Materiały źródłowe

• #1 An approach to acanthosis nigricans

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4144206/

  Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is characterized by dark, coarse and thickened skin with a velvety texture, being symmetrically distributed on the neck, the axillae, antecubital and popliteal fossae, and groin folds, histopathologically characterized by papillomatosis and hyperkeratosis of the skin. […] Due to the rising prevalence of obesity and diabetes a high prevalence of AN has been observed recently. […] Insulin has been demonstrated to cross dermoepidermal junction (DEJ) to reach keratinocytes. […] Hyperinsulinemia not only causes AN by exerting a direct toxic effect, but indirectly by increasing free IGF-1 levels in circulation. […] Observations that insulin-dependent activation of IGF-1Rs can facilitate AN development are (1) IGF receptors are found in cultured fibroblasts and keratinocytes.

• #2 Acanthosis nigricans – Dermatology Advisor

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/acanthosis-nigricans/

  Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is a skin disease characterized by symmetric, velvety, hyperpigmented plaques that may occur in any location of the body. […] Given the association between AN and various systemic abnormalities, (including insulin resistance, obesity, hyperandrogenism, malignancy, and various syndromes) clinicians should be alert for several findings in the history of patients with this skin disease. […] A medication history is important, as several drugs have been associated with AN. Nicotinic acid is the medication most commonly associated with AN; however, oral contraceptives, heroin, corticosteroids, diethylstilbestrol, methyltestosterone and fusidic acid have also been reported culprits causing AN. […] Several mechanisms to explain the pathogenesis of AN have been proposed, all of which consider enhanced cellular proliferation. Hyperinsulinemia present in benign AN results in a decreased number of functional insulin receptors which, via tyrosine kinase activity, regulate glucose uptake, cell growth, DNA synthesis, and protein/fat metabolism.

• #3 An approach to acanthosis nigricans

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4144206/

  Insulin resistance is a metabolic disorder in which target cells fail to respond to normal levels of circulating insulin, resulting in compensatory hyperinsulinemia. […] Acanthosis nigricans maligna occurs in the course of adenocarcinomas of abdominal organs (70-90%), particularly gastric cancer (55-61%). […] Acanthosis nigricans is so closely associated with insulin resistance that it has been called a clinical surrogate for laboratory determined hyperinsulinemia. […] Obesity is the most common cause of AN. […] This may appear as an adverse effect of several medications that promote hyperinsulinemia. […] It may occur as two types: type A and Type B. […] It is due to the development of antibodies to insulin receptors in autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus. […] It occurs in otherwise healthy patients.

• #4

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44337-024-00017-7

  The development of AN is associated with obesity and diabetes mellitus, suggesting a potential role for hyperinsulinemia in the pathogenesis of the skin condition. […] AN mediators include insulin and its receptors, as well as insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and its receptors. […] High levels of insulin can not only directly stimulate IGF1 receptors but also reduce the synthesis of IGF binding proteins and displace IGF1 from its binding proteins, further enhancing IGF receptor activation. […] This direct stimulation of IGF1R and increased levels of IGF1 lead to fibroblast and keratinocyte proliferation, ultimately contributing to the development of AN. […] Another mechanism of AN involves the activation of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR) and epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR).

• #5 Acanthosis Nigricans – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431057/

  Acanthosis nigricans is most commonly associated with diabetes and insulin resistance, but rarely it can be a sign of internal malignancy. […] It can also occur with hormone disorders or with the use of certain medications like systemic glucocorticoids and oral contraceptives. […] There are multiple factors involved in the development of acanthosis nigricans. […] Increased circulating insulin activates keratinocyte insulin-like growth factor (ILGF) receptors, particularly IGF-1. […] Increased transforming growth factor (TGF) appears to be the mechanism for malignancy-associated acanthosis nigricans. […] Familial acanthosis nigricans may arise as a result of an autosomal dominant trait, presenting at birth or during childhood. […] Obesity is one of the most common conditions associated with Acanthosis nigricans.

• #6 Acanthosis Nigricans | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/17054

  There are multiple factors involved in the development of acanthosis nigricans. […] Increased circulating insulin activates keratinocyte insulin-like growth factor (ILGF) receptors, particularly IGF-1. At high concentrations, insulin may displace IGF-1 from IGF binding protein. Increased circulating IGF may lead to keratinocyte and dermal fibroblast proliferation. […] Hereditary variants are associated with fibroblast growth factor defects. […] Increased transforming growth factor (TGF) appears to be the mechanism for malignancy-associated acanthosis nigricans. TGF acts on epidermal tissue via the epidermal growth factor receptor. […] Familial acanthosis nigricans may arise as a result of an autosomal dominant trait, presenting at birth or during childhood. It occurs due to mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3).

• #7 Acanthosis nigricans – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthosis_nigricans

  Factors involved in the development of acanthosis nigricans include increased circulating insulin. This activates keratinocyte IGF receptors, particularly IGF-1. At high concentrations, insulin may also displace IGF-1 from insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP). Increased circulating IGF may lead to keratinocyte and dermal fibroblast proliferation. […] In hereditary forms of acanthosis nigricans, fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) defects. […] Increased transforming growth factor (TGF), which appears to be the mechanism for malignancy-associated acanthosis nigricans. TGF acts on epidermal tissue via the epidermal growth factor receptor.

