Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Acanthosis Nigricans: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/acanthosis-nigricans

  Acanthosis nigricans is a skin condition characterised by a velvety papillomatous overgrowth of the epidermis. Darkening and thickening (epidermal hyperplasia) of the skin occurs mainly in the flexural areas, particularly the axillae, groin, inframammary region, and neck. […] The mainstay for treatment is to manage the underlying disease. Patient education is also an important component. […] Non-pharmacologic treatment includes lifestyle modifications, such as establishing healthy eating habits and increasing exercise with the aim of improving insulin resistance/glucose metabolism. […] Pharmacologic treatment includes metformin and rosiglitazone, which are used to reduce insulin levels and moderately improve AN. […] Malignant acanthosis nigricans should be addressed with careful workup and management of any underlying malignancy.

• #2 Acanthosis nigricans – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acanthosis-nigricans/symptoms-causes/syc-20368983

  Acanthosis nigricans is a condition that causes areas of dark, thick velvety skin in body folds and creases. It typically affects the armpits, groin and neck. […] Treating the cause of acanthosis nigricans might restore the usual color and texture of the skin. […] Consult your health care provider if you notice changes in your skin especially if the changes are sudden. You may have an underlying condition that needs treatment. […] The risk of acanthosis nigricans is higher in people who have obesity. The risk is also higher in people with a family history of the condition, especially in families where obesity and type 2 diabetes are also common. […] People who have acanthosis nigricans are much more likely to develop type 2 diabetes.

• #3 Clinicoepidemiological study of acanthosis nigricans in pre and primary school children and its association with body mass index, waist circumference and insulin resistance – IJCED

  https://www.ijced.org/html-article/17474

  Acanthosis nigricans is characterised by hyperpigmentation and velvet like thickening of skin. It is seen symmetrically involving the neck, axilla, groins, antecubital and popliteal fossae, umbilical, perianal areas and in advanced conditions, even dorsum of hands and fingers. […] Acanthosis nigricans was associated with insulin resistance in normal, overweight and obese children. Hence, we would like to propose that all the children with acanthosis nigricans must be screened for Insulin resistance irrespective of body mass index. With this evidence of Insulin resistance, guidelines can be given to the parents about life style modification which will help in preventing the onset of diabetes mellitus later and thereby, improving the quality of life of the child. […] Grade 4 neck severity and grade 3 neck texture of children with AN were significantly associated with insulin resistance.

• #4 Acanthosis Nigricans – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431057/

  Acanthosis nigricans is a cutaneous manifestation of an underlying condition. It usually develops in skin folds, such as the back of the neck, axilla, and groin, where it presents as velvety hyper-pigmented patches with poorly defined borders. […] This activity reviews the workup and treatment of acanthosis nigricans and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in evaluating and treating patients with acanthosis nigricans. […] The goal of treatment is to treat the underlying disease. In the majority of patients, the treatment is done only for aesthetic reasons. In some patients, weight loss and correction of insulin resistance lower the burden of hyperkeratotic lesions. Acanthosis nigricans associated with insulin resistance can be treated with drugs such as metformin and rosiglitazone, which are insulin-sensitizing agents. […] A dermatology referral may be warranted if the diagnosis is uncertain. Referral to an endocrinologist may be needed in patients with diabetes and other metabolic disorders.

• #5 Acanthosis Nigricans: Treatment, Pictures, and Causes

  https://www.healthline.com/health/acanthosis-nigricans

  Acanthosis nigricans often causes patches on skin folds. It typically occurs in people with prediabetes or diabetes but may occur with other medical conditions. […] Acanthosis nigricans is a fairly common skin pigmentation disorder. Dark patches of skin with a thick, velvety texture characterize the condition. The affected areas of your skin may also itch or have an odor. […] Acanthosis nigricans may be a sign of a more serious health problem, such as prediabetes. The most effective treatments focus on finding and resolving medical conditions at the root of the problem. […] These skin patches tend to disappear after successfully treating the root condition. […] Acanthosis nigricans isn’t a disease. It’s a symptom of another condition like diabetes and an indicator that you may need to seek medical attention.

• #6 Acanthosis Nigricans: Causes, Diagnosis &Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12168-acanthosis-nigricans

  Light brown or black skin patches may be a sign of acanthosis nigricans. This treatable skin disorder isn’t contagious or dangerous. However, it can be a sign of diabetes, so talk to your healthcare provider. Often, treating diabetes (or another underlying cause) causes the skin to clear up. […] The condition is not harmful, but it may be a sign of an underlying condition that requires treatment. If you notice unusual marks or skin shading, see your healthcare provider. Your provider or a dermatologist (skin specialist) will run some tests to determine what type of treatment you need. […] AN will not go away on its own, but you dont always need medical treatment. If no underlying condition is causing AN, you can decide if you want to treat the dark patches. […] Treatment for AN depends on the cause. If AN is due to an underlying condition, such as diabetes or a hormonal condition, treating the condition will treat the skin problems.

• #7 Acanthosis nigricans – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acanthosis-nigricans/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20368987

  Acanthosis nigricans can be detected during a skin exam. To be sure of the diagnosis, your health care provider might take a skin sample (biopsy) to look at under a microscope. Or you may need other tests to find out what’s causing your symptoms. […] There’s no specific treatment for acanthosis nigricans. Your care provider might suggest treatments to help with pain and odor, such as skin creams, special soaps, medications and laser therapy. […] Treating the underlying cause might help. Examples include: […] If your acanthosis nigricans is caused by obesity, nutritional counseling and losing weight may help. […] If your condition seems to be related to a medication or supplement that you use, your care provider may suggest that you stop using that substance. […] If acanthosis nigricans was triggered by a cancerous tumor, surgery to remove the tumor often clears up the skin symptoms.

• #8 Acanthosis nigricans Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/acanthosis-nigricans

  Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is a skin disorder in which there is darker, thick, velvety skin in body folds and creases. […] Your health care provider can usually diagnose AN by looking at your skin. A skin biopsy may be needed in rare cases. […] No treatment is needed, as AN only causes a change in skin color. If the condition is affecting your appearance, using moisturizers containing ammonium lactate, tretinoin, or hydroquinone can help lighten the skin. Your provider may also suggest laser treatment. […] It is important to treat any underlying medical problem that may be causing these skin changes. When AN is related to obesity, losing weight often improves the condition. […] Contact your provider if you develop areas of thick, dark, velvety skin.

