Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/idoj/fulltext/2014/05030/an_approach_to_acanthosis_nigricans.1.aspx

  A high prevalence of AN has been observed recently. […] The prevalence varies from 7% to 74%, according to age, race, frequency of type, degree of obesity and concomitant endocrinopathy. […] It is most common in Native Americans, followed by African Americans, Hispanics, and Caucasians. […] Hud et al. demonstrated predominance of AN in black women when compared to white women (prevalence 1%). […] Malignant AN is less common.

• #1 Acanthosis nigricans – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acanthosis-nigricans/print

  Acanthosis nigricans can affect both males and females, as well as infants, children, and adults. […] Although prevalence rates of this disorder have varied among studies, it is evident that a significant proportion of individuals who are obese or diabetic exhibit this finding and that the prevalence of this disorder may differ among ethnic groups. […] In a multiethnic cross-sectional study of 1730 patients aged 7 to 65 years seen in primary care settings in a variety of sites within the United States in 2007, 19 percent had acanthosis nigricans. […] Increasing obesity rates are a factor in the prevalence of acanthosis nigricans, notably in pediatric populations.

• #1 Prevalence of acanthosis nigricans in an unselected population – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2773965/

  The intent of this study was to determine, in an unselected population, the prevalence of the hyperinsulinemia-associated skin lesion, acanthosis nigricans. […] Acanthosis nigricans was present in 7.1% of the 1,412 children examined. […] This skin lesion is much more common than previously believed and has a dramatic ethnic predisposition. We conclude that the high prevalence of this skin lesion further suggests that insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, with all of their serious medical implications, are also highly prevalent.

• #1 Acanthosis Nigricans: A practical approach to evaluation and management

  https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7mf6g290

  Acanthosis nigricans is common, although the exact prevalence depends on the racial makeup of the population studied. […] For example, African Americans are 25 times as likely to have AN as patients of European descent. […] In a 1988 Texas school system population of 1412 adolescents, the general prevalence of AN was 7.1 percent, but was only 0.45 percent among Caucasian students. […] An additional study of over 100,000 children in Texas performed 11 years later revealed a prevalence of AN in 14.4 percent. […] Also, a random sample of 2205 Cherokee Nation members found 34.2 percent had AN. […] In general, AN seems to be most common in Native Americans, followed by African Americans, Hispanics, and Caucasians.

• #1 Acanthosis Nigricans: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1102488-overview

  The prevalence in overweight children aged 7-17 years has been reported as 23% in Latino patients and 19.4% in African American patients. Children of any race with a body mass index (BMI) above the 98th percentile have a 62% prevalence of AN. […] In contrast to the benign form, malignant AN has no racial predilection.

• #1 Acanthosis Nigricans: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1102488-overview

  Lesions of benign AN may be present at any age, including at birth, though the condition is more common in adults. Malignant AN occurs more frequently in elderly persons; however, cases have been reported in children with Wilms tumor, gastric adenocarcinoma, and osteogenic sarcoma. […] AN can affect both males and females; no sex predilection has been definitively established. […] AN is much more common in people with darker skin pigmentation. The prevalence in Whites has been reported as below 1%; that in African Americans has been reported to be as high as 13.3%. In one study, the prevalence in Latinos was 5.5%. The incidence has also been found to be increased in the Native American population, with one study reporting acanthosis nigricans in 34.2% of Cherokee patients aged 5-40 years and 73% of Cherokee patients with diabetes.

• #1 Acanthosis Nigricans – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431057/

  Acanthosis nigricans typically occurs in individuals younger than the age of 40 years and is associated with obesity, hypothyroidism, acromegaly, polycystic ovary disease, insulin-resistant diabetes, and Cushing and Addison diseases. Acanthosis nigricans is also associated with rare diseases such as pinealoma, Cushing disease, ovarian hyperthecosis, stromal luteoma, ovarian dermoid cysts, Prader-Willi syndrome, leprechaunism, lipoatrophic diabetes, pineal hyperplasia syndrome, and Alstrom syndrome. […] In the United States population, acanthosis nigricans is more common in Native Americans, African Americans, and Hispanics when compared to Whites or Asian origin individuals.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/pigi/fulltext/2023/10020/facial_acanthosis_nigricans___a_narrative_review.2.aspx