• #8 Acanthosis nigricans – Dermatology Advisor

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/acanthosis-nigricans/

  Insulin may also bind to insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptors resulting in enhanced cellular growth. […] Malignant AN may result from direct expression of cellular proliferation-enhancing peptides by tumor cells, which include: transforming growth factor-alpha and epidermal growth factor. […] Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) has also been associated with formation of AN, including malignant AN. […] Acanthosis nigricans associated with hereditary diseases and FGFR3 germline mutations may be due to the resultant proliferative effect on keratinocytes. […] Tumor growth factor-alpha, ERK (a mitogen-activated protein kinase) and activation of insulin-like growth factor receptor have been suggested as contributing factors toward AN development.

• #9 Acanthosis Nigricans: A practical approach to evaluation and management

  https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7mf6g290

  Hyperinsulinemia may also facilitate the development of AN indirectly by increasing the levels of free IGF-1 in the circulation. […] Hyperinsulinemia does not mediate all forms of acanthosis nigricans. […] Malignancy-associated AN might be explained by elevated levels of growth factors such as transforming growth factor (TGF-), which exerts effects on epidermal tissue via the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). […] Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor, FGFR, and EGFR are all tyrosine kinase receptors and acanthosis nigricans seems to be a final common manifestation of a variety of processes.

• #10 An approach to acanthosis nigricans

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4144206/

  It is a rare form of AN, inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. […] It is a rare autosomal dominant genodermatosis beginning during early childhood, but may manifest at any age. […] Insulin resistance is thought to be a primary etiological factor in the development of cardiac dysfunction. […] The commonest underlying cause of IR is excess abdominal adipose tissue which releases increased amounts of free fatty acids which directly affect insulin signaling.

• #11

  https://journals.lww.com/idoj/fulltext/2014/05030/an_approach_to_acanthosis_nigricans.1.aspx

  Insulin resistance is a metabolic disorder in which target cells fail to respond to normal levels of circulating insulin, resulting in compensatory hyperinsulinemia. […] Acanthosis nigricans maligna occurs in the course of adenocarcinomas of abdominal organs (70-90%), particularly gastric cancer (55-61%). […] Acanthosis nigricans is so closely associated with insulin resistance that it has been called a clinical surrogate for laboratory determined hyperinsulinemia. […] Insulin resistance is thought to be a primary etiological factor in the development of cardiac dysfunction, higher prevalence being reported in nonischemic heart failure population. […] Acanthosis nigricans patients have hyperinsulinemia and may be at greater risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. […] The commonest underlying cause of insulin resistance is excess abdominal adipose tissue which releases increased amounts of free fatty acids which directly affect insulin signaling.

• #12 Acanthosis Nigricans: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1102488-overview

  Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is characterized by an asymptomatic area of darkening and thickening of the skin, occasionally with pruritus; lesions begin as hyperpigmented macules and patches and progress to symmetric, hyperpigmented, and velvety plaques with ill-defined borders, typically involving intertriginous areas. […] In 1976, Kahn et al published their landmark study in which the association between AN and insulin resistance was first described. In 2000, the American Diabetes Association established AN as a formal risk factor for the development of diabetes in children. […] AN most likely is caused by factors that stimulate epidermal keratinocyte and dermal fibroblast proliferation. […] In the benign form of AN, the factor is probably insulin or an insulinlike growth factor (IGF) that incites the epidermal cell propagation; other proposed mediators include other tyrosine kinase receptors (eg, epidermal growth factor [EGF] receptor [EGFR] or fibroblast growth factor [FGF] receptor [FGFR]).

• #13 Acanthosis Nigricans: Pointer of Endocrine Entities

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/10/2519

  The currently increasing prevalence of AN varies from 4.5 to 74%, and has even been reported as 100%, depending on the studied population (e.g., diabetic or obese cohorts), with equal distribution among females and males. […] Many pathogenic contributors are described in relation to signature IR, at the skin level. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF), fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) have been recognized as promoters of epidermal keratinocyte and dermal fibroblast proliferation. […] AN management depends on underlying conditions, and specific dermatological therapy is not generally required, unless the patient achieves metabolic control, has severe skin lesions, or desires cosmetic improvement. […] In terms of AN management, the treatment of the underlying disease represents a stepping stone in improving AN: nutritional and psychological intervention for weight control; bariatric surgery; insulin sensitizers for IR, usually metformin; oral contraceptives in PCOS; or gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist therapy in young populations for hyperandrogenemia. […] AN represents a useful non-invasive surrogate marker of this spectrum in both children and adults.

• #14 Acanthosis Nigricans | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688503/all/Acanthosis_Nigricans

  Familial AN is associated with an autosomal dominant mutation of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 gene. […] Malignant AN is a rare cause of AN characterized by sudden onset, rapid progression, and more extensive lesions. […] Drug-induced AN is a rare cause that can be seen with drugs that promote hyperinsulinemia such as systemic glucocorticoids, insulin, oral contraceptives (OCPs), niacin, testosterone, and protease inhibitors.

