Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Ascariasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/n/statpearls/article-17878/

  Ascaris lumbricoides, the causative agent of ascariasis, is the most common parasitic worm in humans. […] Identify the nematode Ascaris lumbricoides in the etiology of ascariasis. […] Ascaris lumbricoides, a soil-transmitted large nematode, causes Ascariasis. […] Adult worms do not multiply in the human host. […] The life span of an adult worm is two years. They do not multiply in the host. If there is no reinfection by the ingestion of fecal-contaminated food, the patient can clear the infection without treatment.

• #2 Ascariasis: Symptoms, Causes & Transmission, Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14071-ascariasis

  Ascariasis is an infection in your intestines caused by a roundworm called Ascaris lumbricoides (A. lumbricoides). […] You can develop ascariasis if you ingest (swallow) the eggs of the human roundworm A. lumbricoides. […] Ascariasis spreads through hand-to-mouth contact when someone touches and swallows fertilized A. lumbricoides eggs. […] The species relies on human hosts to complete its life cycle.

• #3 Ascariasis – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/parasitic-infections-roundworms-nematodes/ascariasis

  Ascariasis is an infection caused by Ascaris lumbricoides, an intestinal roundworm (nematode), or occasionally by Ascaris suum, a roundworm that also causes ascariasis in pigs. […] People become infected by swallowing the roundworm eggs, usually in food. […] The infection is common in tropical or subtropical areas with inadequate sanitation where water, soil, and food are contaminated with human stool (feces). […] Infection begins when a person swallows fertilized Ascaris eggs. Only fertilized eggs can cause infection. […] People can also be infected with Ascaris suum, which is a roundworm closely related to Ascaris lumbricoides that infects pigs. Infection begins when a person swallows fertilized eggs because their hands were contaminated from touching infected pigs or from consuming undercooked vegetables or fruits contaminated with pig feces.

• #4 CDC – DPDx – Ascariasis

  https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/ascariasis/index.html

  Ascaris species are very large (adult females: 20 to 35 cm; adult males: 15 to 30 cm) nematodes (roundworms) that parasitize the human intestine. A. lumbricoides is the primary species involved in human infections globally, but Ascaris derived from pigs (often referred to as A. suum) may also infect humans. […] These two parasites are very closely related, and hybrids have been identified; thus, their status as distinct, reproductively isolated species is a contentious topic. […] Adult worms can live 1 to 2 years. […] Humans and swine are the major hosts for Ascaris; see Causal Agents for discussion on species status of Ascaris from both hosts. […] Ascariasis is the most common human helminthic infection globally. The burden is highest in tropical and subtropical regions, especially in areas with inadequate sanitation. […] Some cases in these areas where human transmission is negligible have direct epidemiologic associations to pig farms.

• #5 Ascariasis Symptoms, Doctors, Treatments, Advances & More | MediFind

  https://www.medifind.com/conditions/ascariasis/5638

  Ascariasis is an infection with the parasitic roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides. […] People get ascariasis by consuming food or drink that is contaminated with roundworm eggs. Ascariasis is the most common intestinal worm infection. It is related to poor sanitation. People who live in places where human feces (stool) are used as fertilizer are also at risk for this disease. […] An estimated 800 to 900 million people are infected worldwide. Ascariasis occurs in people of all ages, though children are affected more severely than adults.

• #6 Ascaris Lumbricoides: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/788398-overview

  Intestinal nematode infections affect one fourth to one third of the world’s population. Of these, the intestinal roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides is the most common. […] Infection begins with the ingestion of embryonated (infective) eggs in feces-contaminated soil or foodstuffs. […] Once ingested, eggs hatch, usually in the small intestine, releasing small larvae that penetrate the intestinal wall. […] Adult worms may live in the gut for 6-24 months, where they can cause partial or complete bowel obstruction in large numbers, or they can migrate into the appendix, hepatobiliary system, or pancreatic ducts and rarely other organs such as kidneys or brain. […] In the United States, approximately 4 million people are believed to be infected. […] Worldwide, 1.4 billion people are infected with A lumbricoides, with prevalence among developing countries as low as 4% in Mafia Island, Zanzibar, to as high as 90% in some areas of Indonesia.

• #6 Ascaris Lumbricoides: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/788398-overview

  The rate of complications secondary to ascariasis ranges from 11-67%, with intestinal and biliary tract obstruction representing the most common serious sequelae. […] Although infection with A lumbricoides is often asymptomatic, it is responsible for an estimated 730,000 cases of bowel obstruction annually, 11,000 of which are fatal. […] The prognosis for ascariasis is excellent. However, in higher worm burden infections, serious complications such as obstruction are more common.

• #7 Communicable Diseases Module: 34. Intestinal Protozoa, Ascariasis and Hookworm: View as single page | OLCreate

  https://www.open.edu/openlearncreate/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=120&printable=1

  Ascariasis results from infection of the small intestine with a helminth parasite called Ascaris lumbricoides. It is the largest of the intestinal roundworms; mature worms can measure 15-35 cm in length. It is the commonest of all the faeco-oral diseases caused by parasitic helminths. It mainly affects children, particularly between three to eight years of age. In Ethiopia, around 37% of the population is estimated to be infected with Ascaris lumbricoides. […] The complicated lifecycle of ascaris worms is shown in Figure 34.4 and is essential for their full development into egg-laying adults. Adult Ascaris lumbricoides worms in the intestines lay eggs which pass out with the faeces. The eggs are transmitted faeco-orally by ingestion of contaminated food, water, etc. The eggs hatch and develop into larvae in the intestines. The larvae are carried in the bloodstream to the lungs, where they develop further. They migrate upwards from the lungs into the throat, where they are swallowed returning once again to the persons intestines.