  The worldwide prevalence of AN ranges from 7% to 74% depending on age, sex, and ethnicity. […] The prevalence of facial AN is not reported. The reason for this is either that the incidence is very low or that facial AN is misdiagnosed as some other facial melanosis like melasma or maturational hyperpigmentation. […] AN can be seen at any age in infants, children, adolescent, and adults. […] Per se facial AN data are lacking. In general, AN has an equal male and female prevalence. However, male preponderance is seen in facial AN. […] It can be an isolated skin disease or be associated with insulin resistance, obesity, endocrinopathy, internal malignancy, syndromic associations, or drugs. […] When associated with endocrinopathy, patients are usually obese or may have a family history of diabetes mellitus, polycystic ovarian syndrome. […] Malignant AN is often accompanied by other cutaneous markers of internal malignancy like tripe palms, seborrheic keratosis, and florid cutaneous papillomatosis.

• #1 Acanthosis Nigricans: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1102488-overview

  The exact incidence of AN in the United States has not been defined; the prevalence has been estimated to be as high as 19.4%. […] In an unselected population of 1412 children, the changes of AN were present in 7.1%. Obesity is closely associated with AN, and more than half of adults whose weight exceeds 200% of their ideal body weight (IBW) have lesions consistent with AN. The malignant form of AN is far less common, and in one study, only two of 12,000 patients with cancer had signs of AN. The most frequent associations have been with adenocarcinomas of the GI tract (70-90%), particularly gastric cancer (55-61% of malignant AN cases). […] Epidemiologic studies performed in Iran, United Arab Emirates, and Japan have shown statistically significant increases in insulin resistance among obese patients with AN as compared with matched obese controls without AN, suggesting that AN is a useful marker for insulin resistance among obese patients regardless of geographic setting.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44337-024-00017-7

  Acanthosis nigricans (AN) presents as hyperpigmented plaques with ill-defined borders, commonly in intertriginous areas and flexures, and is associated with various factors, including obesity, insulin resistance, and malignancies. […] Obesity is strongly associated with AN. In adolescents, AN prevalence reaches 66% among those above 200% of their ideal body weight, with higher rates in Hispanic (5.5%) and African American (13.3%) individuals. Among obese participants, AN prevalence can be over 60% and as high as 74% of adults attending obesity clinics. […] AN is positively correlated with meeting the criteria for metabolic syndrome of hyperglycemia, high BMI, increased waist circumference, high triglycerides, and hypertension. Meeting 3 of the 5 criteria for metabolic syndrome doubles the risk of cardiovascular disease and increases all-cause mortality.

• #1 Acanthosis nigricans in obese adolescents: prevalence, impact, and man | AHMT

  https://www.dovepress.com/acanthosis-nigricans-in-obese-adolescents-prevalence-impact-and-manage-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-AHMT

  Acanthosis nigricans (AN) occurs frequently in adolescents associated with obesity, a chronic illness that often begins in childhood and has a tremendous impact on an individuals future health. […] The prevalence of AN ranges from 49.2% to 58.2% in various international studies involving children or adolescents with obesity. […] The prevalence will be even higher in patients with severe obesity, in certain high-risk ethnic groups or in patients already diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). […] In Texas, among an unselected group of 1412 adolescents with an obesity rate of 27.1%, Stuart et al found AN in 7.1%. […] In another convenience sample of 675 middle school students from New Mexico, Mukhtar et al found AN in 18.9% of the students screened. […] Studies have found that this dermatosis is more common in adolescents than in younger children.

• #1 Acanthosis nigricans in obese adolescents: prevalence, impact, and man | AHMT

  https://www.dovepress.com/acanthosis-nigricans-in-obese-adolescents-prevalence-impact-and-manage-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-AHMT

  The prevalence of AN is also higher in obese children than in overweight ones. […] The clinical practice guideline of the American Academy of Pediatrics included AN as clinical evidence of IR. […] The latest recommendation of the American Diabetes Association endorsed the use of AN as one of the risk factors for testing asymptomatic overweight children. […] AN screening over the neck and axilla is simple and noninvasive and is particularly valuable for use in adolescence to identify high-risk individuals. […] Identifying them may allow early implementation of interventions that can attenuate the development of diabetes and other comorbidities.

