Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Acanthosis Nigricans: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/acanthosis-nigricans

  Acanthosis nigricans is a skin condition characterised by a velvety papillomatous overgrowth of the epidermis. […] Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is usually a sign of an underlying metabolic or hormonal condition or disease, such as obesity or diabetes (most commonly type 2 diabetes but also reported in type 1 diabetes, particularly when associated with obesity). […] Acanthosis nigricans is an independent risk factor for the presence of diabetes. […] Diagnosis is made clinically, including taking a thorough review of systems, history of current and past medical conditions, family history, and medications. […] If there is diagnostic uncertainty, a biopsy may be performed to obtain tissue for histopathologic analysis. […] Abrupt onset in an individual without the typical risk factors for AN should alert the physician to the possibility of an underlying malignancy, prompting an appropriate history, physical examination, and pursuit of imaging/laboratory investigations as indicated.

• #1 Acanthosis nigricans: Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/acanthosis-nigricans-treatment

  A dermatologist can diagnose acanthosis nigricans (AN) by looking at your skin. […] If your dermatologist diagnoses you with AN, you may need a blood test and other medical tests. These tests can help find out if you have another medical condition. AN is more common in people who have diabetes. Sometimes, AN can be a warning sign of pre-diabetes, thyroid disease, or another condition. […] If you have AN, it is essential to find out whether another disease is causing it. Finding and treating an undiagnosed disease may clear (or partially clear) your skin. […] If a disease is not causing your AN or you do not see the results you want from treating a related disease, a dermatologist can treat your skin.

• #1 Acanthosis nigricans – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acanthosis-nigricans

  Acanthosis nigricans is a common condition characterized by velvety, hyperpigmented plaques on the skin. Intertriginous sites, such as the neck and axillae, are common sites for involvement. […] Clinical recognition of acanthosis nigricans is important because the disorder can occur in association with a variety of systemic abnormalities, many of which are characterized by insulin resistance. Obesity and diabetes mellitus are among the most frequently associated disorders. Rarely, acanthosis nigricans develops as a sign of internal malignancy. […] The epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of acanthosis nigricans will be reviewed here. Specific disorders that may present with acanthosis nigricans are reviewed in greater detail separately. […] Acanthosis nigricans can affect both males and females, as well as infants, children, and adults. Although prevalence rates of this disorder have varied among studies, it is evident that a significant proportion of individuals who are obese or diabetic exhibit this finding and that the prevalence of this disorder may differ among ethnic groups.

• #1 Acanthosis nigricans – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acanthosis-nigricans/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20368987

  Acanthosis nigricans can be detected during a skin exam. To be sure of the diagnosis, your health care provider might take a skin sample (biopsy) to look at under a microscope. […] Or you may need other tests to find out what’s causing your symptoms.

• #1 Acanthosis Nigricans | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688503/1.3/Acanthosis_Nigricans

  Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is a benign dermatosis characterized by velvety, hyperpigmented, hyperkeratotic plaques, which are usually symmetric. […] Typically a sign of hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance but can be a marker of malignancy. […] AN is more common between the ages of 11 and 40 years and in those with body mass index (BMI) 30. […] It may be a useful indicator of risk of diabetes mellitus and subclinical atherosclerosis. […] Although AN is a clinical diagnosis, one may consider the following tests if risk factors are present: Glycohemoglobin or fasting blood glucose, fasting lipid panel, thyroid function studies, electrolytes to rule out diabetes or other endocrinopathies. […] Biopsy is not indicated unless malignant skin conditions are likely. […] Refer to dermatologist if diagnosis of AN is not definite.

• #1 Acanthosis Nigricans Workup: Laboratory Studies, Procedures, Histologic Findings

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1102488-workup

  In middle-aged and older patients with extensive skin or severe skin and mucosal findings, a workup for internal malignancy is indicated. […] The vast majority of cases of acanthosis nigricans (AN) are due to obesity, insulin resistance, or both. Screening for diabetes may be done with a glycosylated hemoglobin level or a glucose tolerance test. A good screening test for insulin resistance is a plasma insulin level, which will be high in those with insulin resistance. This is the most sensitive test for detecting a metabolic abnormality of this kind because many younger patients do not yet have overt diabetes mellitus and an abnormal glycosylated hemoglobin level but do have a high plasma insulin level. […] Skin biopsy may be useful if a clinical diagnosis is not easily made. […] Histologic examination reveals hyperkeratosis, papillomatosis, and minimal or no acanthosis or hyperpigmentation. The dermal papillae project upward as fingerlike projections, with occasional thinning of the adjacent epidermis. Pseudohorn cysts may be present. Clinical dyschromia is secondary to the hyperkeratosis and not to increased melanocytes or increased melanin deposition. Dermal inflammatory infiltrate is minimal or nonexistent. Mucosal AN reveals epithelial hyperkeratosis and papillomatosis along with parakeratosis.

• #1 Acanthosis Nigricans: A practical approach to evaluation and management

  https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7mf6g290

  The first step in evaluation should be identification of the underlying condition. […] We recommend obtaining certain basic studies, particularly in all overweight adults and children without a known history of insulin resistance. […] Studies should include blood pressure (BP), fasting lipoprotein profile, fasting glucose, hemoglobin A1C, fasting insulin, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). […] Any abnormalities should prompt communication with the primary provider or referral to an endocrinologist. […] Warning flags that should trigger a careful evaluation for malignancy in patients presenting with acanthosis nigricans include unintentional weight loss and rapid onset of extensive AN. […] Acanthosis nigricans that appears after initiation of one of the causative medications should prompt discontinuation, when possible, or consideration of an alternative agent.