• #7 Communicable Diseases Module: 34. Intestinal Protozoa, Ascariasis and Hookworm: View as single page | OLCreate

  https://www.open.edu/openlearncreate/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=120&printable=1

  Cases of ascariasis manifest with abdominal discomfort, and live worms may be seen in the stools, vomit or occasionally emerging from the nose. You can make a clinical diagnosis of ascariasis if the patient or the caregiver of a child tells you that long worms have passed with the stool or vomit, or if you are able to see the worms yourself. […] If you diagnose ascariasis, the treatment schedule is as given in Table 34.1. There are two drugs (albendazole and mebendazole), both available in either liquid or tablet form. However, even if there are no signs of worm infection, routine deworming is recommended for all children aged 24 months or older who have not been treated in the previous six months. Give every child that you see in this category the appropriate dose of albendazole or mebendazole every six months to treat intestinal worms.

• #8 Ascariasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascariasis

  Ascariasis is a disease caused by the parasitic roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides. […] Infection occurs by ingesting food or drink contaminated with Ascaris eggs from feces. […] The source of infection is from objects contaminated with fecal matter containing eggs. […] Ingestion of infective eggs from soil contaminated with human feces or contaminated vegetables and water is the primary route of infection. […] The larva of Ascaris lumbricoides developing in the egg. […] A female may produce approximately 200,000 eggs per day, which are passed with feces. […] Fertile eggs embryonate and become infective after 18 days to several weeks, depending on the environmental conditions. […] After infective eggs are swallowed, the larvae hatch, invade the intestinal mucosa, and are carried via the portal, then systemic circulation and/or lymphatics to the lungs. […] The first appearance of eggs in stools is 60-70 days. […] Eggs can survive potentially for 15 years and a single worm may produce 200,000 eggs a day.

• #9 Ascaris lumbricoides – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascaris_lumbricoides

  Ascaris lumbricoides is a large parasitic roundworm of the genus Ascaris. It is the most common parasitic worm in humans. An estimated 807 million to 1.2 billion people are infected with Ascaris lumbricoides worldwide. People living in tropical and subtropical countries are at greater risk of infection. Infection by Ascaris lumbricoides is known as ascariasis. […] Infection occurs when a human swallows water or food contaminated with embryonated eggs. […] Infections with these parasites are more common where sanitation is poor, and raw human feces are used as fertilizer. […] Ascaris lumbricoides eggs are extremely resistant to strong chemicals, desiccation, and low temperatures. The eggs can remain viable in soil for months or even years.

• #10 Roundworm Infection (Ascariasis) | Iowa State University

  https://vetmed.iastate.edu/vdpam/about/focus-areas/swine/swine-disease-manual/index-diseases/ascariasis

  Ascariasis is the infestation of swine by the roundworm, Ascaris suum, which can cause pneumonia, hepatitis, and ill thrift. […] A mature ascarid (prepatent period of seven to eight weeks) can lay almost two million eggs per day. […] A. suum eggs are extremely hardy and can survive for as long as 15 years in the environment. […] Once a location is infested, ascariasis persists in the pig population despite all measures used to eliminate it. […] The extremely high number of eggs that are produced, the resistance of eggs to environmental degradation, and the multiple means in which they can be disseminated contribute to their persistence on infected farms. […] Low levels of ascarid exposure will stimulate a protective immunity. […] The most severe consequences of ascarid infection occur when immunologically nave pigs are placed into contaminated sites.

• #10 Roundworm Infection (Ascariasis) | Iowa State University

  https://vetmed.iastate.edu/vdpam/about/focus-areas/swine/swine-disease-manual/index-diseases/ascariasis

  Ascarids are known to produce immunosuppressive substances that affect the duration and severity of other swine diseases and also may influence the response of swine to vaccines. […] Although difficult to quantify, there is evidence that ascariasis increases the severity of acute erysipelas and mycoplasmal pneumonia.

• #11 Ascariasis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/212510-overview

  Ascariasis is a prevalent helminthic infection primarily caused by the parasitic worm Ascaris lumbricoides, with a less common occurrence of Ascaris suum, which is associated with pigs. […] Humans become infected with A. lumbricoides by ingesting its eggs, often through food contaminated with human feces or by putting contaminated hands or fingers in their mouths. Additionally, humans can contract A. suum from pigs by handling them or consuming undercooked vegetables or fruits contaminated with pig feces. […] Ascariasis is transmitted mainly by ingestion of food or water that has been contaminated by the fertilized infected eggs of A. lumbricoides or A. suum. Poor hand hygiene, polluted water and unsanitary food preparation play major role in reinfections in endemic areas and lingers in families and group homes with shedding of eggs by asymptomatic individuals.