• #1 Acanthosis Nigricans: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/acanthosis-nigricans

  Acanthosis nigricans affects prevalence is 13.3% among African Americans, 5.5% among Latinos, and 34.2% among Native Americans. […] Acanthosis nigricans was found in 18.2% of children and 19.5% of adults in a cross-sectional study (n=1730) in the United States. Those diagnosed with AN were twice as likely to have type 2 diabetes compared to those without (35.4% vs. 17.6%). […] Malignant AN is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome likely due to the release of stimulatory growth factors by tumour cells and is typically associated with gastrointestinal malignancies, especially gastric adenocarcinoma (60%); other associated cancers include hepatobiliary carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma, and Wilms tumour. […] Acanthosis nigricans is an independent risk factor for the presence of diabetes.

• #1 Clinicoepidemiological study of acanthosis nigricans in pre and primary school children and its association with body mass index, waist circumference and insulin resistance – IJCED

  https://www.ijced.org/html-article/17474

  Studies indicate that children with acanthosis nigricans have higher levels of basal and glucose-stimulated insulin compared with obese children without acanthosis nigricans, suggesting an association of acanthosis nigricans with hyperinsulinemia independent of body mass index. […] Early detection of acanthosis nigricans aids in recognition of insulin resistance and thereof diabetes mellitus. […] Since there is paucity of studies on acanthosis nigricans in Indian children, we mainly aim to assess the pattern of acanthosis nigricans in preschool and primary school children and its association with various parameters like body mass index, waist circumference and insulin resistance. […] The study showed significant difference between IR positive and IR negative children in terms of BMI (p=0.000192), fasting blood glucose (p=0.00001), fasting serum insulin levels (p=0.00001) and HOMA-IR (p=0.00001), which was statistically significant.

• #1 Acanthosis Nigricans: Pointer of Endocrine Entities

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/10/2519

  A study of 148 obese children (aged between 6 and 18 years; 56.1% females) identified 39.9% cases with AN; the most frequent sites were the axilla 27% and neck 16.9%. […] The majority of data show that subgroups of subjects with AN have the most severe IR profiles, as expected. […] A cross-sectional study conducted in North India by Singh KS. et al. reported IR in 41.4% patients with AN (N = 70), whereas among the controls (N = 70, AN free), IR was seen in only 17.1% patients (p < 0.05). [...] A study on Mexican obese children aged between 2 and 16 years identified 49 infants with AN who had higher levels of serum insulin (3.67 ± 2.56 versus 2.42 ± 1.45 μU/mL, p = 0.005), fasting glucose (84.2 ± 12.6 versus 77 ± 9.9 mg/dL, p ≤ 0.001), as well as HOMA-IR (0.77 ± 0.54 versus 0.46 ± 0.28, p ≤ 0.001) when compared with healthy controls.

• #1 Acanthosis Nigricans: Pointer of Endocrine Entities

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/10/2519

  A new scoring system for AN severity (SCANS) was proposed in 2020, in a pilot study that assessed the texture, sites, number of lesions, etc. (a severity score between 0 and 46) of the disease. […] AN was associated with type2DM, as well as type 1DM. […] The correlation depends on the studied population (noting that both pediatric and adult data are provided), as well as the general approach to the patients, from screening during school, periodic checkups/protocols/programs, or professional assessments of particular subgroups who are already known to be at high cardio-metabolic risk. […] A multi-centric population-based cross-sectional study from Brazil searched MS-associated elements among 1125 primary health care nurses; the prevalence of MS was 24.4%. The most frequent element of MS was low HDL-cholesterol, and multivariate analysis showed a statistical significant association between MS and AN (PR = 3.23, 95% CI between 2.65 and 3.92).

• #1 Prevalence of Acanthosis Nigricans in an urban population in Sri Lanka and its utility to detect metabolic syndrome | BMC Research Notes | Full Text

  https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1756-0500-4-25

  Insulin resistance (IR) plays a major role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome. Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is an easily detectable skin condition that is strongly associated with IR. The aims of this study were, firstly, to investigate the prevalence of AN among adults in an urban Sri Lankan community and secondly, to describe its utility to detect metabolic syndrome. […] The prevalence of AN, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus were 17.4%, 34.8% and 19.6%, respectively. There was a strong association between AN and metabolic syndrome. […] AN was common in our study population, and although it did not have a high enough sensitivity to be utilized as a screening test for metabolic syndrome, the presence of AN strongly predicts metabolic syndrome. […] The prevalence of AN in this urban adult population from Sri Lanka was a relatively high 17.4%.