• #1 Acanthosis Nigricans in Pre-diabetic states | British Journal of Medical Practitioners

  https://www.bjmp.org/content/acanthosis-nigricans-pre-diabetic-states

  In individuals with skin changes that suggest AN, diagnostic assessment may include various laboratory tests. Examples are the glucose tolerance test and the glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) test. […] The onset of malignant AN usually occurs after the patient reaches 40 years of age. […] AN may be metaphorically linked to the dark pigmentation that appears on the skin of the ripe Sharon fruit. […] Identification of the Sharon fruit sign may be helpful in the early diagnosis of DM type 2.

• #1 Acanthosis nigricans – WikEM

  https://wikem.org/wiki/Acanthosis_nigricans

  Multiple forms, but malignant acanthosis nigricans is most important […] Non malignant form may be associated with endocrine abnormalities, such as insulin resistance […] Red flags for malignant acanthosis nigricans: Oral involvement (up to 50%) […] Rapid appearance of lesions […] Extensive involvement […] Older adult […] Unexplained weight loss […] Lesions in atypical sites such as palms/soles, mucous membranes.

• #1 Acanthosis nigricans – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthosis_nigricans

  Acanthosis nigricans is typically diagnosed clinically. […] A skin biopsy may be needed in unusual cases. If no clear cause is obvious, it may be necessary to search for one. Blood tests, an endoscopy, or X-rays may be required to eliminate the possibility of diabetes or cancer as the cause. […] On biopsy, hyperkeratosis, epidermal folding, leukocyte infiltration, and melanocyte proliferation may be seen.

• #1 Acanthosis Nigricans: Symptoms ,Causes Diagnosis And Treatment

  https://www.prepladder.com/neet-pg-study-material/dermatology-and-venereology/acanthosis-nigricans-symptoms-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Acanthosis Nigricans related to Medications […] Acanthosis Nigricans linked to Endocrine Dysfunction […] Acanthosis Nigricans due to Acral Acanthotic Anomaly […] Unilateral Acanthosis nigricans […] Malignant Acanthosis nigricans syndrome […] Auto-immune Acanthosis Nigricans […] Diagnosis of Acanthosis nigricans […] It is diagnosed with a skin biopsy. Some Blood tests and some other investigations like endoscopy, x-rays can also be required to analyze whether the person is suffering from diabetes or any other tumor. On biopsy we can find leukocyte infiltration, epidermal folding and melanocyte growth. Main focus is to rule out any malignancy. As most of the cases are associated with insulin resistance and obesity so glucose levels of the body should be checked.

• #1 Acanthosis Nigricans: Causes, Diagnosis &Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12168-acanthosis-nigricans

  Light brown or black skin patches may be a sign of acanthosis nigricans. […] However, it can be a sign of diabetes, so talk to your healthcare provider. […] If you notice unusual marks or skin shading, see your healthcare provider. Your provider or a dermatologist (skin specialist) will run some tests to determine what type of treatment you need. […] While AN doesn’t always mean you have diabetes or prediabetes, it can be a sign of diabetes. So talk to your healthcare provider if you notice signs of AN. […] Other tests to diagnose AN include blood work, which can help confirm or rule out underlying conditions such as diabetes. […] If AN is due to an underlying condition, such as diabetes or a hormonal condition, treating the condition will treat the skin problems. […] Acanthosis nigricans can be a sign of prediabetes or diabetes. Talk to your provider so you can get the proper care.

• #1 Acanthosis nigricans – Point Pleasant Beach, Linden and Staten Island, NJ Dermatologist

  https://www.patriciamccormackmd.com/acanthosis-nigricans/

  A dermatologist can diagnose acanthosis nigricans (AN) by looking at your skin. If your dermatologist diagnoses you with AN, you may need a blood test and other medical tests. These tests can help find out if you have another medical condition. AN is more common in people who have diabetes. Sometimes, AN can be a warning sign of pre-diabetes, thyroid disease, and other conditions. […] Many people see their skin clear when they get treatment for the condition that is causing AN. If you have pre-diabetes, getting that under control often helps to fade the dark patches on your skin. If testing finds a problem with your thyroid or adrenal glands, treating that condition can clear your skin. Sometimes, a person develops AN but does not have a related medical condition. Sometimes treating the related disease does not completely clear the skin. It is not necessary to treat AN. If a patient wants clearer skin, a dermatologist can treat the skin. Treatment for AN includes the following: […] A dermatologist can help you find out whats causing your skin changes.

• #1 Acanthosis Nigricans – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431057/

  Acanthosis nigricans is a cutaneous manifestation of an underlying condition. It usually develops in skin folds, such as the back of the neck, axilla, and groin, where it presents as velvety hyper-pigmented patches with poorly defined borders. Acanthosis nigricans is most commonly associated with diabetes and insulin resistance, but rarely it can be a sign of internal malignancy. It can also occur with hormone disorders or with the use of certain medications like systemic glucocorticoids and oral contraceptives. […] Acanthosis nigricans is diagnosed clinically and confirmed with a skin biopsy. Blood tests, endoscopy, or X-rays may be required to eliminate diabetes or cancer. On biopsy, hyperkeratosis, leukocyte infiltration, epidermal folding, and melanocyte proliferation may be seen. The workup focuses on ruling out malignancy. Since the vast majority of cases are associated with insulin resistance and/or obesity, screening for diabetes and measuring glycosylated hemoglobin is recommended.