• #11 Ascariasis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/212510-overview

  A suum infections have been seen in countries where pigs are raised and pig manure is used as a fertilizer. […] A significant exposure may produce subsequent pneumonia and eosinophilia. Symptoms of pneumonitis include wheezing, dyspnea, nonproductive cough, hemoptysis, and fever. […] Large and tangled worms may cause intestinal (usually ileal), common duct, pancreatic, or appendiceal obstruction. […] The disease is commonly symptomatic during the early phase larval migration stage with pulmonary symptoms and in late-phase adult worm intestinal stage and manifests as intestinal, hepatobiliary, or pancreatic symptoms. […] Intestinal obstruction, usually of the terminal ileum in children, is the most commonly attributed fatal complication, resulting in 60,000 deaths per year.

• #12 Ascariasis Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Life Cycle, Prevention

  https://www.medicinenet.com/ascariasis/article.htm

  Ascariasis is one of the tropical diseases caused by the parasite Ascaris lumbricoides, a large nematode (roundworm) that infects humans in the gastrointestinal tract and requires human infection to complete its complex life cycle. […] The cause of ascariasis is the invasion, spread, and eventual maturation of Ascaris lumbricoides in the human host. […] Ascariasis is transmitted indirectly in most cases by an uninfected individual ingesting contaminated food or water that contains the Ascaris eggs deposited by infected humans in their feces into the environment. […] Although the nematodes exist worldwide, the most common areas they inhabit are areas where the climate is warm and moist such as tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The highest risk factors for contracting this infection are poor sanitation and poor hygiene.

• #12 Ascariasis Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Life Cycle, Prevention

  https://www.medicinenet.com/ascariasis/article.htm

  The prognosis of ascariasis for appropriately diagnosed and treated ascariasis is very good. However, the prognosis begins to decline if the patient develops a high number of worms in the body (worm burden). This worm burden can lead to more serious complications such as intestinal obstruction and worsens the prognosis of this disease. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that up to 10% of the developing world’s population has intestinal worm infections, with total worldwide deaths due to Ascaris infections at 60,000 per year, mainly occurring in children.

• #13 Ascariasis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ascariasis/symptoms-causes/syc-20369593

  Ascariasis isn’t spread directly from person to person. Instead, a person has to come into contact with soil mixed with human or pig feces that contain ascariasis eggs or infected water. In some developing countries, human feces are used for fertilizer, or poor sanitary facilities allow human waste to mix with soil in yards, ditches and fields. People can also get it from eating uncooked pig or chicken liver that is infected. […] Small children often play in dirt, and infection can occur if they put their dirty fingers in their mouths. Unwashed fruits or vegetables grown in contaminated soil also can transmit the ascariasis eggs.

• #14 About Ascariasis | Soil-Transmitted Helminths | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/sth/about/ascariasis.html

  Ascaris is the most common worm parasite found in humans. It lives in people’s small intestine. […] This parasite spreads through contaminated soil (soil that contains the parasite). […] A person infected with Ascaris passes the parasite eggs in their feces (poop). If an infected person defecates (poops) outside, uses an unimproved sanitation facility (when there is no sanitary separation of human waste from human contact), or uses human feces as fertilizer, the eggs can get into the soil. Here they will grow into a form that is infective. People get ascariasis by consuming infective eggs found in contaminated soil.

• #15 Ascariasis: Causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322340

  Ascariasis occurs when a type of roundworm known as Ascaris lumbricoides infects the small intestine. […] A roundworm called Ascaris lumbricoides infects a persons small intestine and acts as a parasite, getting nutrients from its hosts intestinal tract. […] Human feces can cause contamination if an infected person defecates near a farming field or water source, or if they use untreated feces as a fertilizer for crops. […] A person can contract ascariasis by eating or drinking contaminated food or water, especially if they do not adequately wash the food or their hands. […] Children may be contaminated by playing with soil or plants and putting their hands in their mouths.

• #16 Ascariasis (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/ascariasis.html

  Ascariasis (as-keh-RYE-eh-sis) is an intestinal infection caused by a worm called Ascaris lumbricoides. […] Ascaris eggs are found in soil and human feces (poop). They get into the body when someone eats or drinks something contaminated with the eggs. […] Most people with ascariasis got it by: putting dirty hands in their mouth; eating fruits or vegetables that weren’t peeled, washed, or cooked. […] Globally, ascariasis is the most common human worm infection. Infections are more common in warmer or tropical climates, especially in areas with poor sanitation or crowded living conditions. […] Children are more likely to get ascariasis. They tend to put things in their mouths, including dirt, and often have poorer hygiene habits than adults.

• #17 Ascariasis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/ascariasis-facts

  Ascariasis is a kind of roundworm infection you get in your intestines. You get it when you come into contact with the worms eggs in contaminated food, soil, or water. […] The life cycle of the worm begins when you swallow a bit of infected soil or eat unwashed fruits or vegetables grown in that soil. After that: The eggs travel to your intestines, where they hatch. […] Risk factors of ascariasis include: Age. Ascariasis mostly affects children age 10 and younger. This could be because kids in that age group tend to play in the dirt. […] Warm climate. People who live in warmer climates are more likely to get ascariasis than those who live in cooler climates. Its more common in developing countries that have warm weather year-round, but also affects those in the Southeastern United States. […] Lack of sanitation. Ascariasis tends to be found in areas where human waste mixes with the soil or those where people have less access to soap and clean water. […] Raising pigs or fertilizing plants with pig manure. […] Eating raw liver from pigs or chickens.