• #15 Acanthosis Nigricans: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1102488-overview

  Familial and syndromic forms of AN have been identified. Many syndromes share common features, including obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and craniosynostosis. […] Insulin resistance syndromes include those with mutations in the insulin receptors (ie, leprechaunism, Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (ie, type 1 diabetes with AN and hypertension), 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyl transferase-2 or seipin (Berardinelli-Seip syndrome), lamin A/C (Dunnigan syndrome), and Alstrom syndrome gene. […] In malignant AN, the stimulating factor is hypothesized to be a substance secreted either by the tumor or in response to the tumor. […] Exogenous medications also have been implicated as etiologic factors, including insulin injections (especially at the injection site), likely through activation of IGF receptors.

• #16 Malignancy-Associated Acanthosis Nigricans – DoveMed

  https://www.dovemed.com/diseases-conditions/malignancy-associated-acanthosis-nigricans

  Acanthosis Nigricans is associated with many disorders, such as obesity, diabetes, and malignancy […] Malignancy-Associated Acanthosis Nigricans is caused by an underlying cancer. The common cancers associated with the condition include: Stomach cancer, Colon cancer, Liver cancer, Endometrial cancer, Pineal gland tumor (located in the brain) […] Malignancy-Associated Acanthosis Nigricans can be caused by multiple mechanisms. The Acanthosis Nigricans type that is associated with malignancies is caused by mutation of a substance, called transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha), which is either secreted by the tumor cells or by the body in response to the tumor. Increased levels of TGF-alpha causes a proliferation of the epidermal skin cells. TGF-alpha levels in blood and urine may drop after the malignant tumor is removed

• #17 Acanthosis nigricans

  https://www.pcds.org.uk/clinical-guidance/acanthosis-nigricans

  Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is characterised by hyperpigmentation and a velvety thickening of skin predominantly affecting the neck and flexures. […] AN has a number of aetiologies whose likely common mechanism is stimulation of tyrosine kinase growth factor receptor signalling pathways in the epidermis. In insulin resistance syndromes high levels of circulating insulin activate the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor. […] Insulin resistance secondary to obesity is the most common cause of AN. The changes are weight dependent; lesions may completely regress with weight reduction. Other causes of insulin resistance include PCOS. […] Hereditary AN can be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. […] Drugs appear to be an uncommon cause, associated medications include systemic corticosteroids, nicotinic acid, and stilboestrol. […] Malignant acanthosis nigricans is associated with internal malignancy, usually a gastric adenocarcinoma; many other carcinomata have been associated.

• #18 Acanthosis Nigricans in Pre-diabetic states | British Journal of Medical Practitioners

  https://www.bjmp.org/content/acanthosis-nigricans-pre-diabetic-states

  The autoimmune hypothesis of AN has the potential to modify the direction of DM type 2 research. […] AN may be triggered by a plethora of medications, such as birth control pills, human growth hormones, thyroid medications, and even some bodybuilding supplements. […] Hypothyroidism, Cushing’s disease, and polycystic ovarian disease are also common causes of AN. […] When AN is present without any identifiable cause in middle-aged and older patients with extensive skin findings, internal malignancy needs to be ruled out. […] The incidence of AN varies in different races, which is evidence that AN may have a genetic contribution indeed, it has been regarded by some as being strongly influenced by genetic factors. […] AN is linked with higher insulin production and obesity, whereas AN may not be present in diabetes with a reduced quantity of insulin. […] The presence of AN may serve as one of the biological markers to determine subtypes of DM type 2.

• #19 Acanthosis nigricans: Appearance, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324062

  People with lupus, Sjogrens syndrome, scleroderma, or Hashimotos thyroiditis may develop acanthosis nigricans. […] Rarely, acanthosis nigricans occurs alongside some types of cancer, such as stomach cancer, colon cancer, liver cancer, breast cancer, and ovarian cancer. […] According to the American Academy of Dermatology, people of Native American, Caribbean, African, or Hispanic descent are more likely to develop acanthosis nigricans. […] Insulin resistance, which is a feature of type 2 diabetes, has links to acanthosis nigricans. […] Acanthosis nigricans often occurs in those with PCOS. This condition causes an imbalance in reproductive hormones, affecting both the reproductive system and a persons metabolism. […] Obesity and insulin resistance are risk factors. PCOS, medication use, cancer, and some other conditions can also cause it.

• #20 Acanthosis Nigricans: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1102488-overview

  The definitive cause of AN remains to be established, though several possibilities have been suggested. […] Obesity-associated AN, once labeled pseudoacanthosis nigricans, is the most common type. […] AN has been shown to be a reliable early marker for metabolic syndrome in pediatric patients. […] In addition to the widely recognized association of AN with insulin resistance, AN has been associated with numerous syndromes. […] The type A syndrome is also is termed the HAIR-AN (hyperandrogenemia, insulin resistance, and AN) syndrome. […] The type B syndrome generally occurs in women who have uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, ovarian hyperandrogenism, or an autoimmune disease such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), scleroderma, Sjgren syndrome, or Hashimoto thyroiditis. […] Drug-induced AN, though uncommon, may be induced by several medications, including nicotinic acid, insulin, pituitary extract, systemic corticosteroids, and diethylstilbestrol.