• #1 Acanthosis nigricans – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/424

  Acanthosis nigricans is a benign skin disease that often reflects an underlying medical condition. […] Most commonly associated with obesity and insulin resistance. […] Rarely, cases may be related to underlying malignancy and, where no other association is identified, malignancy screening is warranted. […] Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is a cutaneous disorder manifested by symmetric, hypertrophic, papillomatous, velvety, hyperpigmented plaques commonly found on flexural and intertriginous areas. […] AN may present at birth or in early childhood with a familial association, but is most commonly associated with obesity and an insulin-resistant state. […] Malignancy-associated AN is rare and most often occurs with gastric adenocarcinoma, but may also be secondary to other carcinomas and lymphomas.

• #1 Acanthosis Nigricans | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/17054

  Acanthosis nigricans is a velvety, darkening of the skin that usually occurs in intertriginous areas. […] Acanthosis nigricans is most commonly associated with diabetes and insulin resistance, but rarely it can be a sign of internal malignancy. […] Acanthosis nigricans is diagnosed clinically and confirmed with a skin biopsy. Blood tests, endoscopy, or X-rays may be required to eliminate diabetes or cancer. […] The workup focuses on ruling out malignancy. […] Acanthosis nigricans is not treatable. It may fade over time by treating the cause, insulin resistance. […] The goal of treatment is to treat the underlying disease. […] Acanthosis nigricans associated with insulin resistance can be treated with drugs such as metformin and rosiglitazone, which are insulin-sensitizing agents.

• #1 Acanthosis Nigricans: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1102488-overview

  Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is characterized by an asymptomatic area of darkening and thickening of the skin, occasionally with pruritus; lesions begin as hyperpigmented macules and patches and progress to symmetric, hyperpigmented, and velvety plaques with ill-defined borders, typically involving intertriginous areas. […] In 2000, the American Diabetes Association established AN as a formal risk factor for the development of diabetes in children. […] AN has been shown to be a reliable early marker for metabolic syndrome in pediatric patients. […] Patients should be informed that AN is not a skin disease per se but, rather, a sign of an underlying problem. If a patient does have AN related to insulin resistance, which is the most common association, treatment of the metabolic abnormality may lead to improvement of the appearance of the skin. Dietary changes and weight loss may cause AN to regress almost completely.

• #1 Diagnosis of hyperandrogenism-insulin resistance-acanthosis nigricans syndrome during transition: a case report | ECE2024 | 26th European Congress of Endocrinology | Endocrine Abstracts

  https://www.endocrine-abstracts.org/ea/0099/ea0099ep996

  Diagnosis of hyperandrogenism-insulin resistance-acanthosis nigricans syndrome during transition: a case report […] Given the above features, the diagnosis of HAIR-AN syndrome was made. […] In the presence of hirsutism and signs of insulin resistance in an adolescent consulting for primary amenorrhea, the diagnosis of HAIR-AN syndrome should be considered.

• #1 SciELO Brasil – Malignant Acanthosis nigricans associated with early diagnosis of liver cancer Malignant Acanthosis nigricans associated with early diagnosis of liver cancer

  https://www.scielo.br/j/abd/a/b5SVWM8x4bVHHjVfVsSLVwF/

  Acanthosis nigricans is a skin condition characterized by symmetrical hyperpigmented, velvety, papillomatous plaques that tend to affect flexural and intertriginous areas, although it can affect any part of the body. The diagnosis of acanthosis nigricans is based on the clinical aspect of the lesions and can be classified into benign or malignant. […] The malignancy can be identified before, during or after the onset of skin lesions. […] The prognosis of patients with cancer and acanthosis nigricans is poor, for it is usually a high-grade neoplasm associated to metastases. Malignant forms can be clinically indistinguishable from benign acanthosis nigricans, therefore, a good history taking is essential to investigate cases of rapid onset and a thorough physical examination is needed to evaluate the involvement of uncommon regions and extensive locations. […] Another important information was that the skin lesions preceded the neoplastic manifestations, what was essential for an early diagnosis and cure of the neoplasm and the skin lesions.

• #1 Malignant Acanthosis nigricans associated with early diagnosis of liver cancer* | Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia

  https://www.anaisdedermatologia.org.br/en-malignant-acanthosis-nigricans-associated-with-articulo-S0365059620305006

  The malignancy can be identified before, during or after the onset of skin lesions. […] In most cases, they occur concomitantly (61.3%), however, in 17.6% of cases, the lesions occur before the malignancy and in 21% of cases, after the tumor is identified. […] The prognosis of patients with cancer and acanthosis nigricans is poor, for it is usually a high-grade neoplasm associated to metastases. Malignant forms can be clinically indistinguishable from benign acanthosis nigricans, therefore, a good history taking is essential to investigate cases of rapid onset and a thorough physical examination is needed to evaluate the involvement of uncommon regions and extensive locations. […] The most important signs suspicious for paraneoplastic syndrome included age, the sudden onset of the lesions, ongoing progression, involvement of extensive areas and absence of endocrinological abnormalities on screening tests. […] It is known that surgical or chemotherapeutic treatment of the tumor is associated to improvement of malignant acanthosis nigricans while dissemination of the lesions can occur when the neoplasm metastatizes.

• #1 Acanthosis Nigricans – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431057/

  Acanthosis nigricans is not treatable. It may fade over time by treating the cause, insulin resistance. Controlling blood glucose levels through exercise and diet often improves symptoms. Topical fade creams can lighten skin in less severe cases. Acanthosis nigricans malignant may resolve if the causative tumor is removed successfully. […] A dermatology referral may be warranted if the diagnosis is uncertain. Referral to an endocrinologist may be needed in patients with diabetes and other metabolic disorders.