• #18 Ascariasis: Symptoms Causes, Treatment, Diagnosis and Home Remedies

  https://www.lybrate.com/topic/ascariasis

  Ascariasis is transmitted usually from the objects which have been contaminated by the eggs in the fecal matter. […] It is because of the ingestion of these eggs in the form of contaminated vegetables, fruits, and water ascaris occurs. […] Direct transmission of ascariasis from one human to another is impossible.

• #19 Ascariasis | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/ascariasis?content_id=CON-20369576

  Ascariasis isn’t spread directly from person to person. Instead, a person has to come into contact with soil mixed with human or pig feces that contain ascariasis eggs or infected water. In some developing countries, human feces are used for fertilizer, or poor sanitary facilities allow human waste to mix with soil in yards, ditches and fields. People can also get it from eating uncooked pig or chicken liver that is infected. […] Small children often play in dirt, and infection can occur if they put their dirty fingers in their mouths. Unwashed fruits or vegetables grown in contaminated soil also can transmit the ascariasis eggs. […] The tiny (microscopic) ascariasis eggs can’t become infective without coming into contact with soil. People can accidentally ingest (swallow) contaminated soil through hand-to-mouth contact or by eating uncooked fruits or vegetables that have been grown in contaminated soil. […] Female worms can produce 200,000 eggs a day if there are both female and male worms in the intestines, and the eggs leave your body in feces. The fertilized eggs must be in soil for at least two to four weeks before they become infective.

• #20 Ascariasis: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/ascariasis

  Ascariasis is an infection of the small intestine caused by Ascaris lumbricoides, which is a species of roundworm. […] You can become infected with ascariasis after accidentally ingesting the eggs of the A. lumbricoides roundworm. The eggs can be found in soil contaminated by human feces or uncooked food contaminated by soil that contains roundworm eggs. […] Ascariasis can also be passed directly from person to person. […] The roundworm is found worldwide, but it’s more frequently found in tropical and subtropical regions, including Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa. It’s also more common in areas where sanitation is poor. […] Environmental risk factors for ascariasis include lack of modern hygiene and sanitation infrastructure, use of human feces for fertilizer, living in or visiting a tropical or subtropical climate, and exposure to an environment where dirt might be ingested. […] Most cases of ascariasis are mild and don’t cause major problems. However, heavy infestations can spread to other parts of the body and lead to dangerous complications.

• #21 p1 Ascaris (Common roundworm) | Thermo Fisher Scientific

  https://www.thermofisher.com/phadia/us/en/resources/allergen-encyclopedia/p1.html

  Ascariasis, or infection by Ascaris spp., is the most common helminth infection of humans worldwide, with most individuals harboring a low to moderate parasite burden and a few hosts infected by heavy intensities of parasites (1, 7). […] Ascariasis is associated with poverty, and a lack of proper sanitary infrastructure, poor socio-economic conditions, and poor personal hygiene favor the transmission of the parasite and intensity of infection (1). […] The majority of A. lumbricoides infections in endemic areas are asymptomatic or cause mild symptoms due to low numbers of worms. However, a small percentage of individuals can host high parasite burdens (1). Ascariasis can mimic a number of diseases and conditions; the clinical manifestation is directly related to the intensity of infection, underlying conditions, and the parasite life cycle (1, 3, 9).

• #21 p1 Ascaris (Common roundworm) | Thermo Fisher Scientific

  https://www.thermofisher.com/phadia/us/en/resources/allergen-encyclopedia/p1.html

  Two main forms of pathology are caused by A. lumbricoides infection: nutrient depletion and obstruction due to the physical presence of worms in the gastrointestinal tract, and immune-mediated reactions to migrating larvae (1, 3). Pathology of the liver and lungs is also possible (1). Moderate to heavy infection intensities in children have been associated with asthenia, weight loss, impaired physical development, cognitive impairment, and defective immune regulation (1, 3). […] The role of A. lumbricoides as a risk factor for asthma and allergy is still unclear, and the confounding effect of cross-reactivity between Ascaris and other allergens, as well as the presence of other infections such as active tuberculosis, should be considered in this complex relationship between infection and immunomodulation (4, 8, 10, 12).

• #22 Ascariasis | Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Guide

  https://fitwellhub.pk/ascariasis/

  Ascariasis occurs due to parasitic infection resulting from Ascaris lumbricoides, which is a type of roundworm. […] The main cause of ascariasis is the ingestion of Ascaris eggs embedded in contaminated food, water, or soil. The eggs are hatched into larvae inside the human body, travel through the bloodstream to the lungs, and then suddenly move to the intestines, where they grow into adult worms. Here are the major causes: […] Ingestion of contaminated food: Eating raw or undercooked vegetables grown on contaminated soil can lead to the ingestion of Ascaris eggs. […] Poor hygiene: Not washing hands before eating or after using the restroom increases the risk of accidental ingestion of roundworm eggs. […] Contact with contaminated soil: Soil that contains Ascaris eggs, particularly in areas with poor sanitation, can cause infection when it comes into contact with the mouth. […] Lack of access to clean water: In areas with no access to clean water, people may ingest eggs by drinking water contaminated with human excreta. […] Inadequate sanitation: Without proper waste disposal and sewage systems, Ascaris eggs can spread through contaminated soil and water.