• #9 Acanthosis nigricans

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acanthosis-nigricans/

  Acanthosis nigricans is the name for dry, dark patches of skin that usually appear in the armpits, neck or groin. […] A GP can usually tell if it’s acanthosis nigricans by looking at your skin. […] Although acanthosis nigricans is usually harmless, it’s best to get any skin changes checked out. […] Once a GP knows what’s causing acanthosis nigricans, they can recommend the best treatment. […] The patches should fade over time once the cause is treated. […] If you’re very overweight, a GP may recommend losing weight. […] There’s no specific treatment for the patches themselves. A skin specialist (dermatologist) may be able to suggest treatments to improve their appearance, but finding and treating the cause is usually recommended first.

• #10 Acanthosis nigricans: Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/acanthosis-nigricans-treatment

  A dermatologist can diagnose acanthosis nigricans (AN) by looking at your skin. […] If your dermatologist diagnoses you with AN, you may need a blood test and other medical tests. These tests can help find out if you have another medical condition. AN is more common in people who have diabetes. Sometimes, AN can be a warning sign of pre-diabetes, thyroid disease, or another condition. […] Many people see their skin clear when they get treatment for the condition that is causing AN. If you have pre-diabetes, getting that under control often helps to fade the dark patches on your skin. If testing finds a problem with your thyroid or adrenal glands, treating that condition can clear your skin. […] It’s not necessary to treat an AN. If you want to see clearer skin, a dermatologist can treat you.

• #11 Acanthosis nigricans – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/424

  Acanthosis nigricans is a benign skin disease that often reflects an underlying medical condition. […] Treatment is usually unnecessary unless lesions are extensive or cosmetically unacceptable and do not resolve with treatment of the underlying condition. […] Investigations to consider include fasting blood glucose, fasting blood insulin, abdominal CT, and skin biopsy. […] Initial presentation with underlying cause may require ongoing management. […] Unresolved cases despite treatment of the underlying cause, or hereditary or idiopathic cases, may need further evaluation.

• #12 Assessment of patients with acanthosis nigricans skin lesion for hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance and diabetes risk – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1542462/

  Acanthosis nigricans is a skin lesion characterized by thickening and apparent darkening of the keratin layer of the skin, usually on the neck and axillae. […] Thus, including acanthosis nigricans screening in a comprehensive disease-prevention program can help identify people at risk for type II diabetes prior to the actual onset of glucose intolerance, as well as individuals with undiagnosed diabetes. […] Interventions that reduce insulin resistance include weight loss and regular physical activity.

• #13 Acanthosis Nigricans: High Prevalence and Association with Diabetes in a Practice-based Research Network Consortium—A PRImary care Multi-Ethnic Network (PRIME Net) Study | American Board of Family Medicine

  https://www.jabfm.org/content/23/4/476

  We found high rates of AN among patients in primary care practices across the country. Patients with AN likely have multiple diabetes risk factors and are more likely to have diabetes. […] AN offers an intriguing possibility for motivating lifestyle change. […] A readily apparent and rapidly identifiable physical examination marker, such as AN, that can identify patients with an increased risk for T2DM might help to stimulate discussions of lifestyle modifications in the primary care setting, as anecdotal reports have suggested. […] The relationships between AN and diabetes and between AN and a condition that is a precursor to diabetes (hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance) establish the opportunity to use this visible marker of diabetes risk in diabetes case identification and preventive counseling.

• #14 Acanthosis Nigricans: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/acanthosis-nigricans

  Acanthosis nigricans is a skin condition characterised by a velvety papillomatous overgrowth of the epidermis. Darkening and thickening (epidermal hyperplasia) of the skin occurs mainly in the flexural areas, particularly the axillae, groin, inframammary region, and neck. […] The mainstay for treatment is to manage the underlying disease. Patient education is also an important component. […] Non-pharmacologic treatment includes lifestyle modifications, such as establishing healthy eating habits and increasing exercise with the aim of improving insulin resistance/glucose metabolism. […] Pharmacologic treatment includes metformin and rosiglitazone, which are used to reduce insulin levels and moderately improve AN. […] Malignant acanthosis nigricans should be addressed with careful workup and management of any underlying malignancy.

• #15 Acanthosis Nigricans – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431057/

  Patients need to be educated that hyperpigmentation of the skin may not solely be a skin condition and should be evaluated further, especially if it occurs in middle-aged to elderly patients. […] The overall prognosis for patients with the malignant form of acanthosis nigricans is poor, with an average survival of fewer than 24 months. Those with the benign form have an excellent prognosis, provided the condition causing it is treated.

• #16 ERIC – EJ878140 – Is Acanthosis Nigricans a Reliable Indicator for Risk of Type 2 Diabetes?, Journal of School Nursing, 2007

  https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ878140

  Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is a thickening and hyperpigmentation of the skin commonly found on the neck, axilla, or groin and is generally caused by hyperinsulinemia, a consequence of insulin resistance associated with obesity. […] Screening for acanthosis nigricans is controversial and not recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; however, some states, such as Texas, are implementing AN screenings in schools to identify those children who are at highest risk for developing type 2 diabetes. […] With the current epidemics of obesity and diabetes, school nurses will see students in the health office with AN and should be knowledgeable about this skin condition and the association with hyperinsulinemia and obesity. […] The school nurse’s role is to educate and assist students and their families in seeking appropriate medical advice based on current knowledge of risk factors. […] This article will explore the controversy associated with screening for AN and make recommendations for school nursing practice.

• #17 Acanthosis Nigricans Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Diet

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1102488-treatment

  A 2024 systematic review (19 trials) of topical, laser, and oral therapies for AN yielded a strong recommendation for topical tretinoin and endorsed appropriate use of adapalene gel, urea cream, and fractional carbon dioxide laser therapy. […] Surgical removal of tumors is the mainstay of treatment for malignant AN, if possible, because clearance following primary malignancy excision has been described. […] Weight loss and glycemic control are essential for those with obesity-related AN or hyperinsulinemic states. […] Depending on the underlying etiology of AN, multidisciplinary evaluation may include the following: Primary care physician (pediatrician, internist, or family practitioner), Endocrinologist, Oncologist, Geneticist, Dermatologist.