• #1 Acanthosis Nigricans Treatment: Diagnosis, Causes & Symptoms

  https://www.olivaclinic.com/blog/acanthosis-nigricans-treatment/

  If you see dark velvety patches appearing suddenly on your neck, underarms, skin folds or other body areas, you should visit a dermatologist immediately. A dermatologist can help diagnose the skin disorder and detect and treat the underlying cause. […] You should visit a dermatologist if you want to know how to reduce acanthosis nigricans. They can help diagnose the exact cause and give you a customised solution for your condition based on its type, severity and location. […] Acanthosis nigricans treatment cost can vary depending on the type, severity, and cause of the condition, the size of the area affected and the treatment suggested by your dermatologist. […] Acanthosis nigricans does not go away on its own. Treating the symptoms and the underlying cause can minimise it. […] Acanthosis nigricans lesions are not harmful by themselves, but they may indicate underlying health concerns like diabetes, insulin resistance and polycystic ovary syndrome, which may demand immediate medical treatment. […] The best treatment for acanthosis nigricans is to treat the underlying cause, if any. Your dermatologist may recommend a medico-aesthetic treatment to treat the underlying cause as well as provide visible results.

• #1 Acanthosis Nigricans: Symptoms ,Causes Diagnosis And Treatment

  https://www.prepladder.com/neet-pg-study-material/dermatology-and-venereology/acanthosis-nigricans-symptoms-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment

  There is no cure for Acanthosis nigricans. It may resolve over time if we treat the cause i,e insulin resistance. We can do that by Controlling blood glucose levels of the body through regular exercise and dietary modifications which can help to improve symptoms. Acanthosis nigricans malignant can be resolved by surgical removal of tumors which can be the cause of acanthosis nigricans occurring in the person. […] The main goal of treatment is to detect the underlying cause obese patients, losing weight loss insulin resistance correction can lowers the hyperkeratotic lesions. Drugs which are insulin-sensitizing agents such as metformin and rosiglitazone can be used to decrease the symptoms. All medications which can lead to enhancement of symptoms should be discontinued. […] Melatonin can also help to improve skin symptoms in obese patients which are suffering from as it improves the inflammatory status of the body and also insulin sensitivity.

• #1 Acanthosis Nigricans: A practical approach to evaluation and management

  https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7mf6g290

  Multiple case reports suggest that acanthosis nigricans improves with treatment of its underlying condition. […] A randomized, open-label trial that compared the insulin sensitizers metformin and rosiglitazone in 30 overweight Mexican patients for 12 weeks demonstrated only minimal improvement in AN lesions with either agent. […] Retinoids have been successfully used to treat AN. […] Topical 0.1 percent tretinoin caused improvement of AN in two case reports. […] Other therapies found beneficial in case reports include calcipotriol, fish oil, and laser. […] Multiple anecdotal reports suggest that acanthosis nigricans is reversible.

• #1 Acanthosis Nigricans: Symptoms ,Causes Diagnosis And Treatment

  https://www.prepladder.com/neet-pg-study-material/dermatology-and-venereology/acanthosis-nigricans-symptoms-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Cosmetic treatments such as chemical peels, laser, dermabrasion. […] Surgical removal of the cancer is the main goal of treatment for malignant lesions. […] […] […] Acanthosis nigricans are as a result of some other underlying diseases so the complications depend on the underlying diseases. If the insulin levels are raised in the body so other complications apart from acanthosis nigricans can occur such as vision problems or even the nerve damage. Usually acanthosis develops slowly but if it had occurred rapidly then malignancy can be one of the causes of its rapid growth. […] […] […] Usually Patients suffering from benign form of acanthosis nigricans usually have very few and even no skin complications, so, good prognosis can be expected with treatment. Prognosis in case of patients with malignancy is poor.

• #1 What are the Symptoms and Treatment of Acanthosis Nigricans?

  https://drpallavisule.com/what-are-the-symptoms-and-treatment-of-acanthosis-nigricans/

  Dermatologists can diagnose Acanthosis Nigricans by looking at your skin. […] For further investigation, blood tests and other tests may be recommended to cross out other medical conditions that may cause the skin disorder. […] However, if you want to treat the colour and texture of the skin, medical specialists can help in the following ways: […] Creams, lotions, gels or ointments will be recommended by doctors to lighten the colour of the patch caused by Acanthosis Nigricans. […] Laser treatment options are available which are highly productive and help in reducing skin thickness. […] Antibiotic medicines and soaps will be advised to minimize the foul smell on the skin. […] Other treatments may be suggested such as medicines or retinoids to make the skin better. […] Dermabrasion and UVA procedures may also be advised for Acanthosis Nigricans.

• #1 Acanthosis Nigricans Treatment: Diagnosis, Causes & Symptoms

  https://www.olivaclinic.com/blog/acanthosis-nigricans-treatment/

  Acanthosis nigricans is a very common skin condition, but it is often overlooked by people due to its subtle nature and similarity to other pigmentary concerns. […] Acanthosis nigricans is a skin condition characterised by dark brown to black velvety patches of skin that most commonly appear around skin folds on the neck or underarms. It is an indicator of insulin resistance, obesity and other metabolic disorders. […] Dermatologists can perform a physical examination to diagnose acanthosis nigricans because of its distinctive appearance. Rare cases may need skin. They may suggest a few lab tests to identify the root cause, like blood sugar levels or insulin levels. […] In most cases, acanthosis nigricans does not go away without treatment. Treating the skin symptoms is not sufficient; your medical practitioner needs to address the underlying causes, like insulin resistance, to treat this type of pigmentation.