• #21 Acanthosis nigricans: Foothill Dermatology Medical Center: Dermatology

  https://www.foothillderm.com/blog/acanthosis-nigricans

  Acanthosis nigricans (ay-can-THOE-sis NIE-gri-cans) (AN) is a skin condition that causes one or more areas of skin to darken and thicken. […] Sometimes, AN is a warning sign of something going on inside the body. It can warn about: […] Obesity is the most common cause. Studies show that when obese children and adults who have AN lose a significant amount of weight, they often see their skin clear. […] Sometimes, AN is a warning sign of pre-diabetes, which increases your risk of getting diabetes. […] A reaction to a medicine: Birth control pills, strong corticosteroids like prednisone, and niacin can cause AN. […] Hormonal disease: This skin condition can be a sign of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), thyroid disease, or a problem with the adrenal glands. […] Cancer: When AN develops quickly, it can be a sign of a cancer, especially a cancer in the stomach, colon, or liver.

• #22 Acanthosis nigricans: To be or not to be afraid (Review)

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/ol.2018.9736

  Syndromic AN is a form associated with a syndrome, and two types have been described: type A (HAIR-AN) presents with hyperandrogenemia (HA), insulin resistance (IR) and AN; type B presents with diabetes mellitus and ovarian hyperandrogenemia. […] Autoimmune AN is usually determined by anti-insulin receptor antibodies that appear in autoimmune diseases (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus). […] Lesions are induced by an internal malignancy and are clinically indistinguishable from benign forms, although they are often associated with intense pruritis. […] AN may appear as an adverse effect of several medications that promote hyperinsulinemia: nicotinic acid, niacin, glucocorticoids, stilbestrol, methyltestosterone, estrogen, combined oral contraceptive pill, pituitary extract and growth hormone therapy.

• #23 Acanthosis nigricans: diagnosis and treatment. Clínica Universidad de Navarra

  https://www.cun.es/en/diseases-treatments/diseases/acanthosis-nigricans

  Finally, certain medications, such as glucocorticoids, hormonal contraceptives and some chemotherapy drugs, can trigger acanthosis nigricans by interfering with the body’s normal metabolic pathways and altering skin growth and pigmentation. […] The relationship between acanthosis nigricans and insulin resistance lies in the effects this excess insulin has on the body. Elevated insulin levels in the blood can stimulate the proliferation of keratinocytes and fibroblasts in the skin, overgrowth of which leads to the hyperpigmentation and thickening characteristic of acanthosis nigricans. […] Importantly, Acanthosis Nigricans, in this context, may be an early cutaneous marker of insulin resistance, even before other clinical signs of metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes, become apparent.

• #24 Acanthosis Nigricans: Causes, Diagnosis &Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12168-acanthosis-nigricans

  Light brown or black skin patches may be a sign of acanthosis nigricans. […] However, it can be a sign of diabetes, so talk to your healthcare provider. […] AN can have many causes, including: Conditions associated with elevated insulin blood level, such as obesity, prediabetes or diabetes. […] While AN doesn’t always mean you have diabetes or prediabetes, it can be a sign of diabetes. […] If obesity is causing AN, you can help prevent the condition through weight management. […] Acanthosis nigricans is a treatable skin condition that causes dark patches on your body. It is often (though not always) a sign of prediabetes or diabetes.

• #25 Acanthosis nigricans: Overview

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/acanthosis-nigricans-overview

  Acanthosis nigricans can be a sign of pre-diabetes, which increases your risk of getting diabetes. […] AN can also be caused by a medicine you’re taking. […] A dermatologist can help you find out what’s causing your discolored skin.

• #26 Acanthosis Nigricans in Pre-diabetic states | British Journal of Medical Practitioners

  https://www.bjmp.org/content/acanthosis-nigricans-pre-diabetic-states

  The identification of dark patches on the skin may be the first indication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM type 2). […] Causative factors are impairment in both insulin action and insulin secretion. […] The association of AN, skin tags, and diabetes mellitus due to insulin resistance along with obesity in adolescents and young adults is a well-defined syndrome. […] High-insulin levels in the blood may increase the body’s production of skin cells, many of which have increased pigmentation that gives the skin a darkened appearance dark patches appear on the skin. […] The presence of AN is therefore a strong indicator of increased insulin production and, therefore, it is also a predictor for future DM type 2. […] If too much insulin is the cause of AN, it is relatively easy for the patient to counter it by changing to a healthier diet, taking exercise, and controlling their blood sugar.

• #27 Acanthosis Nigricans Causes Symptoms And TreatmentsFacebookPinterestTwitterYouTube

  https://www.diabetescarecommunity.ca/living-well-with-diabetes-articles/acanthosis-nigricans-causes-symptoms-and-treatments/

  Acanthosis nigricans usually occurs in people who are very overweight. It is also a very common symptom of diabetes, especially in those who are overweight or obese and have poorly controlled blood sugar. […] Acanthosis nigricans is a common occurrence in people with undiagnosed or uncontrolled diabetes.