• #23 Prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides in contaminated faecal samples of children residing in urban areas of Lahore, Pakistan | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-78743-y

  Adult worm lives in small and large intestine of man and its eggs passed out via faeces of infected person to soil and contaminate it. […] A. lumbricoides has been reported as cause of larva migrants in humans and is generally assumed to be the most worldwide prevalent. […] Increased rate of ascariasis presence (%) was in those children who had poor socioeconomic status, poor personal hygiene, poor supply of drinking water, low grade sanitary conditions especially poor sewage system and lived-in endemic areas with clustering of family members, supported by the studies in Nigeria. […] The prevalence rate in urban areas especially in Allama Iqbal town, Valancia and Wapada Town was due to the reason that these areas were under construction, nomads and daily wagers were residing there for earning and had the habit to defecate in open places. […] Therefore, local executives should take strict implementation of local ordinances regulating the deworming programmes, exclusively start from schools to minimize the risk factors.

• #24 Ascariasis Symptoms, Pictures, Prevention & Treatment

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/ascariasis/article_em.htm

  Infection with the roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, causes human ascariasis. This species of Ascaris is the main cause of human ascariasis, but Ascaris suum (from pigs) can occasionally infect humans, as well. People acquire this parasite by swallowing Ascaris eggs in soil, food, or water contaminated with human feces. The eggs remain infectious in soil for years. […] Spread of ascariasis occurs wherever there is poverty, malnutrition, and contamination of the environment with human waste. Other sources of spread are pig farms and raw pig manure used as fertilizer.

• #25 Ascariasis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/nematodes-roundworms/ascariasis

  Ascariasis is infection with the nematode (worm) Ascaris lumbricoides or occasionally with the nematode Ascaris suum (a closely related parasite of pigs). […] Ascariasis is the most common intestinal helminth (parasitic worm) infection worldwide, but most infections occur in tropical and subtropical areas with limited sanitation and high rates of fecal contamination of soil, water, and food. […] Human infection can also be caused by ingesting the fertilized eggs of Ascaris suum (a closely related parasite of pigs) in pig feces. […] Infection contributes to undernutrition. […] Human to human transmission is fecal-oral by ingestion of fecal material containing fertile eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides in contaminated food or water or through contact with hands that have touched contaminated dirt or other materials.

• #25 Ascariasis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/nematodes-roundworms/ascariasis

  Eggs hatch in the small intestine, and larvae migrate first to the lungs and then back to the small intestine, where they mature. […] Larvae in the lungs may cause cough and wheezing; masses of adult worms may obstruct the intestines and single adult worms may migrate into and obstruct bile or pancreatic ducts. […] Diagnosis of ascariasis is by microscopic detection of eggs in stool or gross visualization of adult worms in stool or emerging from the nose, mouth, or rectum. […] All intestinal Ascaris infections should be treated. […] Obstructive complications may be effectively treated with anthelmintics or require surgical or endoscopic extraction of adult worms.

• #26 Ascariasis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ascariasis

  Ascaris lumbricoides is the largest intestinal nematode (roundworm) parasitizing the human intestine and is one of the most common helminthic human infections worldwide. Ascaris suum is a roundworm intestinal parasite of pigs and can also cause human infection. […] Transmission of ascariasis occurs primarily via ingestion of water or food contaminated with infectious eggs. Most patients with A. lumbricoides or A. suum infection are asymptomatic. When symptoms do occur, they occur most often during the adult worm intestinal stage (as intestinal, hepatobiliary, or pancreatic manifestations) but may also occur during the larval migration stage (as pulmonary manifestations). […] Human acquisition of Ascaris infection can occur via the following mechanisms:

• #27 Symptoms and Signs of Ascariasis: Treatment

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/ascariasis/symptom.htm

  Ascariasis is an infection of the small bowel by the parasitic roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, or occasionally by Ascaris suum (from pigs). […] The cause of ascariasis is an infection of the small bowel by the parasitic roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, or occasionally by Ascaris suum (from pigs). People swallow the parasite eggs in contaminated food or water. […] The eggs hatch in the intestine, burrow into the tissue and travel via the blood to the lungs where they become larvae in about 10-14 days.

• #28 Biliary ascariasis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/biliary-ascariasis?lang=us

  Ascariasis is the commonest helminthic infection worldwide and estimated to affect nearly 1 billion people (25% of the population). The disease is transmitted by Ascaris lumbricoides which belongs to the nematode family (roundworms). […] Infection occurs by ingestion of contaminated food (faeco-oral route), the swallowed eggs hatch in the intestine giving rise to the larvae which penetrate the intestinal mucosa and travel through the blood and lymphatics to the liver and lung. […] The adult worms cause mechanical obstruction to the intestinal lumen or may penetrate and obstruct the common bile duct leading to obstructive jaundice (Courvoisier sign if painless). […] Adult worms may cause CBD obstruction and recurrent cholangitis.

• #29 Ascariasis: Common Diseases in Humans – Causes, Symptoms, & Treatments

  https://testbook.com/biology/common-diseases-in-humans-ascariasis

  Ascariasis is a disease caused by an intestinal parasite known as Ascaris, or more commonly, the roundworm. This pale, white, tube-like worm resides in the human intestines. The roundworm’s eggs can be found in the feces of an infected person, and flies often act as vectors, transferring these eggs to humans. […] Infection by Ascaris lumbricoides can be controlled by proper hygiene and sanitation. Disposal of faeces away from habitations can help prevent contamination and eliminate the use of nightsoil as fertiliser for crops. […] The optimal condition for Ascaris lumbricoid egg fertilisation is in moist, warm and shaded places. The human body is not a suitable condition for egg fertilisation and may become ineffective. Only the fertilised eggs under optimal conditions can become infectious.