• #1 Acanthosis Nigricans | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/17054

  A dermatology referral may be warranted if the diagnosis is uncertain. […] Patients need to be educated that hyperpigmentation of the skin may not solely be a skin condition and should be evaluated further, especially if it occurs in middle-aged to elderly patients. […] The overall prognosis for patients with the malignant form of acanthosis nigricans is poor, with an average survival of fewer than 24 months.

• #2 Acanthosis Nigricans – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431057/

  Acanthosis nigricans is a cutaneous manifestation of an underlying condition. It usually develops in skin folds, such as the back of the neck, axilla, and groin, where it presents as velvety hyper-pigmented patches with poorly defined borders. Acanthosis nigricans is most commonly associated with diabetes and insulin resistance, but rarely it can be a sign of internal malignancy. It can also occur with hormone disorders or with the use of certain medications like systemic glucocorticoids and oral contraceptives. […] Acanthosis nigricans is diagnosed clinically and confirmed with a skin biopsy. Blood tests, endoscopy, or X-rays may be required to eliminate diabetes or cancer. On biopsy, hyperkeratosis, leukocyte infiltration, epidermal folding, and melanocyte proliferation may be seen. The workup focuses on ruling out malignancy. Since the vast majority of cases are associated with insulin resistance and/or obesity, screening for diabetes and measuring glycosylated hemoglobin is recommended.

• #2 Acanthosis Nigricans: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/acanthosis-nigricans-overview

  Acanthosis nigricans can affect otherwise healthy people, or it can be associated with certain medical conditions. […] A dermatologist can diagnose the condition by looking at your skin. Your doctor may also take your medical history and perform a physical exam and blood tests to determine if another health condition, like prediabetes or thyroid disease, is causing your acanthosis nigricans. […] In rare cases, your doctor may also test a sample of your skin tissue if the other tests don’t point to any obvious cause. This test is called a skin biopsy. They could also do it to confirm your symptoms are not from cancer.

• #2 Acanthosis Nigricans: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1102488-overview

  Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is characterized by an asymptomatic area of darkening and thickening of the skin, occasionally with pruritus; lesions begin as hyperpigmented macules and patches and progress to symmetric, hyperpigmented, and velvety plaques with ill-defined borders, typically involving intertriginous areas. […] In 2000, the American Diabetes Association established AN as a formal risk factor for the development of diabetes in children. […] AN has been shown to be a reliable early marker for metabolic syndrome in pediatric patients. […] Patients should be informed that AN is not a skin disease per se but, rather, a sign of an underlying problem. If a patient does have AN related to insulin resistance, which is the most common association, treatment of the metabolic abnormality may lead to improvement of the appearance of the skin. Dietary changes and weight loss may cause AN to regress almost completely.

• #2 Acanthosis nigricans: diagnosis and treatment. Clínica Universidad de Navarra

  https://www.cun.es/en/diseases-treatments/diseases/acanthosis-nigricans

  Acanthosis nigricans is a skin sign that can signal the presence of a number of underlying conditions. It is crucial to seek medical attention to identify and properly treat these problems. […] Acanthosis nigricans is itself a symptom of an underlying disorder, rather than a disease. Therefore, it is essential to seek medical attention if signs of acanthosis nigricans are observed to identify and treat the underlying cause, which can prevent progression of the condition and its possible complications. […] The first step in diagnosing achalasia is a detailed medical history and physical examination. The doctor will ask about symptoms, their duration, and any factors that make them worse or better. […] If you suspect you have acanthosis nigricans, you should consult a dermatologist.

• #2 Acanthosis Nigricans: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/acanthosis-nigricans

  Acanthosis nigricans is a skin condition characterised by a velvety papillomatous overgrowth of the epidermis. […] Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is usually a sign of an underlying metabolic or hormonal condition or disease, such as obesity or diabetes (most commonly type 2 diabetes but also reported in type 1 diabetes, particularly when associated with obesity). […] Acanthosis nigricans is an independent risk factor for the presence of diabetes. […] Diagnosis is made clinically, including taking a thorough review of systems, history of current and past medical conditions, family history, and medications. […] If there is diagnostic uncertainty, a biopsy may be performed to obtain tissue for histopathologic analysis. […] Abrupt onset in an individual without the typical risk factors for AN should alert the physician to the possibility of an underlying malignancy, prompting an appropriate history, physical examination, and pursuit of imaging/laboratory investigations as indicated.

• #2 Acanthosis nigricans: Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/acanthosis-nigricans-treatment

  A dermatologist can diagnose acanthosis nigricans (AN) by looking at your skin. […] If your dermatologist diagnoses you with AN, you may need a blood test and other medical tests. These tests can help find out if you have another medical condition. AN is more common in people who have diabetes. Sometimes, AN can be a warning sign of pre-diabetes, thyroid disease, or another condition. […] If you have AN, it is essential to find out whether another disease is causing it. Finding and treating an undiagnosed disease may clear (or partially clear) your skin. […] If a disease is not causing your AN or you do not see the results you want from treating a related disease, a dermatologist can treat your skin.

• #2 Acanthosis Nigricans – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/acanthosis-nigricans.html

  How is AN diagnosed? […] Your healthcare provider may be able to diagnose AN by looking at your skin. He or she will ask when your skin changes started, and if the changes have gotten worse over time. […] You may need any of the following to find the cause of AN: […] Blood tests may be used to check for medical problems that can cause AN. […] A blood glucose test or hemoglobin A1c test may be used to check the amount of glucose (sugar) in your blood. These tests may show if you have diabetes. […] An x-ray may be used to find medical problems that can cause AN.