• #28 Acanthosis nigricans | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/acanthosis-nigricans?content_id=CON-20368968

  Acanthosis nigricans might be related to: […] Most people who have acanthosis nigricans have also become resistant to insulin. […] Certain drugs and supplements. High-dose niacin, birth control pills, prednisone and other corticosteroids may cause acanthosis nigricans. […] Some types of cancer cause acanthosis nigricans. These include lymphoma and cancers of the stomach, colon and liver. […] The risk of acanthosis nigricans is higher in people who have obesity. […] People who have acanthosis nigricans are much more likely to develop type 2 diabetes.

• #29

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44337-024-00017-7

  Furthermore, obese students with AN exhibit a markedly higher prevalence of hyperinsulinemia (46.2%) compared to those without either condition. […] The presence of AN in children is closely associated with glucose intolerance, including impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes, with fasting plasma insulin concentrations exhibiting the strongest correlation. […] This study aims to describe metabolic pathways underlying the development of AN and their clinical implications. […] While malignancies (such as gastric adenocarcinoma) can cause AN, this review focuses on the more common cause of AN, obesity, providing information on the relationships with insulin resistance, leptin and metabolic disorders and the potential for dermatologists to intervene to prevent cardiovascular comorbidity.

• #30 Acanthosis Nigricans: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/acanthosis-nigricans-overview

  Acanthosis nigricans can affect otherwise healthy people, or it can be associated with certain medical conditions. Sometimes, acanthosis nigricans is congenital (something a person is born with). It also can occur as a result of obesity or an endocrine (glandular) disorder. […] It is frequently found in people with obesity with diabetes or prediabetes and is most common among people of African descent. […] There are many other possible causes of acanthosis nigricans, including: Addison’s disease, a condition caused by a deficiency of hormones from the adrenal gland; Disorders of the pituitary gland within the brain; Growth hormone therapy; Hypothyroidism (low levels of thyroid hormone caused by lowered activity of the thyroid gland); Oral contraceptives; Polycystic ovary syndrome, a hormonal imbalance problem in people assigned female at birth; Corticosteroid medications; Autoimmune conditions like lupus and Sjogren’s syndrome.

• #31 Acanthosis nigricans

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acanthosis-nigricans/

  Acanthosis nigricans is the name for dry, dark patches of skin that usually appear in the armpits, neck or groin. […] The most common cause of acanthosis nigricans is obesity. […] Other causes include: type 2 diabetes, conditions that affect hormone levels such as Cushing’s syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome or an underactive thyroid, taking certain medicines including steroids or hormone treatments like the contraceptive pill, rarely, cancer usually stomach cancer, rarely, a faulty gene inherited from your parents. […] Sometimes healthy people with no other conditions get acanthosis nigricans. This is more common in people with black or brown skin.

• #32 Acanthosis Nigricans: Symptoms ,Causes Diagnosis And Treatment

  https://www.prepladder.com/neet-pg-study-material/dermatology-and-venereology/acanthosis-nigricans-symptoms-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Acanthosis Nigricans related to Medications […] Acanthosis Nigricans linked to Endocrine Dysfunction […] Acanthosis Nigricans due to Acral Acanthotic Anomaly […] Malignant Acanthosis nigricans syndrome […] Auto-immune Acanthosis Nigricans […] The emergence of acanthosis nigricans is influenced by a number of variables increased levels of insulin in the blood, which activates IGF-1 and other ILGF receptors on keratinocytes. Insulin may displace IGF-1 from the IGF binding protein at high quantities. Keratinocyte and dermal fibroblast proliferation may be caused by elevated levels of circulating IGF. Defects in fibroblast growth factor are linked to hereditary variations. Malignancy-related acanthosis nigricans appears to be caused by an increase in transforming growth factor (TGF). Through the epidermal growth factor receptor, TGF affects epidermal tissue. […] This condition may manifest at birth or during childhood as a result of an autosomal dominant feature. Mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor are the cause of Acanthosis nigricans. […] Obesity causing acanthosis nigricans: obesity is one of the most prevalent conditions connected to Acanthosis nigricans. Although they can happen at any age, lesions typically occur in adults. „Pseudoacanthosis nigricans” was originally the name given to it. Insulin resistance may be linked to it. Acanthosis nigricans can revolve if obesity is treated with diet, exercise, or pharmaceuticals. […] Acanthosis nigricans, insulin resistance, and hyperandrogenemia are all symptoms of type A syndrome. Women with uncontrolled diabetes, ovarian hyperandrogenism, or autoimmune diseases including SLE, Sjogren’s syndrome, or scleroderma are more likely to develop type B syndrome. Acanthosis nigricans is linked to PCOS, or polycystic ovarian syndrome. Patients with PCOS exhibit insulin resistance and hyperandrogenic behaviour. […] High-dose of niacin, oral contraceptives, anti-inflammatory drugs like prednisone and some corticosteroids may also lead to acanthosis nigricans. […] Malignancy, lymphoma and gastric carcinoma, carcinoma colon and liver can also result in acanthosis nigricans.

