis is less favorable. […] The case fatality rate in cases with complications is up to 5%, most from obstruction.

• #40 Ascariasis Treatment Options and Insights  – Acibadem Health Point – ACIBADEM Hospitals – Acibadem Health Group

  https://www.acibademhealthpoint.com/ascariasis-treatment-options-and-insights/

  While natural remedies may help alleviate some symptoms of ascariasis, they should not replace medical treatment. Some herbs, such as garlic and wormwood, are believed to have antiparasitic properties. However, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional before using any natural remedies to ensure they are safe and do not interact with any medications you may be taking. […] Preventing ascariasis involves practicing good hygiene and sanitation measures. Wash your hands with soap and clean water regularly, especially before handling food or eating. Ensure proper waste disposal and sanitation in your living environment. Avoid consuming raw or undercooked vegetables and fruits and drink only safe, filtered water. Educating yourself and others about the importance of hygiene and sanitation can also contribute to prevention efforts.

• #41 Ascaris lumbricoides – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascaris_lumbricoides

  Control of roundworm infections is based on treatment with medication, improved sanitation and health education. This usually takes around three days.

• #42 Ascariasis – all you need to know about the disease: symptoms, signs, treatment.

  https://en.medicina.ru/for-patients/diseases/ascariasis/

  Treatment of ascariasis can take place on an outpatient basis, but under the strict supervision of an infectious disease specialist or parasitologist. […] Uncontrolled intake of drugs can provoke serious poisoning and lead to hospitalization. Taking untested drugs and the wrong dosage can lead to incomplete destruction of parasites and relapses of the disease. […] Ascariasis is curable even in advanced cases, but help must be timely and professional.

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