• #18 CE Activity | Acanthosis Nigricans | Nurses

  https://www.statpearls.com/nurse/ce/activity/100061/?specialty=CNS-Pediatric

  Acanthosis nigricans is a cutaneous manifestation of an underlying condition. It usually develops in skin folds, such as the back of the neck, axilla, and groin, where it presents as velvety hyper-pigmented patches with poorly defined borders. Acanthosis nigricans is most commonly associated with diabetes and insulin resistance, but rarely it can be a sign of internal malignancy. It can also occur with hormone disorders or with the use of certain medications like systemic glucocorticoids and oral contraceptives. This activity reviews the workup and treatment of acanthosis nigricans and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in evaluating and treating patients with acanthosis nigricans. […] Describe the management of acanthosis nigricans, and list any further evaluation that should be considered. […] Articulate the role of interprofessional team members in evaluating and treating patients with acanthosis nigricans.

• #19 Acanthosis Nigricans – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/acanthosis-nigricans.html

  AN is a condition that causes dark, velvety patches to form on your skin. […] The skin patches may not need treatment if they do not cause symptoms. Patches often fade when the cause of AN is treated. Your healthcare provider may stop or change your medicine if it is causing AN. You may need to lose weight. […] Reach or maintain a healthy weight. AN skin patches often clear up after weight loss. Your healthcare provider can help you create a safe weight loss plan if you are overweight. […] Use gentle skin care products. Some skin care products can irritate your skin and make AN worse. Ask your healthcare provider which skin care products you should use. He or she may also be able to prescribe or recommend soaps if the patches have an odor.

• #20 Acanthosis nigricans: Tips for managing

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/acanthosis-nigricans-self-care

  Maintain a healthy weight. Obesity is the most common cause of AN in adults and children. Studies have found that peoples skin often clears completely with significant weight loss. […] Before using a bleaching cream, exfoliant, or other skin care product to fade the dark color, ask a dermatologist if you should use it. These products rarely fade AN and can irritate your skin, making AN worse. […] Find out if you have a medical condition that is causing AN. Diabetes and other medical conditions can cause AN. Doing things that improve the medical condition often help to clear the skin. […] Find out if a medicine you take is causing AN. Some medicines can cause AN. Be sure to tell your dermatologist about all the medicines you take. If medicine is causing your AN, you may be able to switch to another medicine.

• #21 Acanthosis Nigricans (AN) | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/acanthosis-nigricans

  Acanthosis nigricans is a skin condition characterized by dark, thick, velvety patches of skin in body folds and creases. It is often associated with obesity and insulin resistance. […] AN can be embarrassing. Some people call it „dirty neck” and try scrubbing it or even using bleach to get rid of it. These don’t work, though, so spare yourself the bleaching. The good news is that taking control over your weight — learning to eat well, being active and losing some weight — lowers the amount of unused insulin in your body. This will help get rid of AN. […] Losing weight will be an important part of your care plan. Here are a few tips you can use: Try to eat regular meals and eat when you are hungry. […] The more calories you burn up, the better your body uses insulin. You dont have to start running marathons. But make sure that you do something active every day. It can be shooting hoops, mowing the lawn, shoveling snow, walking, – anything that raises your heartbeat for 20 minutes or more.

• #22 Acanthosis nigricans – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acanthosis-nigricans/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20368987

  Acanthosis nigricans can be detected during a skin exam. To be sure of the diagnosis, your health care provider might take a skin sample (biopsy) to look at under a microscope. Or you may need other tests to find out what’s causing your symptoms. […] There’s no specific treatment for acanthosis nigricans. Your care provider might suggest treatments to help with pain and odor, such as skin creams, special soaps, medications and laser therapy. […] Treating the underlying cause might help. Examples include: […] If your acanthosis nigricans is caused by obesity, nutritional counseling and losing weight may help. […] If your condition seems to be related to a medication or supplement that you use, your care provider may suggest that you stop using that substance. […] If acanthosis nigricans was triggered by a cancerous tumor, surgery to remove the tumor often clears up the skin symptoms.

• #23 Acanthosis nigricans

  https://www.pcds.org.uk/clinical-guidance/acanthosis-nigricans

  Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is characterised by hyperpigmentation and a velvety thickening of skin predominantly affecting the neck and flexures. […] The primary aim is to correct the underlying cause, which, if possible can lead to an improvement in symptoms: Weight loss, Where appropriate, correct hyperinsulinaemia through diet and medication including metformin, If possible, stop causal medication in drug-induced AN. […] Patients with suspected malignant AN need an urgent referral. Such patients need a thorough workup for underlying malignancy, although occasionally malignant AN can precede internal manifestations.

• #24 Acanthosis Nigricans: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/acanthosis-nigricans

  Resolution of drug-induced AN requires identification and withdrawal of the suspected drug(s). […] Syndromic AN may be improved with treatment of the underlying syndrome, such as with the use of oral contraceptives in the setting of polycystic ovarian syndrome. […] Treatment of acanthosis nigricans can also be undertaken for cosmetic reasons. […] Outcomes depend on the cause. Acanthosis nigricans may be a vital marker of underlying conditions which themselves carry significant risk to overall morbidity and mortality, such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and even serious internal malignancies. […] If the underlying etiology can be addressed, such as through weight loss interventions, then the acanthosis nigricans is expected to improve or fully resolve.

• #25 Acanthosis Nigricans Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Diet

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1102488-treatment

  A 2024 systematic review (19 trials) of topical, laser, and oral therapies for AN yielded a strong recommendation for topical tretinoin and endorsed appropriate use of adapalene gel, urea cream, and fractional carbon dioxide laser therapy. […] Surgical removal of tumors is the mainstay of treatment for malignant AN, if possible, because clearance following primary malignancy excision has been described. […] Weight loss and glycemic control are essential for those with obesity-related AN or hyperinsulinemic states. […] Depending on the underlying etiology of AN, multidisciplinary evaluation may include the following: Primary care physician (pediatrician, internist, or family practitioner), Endocrinologist, Oncologist, Geneticist, Dermatologist.

• #26 Acanthosis Nigricans Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Diet

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1102488-treatment

  No treatment of choice has been established for acanthosis nigricans (AN). The goal of therapy is to correct the underlying disease process. Treatment of the lesions of AN is for cosmetic reasons only. Correction of hyperinsulinemia often reduces the burden of hyperkeratotic lesions. Likewise, weight reduction in obesity-associated AN may result in resolution of the dermatosis. […] Cessation of the inciting agent in drug-induced AN often results in resolution. Acipimox may be used in place of nicotinic acid to induce AN regression while improving the lipid profile. Dietary fish oil may be beneficial in patients with lipodystrophic diabetes and generalized AN, even if niacin is continued. […] Topical medications that have been effective in some cases of AN include keratolytics (eg, topical tretinoin 0.05% or 0.025%, ammonium lactate 12% cream, or a combination of the two) and triple-combination depigmenting cream (tretinoin 0.05%, hydroquinone 4%, fluocinolone acetonide 0.01%) nightly with daily sunscreen.