• #1 Clinical Features, Investigative Profile and Association with Metabolic Syndrome in Facial Acanthosis Nigricans: A Case–Control Study in Indian Patients – Indian Journal of Postgraduate Dermatology

  https://ijpgderma.org/clinical-features-investigative-profile-and-association-with-metabolic-syndrome-in-facial-acanthosis-nigricans-a-casecontrol-study-in-indian-patients/

  The present study was undertaken to study the clinical profile and laboratory abnormalities in patients with facial acanthosis nigricans (FANs). The significance of FAN as a marker of insulin resistance (IR), metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components was determined by comparing with controls without FAN. […] The prevalence of hypertension, dysglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia, elevated Homeostatic Model Assessment for IR (HOMA-IR) and MS was significantly higher in cases of FAN than controls (P 0.05). […] FAN may be considered as a significant clinical marker of IR with increased risk for MS and its component when compared to controls. […] In the present study, the prevalence of established MS and its components hypertension, dysglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia and elevated HOMA-IR 3 was significantly higher in cases of FAN compared to the controls (P 0.05).

• #1 A study of the association of acanthosis nigricans with subclinical atherosclerosis – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology

  https://ijdvl.com/a-study-of-the-association-of-acanthosis-nigricans-with-subclinical-atherosclerosis/

  Acanthosis nigricans is a skin marker for metabolic disturbances and is also associated with carotid atherosclerosis, a finding which is not well documented. We propose that individuals with acanthosis nigricans should be routinely evaluated for these cardiovascular risks. […] The prevalence of abnormal intima-media thickness was higher in patients with acanthosis nigricans versus healthy participants (62.2% vs. 35.5%, P= 0.02). […] The prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis was higher in acanthosis nigricans. Insulin resistance was the principal risk factor, although overweight or obese patients are also more likely to develop it. Carotid intima-media thickness was significantly greater in patients with acanthosis nigricans, especially in the overweight/obese group. Therefore, acanthosis nigricans patients have a four fold higher prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis, as demonstrated by an abnormal carotid intima-media thickness.

• #1 A study of the association of acanthosis nigricans with subclinical atherosclerosis – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology

  https://ijdvl.com/a-study-of-the-association-of-acanthosis-nigricans-with-subclinical-atherosclerosis/

  Acanthosis nigricans could be considered a skin marker for subclinical atherosclerosis, and not only for metabolic disturbances as reported previously. Recognition of this condition offers an opportunity to practice preventive medicine, identifying patients with these alterations and offering timely treatment which could reduce cardiovascular risk factors.

• #1 Acanthosis nigricans: To be or not to be afraid (Review)

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/ol.2018.9736

  Although less frequent than the obesity and insulin resistance-associated forms, the malignant AN is a particularly important type, as it is a sign of an underlying malignancy. It actually represents a paraneoplastic syndrome, in ~17% of cases appearing prior to the tumor diagnosis and occasioning extensive clinical and paraclinical investigations that lead to the diagnosis. […] Compared to other types of AN, the malignant form appears more abruptly, the lesions are more widespread or in non-typical areas, progress more rapidly, are frequently pruritic and are often extended to the mucosa, especially the oral cavity. […] It is most commonly associated with adenocarcinomas of abdominal organs (70-90%), especially gastric adenocarcinoma (55-61%), followed by adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, ovaries, kidneys, bladder, bronchi, thyroid, bile duct, breasts, esophagus, and endometrium.

• #1 Acanthosis nigricans: To be or not to be afraid (Review)

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/ol.2018.9736

  The evolution of paraneoplastic AN is tightly connected to the evolution of cancer, regressing after the surgical ablation of the tumor or in some cytostatic treatments; it could even be a valuable parameter for monitoring of therapy, since it reactivates in case of tumor relapse or development of metastases.

• #1

  https://www.utrgv.edu/bho/trat2dc/index.htm

  Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is a skin marker associated with high insulin levels and insulin resistance and is considered a risk factor for type 2 diabetes and other chronic diseases. […] Because the increasingly alarming rates of children developing type 2 diabetes, AN assessments are important and can help identify children with high insulin levels who may be at-risk for developing the disease.