• #33 The Link Between Acanthosis Nigricans and Diabetes: Hines Dermatology Associates Inc.: Dermatology

  https://www.hinesdermatologyassociates.com/blog/the-link-between-acanthosis-nigricans-and-diabetes

  Acanthosis nigricans is an uncommon skin disorder that causes brown or black patchy areas to develop on the skin. […] Most people with acanthosis nigricans have insulin resistance, which can lead to diabetes if it goes untreated. High insulin levels are believed to lead to darkening of the skin. […] While acanthosis nigricans doesn’t cause diabetes, developing this skin issue increases your risk of Type 2 diabetes at some point. […] Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is another risk factor for acanthosis nigricans. PCOS develops when the ovaries produce excessive androgen, a male hormone. The condition is linked to insulin resistance and also increases the risk of Type 2 diabetes.

• #34 Acanthosis nigricans: diagnosis and treatment. Clínica Universidad de Navarra

  https://www.cun.es/en/diseases-treatments/diseases/acanthosis-nigricans

  Insulin resistance is one of the most common causes of acanthosis nigricans. The body produces insulin, but the cells do not respond effectively to it. Consequently, the body produces more insulin to compensate, and elevated insulin levels can promote the overgrowth of skin cells, resulting in the characteristic appearance of acanthosis nigricans. […] Endocrine disorders may also be linked to acanthosis nigricans. Diseases such as Cushing’s syndrome, hypothyroidism, polycystic ovary syndrome or acromegaly can cause the appearance of this skin condition due to the abnormal production of various hormones that can affect the skin. […] In addition, although less common, acanthosis nigricans can be a sign of certain types of cancer, especially lymphomas, tumors of the gastrointestinal tract or liver. In these cases, the appearance of acanthosis nigricans tends to be rapid and more extensive.

• #35 Acanthosis Nigricans: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/acanthosis-nigricans-causes-symptoms-treatment-and-prevention

  Acanthosis nigricans is a skin condition that is usually a symptom of an underlying disorder. […] The skin changes of acanthosis nigricans typically occur in obese people or those with diabetes. […] Occasionally, acanthosis nigricans might be a warning sign of a cancerous tumor in an internal organ, such as the stomach or liver. […] Obesity is the most common cause of acanthosis nigricans. […] The other causes include: Type 2 diabetes, Conditions affecting hormone levels include Cushings syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome, or an underactive thyroid, Taking certain medications such as steroids or hormone treatments such as the contraceptive pill, Cancer typically stomach or liver cancer or lymphomas (this is rare), A faulty gene inherited from parents (this is rare). […] Sometimes healthy people with black or brown skin with no other conditions may experience acanthosis nigricans. […] People with acanthosis nigricans are at a greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

• #36 Acanthosis nigricans – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/acanthosis-nigricans/

  Acanthosis nigricans has been associated with: […] Insulin resistance. Most people who have acanthosis nigricans have also become resistant to insulin. Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas that allows your body to process sugar. Insulin resistance is what eventually causes type 2 diabetes. […] Hormonal disorders. Acanthosis nigricans often occurs in people who have disorders such as ovarian cysts, underactive thyroids or problems with the adrenal glands. […] Certain drugs and supplements. High-dose niacin, birth control pills, prednisone and other corticosteroids may cause acanthosis nigricans. […] Cancer. Acanthosis nigricans also sometimes occurs with lymphoma or when a cancerous tumor begins growing in an internal organ, such as the stomach, colon or liver.

• #37 Acanthosis nigricans • LITFL • CCC Differential Diagnosis

  https://litfl.com/acanthosis-nigricans/

  Acanthosis nigricans are black brown velvety elevations of the epidermis. […] malignancy (especially gastric cancer) esophageal, colon, renal, bladder […] lymphoma […] acromegaly […] insulin resistance e.g. type 2 diabetes mellitus, steroids, polycystic ovarian syndrome […] Prader Willi syndrome.

• #38 Acanthosis Nigricans – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431057/

  Multiple medications have been linked to Acanthosis nigricans. […] Acanthosis nigricans associated with endocrine dysfunction is more insidious in onset, less widespread, and patients are often obese. […] Malignant acanthosis nigricans syndrome is associated with gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and genitourinary cancers such as prostate, breast, and ovary. […] Auto-immune acanthosis nigricans is associated with autoimmune disorders like SLE, Sjogren’s syndrome, scleroderma, or Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. […] Unilateral acanthosis nigricans is very rare and is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. […] The pathogenesis of acanthosis nigricans is likely related to growth factor levels and insulin-mediated activation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) on keratinocytes and increased growth factor levels. […] In patients with malignant acanthosis nigricans, the most probable stimulating factor is secreted by the cancer cells. […] Usage of medications like insulin has also been implicated, most likely due to the activation of IGF receptors.