• #27 Acanthosis Nigricans Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Diet

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1102488-treatment

  Oral agents that have shown some benefit include etretinate, isotretinoin, metformin, and dietary fish oils. Octreotide yielded sustained improvement in one patient with insulin resistance 6 months after completion of the course. […] Patients with HAIR-AN (hyperandrogenemia, insulin resistance, and AN) syndrome may be treated with oral contraceptives and metformin. […] Cyproheptadine has been used in cases of malignant AN on the grounds that it may inhibit the release of tumor products. […] Psoralen plus UVA (PUVA) has been reported as beneficial for symptomatic relief in cases of paraneoplastic AN. […] Dermabrasion and laser therapy may also be used to reduce the bulk of the lesion, with occasional long-term remissions. Chemical peeling (eg, with glycolic acid or trichloroacetic acid) may be effective.

• #28 Acanthosis nigricans

  https://www.pcds.org.uk/clinical-guidance/acanthosis-nigricans

  Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is characterised by hyperpigmentation and a velvety thickening of skin predominantly affecting the neck and flexures. […] The primary aim is to correct the underlying cause, which, if possible can lead to an improvement in symptoms: Weight loss, Where appropriate, correct hyperinsulinaemia through diet and medication including metformin, If possible, stop causal medication in drug-induced AN. […] Patients with suspected malignant AN need an urgent referral. Such patients need a thorough workup for underlying malignancy, although occasionally malignant AN can precede internal manifestations.

• #29 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Acanthosis-Nigricans-Skin-Condition.aspx

  Acanthosis can either be benign or malignant. […] The aim of acanthosis nigricans treatment is to establish and manage the underlying cause of disease in an appropriate manner. […] In some cases, particularly for patients with acanthosis nigricans associated with obesity, diet lifestyle changes may be sufficient to address the problem. […] For patients with acanthosis nigricans caused by an inherited genetic factor, the condition usually stabilizes or regresses spontaneously without treatment. […] If a tumor has been identified in the diagnostic process, this may need to be surgically removed and further treated with chemotherapy or radiotherapy, depending on the particular case. […] Some individuals may be concerned about the cosmetic appearance of the skin affected by acanthosis nigricans. In this case, there are several therapeutic options that may offer a benefit to reduce the signs of the disorder on the skin. Examples of possible therapies include topical retinoid medications, dermabrasion, and laser therapy.

• #30 Acanthosis Nigricans Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Diet

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1102488-treatment

  No treatment of choice has been established for acanthosis nigricans (AN). The goal of therapy is to correct the underlying disease process. Treatment of the lesions of AN is for cosmetic reasons only. Correction of hyperinsulinemia often reduces the burden of hyperkeratotic lesions. Likewise, weight reduction in obesity-associated AN may result in resolution of the dermatosis. […] Cessation of the inciting agent in drug-induced AN often results in resolution. Acipimox may be used in place of nicotinic acid to induce AN regression while improving the lipid profile. Dietary fish oil may be beneficial in patients with lipodystrophic diabetes and generalized AN, even if niacin is continued. […] Topical medications that have been effective in some cases of AN include keratolytics (eg, topical tretinoin 0.05% or 0.025%, ammonium lactate 12% cream, or a combination of the two) and triple-combination depigmenting cream (tretinoin 0.05%, hydroquinone 4%, fluocinolone acetonide 0.01%) nightly with daily sunscreen.

• #31 Acanthosis nigricans: Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/acanthosis-nigricans-treatment

  Treatment for AN includes the following: Lighten skin color: Prescription creams, ointments, and gels […] Reduce skin thickness: Laser treatments […] Decrease odor and discomfort: Antibiotics you apply to the skin and antibacterial soaps […] Help clear the skin: Retinoids (may be a cream or pill). […] None of these treatments is specifically designed to treat AN. Dermatologists have found, however, that these can help. Sometimes, AN is difficult to treat. […] If you have AN, it is essential to find out whether another disease is causing it. Finding and treating an undiagnosed disease may clear (or partially clear) your skin. […] If a disease is not causing your AN or you do not see the results you want from treating a related disease, a dermatologist can treat your skin.

• #32 Acanthosis Nigricans Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Diet

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1102488-treatment

  A 2024 systematic review (19 trials) of topical, laser, and oral therapies for AN yielded a strong recommendation for topical tretinoin and endorsed appropriate use of adapalene gel, urea cream, and fractional carbon dioxide laser therapy. […] Surgical removal of tumors is the mainstay of treatment for malignant AN, if possible, because clearance following primary malignancy excision has been described. […] Weight loss and glycemic control are essential for those with obesity-related AN or hyperinsulinemic states. […] Depending on the underlying etiology of AN, multidisciplinary evaluation may include the following: Primary care physician (pediatrician, internist, or family practitioner), Endocrinologist, Oncologist, Geneticist, Dermatologist.

• #33 Acanthosis Nigricans Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Diet

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1102488-treatment

  Oral agents that have shown some benefit include etretinate, isotretinoin, metformin, and dietary fish oils. Octreotide yielded sustained improvement in one patient with insulin resistance 6 months after completion of the course. […] Patients with HAIR-AN (hyperandrogenemia, insulin resistance, and AN) syndrome may be treated with oral contraceptives and metformin. […] Cyproheptadine has been used in cases of malignant AN on the grounds that it may inhibit the release of tumor products. […] Psoralen plus UVA (PUVA) has been reported as beneficial for symptomatic relief in cases of paraneoplastic AN. […] Dermabrasion and laser therapy may also be used to reduce the bulk of the lesion, with occasional long-term remissions. Chemical peeling (eg, with glycolic acid or trichloroacetic acid) may be effective.