• #1 Acanthosis Nigricans in Pre-diabetic states | British Journal of Medical Practitioners

  https://www.bjmp.org/content/acanthosis-nigricans-pre-diabetic-states

  AN has been shown to be a dependable early indicator for metabolic syndrome in paediatric patients. […] A pilot study by Bhagyanathan and colleagues demonstrated that children with AN have a high incidence of insulin resistance. […] Their study was of 62% of children who had AN alongside high insulin resistance. […] Bhagyanathan et al. conclude that AN has potential as a screening method because those who have high insulin resistance as well as AN are at high of future DM type 2. […] An earlier US study, by Brickman and colleagues, had yielded somewhat similar results. […] AN was common among the overweight young people and was associated with risk factors for glucose homeostasis abnormality. […] Vijayan et al. conclude that these easily recognisable physical markers are an efficient warning of insulin resistance among children.

• #1 Acanthosis Nigricans in Pre-diabetic states | British Journal of Medical Practitioners

  https://www.bjmp.org/content/acanthosis-nigricans-pre-diabetic-states

  AN may herald DM type 2, endocrinopathies, and malignancies. […] Early screening for AN in preadolescent and adolescent people would provide a relatively simple, inexpensive, and non-invasive tool for identifying those young people who have hyperinsulinemia and could benefit from early intervention.

• #1 Acanthosis nigricans as a composite marker of cardiometabolic risk and its complex association with obesity and insulin resistance in Mexican American children | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0240467

  It is evident from this study that AN is associated with a number of cardiometabolic risk factors through complex genetic and environmental relationships. Thus, AN is shown to be a compound marker of metabolic risk in children and adolescents. AN finding provides a simple non-invasive clinical tool that can be used for pediatric screening of cardiometabolic risks in the public health initiatives. […] In conclusion, obesity is shown to be a direct contributor to AN, hyperinsulinemia, and other CMRFs in Mexican American children. Moreover, AN is found to be a compound marker of complex cardiometabolic risk, which can be valuable, simple non-invasive clinical assessment tool for public health screening to assess cardiometabolic risk in children as exemplified by our TRAT2DC program.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44337-024-00017-7

  The quick recognition of AN’s significance in cardiovascular risk assessment could aid in the early detection and prevention of cardiovascular diseases, leading to improved patient outcomes. […] AN has potential as an early screening tool for metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance and subclinical atherosclerosis. Given the association of AN with high levels of insulin, BMI, and leptin, there is an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases. […] Considering that AN screening is easily performed and noninvasive, it could serve as an affordable and useful screening tool. AN has already been used as a screening tool in children and adolescents to identify those at risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

• #1 Acanthosis nigricans in the pediatric population: a narrative review of the current approach to management in primary care – Pollock – Pediatric Medicine

  https://pm.amegroups.org/article/view/6555/html

  Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is frequently seen in obese and overweight children and adolescents. Current research suggests an association with insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and obesity, and often primary care physicians are the first point of contact for individuals with this dermatologic condition. […] AN in the pediatric population can be a harbinger for underlying metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. A thorough investigation and appropriate screening of children at risk, with a focus on early identification of the dermatologic condition and its associated comorbidities in the primary care setting, and early treatment is recommended to prevent long term consequences and decrease the risk of cardiovascular complications. […] The rates of obesity and AN have been shown to increase with age, with a high prevalence of AN among adolescents that suggests impending high rates of diabetes, metabolic dysfunction, and cardiovascular disease that parallel the adult population. […] Appropriate screening, and identifying AN among children who are at risk for developing metabolic syndrome, will allow for earlier implementation of preventive measures to better control metabolic risk factors, decreasing the risk of cardiovascular complications.

• #1 Acanthosis nigricans: diagnosis and treatment. Clínica Universidad de Navarra

  https://www.cun.es/en/diseases-treatments/diseases/acanthosis-nigricans

  Acanthosis nigricans is itself a symptom of an underlying disorder, rather than a disease. Therefore, it is essential to seek medical attention if signs of acanthosis nigricans are observed to identify and treat the underlying cause, which can prevent progression of the condition and its possible complications. […] Prevention of acanthosis nigricans involves controlling associated risk factors, such as maintaining a healthy weight, following a balanced diet, and exercising regularly to prevent insulin resistance. Early detection and treatment of underlying disorders can also help prevent the onset of this condition.