• #39 Acanthosis Nigricans | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/17054

  Obesity is one of the most common conditions associated with Acanthosis nigricans. […] Multiple medications have been linked to Acanthosis nigricans. These include the use of nicotinic acid, systemic glucocorticoids, diethylstilbestrol, combined oral contraceptive pill, growth hormone therapy, estrogen, protease inhibitors, niacin, and injected insulin. […] It is more insidious in onset, less widespread, and patients are often obese. Insulin-resistance syndromes may be divided into type A (HAIR-AN) and type B syndromes. […] Malignant acanthosis nigricans syndrome is associated with gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and genitourinary cancers such as prostate, breast, and ovary. […] Auto-immune acanthosis nigricans is associated with autoimmune disorders like SLE, Sjogren’s syndrome, scleroderma, or Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. […] Unilateral acanthosis nigricans is very rare and is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion.

• #40 Acanthosis nigricans – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acanthosis-nigricans/symptoms-causes/syc-20368983

  Acanthosis nigricans might be related to: […] Most people who have acanthosis nigricans have also become resistant to insulin. Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas that allows the body to process sugar. Insulin resistance is what leads to type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance is also related to polycystic ovarian syndrome and might be a factor in why acanthosis nigricans develops. […] High-dose niacin, birth control pills, prednisone and other corticosteroids may cause acanthosis nigricans. […] Some types of cancer cause acanthosis nigricans. These include lymphoma and cancers of the stomach, colon and liver.

• #41 Acanthosis Nigricans: Treatment, Pictures, and Causes

  https://www.healthline.com/health/acanthosis-nigricans

  Acanthosis nigricans skin patches occur when epidermal skin cells begin to reproduce rapidly. This atypical skin cell growth is most commonly triggered by high levels of insulin in the blood. […] The most frequent trigger for acanthosis nigricans is an excess of insulin in your bloodstream. […] Excess insulin causes skin cells to reproduce at a rapid rate. For people with skin that has more pigment, these new cells have more melanin. This increase in melanin produces a patch of skin thats darker than the skin surrounding it. […] Certain medications can trigger acanthosis nigricans, such as injected supplementary insulin, nicotinic acid, birth control pills, diethylstilbestrol, human growth hormones, systemic glucocorticoids, thyroid medications, some bodybuilding supplements, protease inhibitors, and estrogen.

• #42 Acanthosis Nigricans: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1102488-overview

  Malignant AN, which is associated with internal malignancy, is the most worrisome of the AN variants because the underlying neoplasm is often an aggressive cancer. […] AN has been reported with many kinds of cancer, but by far the most common underlying malignancy is an adenocarcinoma of gastrointestinal (GI) origin, usually a gastric adenocarcinoma. […] Regression of AN has been seen with treatment of the underlying malignancy, and reappearance may suggest recurrence or metastasis of the primary tumor.

• #43 Acanthosis Nigricans: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/acanthosis-nigricans

  Malignant AN is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome likely due to the release of stimulatory growth factors by tumour cells and is typically associated with gastrointestinal malignancies, especially gastric adenocarcinoma (60%); other associated cancers include hepatobiliary carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma, and Wilms tumour. […] A recently described presentation of AN-like lesions among darker-skinned individuals, involving the forehead, cheeks, including the malar areas, and fingers was also found to be strongly associated with obesity and metabolic disorders.

• #44 Acanthosis Nigricans | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688503/all/Acanthosis_Nigricans

  Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is a benign dermatosis characterized by velvety, hyperpigmented, hyperkeratotic plaques, which […] Typically a sign of hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance but can be a marker of malignancy. […] Etiologies include obesity, insulin resistance, genetic syndromes, familial AN, malignant AN, and drug reactions. […] Obesity induced (pseudo-AN) and insulin resistance are the most common etiologies of AN. […] Other endocrinopathies associated with AN include polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), acromegaly, and Cushing syndrome; thyroid diseases; hirsutism; and Addison disease. […] Genetic disorders characterized by insulin resistance can also present with AN. Examples include Down syndrome, leprechaunism, congenital generalized lipodystrophy, and familial partial lipodystrophy.

• #45 Acanthosis nigricans Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/acanthosis-nigricans

  Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is a skin disorder in which there is darker, thick, velvety skin in body folds and creases. […] AN can affect otherwise healthy people. It can also be related to medical problems, such as: Genetic disorders, including Down syndrome and Alström syndrome; Hormone imbalances that occur in diabetes and obesity, often called insulin resistance; Cancer, such as cancer of the digestive system, liver, kidney, bladder, or lymphoma; Some medicines, including hormones such as human growth hormone or birth control pills. […] It is important to treat any underlying medical problem that may be causing these skin changes. When AN is related to obesity, losing weight often improves the condition. […] AN often disappears if the cause can be found and treated.

• #46 Acanthosis Nigricans: Treatment, Pictures, and Causes

  https://www.healthline.com/health/acanthosis-nigricans

  In rare cases, acanthosis nigricans can occur due to stomach cancer, adrenal gland disorders, disorders of the pituitary gland, low levels of thyroid hormones, high doses of niacin, some types of stomach cancer, genetics, and some autoimmune disorders like Sjgrens disease or Hashimotos thyroiditis. […] Acanthosis nigricans develops in both males and females. Its most common in those who are overweight, people from or whose ancestors were from Africa, the Caribbean, and South or Central America, Native Americans, folks with diabetes or prediabetic conditions, and those with a family history of acanthosis nigricans.