• #34 Acanthosis Nigricans Treatment Brisbane – Dr Davin Lim

  https://drdavinlim.com/acanthosis-nigricans-treatment/

  Acanthosis nigricans present as dark patches involving the underarms, back of the neck groin areas. Extensively it can present as pigmentation of the face. This condition requires a multidisciplinary approach, including skin care, lasers, lifestyle dietary modifications. […] Acanthosis nigricans is a common cause of skin hyperpigmentation, especially of the underarms neck area. The best treatment is a combined approach of skin directed treatments metabolic modifications. […] A combination of skin care, lasers, lifestyle choices where indicated, tablets to help with metabolism provides the highest chance of success. Reduction of dark skin often takes many months to achieve the desired results. […] Weight loss, diabetes management, close monitoring of blood sugars form the cornerstone of management.

• #35 Acanthosis Nigricans: Treatment, Pictures, and Causes

  https://www.healthline.com/health/acanthosis-nigricans

  If you are concerned with the appearance of your affected skin, you may want to try cosmetic treatments available. Treatments include skin lighteners like Retin-A, 20 percent urea, alpha hydroxy acids, and salicylic acid, oral acne medications, and laser therapy. […] These treatments can improve the appearance of acanthosis nigricans but will not cure the condition. […] Maintaining a healthy lifestyle can usually prevent acanthosis nigricans, including maintaining a moderate weight, managing your diet, and adjusting any medications contributing to the condition. […] If the cause is acanthosis nigricans, the treatment largely focuses on addressing the underlying condition that’s causing it. If you’re overweight, a healthcare professional may advise you to maintain a moderate weight. They may also prescribe medications to help control your blood glucose. […] The discolored skin patches will usually fade when you find the cause and get it under control. […] Acanthosis nigricans shouldnt be a cause for concern on its own. But if you recognize the signs, it’s important to visit a physician or dermatologist to determine the underlying cause.

• #36 Acanthosis Nigricans: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/acanthosis-nigricans

  Acanthosis nigricans is a skin condition characterised by a velvety papillomatous overgrowth of the epidermis. Darkening and thickening (epidermal hyperplasia) of the skin occurs mainly in the flexural areas, particularly the axillae, groin, inframammary region, and neck. […] The mainstay for treatment is to manage the underlying disease. Patient education is also an important component. […] Non-pharmacologic treatment includes lifestyle modifications, such as establishing healthy eating habits and increasing exercise with the aim of improving insulin resistance/glucose metabolism. […] Pharmacologic treatment includes metformin and rosiglitazone, which are used to reduce insulin levels and moderately improve AN. […] Malignant acanthosis nigricans should be addressed with careful workup and management of any underlying malignancy.

• #37 Acanthosis Nigricans Causes Symptoms And TreatmentsFacebookPinterestTwitterYouTube

  https://www.diabetescarecommunity.ca/living-well-with-diabetes-articles/acanthosis-nigricans-causes-symptoms-and-treatments/

  Your healthcare team might prescribe special skin creams to apply to the affected areas. They can help relieve pain and itching, and lighten the colour of the patches. While acanthosis nigricans may not go away completely, the patches may lighten and shrink if you manage your diabetes effectively and lose weight, if needed. […] The best way to prevent acanthosis nigricans is to manage your diabetes effectively. This includes: Eating healthy foods, Exercising regularly, Taking your diabetes medications exactly as prescribed, Losing weight, if needed. Acanthosis nigricans is a common occurrence in people with undiagnosed or uncontrolled diabetes. Speak with your healthcare team if you think you see these darkened patches of skin anywhere on your body, and learn how acanthosis nigricans can be treated and managed.

• #38 Acanthosis nigricans – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acanthosis-nigricans/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20368987

  Acanthosis nigricans can be detected during a skin exam. To be sure of the diagnosis, your health care provider might take a skin sample (biopsy) to look at under a microscope. Or you may need other tests to find out what’s causing your symptoms. […] There’s no specific treatment for acanthosis nigricans. Your care provider might suggest treatments to help with pain and odor, such as skin creams, special soaps, medications and laser therapy. […] Treating the underlying cause might help. Examples include: […] If your acanthosis nigricans is caused by obesity, nutritional counseling and losing weight may help. […] If your condition seems to be related to a medication or supplement that you use, your care provider may suggest that you stop using that substance. […] If acanthosis nigricans was triggered by a cancerous tumor, surgery to remove the tumor often clears up the skin symptoms.

• #39 Acanthosis Nigricans (AN) | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/acanthosis-nigricans

  Acanthosis nigricans is a skin condition characterized by dark, thick, velvety patches of skin in body folds and creases. It is often associated with obesity and insulin resistance. […] AN can be embarrassing. Some people call it „dirty neck” and try scrubbing it or even using bleach to get rid of it. These don’t work, though, so spare yourself the bleaching. The good news is that taking control over your weight — learning to eat well, being active and losing some weight — lowers the amount of unused insulin in your body. This will help get rid of AN. […] Losing weight will be an important part of your care plan. Here are a few tips you can use: Try to eat regular meals and eat when you are hungry. […] The more calories you burn up, the better your body uses insulin. You dont have to start running marathons. But make sure that you do something active every day. It can be shooting hoops, mowing the lawn, shoveling snow, walking, – anything that raises your heartbeat for 20 minutes or more.

• #40 Diabetes and Your Skin | Diabetes | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/signs-symptoms/diabetes-and-your-skin.html

  This skin condition causes dark patches of velvety skin in body creases such as your neck, armpits, or groin. Sometimes patches appear on your hands, elbows, or knees. […] AN is a sign of insulin resistance and can be a sign of prediabetes or type 2 diabetes. It’s common in people who have obesity. […] The most effective treatment is to address the root cause, like obesity or insulin resistance. Being physically active and staying at a healthy weight can help reverse insulin resistance.

• #41 Assessment of patients with acanthosis nigricans skin lesion for hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance and diabetes risk – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1542462/

  Acanthosis nigricans is a skin lesion characterized by thickening and apparent darkening of the keratin layer of the skin, usually on the neck and axillae. […] Thus, including acanthosis nigricans screening in a comprehensive disease-prevention program can help identify people at risk for type II diabetes prior to the actual onset of glucose intolerance, as well as individuals with undiagnosed diabetes. […] Interventions that reduce insulin resistance include weight loss and regular physical activity.

• #42 Acanthosis Nigricans Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Diet

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1102488-treatment

  A 2024 systematic review (19 trials) of topical, laser, and oral therapies for AN yielded a strong recommendation for topical tretinoin and endorsed appropriate use of adapalene gel, urea cream, and fractional carbon dioxide laser therapy. […] Surgical removal of tumors is the mainstay of treatment for malignant AN, if possible, because clearance following primary malignancy excision has been described. […] Weight loss and glycemic control are essential for those with obesity-related AN or hyperinsulinemic states. […] Depending on the underlying etiology of AN, multidisciplinary evaluation may include the following: Primary care physician (pediatrician, internist, or family practitioner), Endocrinologist, Oncologist, Geneticist, Dermatologist.