• #2 Acanthosis nigricans – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/424

  Key diagnostic factors include the presence of risk factors, black or Hispanic ancestry, new pigmented velvety skin lesions in axillary or flexural areas, and lesions distributed on the posterior neck, axillae, vulva, umbilicus, inner thighs, and groin. […] Investigations to consider include fasting blood glucose, fasting blood insulin, abdominal CT, and skin biopsy.

• #2 Acanthosis Nigricans | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688503/1.3/Acanthosis_Nigricans

  Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is a benign dermatosis characterized by velvety, hyperpigmented, hyperkeratotic plaques, which are usually symmetric. […] Typically a sign of hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance but can be a marker of malignancy. […] AN is more common between the ages of 11 and 40 years and in those with body mass index (BMI) 30. […] It may be a useful indicator of risk of diabetes mellitus and subclinical atherosclerosis. […] Although AN is a clinical diagnosis, one may consider the following tests if risk factors are present: Glycohemoglobin or fasting blood glucose, fasting lipid panel, thyroid function studies, electrolytes to rule out diabetes or other endocrinopathies. […] Biopsy is not indicated unless malignant skin conditions are likely. […] Refer to dermatologist if diagnosis of AN is not definite.

• #2 Acanthosis Nigricans: Treatment, Pictures, and Causes

  https://www.healthline.com/health/acanthosis-nigricans

  Acanthosis nigricans is easy to recognize by sight. Your doctor may want to check for diabetes or insulin resistance as the cause. […] These tests may include blood glucose tests or fasting insulin tests. Your doctor may also review your medications to see if theyre a contributing factor. […] In rare cases, your doctor may perform other tests, like a small skin biopsy, to rule out other possible causes.

• #2 Acanthosis nigricans – WikEM

  https://wikem.org/wiki/Acanthosis_nigricans

  Multiple forms, but malignant acanthosis nigricans is most important […] Non malignant form may be associated with endocrine abnormalities, such as insulin resistance […] Red flags for malignant acanthosis nigricans: Oral involvement (up to 50%) […] Rapid appearance of lesions […] Extensive involvement […] Older adult […] Unexplained weight loss […] Lesions in atypical sites such as palms/soles, mucous membranes.

• #2 Acanthosis nigricans – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acanthosis-nigricans

  Acanthosis nigricans is a common condition characterized by velvety, hyperpigmented plaques on the skin. Intertriginous sites, such as the neck and axillae, are common sites for involvement. […] Clinical recognition of acanthosis nigricans is important because the disorder can occur in association with a variety of systemic abnormalities, many of which are characterized by insulin resistance. Obesity and diabetes mellitus are among the most frequently associated disorders. Rarely, acanthosis nigricans develops as a sign of internal malignancy. […] The epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of acanthosis nigricans will be reviewed here. Specific disorders that may present with acanthosis nigricans are reviewed in greater detail separately. […] Acanthosis nigricans can affect both males and females, as well as infants, children, and adults. Although prevalence rates of this disorder have varied among studies, it is evident that a significant proportion of individuals who are obese or diabetic exhibit this finding and that the prevalence of this disorder may differ among ethnic groups.

• #2 Acanthosis nigricans: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000852.htm

  Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is a skin disorder in which there is darker, thick, velvety skin in body folds and creases. […] Your health care provider can usually diagnose AN by looking at your skin. A skin biopsy may be needed in rare cases. […] If there is no clear cause of AN, your provider may order tests. These may include: Blood tests to check blood sugar level or insulin level, Endoscopy, X-rays. […] Contact your provider if you develop areas of thick, dark, velvety skin.

• #2 Acanthosis Nigricans: A practical approach to evaluation and management

  https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7mf6g290

  Acanthosis nigricans is a dermatosis characterized by thickened, hyperpigmented plaques, typically of the intertriginous surfaces and neck. […] Clinicians should recognize acanthosis nigricans; it heralds disorders ranging from endocrinologic disturbances to malignancy. […] Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is a dermatosis characterized by velvety, papillomatous, brownish-black, hyperkeratotic plaques, typically of the intertriginous surfaces and neck. […] Although AN is associated with malignancy, the recognition of its more common connection to obesity and insulin resistance allows for diagnosis of related disorders including type 2 diabetes, the metabolic syndrome, and polycystic ovary syndrome. […] Early recognition of these conditions is essential for prevention of disease progression.

• #2 Acanthosis Nigricans: Causes, Diagnosis &Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12168-acanthosis-nigricans

  Light brown or black skin patches may be a sign of acanthosis nigricans. […] However, it can be a sign of diabetes, so talk to your healthcare provider. […] If you notice unusual marks or skin shading, see your healthcare provider. Your provider or a dermatologist (skin specialist) will run some tests to determine what type of treatment you need. […] While AN doesn’t always mean you have diabetes or prediabetes, it can be a sign of diabetes. So talk to your healthcare provider if you notice signs of AN. […] Other tests to diagnose AN include blood work, which can help confirm or rule out underlying conditions such as diabetes. […] If AN is due to an underlying condition, such as diabetes or a hormonal condition, treating the condition will treat the skin problems. […] Acanthosis nigricans can be a sign of prediabetes or diabetes. Talk to your provider so you can get the proper care.