• #1 Acanthosis Nigricans: Treatment, Pictures, and Causes

  https://www.healthline.com/health/acanthosis-nigricans

  Acanthosis nigricans isn’t a standalone condition, so its possible complications depend on the underlying cause. […] If diabetes has spiked insulin levels, as is often the case, you may be at risk of the other complications of diabetes. […] Acanthosis nigricans is easy to recognize by sight. Your doctor may want to check for diabetes or insulin resistance as the cause. […] Maintaining a healthy lifestyle can usually prevent acanthosis nigricans, including maintaining a moderate weight, managing your diet, and adjusting any medications contributing to the condition.

• #1 Acanthosis nigricans: diagnosis and treatment. Clínica Universidad de Navarra

  https://www.cun.es/en/diseases-treatments/diseases/acanthosis-nigricans

  Acanthosis nigricans is a skin sign that can signal the presence of a number of underlying conditions. It is crucial to seek medical attention to identify and properly treat these problems. […] Acanthosis nigricans is a dermatological condition characterized by hyperpigmentation and thickening of the skin, which appears mainly in areas of the body with folds and wrinkles, such as the elbows, armpits or neck. This problem affects people of all ages, although it is more common in adulthood and in overweight or obese individuals. […] Acanthosis nigricans can be a sign of a number of underlying disorders, including insulin resistance, endocrine disorders and certain types of cancer. […] Importantly, Acanthosis Nigricans, in this context, may be an early cutaneous marker of insulin resistance, even before other clinical signs of metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes, become apparent.

• #2

  https://www.jpad.com.pk/index.php/jpad/article/view/1556

  Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is most commonly associated with benign disorders like diabetes, insulin resistance, endocrinopathies and exogenous medications, but can be a valid cutaneous marker of a wide range of internal malignancies, which makes it important for the physicians across specialties to have awareness about it. […] With an increase in the prevalence of obesity and diabetes in recent decades, the prevalence of AN has also shown a significant increase. […] Acanthosis nigricans in type 2 diabetes: prevalence, correlates and potential as a simple clinical screening tool – a cross-sectional study in the Caribbean. […] Prevalence of acanthosis nigricans in an unselected population. […] Prevalence and significance of acanthosis nigricans in an adult obese population. […] Prevalence of Acanthosis Nigricans in an urban population in Sri Lanka and its utility to detect metabolic syndrome.

• #2 Acanthosis Nigricans: Pointer of Endocrine Entities

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/10/2519

  Acanthosis nigricans (AN) has been reported in relation to insulin resistance (IR). […] The current prevalence of AN varies from 4.5 to 74% (or even 100%, depending on the studied population), with equal distribution among females and males. […] Despite a higher incidence with increases in age, there have been connections made with escalating cases of obesity and MS in younger populations. […] AN has been reported in association with IR and other disorders, such as obesity, DM, MS, PCOS, some autoimmune diseases, malignancies (most frequently, gastrointestinal neoplasms and neuroendocrine neoplasia), endocrine tumors, such as acromegaly and Cushing’s syndrome, iatrogenic circumstances or so called drug-induced AN (for instance, local AN due to insulin injections, topic corticotherapy, etc.), and atypical presentations on the nasal crease due to local factors (as seen in patients with persistent itching caused by chronic allergic rhinitis).

• #2 Acanthosis Nigricans: High Prevalence and Association with Diabetes in a Practice-based Research Network Consortium—A PRImary care Multi-Ethnic Network (PRIME Net) Study | American Board of Family Medicine

  https://www.jabfm.org/content/23/4/476

  Background: Previous work has established a surprisingly high prevalence of acanthosis nigricans (AN) and its association with increased risk of type 2 diabetes in a Southwestern practice-based research network (PBRN). Our objective was to establish whether this high prevalence of AN would be present in other areas. […] AN was present in 19.4% of 1730 patients from among all age ranges studied. […] Patients with AN were twice as likely as those without AN to have type 2 diabetes (35.4% vs 17.6%; P .001). […] We found high rates of AN among patients in primary care practices across the country. […] AN was an independent risk factor for the presence of diabetes after controlling for multiple standard risk factors, with its strongest association among non-Hispanic whites. […] We found an alarming prevalence of AN across all of the primary care population groups that were studied. The prevalence was highest among members of minority groups and included the entire age spectrum studied (from 7 to 65 years of age). […] From a geographically diverse sample of primary care patients, this study presents consistent evidence of high rates of AN and of the association of AN with the risk of diabetes and with hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance.