• #47 Acanthosis nigricans: To be or not to be afraid (Review)

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/ol.2018.9736

  A special case of AN is that accompanying insulinoma. Even though the mechanism is presumed to be hyperinsulinemia, only a minority of the cases of insulinomas present associated AN. […] The pathophysiology of AN seems to be connected with the proliferation of epidermal keratinocytes and the dermal fibroblasts under a multitude of factors that are not fully understood. […] Hyperinsulinemia acts in multiple ways to induce AN: direct effect and an indirect one. […] The appearance of paraneoplastic AN is considered to be the effect of signaling molecules secreted by the tumor. […] AN is not a disease per se, but a sign of various causes and is not treatable on its own.

• #48 JMI – The Journal of mycology and infection

  https://e-jmi.org/archive/detail/62?is_paper=y

  The risk of fungal infection was also analyzed according to the severity of hyperkeratosis and papillomatosis (none/mild/marked). No significant relationship was found between the degree of hyperkeratosis and the risk of fungal infection. However, as the degree of papillomatosis increased, the association with fungal infection tended to increase. […] In this study, although genome sequencing or fungus culture could not be used to identify the fungal species, Malassezia yeast was considered to be the most likely etiology in the fungal spores observed. More specifically, the etiological agents in this study were most likely M. restricta and M. globosa, which Lee et al. reported to be the most frequently observed Malassezia species in humans. Malassezia are a part of the normal flora in healthy humans; however, in patients with AN, opportunistic infection caused by Malassezia may occur because of skin barrier damage.

• #49 JMI – The Journal of mycology and infection

  https://e-jmi.org/archive/detail/62?is_paper=y

  Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is a skin condition that presents clinically with hyperpigmentation, hyperkeratosis, and velvety skin changes that typically appear on the axilla, neck, and inguinal areas and other flexor parts of the body. Several causes of this condition have been identified, such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Occasionally, AN can be an indicator of internal malignancy. […] Given this potential for secondary infections to occur in intertriginous areas, we believe that AN skin lesions are susceptible to fungal infections. At the time of this study, no specific research had investigated the relationship between AN and cutaneous fungal infection. Therefore, our study aimed to examine the potential relationship between AN and cutaneous fungal infection, both clinically and histopathologically.

• #50 JMI – The Journal of mycology and infection

  https://e-jmi.org/archive/detail/62?is_paper=y

  In the present study, the trend was as follows: The more severe the histopathological papillomatosis, the higher the tendency of fungal infection. Based on this, we believe that the use of an antifungal agent would be helpful in treating patients with AN and severe papillomatosis. Further studies on antifungal treatment of AN should be conducted.

• #51 Acanthosis nigricans – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acanthosis-nigricans

  Acanthosis nigricans is a common condition characterized by velvety, hyperpigmented plaques on the skin. […] Clinical recognition of acanthosis nigricans is important because the disorder can occur in association with a variety of systemic abnormalities, many of which are characterized by insulin resistance. Obesity and diabetes mellitus are among the most frequently associated disorders. […] Rarely, acanthosis nigricans develops as a sign of internal malignancy. […] Increasing obesity rates are a factor in the prevalence of acanthosis nigricans, notably in pediatric populations.

• #52 Acanthosis Nigricans: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/acanthosis-nigricans

  Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is usually a sign of an underlying metabolic or hormonal condition or disease, such as obesity or diabetes (most commonly type 2 diabetes but also reported in type 1 diabetes, particularly when associated with obesity). […] The exact cause of AN is still unclear. However, it is predominantly linked to states of insulin resistance (IR) wherein obesity, diabetes, and/or other metabolic disorders (eg, metabolic syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome, and generalised lipodystrophy) co-exist. Insulin in high concentrations has been shown to cross the dermal-epidermal junction, and in high concentrations to have growth-stimulating effects through its binding to type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGFR) on keratinocytes. It is this activation of IGFR that stimulates the proliferation of keratinocytes and leads to AN.

• #53 ACANTHOSIS NIGRICANS – CAUSES, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT | Mya Care

  https://myacare.com/blog/acanthosis-nigricans-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Acanthosis nigricans is not a disease. It is a sign that you might need to see a doctor because it is a symptom of another ailment, like diabetes. […] The primary goal of treatment is to treat the underlying problem causing it. […] When you identify the source and start treatment, the discolored skin patches will typically go away. […] Acanthosis nigricans cannot be cured by these treatments, but they can improve the skin’s appearance.

• #54

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44337-024-00017-7

  Leptin also plays a role in insulin resistance as it interacts with insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) and IRS2, promoting insulin sensitivity and reducing insulin levels. […] However, during obesity, the elevated leptin levels can act as a pro-inflammatory cytokine, potentially leading to insulin resistance. […] Insulin resistance leads to increased insulin levels, which, in turn, further enhances leptin synthesis and release. […] The increased proliferation induced by leptin, along with the proliferation stimulated by IGFR, likely contributes to the development of AN. […] The primary approach to treating AN is addressing the root cause. […] As most cases of AN are associated with obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperleptinemia, weight loss is effective in reducing the severity of the disease.

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