• #2 Acanthosis nigricans in the pediatric population: a narrative review of the current approach to management in primary care – Pollock – Pediatric Medicine

  https://pm.amegroups.org/article/view/6555/html

  AN in the pediatric population can be a harbinger for underlying metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. A thorough investigation and appropriate screening of children at risk, with a focus on early identification of the dermatologic condition and its associated comorbidities in the primary care setting, and early treatment is recommended to prevent long term consequences and decrease the risk of cardiovascular complications. […] The presence and severity of AN can be used as a clinical predictor of metabolic disorders and underlying nutritional status in normal, overweight, and obese children and adolescents. The rates of obesity and AN have been shown to increase with age, with a high prevalence of AN among adolescents that suggests impending high rates of diabetes, metabolic dysfunction, and cardiovascular disease that parallel the adult population.

• #2 Diagnosis and Treatment > Signs and Symptoms > Acanthosis nigricans

  https://edm.bioscientifica.com/cases/signs-symptoms_12?pageSize=10&sort=datedescending&print

  Type B insulin resistance syndrome (TBIR) is characterised by the rapid onset of severe insulin resistance due to circulating anti-insulin receptor antibodies (AIRAs). Widespread acanthosis nigricans is normally seen, and co-occurrence with other autoimmune diseases is common. […] Clinical evidence of severe insulin resistance was corroborated by euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp, and anti-insulin receptor autoantibodies were confirmed by immunoprecipitation assay. […] HAIR-AN syndrome, the coexistence of Hirsutism, Insulin Resistance (IR) and Acanthosis Nigricans, constitutes a rare nosologic entity. […] Literally HAIR-AN syndrome, the coexistence of Hirsutism, Insulin Resistance and Acanthosis Nigricans, represents an extreme case of polycystic ovary syndrome. […] A clinical diagnosis of FPLD of the non-Dunnigan variety was made; genetic testing revealed a heterozygous c.1045CT mutation in exon 6 of the LMNA gene, predicted to result in an abnormal LMNA protein (p.R349W). […] Acanthosis nigricans and hyperosmolar state prompted consideration of T2DM presenting with ketosis-prone diabetes (KPD) rather than T1DM. […] Acanthosis nigricans can be associated with IAS apart from several other autoimmune diseases.

• #2 Acanthosis Nigricans | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/17054

  Acanthosis nigricans is a velvety, darkening of the skin that usually occurs in intertriginous areas. […] Acanthosis nigricans is most commonly associated with diabetes and insulin resistance, but rarely it can be a sign of internal malignancy. […] Acanthosis nigricans is diagnosed clinically and confirmed with a skin biopsy. Blood tests, endoscopy, or X-rays may be required to eliminate diabetes or cancer. […] The workup focuses on ruling out malignancy. […] Acanthosis nigricans is not treatable. It may fade over time by treating the cause, insulin resistance. […] The goal of treatment is to treat the underlying disease. […] Acanthosis nigricans associated with insulin resistance can be treated with drugs such as metformin and rosiglitazone, which are insulin-sensitizing agents.

• #2 Acanthosis Nigricans | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/17054

  A dermatology referral may be warranted if the diagnosis is uncertain. […] Patients need to be educated that hyperpigmentation of the skin may not solely be a skin condition and should be evaluated further, especially if it occurs in middle-aged to elderly patients. […] The overall prognosis for patients with the malignant form of acanthosis nigricans is poor, with an average survival of fewer than 24 months.

• #2 Acanthosis Nigricans: Symptoms ,Causes Diagnosis And Treatment

  https://www.prepladder.com/neet-pg-study-material/dermatology-and-venereology/acanthosis-nigricans-symptoms-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment

  There is no cure for Acanthosis nigricans. It may resolve over time if we treat the cause i,e insulin resistance. We can do that by Controlling blood glucose levels of the body through regular exercise and dietary modifications which can help to improve symptoms. Acanthosis nigricans malignant can be resolved by surgical removal of tumors which can be the cause of acanthosis nigricans occurring in the person. […] The main goal of treatment is to detect the underlying cause obese patients, losing weight loss insulin resistance correction can lowers the hyperkeratotic lesions. Drugs which are insulin-sensitizing agents such as metformin and rosiglitazone can be used to decrease the symptoms. All medications which can lead to enhancement of symptoms should be discontinued. […] Melatonin can also help to improve skin symptoms in obese patients which are suffering from as it improves the inflammatory status of the body and also insulin sensitivity.

• #2 What are the Symptoms and Treatment of Acanthosis Nigricans?

  https://drpallavisule.com/what-are-the-symptoms-and-treatment-of-acanthosis-nigricans/

  Dermatologists can diagnose Acanthosis Nigricans by looking at your skin. […] For further investigation, blood tests and other tests may be recommended to cross out other medical conditions that may cause the skin disorder. […] However, if you want to treat the colour and texture of the skin, medical specialists can help in the following ways: […] Creams, lotions, gels or ointments will be recommended by doctors to lighten the colour of the patch caused by Acanthosis Nigricans. […] Laser treatment options are available which are highly productive and help in reducing skin thickness. […] Antibiotic medicines and soaps will be advised to minimize the foul smell on the skin. […] Other treatments may be suggested such as medicines or retinoids to make the skin better. […] Dermabrasion and UVA procedures may also be advised for Acanthosis Nigricans.

• #3 Acanthosis nigricans – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/424

  Acanthosis nigricans is a benign skin disease that often reflects an underlying medical condition. […] Most commonly associated with obesity and insulin resistance. […] Rarely, cases may be related to underlying malignancy and, where no other association is identified, malignancy screening is warranted. […] Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is a cutaneous disorder manifested by symmetric, hypertrophic, papillomatous, velvety, hyperpigmented plaques commonly found on flexural and intertriginous areas. […] AN may present at birth or in early childhood with a familial association, but is most commonly associated with obesity and an insulin-resistant state. […] Malignancy-associated AN is rare and most often occurs with gastric adenocarcinoma, but may also be secondary to other carcinomas and lymphomas.