• #2 Acanthosis Nigricans: A practical approach to evaluation and management

  https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7mf6g290

  Acanthosis nigricans is common, although the exact prevalence depends on the racial makeup of the population studied. […] For example, African Americans are 25 times as likely to have AN as patients of European descent. […] In a 1988 Texas school system population of 1412 adolescents, the general prevalence of AN was 7.1 percent, but was only 0.45 percent among Caucasian students. […] An additional study of over 100,000 children in Texas performed 11 years later revealed a prevalence of AN in 14.4 percent. […] Also, a random sample of 2205 Cherokee Nation members found 34.2 percent had AN. […] In general, AN seems to be most common in Native Americans, followed by African Americans, Hispanics, and Caucasians.

• #2 Acanthosis nigricans

  https://www.pcds.org.uk/clinical-guidance/acanthosis-nigricans

  Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is more common in patients with skin of colour. In one study AN was observed in 1% of white people, 5.5% of people living in a rural, tropical area of Brazil or another country in Latin America, and 13.3% in African American populations […] Malignant acanthosis nigricans is associated with internal malignancy, usually a gastric adenocarcinoma; many other carcinomata have been associated […] The vast majority of cases of malignant AN are secondary to adenocarcinoma of the stomach, but other malignancies sometimes found include other GI tract tumours, lung, uterus, ovaries, and urinary tract.

• #2 Acanthosis Nigricans: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/acanthosis-nigricans

  Acanthosis nigricans affects prevalence is 13.3% among African Americans, 5.5% among Latinos, and 34.2% among Native Americans. […] Acanthosis nigricans was found in 18.2% of children and 19.5% of adults in a cross-sectional study (n=1730) in the United States. Those diagnosed with AN were twice as likely to have type 2 diabetes compared to those without (35.4% vs. 17.6%). […] Malignant AN is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome likely due to the release of stimulatory growth factors by tumour cells and is typically associated with gastrointestinal malignancies, especially gastric adenocarcinoma (60%); other associated cancers include hepatobiliary carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma, and Wilms tumour. […] Acanthosis nigricans is an independent risk factor for the presence of diabetes.

• #2 Acanthosis Nigricans | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/17054

  Acanthosis nigricans typically occurs in individuals younger than the age of 40 years and is associated with obesity, hypothyroidism, acromegaly, polycystic ovary disease, insulin-resistant diabetes, and Cushing and Addison diseases. Acanthosis nigricans is also associated with rare diseases such as pinealoma, Cushing disease, ovarian hyperthecosis, stromal luteoma, ovarian dermoid cysts, Prader-Willi syndrome, leprechaunism, lipoatrophic diabetes, pineal hyperplasia syndrome, and Alstrom syndrome.[17][18] […] In the United States population, acanthosis nigricans is more common in Native Americans, African Americans, and Hispanics when compared to Whites or Asian origin individuals.[19][20]

• #2 Acanthosis nigricans – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acanthosis-nigricans/print

  Acanthosis nigricans can affect both males and females, as well as infants, children, and adults. […] Although prevalence rates of this disorder have varied among studies, it is evident that a significant proportion of individuals who are obese or diabetic exhibit this finding and that the prevalence of this disorder may differ among ethnic groups. […] In a multiethnic cross-sectional study of 1730 patients aged 7 to 65 years seen in primary care settings in a variety of sites within the United States in 2007, 19 percent had acanthosis nigricans. […] Increasing obesity rates are a factor in the prevalence of acanthosis nigricans, notably in pediatric populations.

• #2 Acanthosis nigricans in obese adolescents: prevalence, impact, and man | AHMT

  https://www.dovepress.com/acanthosis-nigricans-in-obese-adolescents-prevalence-impact-and-manage-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-AHMT

  The prevalence of AN is also higher in obese children than in overweight ones. […] The clinical practice guideline of the American Academy of Pediatrics included AN as clinical evidence of IR. […] The latest recommendation of the American Diabetes Association endorsed the use of AN as one of the risk factors for testing asymptomatic overweight children. […] AN screening over the neck and axilla is simple and noninvasive and is particularly valuable for use in adolescence to identify high-risk individuals. […] Identifying them may allow early implementation of interventions that can attenuate the development of diabetes and other comorbidities.