• #30 ADW: Ascaris lumbricoides: INFORMATION

  https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Ascaris_lumbricoides/

  Ascaris lumbricoides infections have been reported in more than 150 countries across the globe, particularly in tropic, subtropic and temperate regions. Approximately 1.4 billion people worldwide are infected, 4 million of whom live in the United States. […] Ascaris lumbricoides infects approximately 1.4 billion people in over 150 countries worldwide, and is estimated to infect anywhere from one fourth to one third of the global population. In 2001, an estimate of disability-adjusted life years due to Ascaris lumbricoides was 1-2 years. This roundworm contributes significantly to the burden of abdominal surgical emergencies, as the rate of complications from infection can be as high as 67%, primarily due to intestinal and biliary tract obstruction. Infection is rarely fatal, but because of its high prevalence it is still responsible for 8000-100,000 deaths annually. Infection with Ascaris lumbricoides is also an important cause of malnutrition, particularly in children, causing protein energy loss and vitamin A and C deficiencies. Overall, it can cause stunting of linear growth, leading to both physical and mental deficits. […] Ascaris lumbricoides is the most common multicellular intestinal parasite of humans, found in over 150 countries worldwide.

• #31 Ascariasis: Causes, Symptoms & Prevention Explained

  https://sehathub.com/ascariasis

  Ascariasis is a helminthic parasitic infection caused by the roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides. […] Humans acquire the worm by consuming contaminated food or water. Hand-to-mouth contact with roundworm eggs is another cause of transmission. […] Once inside, the A. lumbricoides roundworm quickly replicates to invade different organs. The parasite relies on a hospitable environment for growth, which is present only in a human host. […] The worm is ingested as eggs, which pass through your gut and hatch in the intestine. An adult roundworm female can lay more than 20,000 eggs in a day. […] Yes, Ascariasis is contagious. You can contract the disease if you ingest the eggs of human roundworms. […] The disease is transmitted to you if you consume water or food contaminated with eggs. […] Residents of tropical and sub-tropical regions (Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa) are at risk. […] People living in areas with poor sanitation and clean water supply. […] People who consume foods from fields where human feces (or pig poop) is used as fertilizer.

• #32 Necrotizing pancreatitis due to Ascaris lumbricoides: Causes, diagnosis, and current treatment

  http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0120-99572021000400514

  Necrosis in acute pancreatitis presents a high mortality rate despite advances in critical care. After biliary and alcoholic etiology, the third most common cause of pancreatitis is idiopathic etiology, with 10% of cases related to parasites, being Ascaris the most common parasite involved in pancreas necrosis and inflammation. […] Ascariasis is the most common helminth infection in the world, caused by Ascaris lumbricoides, and has a global prevalence of 25%. It is a ubiquitous parasite in the Indian subcontinent, China, the African continent and Latin America. […] The present case came from the Colombian Amazon, an endemic area for Ascaris. The prevalence of ascariasis is associated with hot and humid climates; in these tropical and subtropical regions, A. lumbricoides infections are part of the daily lives of low-income populations.

• #32 Necrotizing pancreatitis due to Ascaris lumbricoides: Causes, diagnosis, and current treatment

  http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0120-99572021000400514

  Ascariasis is more prevalent in children; however, evidence shows that acute pancreatitis secondary to hepatobiliary and pancreatic ascariasis (HPA) is an adult disease, predominantly in women. […] The diagnosis of acute pancreatitis due to ascariasis should be made by clinical imaging, as laboratory tests do not assist in diagnosing HPA. […] A. lumbricoides is extremely sensitive to antihelmintic treatment with benzimidazoles; mebendazole has efficacy of 84%-99%, while albendazole is 93.2%-97.3%, and is administered in a single 400 mg dose. […] Ascariasis is the most common parasite involved in pancreatitis with a high mortality from necrotizing pancreatitis.

• #33 Ascariasis – Symptoms, Causes, Images, and Treatment Options

  https://www.epocrates.com/online/diseases/908/ascariasis

  Ascariasis is concentrated in developing countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. […] Acquired by ingesting eggs that are passed in human feces and mature in the soil.

• #34 Hepatobiliary and pancreatic ascariasis

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v22/i33/7507.htm

  HPA can cause six distinct clinical presentations including biliary colic, acute cholangitis, acalculous cholecystitis, hepatic abscess, acute pancreatitis, and recurrent pyogenic cholangitis. […] Ascariasis is prevalent worldwide with an overall prevalence of 25%. An estimated 1.4 billion people are infected.