• #3 Acanthosis nigricans: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000852.htm

  Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is a skin disorder in which there is darker, thick, velvety skin in body folds and creases. […] Your health care provider can usually diagnose AN by looking at your skin. A skin biopsy may be needed in rare cases. […] If there is no clear cause of AN, your provider may order tests. These may include: Blood tests to check blood sugar level or insulin level, Endoscopy, X-rays. […] Contact your provider if you develop areas of thick, dark, velvety skin.

• #3 Acanthosis nigricans – WikEM

  https://wikem.org/wiki/Acanthosis_nigricans

  Multiple forms, but malignant acanthosis nigricans is most important […] Non malignant form may be associated with endocrine abnormalities, such as insulin resistance […] Red flags for malignant acanthosis nigricans: Oral involvement (up to 50%) […] Rapid appearance of lesions […] Extensive involvement […] Older adult […] Unexplained weight loss […] Lesions in atypical sites such as palms/soles, mucous membranes.

• #3 Acanthosis nigricans – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthosis_nigricans

  Acanthosis nigricans is typically diagnosed clinically. […] A skin biopsy may be needed in unusual cases. If no clear cause is obvious, it may be necessary to search for one. Blood tests, an endoscopy, or X-rays may be required to eliminate the possibility of diabetes or cancer as the cause. […] On biopsy, hyperkeratosis, epidermal folding, leukocyte infiltration, and melanocyte proliferation may be seen.

• #3 SciELO Brasil – Malignant Acanthosis nigricans associated with early diagnosis of liver cancer Malignant Acanthosis nigricans associated with early diagnosis of liver cancer

  https://www.scielo.br/j/abd/a/b5SVWM8x4bVHHjVfVsSLVwF/

  Acanthosis nigricans is a skin condition characterized by symmetrical hyperpigmented, velvety, papillomatous plaques that tend to affect flexural and intertriginous areas, although it can affect any part of the body. The diagnosis of acanthosis nigricans is based on the clinical aspect of the lesions and can be classified into benign or malignant. […] The malignancy can be identified before, during or after the onset of skin lesions. […] The prognosis of patients with cancer and acanthosis nigricans is poor, for it is usually a high-grade neoplasm associated to metastases. Malignant forms can be clinically indistinguishable from benign acanthosis nigricans, therefore, a good history taking is essential to investigate cases of rapid onset and a thorough physical examination is needed to evaluate the involvement of uncommon regions and extensive locations. […] Another important information was that the skin lesions preceded the neoplastic manifestations, what was essential for an early diagnosis and cure of the neoplasm and the skin lesions.

• #3 Malignant acanthosis nigricans: a case report | BMC Ophthalmology | Full Text

  https://bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12886-020-01708-2

  Acanthosis nigricans on the eyelid margins with a velvety overgrowth is highly suggestive of an internal malignancy, and full systemic investigations are warranted in these cases. […] Malignant acanthosis nigricans commonly occurs in older people, and involvement of the eyelid margins is unusual. […] The presence of acanthosis nigricans on the eyelid margins with a velvety overgrowth is highly suggestive of an internal malignancy. […] In fact, the filiform papillomas on the eyelid margins were found to be associated with underlying malignant acanthosis nigricans in this patient, and the radiological investigations and hematological tumor marker tests showed evidence of advanced cancer. […] Acanthosis nigricans is a well-established marker of malignant tumors in the internal organs. […] Full systemic investigations were warranted earlier in this patient’s clinical course.

• #3 Acanthosis Nigricans – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431057/

  Acanthosis nigricans is a cutaneous manifestation of an underlying condition. It usually develops in skin folds, such as the back of the neck, axilla, and groin, where it presents as velvety hyper-pigmented patches with poorly defined borders. Acanthosis nigricans is most commonly associated with diabetes and insulin resistance, but rarely it can be a sign of internal malignancy. It can also occur with hormone disorders or with the use of certain medications like systemic glucocorticoids and oral contraceptives. […] Acanthosis nigricans is diagnosed clinically and confirmed with a skin biopsy. Blood tests, endoscopy, or X-rays may be required to eliminate diabetes or cancer. On biopsy, hyperkeratosis, leukocyte infiltration, epidermal folding, and melanocyte proliferation may be seen. The workup focuses on ruling out malignancy. Since the vast majority of cases are associated with insulin resistance and/or obesity, screening for diabetes and measuring glycosylated hemoglobin is recommended.

• #4 Acanthosis Nigricans: An Updated Review – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36698243/

  Early recognition of acanthosis nigricans is important because acanthosis nigricans can be a cutaneous manifestation of a variety of systemic disorders and, rarely, as a sign of internal malignancy. […] The purpose of this article is to familiarize pediatricians with the clinical manifestations, evaluation, diagnosis, and management of acanthosis nigricans. […] The diagnosis is mainly clinical, based on the characteristic appearance (symmetrically distributed, hyperpigmented, velvety, papillomatous, hyperkeratotic plaques with ill-defined borders) and the typical sites (intertriginous areas, flexural area, and skin folds) of the lesions. […] Clinicians should be familiar with the clinical signs, evaluation, diagnosis, and therapy of acanthosis nigricans because of the link between it and underlying diseases.

Zobacz więcej