• #2 Prevalence of Acanthosis Nigricans in an urban population in Sri Lanka and its utility to detect metabolic syndrome | BMC Research Notes | Full Text

  https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1756-0500-4-25

  We also found that AN had a high specificity and NPV, but a low sensitivity to detect metabolic syndrome. […] Despite this, there are few studies investigating the role of AN as a clinical marker to detect people who are at risk of having metabolic syndrome. […] Although AN was common in our study population, its low sensitivity does not make it a suitable screening test to detect metabolic syndrome. However, the high specificity and NPV make AN a very useful sign to predict its presence.

• #2 Clinical Features, Investigative Profile and Association with Metabolic Syndrome in Facial Acanthosis Nigricans: A Case–Control Study in Indian Patients – Indian Journal of Postgraduate Dermatology

  https://ijpgderma.org/clinical-features-investigative-profile-and-association-with-metabolic-syndrome-in-facial-acanthosis-nigricans-a-casecontrol-study-in-indian-patients/

  The odds ratio for FAN cases developing MS was determined to be 5.31, suggesting that cases with FAN were nearly 5 times more likely to acquire MS than controls. […] Our study demonstrated a clear statistical significance of FAN as a clinical marker of IR with increased risk for MS and its components when compared to obese individuals without FAN.

• #2 Acanthosis nigricans: To be or not to be afraid (Review)

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/ol.2018.9736

  Although less frequent than the obesity and insulin resistance-associated forms, the malignant AN is a particularly important type, as it is a sign of an underlying malignancy. It actually represents a paraneoplastic syndrome, in ~17% of cases appearing prior to the tumor diagnosis and occasioning extensive clinical and paraclinical investigations that lead to the diagnosis. […] Compared to other types of AN, the malignant form appears more abruptly, the lesions are more widespread or in non-typical areas, progress more rapidly, are frequently pruritic and are often extended to the mucosa, especially the oral cavity. […] It is most commonly associated with adenocarcinomas of abdominal organs (70-90%), especially gastric adenocarcinoma (55-61%), followed by adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, ovaries, kidneys, bladder, bronchi, thyroid, bile duct, breasts, esophagus, and endometrium.

• #2 Acanthosis Nigricans in Pre-diabetic states | British Journal of Medical Practitioners

  https://www.bjmp.org/content/acanthosis-nigricans-pre-diabetic-states

  The identification of dark patches on the skin may be the first indication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM type 2). […] A significant percentage of occurrences of type 2 diabetes may be reversed if loss of weight and maintenance of a healthy body mass index (BMI) is achieved. […] The association of AN, skin tags, and diabetes mellitus due to insulin resistance along with obesity in adolescents and young adults is a well-defined syndrome. […] In 2000, the American Diabetes Association formally accepted AN as such. […] The presence of AN is therefore a strong indicator of increased insulin production and, therefore, it is also a predictor for future DM type 2. […] When the occurrence of AN is recognised, a prediabetic person has the opportunity to become more alert to their symptoms and to take precautions in the form of diet restrictions and weight loss.

• #2 Clinicoepidemiological study of acanthosis nigricans in pre and primary school children and its association with body mass index, waist circumference and insulin resistance – IJCED

  https://www.ijced.org/html-article/17474

  Acanthosis nigricans is characterized by hyperpigmentation and velvet like thickening of skin. It is seen symmetrically involving the neck, axilla, groins, antecubital and popliteal fossae, umbilical, perianal areas and in advanced conditions, even dorsum of hands and fingers. […] To evaluate the clinical features and epidemiological factors of acanthosis nigricans in pre and primary school children and to evaluate the association of acanthosis nigricans with body mass index, waist circumference and insulin resistance. […] In recent years, there is alarming increase in prevalence of obesity in children due to the adoption of western dietary habits, lack of physical activity and other health habits. Hence, more number of cases of childhood obesity and acanthosis nigricans can be seen nowadays.

• #3 Acanthosis Nigricans: A practical approach to evaluation and management

  https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7mf6g290

  Acanthosis nigricans is common, although the exact prevalence depends on the racial makeup of the population studied. […] For example, African Americans are 25 times as likely to have AN as patients of European descent. […] In a 1988 Texas school system population of 1412 adolescents, the general prevalence of AN was 7.1 percent, but was only 0.45 percent among Caucasian students. […] An additional study of over 100,000 children in Texas performed 11 years later revealed a prevalence of AN in 14.4 percent. […] Also, a random sample of 2205 Cherokee Nation members found 34.2 percent had AN. […] In general, AN seems to be most common in Native Americans, followed by African Americans, Hispanics, and Caucasians.

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