• #34 Hepatobiliary and pancreatic ascariasis

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v22/i33/7507.htm

  Hepatobiliary and pancreatic ascariasis (HPA) is caused by invasion and migration of nematode, Ascaris lumbricoides, in to the biliary tract and pancreatic duct. […] HPA is the etiological factor for 36.7%, 23%, 14.5% and 12.5% of all biliary diseases, acute pancreatitis, liver abscesses and biliary lithiasis respectively. […] Ascariasis is common infection in Kashmir, India. […] The organism is highly motile and can move in and out of ducts over short periods and was not expected to be present in the ducts at surgery. […] HPA is a disease prevalent in endemic areas of world. […] HPA is restricted to population with high endemicity with high worm load in the population. […] The impact of HPA on healthcare in Kashmir, India is phenomenal. A. lumbricoides is the etiological factor for 36.7% of patients with hepatobiliary diseases, 23% of patients with acute pancreatitis, 14.5% patients with liver abscesses and 12.5% patients with biliary lithiasis.

• #35 Common Infections | Parasites without Borders

  https://parasiteswithoutborders.com/common-infections/

  Ascariasis is a disease caused by the parasitic roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides. […] Ascaris infection due to A. lumbricoides occurs worldwide; approximately 800 million people are infected. […] The prevalence of A. lumbricoides infection is highest in tropical countries where warm, wet climates favor year-round transmission. […] Ascariasis occurs most commonly in areas where suboptimal sanitation practices are associated with fecal contamination of soil, water, and food.

• #36 Roundworms (Ascariasis) – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/roundworms-ascariasis/

  Worldwide, 1.4 billion people are infected with Ascaris lumbricoides, with prevalence among developing countries as low as 4% in Mafia Island, Zanzibar, to as high as 90% in some areas of Indonesia. […] Although infection with A. lumbricoides is often asymptomatic, it is responsible for an estimated 730,000 cases of bowel obstruction annually, 11,000 of which are fatal.

• #37 A case of atopic dermatitis caused by Ascaris lumbricoides infection | Clinical and Molecular Allergy | Full Text

  https://clinicalmolecularallergy.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12948-018-0088-5

  Parasite infections stimulate total and specific IgE production that, in the case of Ascaris lumbricoides infection, corresponds to chronic allergic symptoms. […] Ascaris lumbricoides is a large nematode that causes abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, bloating, anorexia and intermittent diarrhoea. Patients with ascaridiasis and high IgE levels may also have allergy-like symptoms such as asthma, urticaria and atopic dermatitis. […] In patients with dermatitis, Ascaris lumbricoides infection should be not excluded: adequate anthelmintic treatment may result in complete regression from the disease. […] Ascaridiasis is a common intestinal infestation caused by nematodes of the genus ascaridia. Ascaris lumbricoides is one of the main common causes of human parasitic infection. […] The present case shows that the role of infection from A. lumbricoides in patients with long-lasting dermatitis should not be overlooked. Suitable anti-helminthic treatment may result in complete recovery from the disease. Further studies are needed to understand the molecular mechanisms by which this immune modulation occurs, to explain the complex relationship between ascariasis and susceptibility to childhood atopic dermatitis.

• #38

  https://journals.lww.com/annals-of-medicine-and-surgery/fulltext/2023/03000/small_bowel_obstruction_caused_by_massive.33.aspx

  One of the significant and dangerous effects is the obstruction of the digestive tract by a mass of Ascaris lumbricoides. […] The mechanisms of obstruction are occlusion of the intestinal lumen by worms packed in the distal ileum, as well as the localized volvulus of a segment of the terminal ileum due to the weight of the worms inside. […] Ascaris lumbricoides may cause serious problems during this migration, including pancreatitis, liver abscess, cholecystitis, intestinal obstruction, and even perforation. […] The type of surgery undertaken is determined by the results of the laparotomy. If the bowel was found to be intact and the obstruction was at the ileum level, milking worms to the cecum can be done with caution to avoid trauma to the bowel wall. Primary anastomosis after resection of a necrotic bowel segment and removal of the worm bolus is a suitable method for treatment of the ascariasis obstruction. […] It should be aware of possibility of an ascariasis bolus in intestinal obstruction in children and be cautious in terms of long-term complications.

• #38

  https://journals.lww.com/annals-of-medicine-and-surgery/fulltext/2023/03000/small_bowel_obstruction_caused_by_massive.33.aspx

  Ascaris lumbricoides is an infestation that affects approximately one-seventh of the worlds population. Ascaris lumbricoides is a common inhabitant of the intestines of people with low-socioeconomic incomes, especially in underdeveloped countries of the world. Ascaris lumbricoides infestation is more prone to infestation with serious complications such as intestinal obstruction, volvulus, intussusception, and intestinal necrosis at higher rates in children than in adults. […] Ascariasis is a round intestinal worm infestation transmitted by fecal or oral contamination. Eating and excreting ascaris eggs lead to ascariasis and excrete human feces, which contaminate foods, soil, and/or water in unsanitary environments. […] Ascariasis lumbricoides worms are caused by ascariasis. It is a disease that would be both chronic and fatal. This parasite is widely distributed around the world, infecting poor people especially in third-world countries and causing a heavy health burden, especially in these countries, and it causes an average of 1.210.5% life-year loss per year.