• #43 Acanthosis nigricans in the pediatric population: a narrative review of the current approach to management in primary care – Pollock – Pediatric Medicine

  https://pm.amegroups.org/article/view/6555/html

  Therapy for AN involves a multidisciplinary approach, targeting the underlying associated conditions, as well as topical/oral agents and cosmetic surgery. Diminishing hyperkeratosis has been described in some patients following insulin, glucose, and obesity control, however, hyperpigmentation and thickness may remain. Improvement of the lesions is often the patients primary concern, and consulting with a dermatologist may be beneficial. While the goal of therapy may be to treat the underlying cause, cosmetic resolution of AN lesions is often important for patients quality of life. […] The most effective first line treatment for AN is weight loss, through both dietary modification and physical activity, to improve underlying hyperinsulinemia and dyslipidemia, and in addition to weight and metabolic control, dermatologic treatment may be implemented. Health professionals should be trained to identify AN, whether on classical areas such as the posterior neck, or atypical areas such as the hands and feet. Appropriate screening, and identifying AN among children who are at risk for developing metabolic syndrome, will allow for earlier implementation of preventive measures to better control metabolic risk factors, decreasing the risk of cardiovascular complications. If diagnosed, further testing of insulin, glucose, lipids, and transaminases is recommended. As treatment of obesity, insulin resistance, and its associated comorbidities is often complex, early identification of individuals who would benefit from such treatment is a valuable part of clinical practice.

• #44 CE Activity | Acanthosis Nigricans | Nurses

  https://www.statpearls.com/nurse/ce/activity/100061/?specialty=CNS-Pediatric

  Acanthosis nigricans is a cutaneous manifestation of an underlying condition. It usually develops in skin folds, such as the back of the neck, axilla, and groin, where it presents as velvety hyper-pigmented patches with poorly defined borders. Acanthosis nigricans is most commonly associated with diabetes and insulin resistance, but rarely it can be a sign of internal malignancy. It can also occur with hormone disorders or with the use of certain medications like systemic glucocorticoids and oral contraceptives. This activity reviews the workup and treatment of acanthosis nigricans and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in evaluating and treating patients with acanthosis nigricans. […] Describe the management of acanthosis nigricans, and list any further evaluation that should be considered. […] Articulate the role of interprofessional team members in evaluating and treating patients with acanthosis nigricans.

• #45 Acanthosis Nigricans | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688503/all/Acanthosis_Nigricans

  Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is a benign dermatosis characterized by velvety, hyperpigmented, hyperkeratotic plaques, which are usually symmetric. […] Individuals with AN are at risk of developing metabolic syndrome. […] Encourage diet and exercise to all age groups to reduce likelihood of insulin resistance syndrome. […] Improvement of AN in obese individuals who succeed at weight loss. […] Discontinue offending drugs in drug-induced AN. […] Improvement of malignant AN with treatment of underlying malignancy. […] Refer to dermatologist if diagnosis of AN is not definite. […] Close monitoring of BMI, glycohemoglobin, and blood pressure in obese individuals and those with insulin resistance. […] Maintain a well-balanced, low-calorie diet to achieve weight loss, if applicable. […] Related to underlying cause of AN. […] Metastasis in malignant AN. […] End-organ damage in untreated hyperinsulinemia-associated AN.

• #46 Acanthosis nigricans in the pediatric population: a narrative review of the current approach to management in primary care – Pollock – Pediatric Medicine

  https://pm.amegroups.org/article/view/6555/html

  Therapy for AN involves a multidisciplinary approach, targeting the underlying associated conditions, as well as topical/oral agents and cosmetic surgery. Diminishing hyperkeratosis has been described in some patients following insulin, glucose, and obesity control, however, hyperpigmentation and thickness may remain. Improvement of the lesions is often the patients primary concern, and consulting with a dermatologist may be beneficial. While the goal of therapy may be to treat the underlying cause, cosmetic resolution of AN lesions is often important for patients quality of life. […] The most effective first line treatment for AN is weight loss, through both dietary modification and physical activity, to improve underlying hyperinsulinemia and dyslipidemia, and in addition to weight and metabolic control, dermatologic treatment may be implemented. Health professionals should be trained to identify AN, whether on classical areas such as the posterior neck, or atypical areas such as the hands and feet. Appropriate screening, and identifying AN among children who are at risk for developing metabolic syndrome, will allow for earlier implementation of preventive measures to better control metabolic risk factors, decreasing the risk of cardiovascular complications. If diagnosed, further testing of insulin, glucose, lipids, and transaminases is recommended. As treatment of obesity, insulin resistance, and its associated comorbidities is often complex, early identification of individuals who would benefit from such treatment is a valuable part of clinical practice.

• #47 Acanthosis Nigricans: Pointer of Endocrine Entities

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/10/2519

  Acanthosis nigricans (AN) has been reported in relation to insulin resistance (IR). […] AN management depends on underlying conditions, and specific dermatological therapy is not generally required, unless the patient achieves metabolic control, has severe skin lesions, or desires cosmetic improvement. […] In IR cases, lifestyle interventions can help, including weight control up to bariatric surgery. […] In addition, metformin is a key player in the field of oral medication against DM type 2, a drug whose indication is extended to PCOS and even to AN itself, outside the specific panel of glucose anomalies. […] Specific dermatologic approaches should be encouraged after achieving metabolic control, especially in cases with severe skin lesions and depending on patient preference for cosmetic improvement.

• #48 Acanthosis Nigricans – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431057/

  Patients need to be educated that hyperpigmentation of the skin may not solely be a skin condition and should be evaluated further, especially if it occurs in middle-aged to elderly patients. […] The overall prognosis for patients with the malignant form of acanthosis nigricans is poor, with an average survival of fewer than 24 months. Those with the benign form have an excellent prognosis, provided the condition causing it is treated.

• #49 Acanthosis Nigricans: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/acanthosis-nigricans

  Resolution of drug-induced AN requires identification and withdrawal of the suspected drug(s). […] Syndromic AN may be improved with treatment of the underlying syndrome, such as with the use of oral contraceptives in the setting of polycystic ovarian syndrome. […] Treatment of acanthosis nigricans can also be undertaken for cosmetic reasons. […] Outcomes depend on the cause. Acanthosis nigricans may be a vital marker of underlying conditions which themselves carry significant risk to overall morbidity and mortality, such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and even serious internal malignancies. […] If the underlying etiology can be addressed, such as through weight loss interventions, then the acanthosis nigricans is expected to improve or fully resolve.