• #39 Massive biliary ascariasis: an unusual cause of acute cholangitis | BMJ Case Reports

  https://casereports.bmj.com/content/14/3/e239784

  Acute cholangitis is a condition of bacterial infection following hepatobiliary tract obstruction, which signifies poor prognosis unless adequately drained. […] The most common aetiologies are choledocholithiasis, benign or malignant biliary stricture, biliary stent obstruction, sclerosing cholangitis and rarely parasitic obstruction in respective order. […] Ascaris is one of the parasites that can cause biliary obstruction and linked to biliary sepsis. […] To our knowledge, ascariasis is common in both tropical and low-income and middle-income countries, where they are perpetuated by untreated sewage used as a fertiliser and flowing into rivers and lakes. […] Ascaris lumbricoides is one parasite infestation that causes biliary obstruction, and is complicated with acute cholangitis called: biliary ascariasis.

• #39 Massive biliary ascariasis: an unusual cause of acute cholangitis | BMJ Case Reports

  https://casereports.bmj.com/content/14/3/e239784

  The prevalence of infestation was directly proportionate with sanitation status, education level and usage of untreated sewage or human excreta as fertiliser. […] In humans, the life cycle of this parasite begins by ingestion of A. lumbricoides ova, which then hatch in the small intestine. […] A. lumbricoides has a natural preference to migrate and seek out a small orifice. […] There is also a relatively rare proportion of gallbladder and pancreatic duct lodging. […] The affected age ranged from forty-to-seventy years and is usually around the mid-thirties. […] Several factors that might increase HBA infection are the following; (1) Those who had a prior history of hepatobiliary surgery (cholecystectomy, choledocholithotomy, sphincteroplasty, endoscopic sphincterotomy, (2) Pregnancy, probably owing to progesterone effects on ampulla during pregnancy, (3) Perturbation of the environment surrounding the worm; for instance, fever, anaesthetics, and tetrachloroethylene used to treat hookworm infestation during the early 20th century.

• #39 Massive biliary ascariasis: an unusual cause of acute cholangitis | BMJ Case Reports

  https://casereports.bmj.com/content/14/3/e239784

  The long-term complication of HBA is associated with biliary lithiasis and recurrent pyogenic cholangitis, as biliary sludge is often demonstrated. […] The definite diagnosis depended on the direct visualisation of the worms in the biliary tree, especially in the endemic zone. […] Basic laboratory investigations, including complete blood count, liver function test and stool examination, were obtained for diagnosis. […] Ultrasonography is the imaging of choice, owing to its sensitivity and specificity to demonstrate both worms and their mobility in the biliary system over time. […] The treatment of HBA requires multimodalities and aspects. […] There are three treatment aspects for biliary ascariasis. […] The surgical approach was usually indicated in patients with endoscopic failure, or whom had coexisting obstructive jaundice and intestinal obstruction. […] In conclusion, A. lumbricoides is an unusual cause of acute cholangitis, despite their low prevalence.

• #40 Ascarid Infections in Horses – Causes, Treatment and Associated Conditions – Vetster

  https://vetster.com/en/conditions/horse/ascarid-infections

  Ascariasis is a roundworm infection common in horses, especially foals, young horses, and immunocompromised animals. […] Ascariasis is caused by ingestion of ascarid eggs while foraging in feces-contaminated spaces. […] Roundworm infections are very common in young horses. Adult horses typically do not become infected with the parasites, unless they are immunosuppressed.

• #41 Ascariasis: symptoms, causes, treatment, medicine, prevention, diagnosis

  https://www.myupchar.com/en/disease/ascariasis

  Ascariasis is caused by the parasite Ascaris lumbricoides. […] It does not spread via direct person-to-person contact but spreads through an infected persons faeces containing ascariasis eggs. […] These eggs can be transmitted to the farm soil through natural fertilisers. […] The mode of infection is through: […] Consuming food or fluids contaminated with roundworm eggs […] Playing in contaminated soil and inhaling the dust particles […] Openly defecating along with poor hygienic conditions and improper sanitation […] Coming in contact with animals such as pigs.

• #42 Ascariasis – Causes, Symptoms, Signs, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/ascariasis.htm

  Ascariasis is a parasitic infection caused by the roundworm or Ascaris lumbricoides. The infection is common in regions with poor sanitation, particularly in poorer countries in the tropics and subtropics. […] Ascariasis occurs due to ingestion of eggs of the roundworms. This may occur due to: Ingestion of raw vegetables contaminated with ascaris eggs, Improper disposal of human feces, Drinking of unhygienic water, Use of contaminated human feces as fertilizer.

• #43 WHO EMRO | Ascaris lumbricoides infection: an unexpected cause of pancreatitis in a western Mediterranean country | Volume 16, issue 3 | EMHJ volume 16, 2010

  https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-16-2010/volume-16-issue-3/article20.html

  Ascaris lumbricoides is a nematode parasite, endemic in the Middle East and South America, especially in rural countries. Ascariasis infection causes about 20 000 deaths every year, usually as a result of intestinal occlusion, and it contributes to infant malnutrition. Poor sanitation is usually the most important risk factor for infection, and women are more affected because progesterone plays a role in inducing Oddis sphincter relaxation, allowing the nematode to access the biliary duct. […] Although ascariasis is the most common human worm infection in the Mediterranean area, the development of a severe illness such as a pancreatitis due to this infestation is unusual. The origin of the infestation was not established. As the patient had not travelled to any endemic areas, our hypothesis is a contact with eggs through consumption of raw vegetables or contaminated soil. The presence of eosinophilia should have raised suspicion of the possibility of a parasitic infection, even in a patient not travelling or migrating from endemic areas, but the rarity of this cause of acute abdomen was certainly misleading.

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