• #50 Acanthosis nigricans in the pediatric population: a narrative review of the current approach to management in primary care – Pollock – Pediatric Medicine

  https://pm.amegroups.org/article/view/6555/html

  Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is frequently seen in obese and overweight children and adolescents. Current research suggests an association with insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and obesity, and often primary care physicians are the first point of contact for individuals with this dermatologic condition. However, identifying the condition at an early stage may be difficult. This narrative review aims to provide readers with a comprehensive overview of the current literature of AN in the pediatric and adolescent population, including best practices for identifying the condition, with a focus on the recommended management in the primary care setting to enable early and enhanced intervention. […] AN in the pediatric population can be a harbinger for underlying metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. A thorough investigation and appropriate screening of children at risk, with a focus on early identification of the dermatologic condition and its associated comorbidities in the primary care setting, and early treatment is recommended to prevent long term consequences and decrease the risk of cardiovascular complications.

• #51 Acanthosis nigricans in the pediatric population: a narrative review of the current approach to management in primary care – Pollock – Pediatric Medicine

  https://pm.amegroups.org/article/view/6555/html

  Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is frequently seen in obese and overweight children and adolescents. Current research suggests an association with insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and obesity, and often primary care physicians are the first point of contact for individuals with this dermatologic condition. However, identifying the condition at an early stage may be difficult. This narrative review aims to provide readers with a comprehensive overview of the current literature of AN in the pediatric and adolescent population, including best practices for identifying the condition, with a focus on the recommended management in the primary care setting to enable early and enhanced intervention. […] AN in the pediatric population can be a harbinger for underlying metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. A thorough investigation and appropriate screening of children at risk, with a focus on early identification of the dermatologic condition and its associated comorbidities in the primary care setting, and early treatment is recommended to prevent long term consequences and decrease the risk of cardiovascular complications.

• #52 Acanthosis Nigricans | Dayton Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrensdayton.org/kidshealth/a/acanthosis

  Acanthosis nigricans appears gradually with dark, velvety patches of skin in body creases and folds, usually in the neck, armpits, or groin. […] Treating the underlying cause of acanthosis nigricans can make the dark patches of skin fade or disappear. This can mean stopping any medicine thats causing the problem or treating diabetes and other health conditions. […] If your child is overweight, losing weight will help acanthosis nigricans fade. Talk to your doctor before putting your child on a diet. […] To help kids feel better about how their skin looks, doctors may prescribe creams or lotions that can help lighten the skin. But acanthosis nigricans usually doesnt need any treatment. […] Eating a healthy diet and getting regular physical activity can help lower insulin levels and improve skin appearance.

• #53 Health Screenings – Great Hearts Texas

  https://texas.greatheartsamerica.org/academy-life/great-hearts-texas-health-services/health-screenings/

  Acanthosis Nigricans Screening: The 77th Texas Legislature passed legislation requiring school districts to screen students in 1st, 3rd, 5th, and 7th grades for Acanthosis Nigricans (AN). AN is a skin marker which may indicate pre-diabetes. AN is a light brown or black, velvety, rough, or thickened area or marker on the surface of the skin (usually on the neck). The presence of AN may signal high insulin levels, which puts a person at risk for more serious chronic conditions.

• #54 ERIC – EJ878140 – Is Acanthosis Nigricans a Reliable Indicator for Risk of Type 2 Diabetes?, Journal of School Nursing, 2007

  https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ878140

  Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is a thickening and hyperpigmentation of the skin commonly found on the neck, axilla, or groin and is generally caused by hyperinsulinemia, a consequence of insulin resistance associated with obesity. […] Screening for acanthosis nigricans is controversial and not recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; however, some states, such as Texas, are implementing AN screenings in schools to identify those children who are at highest risk for developing type 2 diabetes. […] With the current epidemics of obesity and diabetes, school nurses will see students in the health office with AN and should be knowledgeable about this skin condition and the association with hyperinsulinemia and obesity. […] The school nurse’s role is to educate and assist students and their families in seeking appropriate medical advice based on current knowledge of risk factors. […] This article will explore the controversy associated with screening for AN and make recommendations for school nursing practice.

• #55 Acanthosis nigricans in the pediatric population: a narrative review of the current approach to management in primary care – Pollock – Pediatric Medicine

  https://pm.amegroups.org/article/view/6555/html

  Therapy for AN involves a multidisciplinary approach, targeting the underlying associated conditions, as well as topical/oral agents and cosmetic surgery. Diminishing hyperkeratosis has been described in some patients following insulin, glucose, and obesity control, however, hyperpigmentation and thickness may remain. Improvement of the lesions is often the patients primary concern, and consulting with a dermatologist may be beneficial. While the goal of therapy may be to treat the underlying cause, cosmetic resolution of AN lesions is often important for patients quality of life. […] The most effective first line treatment for AN is weight loss, through both dietary modification and physical activity, to improve underlying hyperinsulinemia and dyslipidemia, and in addition to weight and metabolic control, dermatologic treatment may be implemented. Health professionals should be trained to identify AN, whether on classical areas such as the posterior neck, or atypical areas such as the hands and feet. Appropriate screening, and identifying AN among children who are at risk for developing metabolic syndrome, will allow for earlier implementation of preventive measures to better control metabolic risk factors, decreasing the risk of cardiovascular complications. If diagnosed, further testing of insulin, glucose, lipids, and transaminases is recommended. As treatment of obesity, insulin resistance, and its associated comorbidities is often complex, early identification of individuals who would benefit from such treatment is a valuable part of clinical practice.

• #56 Acanthosis nigricans in obese adolescents: prevalence, impact, and man | AHMT

  https://www.dovepress.com/acanthosis-nigricans-in-obese-adolescents-prevalence-impact-and-manage-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-AHMT

  Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is a dermatological condition that has been recognized for more than a hundred years. […] This narrative review discusses AN and its association with obesity in adolescents and focus on their clinical impact and management challenges, with the hope of raising awareness of this dermatosis in adolescents and leading to earlier identification and intervention for this at-risk group. […] The diagnosis of AN is usually a clinical one. In most cases, it is not particularly difficult given its characteristic appearance. […] The treatment of adolescent obesity has been largely neglected compared with adult obesity. Various international guidelines for the treatment of pediatric obesity; however, suggest an individualized, stepwise approach. […] Management of obesity-associated AN may sound simple just treat the underlying cause but it rarely is. If the obesity and the associated IR improve, the cutaneous features of AN can regress. […] AN screening over the neck and axilla is simple and noninvasive and is particularly valuable for use in adolescence to identify high-risk individuals.

• #57 CE Activity | Acanthosis Nigricans | Nurses

  https://www.statpearls.com/nurse/ce/activity/100061/?specialty=CNS-Pediatric

  Acanthosis nigricans is a cutaneous manifestation of an underlying condition. It usually develops in skin folds, such as the back of the neck, axilla, and groin, where it presents as velvety hyper-pigmented patches with poorly defined borders. Acanthosis nigricans is most commonly associated with diabetes and insulin resistance, but rarely it can be a sign of internal malignancy. It can also occur with hormone disorders or with the use of certain medications like systemic glucocorticoids and oral contraceptives. This activity reviews the workup and treatment of acanthosis nigricans and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in evaluating and treating patients with acanthosis nigricans. […] Describe the management of acanthosis nigricans, and list any further evaluation that should be considered. […] Articulate the role of interprofessional team members in evaluating and treating patients with acanthosis nigricans.

• #58 CE Activity | Acanthosis Nigricans | Nurses

  https://www.statpearls.com/nurse/ce/activity/100061/?specialty=CNS-Pediatric

  Acanthosis nigricans is a cutaneous manifestation of an underlying condition. It usually develops in skin folds, such as the back of the neck, axilla, and groin, where it presents as velvety hyper-pigmented patches with poorly defined borders. Acanthosis nigricans is most commonly associated with diabetes and insulin resistance, but rarely it can be a sign of internal malignancy. It can also occur with hormone disorders or with the use of certain medications like systemic glucocorticoids and oral contraceptives. This activity reviews the workup and treatment of acanthosis nigricans and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in evaluating and treating patients with acanthosis nigricans. […] Describe the management of acanthosis nigricans, and list any further evaluation that should be considered. […] Articulate the role of interprofessional team members in evaluating and treating patients with acanthosis nigricans.

• #59 Acanthosis nigricans in the pediatric population: a narrative review of the current approach to management in primary care – Pollock – Pediatric Medicine

  https://pm.amegroups.org/article/view/6555/html

  Therapy for AN involves a multidisciplinary approach, targeting the underlying associated conditions, as well as topical/oral agents and cosmetic surgery. Diminishing hyperkeratosis has been described in some patients following insulin, glucose, and obesity control, however, hyperpigmentation and thickness may remain. Improvement of the lesions is often the patients primary concern, and consulting with a dermatologist may be beneficial. While the goal of therapy may be to treat the underlying cause, cosmetic resolution of AN lesions is often important for patients quality of life. […] The most effective first line treatment for AN is weight loss, through both dietary modification and physical activity, to improve underlying hyperinsulinemia and dyslipidemia, and in addition to weight and metabolic control, dermatologic treatment may be implemented. Health professionals should be trained to identify AN, whether on classical areas such as the posterior neck, or atypical areas such as the hands and feet. Appropriate screening, and identifying AN among children who are at risk for developing metabolic syndrome, will allow for earlier implementation of preventive measures to better control metabolic risk factors, decreasing the risk of cardiovascular complications. If diagnosed, further testing of insulin, glucose, lipids, and transaminases is recommended. As treatment of obesity, insulin resistance, and its associated comorbidities is often complex, early identification of individuals who would benefit from such treatment is a valuable part of clinical practice.

• #60 Acanthosis Nigricans: High Prevalence and Association with Diabetes in a Practice-based Research Network Consortium—A PRImary care Multi-Ethnic Network (PRIME Net) Study | American Board of Family Medicine

  https://www.jabfm.org/content/23/4/476

  We found high rates of AN among patients in primary care practices across the country. Patients with AN likely have multiple diabetes risk factors and are more likely to have diabetes. […] AN offers an intriguing possibility for motivating lifestyle change. […] A readily apparent and rapidly identifiable physical examination marker, such as AN, that can identify patients with an increased risk for T2DM might help to stimulate discussions of lifestyle modifications in the primary care setting, as anecdotal reports have suggested. […] The relationships between AN and diabetes and between AN and a condition that is a precursor to diabetes (hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance) establish the opportunity to use this visible marker of diabetes risk in diabetes case identification and preventive counseling.

• #61

  https://journals.lww.com/jfmpc/fulltext/2017/06010/acanthosis_nigricans__a_screening_test_for_insulin.9.aspx

  AN is a reliable screening tool to detect Increased IR and can be used to detect children prone to develop DM Type-2. When combined with high BMI, the detection rate of high IR increases to 80%. […] Early detection of precursor to DM Type-2 may allow the community time to put in practice intervention strategies before onset of diabetes and its complications.

• #62 Acanthosis nigricans in the pediatric population: a narrative review of the current approach to management in primary care – Pollock – Pediatric Medicine

  https://pm.amegroups.org/article/view/6555/html

  Therapy for AN involves a multidisciplinary approach, targeting the underlying associated conditions, as well as topical/oral agents and cosmetic surgery. Diminishing hyperkeratosis has been described in some patients following insulin, glucose, and obesity control, however, hyperpigmentation and thickness may remain. Improvement of the lesions is often the patients primary concern, and consulting with a dermatologist may be beneficial. While the goal of therapy may be to treat the underlying cause, cosmetic resolution of AN lesions is often important for patients quality of life. […] The most effective first line treatment for AN is weight loss, through both dietary modification and physical activity, to improve underlying hyperinsulinemia and dyslipidemia, and in addition to weight and metabolic control, dermatologic treatment may be implemented. Health professionals should be trained to identify AN, whether on classical areas such as the posterior neck, or atypical areas such as the hands and feet. Appropriate screening, and identifying AN among children who are at risk for developing metabolic syndrome, will allow for earlier implementation of preventive measures to better control metabolic risk factors, decreasing the risk of cardiovascular complications. If diagnosed, further testing of insulin, glucose, lipids, and transaminases is recommended. As treatment of obesity, insulin resistance, and its associated comorbidities is often complex, early identification of individuals who would benefit from such treatment is a valuable part of clinical practice.

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