Złamany palec u nogi lub złamana stopa
Patofizjologia i mechanizm

Złamania stopy obejmują różnorodne mechanizmy urazowe, takie jak urazy bezpośrednie, upadki, skręcenia, przeciążenia oraz złamania patologiczne, prowadzące do uszkodzenia jednej lub więcej kości stopy. Szczególną uwagę zwraca się na złamania kości śródstopia, w tym złamania guzowatości, złamania Jonesa (poprzeczne złamanie u podstawy V kości śródstopia, 1,5-3 cm dystalnie od guzowatości) oraz złamania „tancerza” (skośne złamanie trzonu V kości śródstopia). Złamania stresowe, szczególnie w proksymalnej części trzonu kości, są wynikiem powtarzających się mikrourazów i charakteryzują się wysokim ryzykiem opóźnionego zrostu lub braku zrostu, co wiąże się z ograniczonym unaczynieniem tej okolicy. Złamania kości łódkowatej i sześciennej, choć rzadsze, mają istotne znaczenie kliniczne ze względu na ich wpływ na biomechanikę stopy i ryzyko powikłań takich jak martwica awaskularna (AVN) kości łódkowatej. Urazy stawu Lisfranca wynikają z sił osiowych lub rotacyjnych działających na stopę, prowadząc do przemieszczeń i destabilizacji śródstopia. Czynniki ryzyka złamań stresowych obejmują otyłość, nieprawidłowości anatomiczne, osteoporozę oraz reumatoidalne zapalenie stawów, które osłabiają strukturę kostną i zwiększają podatność na urazy.

Złamany palec u nogi lub złamana stopa – Patogeneza i mechanizm

Złamanie stopy, określane również jako złamanie kości stopy, jest urazem obejmującym jedną lub więcej kości w stopie. Kość może złamać się w wyniku urazu sportowego, wypadku samochodowego, upadku ciężkiego przedmiotu na stopę lub potknięcia się i upadku.1 Złamania stopy stanowią około 10% wszystkich przypadków złamanych kości, a mechanizm urazu może wskazywać, która kość została uszkodzona.2

Podstawowe mechanizmy urazów prowadzące do złamań stopy

Złamania kości stopy mogą powstawać w wyniku różnych mechanizmów urazowych, które można podzielić na kilka głównych kategorii:

  • Urazy bezpośrednie – uderzenia, zmiażdżenia, upadek ciężkich przedmiotów na stopę34
  • Upadki – zarówno potknięcia się i upadki, jak i upadki z wysokości (szczególnie na pięty)56
  • Skręcenia – nagłe, gwałtowne skręcenie stopy, często połączone z jej podwróceniem lub odwróceniem7
  • Przeciążenia – powtarzające się mikrourazy prowadzące do złamań zmęczeniowych8
  • Złamania patologiczne – powstające przy niewielkim urazie z powodu osłabienia kości (np. przez osteoporozę)9

Mechanizmy patofizjologiczne złamań stopy

Z patofizjologicznego punktu widzenia, złamania stopy wynikają z działania sił przekraczających wytrzymałość strukturalną kości. Podstawowe siły prowadzące do złamań obejmują:10

  • Siły ściskające – powodujące kompresję kości, często spotykane przy upadkach z wysokości na pięty
  • Siły skręcające – powstające przy gwałtownym skręceniu stopy, powodujące złamania spiralne
  • Siły zginające – wywołujące złamania poprzeczne lub skośne
  • Siły odrywające – działające na przyczepy ścięgien i więzadeł, prowadzące do złamań awulsyjnych

Kości są tkankam żywą, która stale ulega przebudowie. Proces ten, zwany remodelowaniem, umożliwia kościom naprawę po urazie. Jest to również powód, dla którego kości mogą stać się silniejsze, gdy są odpowiednio obciążane, oraz słabsze, gdy nie są wystawione na wystarczające obciążenia.11

Typy anatomiczne złamań stopy i ich mechanizmy

Złamania kości śródstopia

Złamania kości śródstopia to jedne z najczęstszych urazów stopy, które mogą powstać wskutek urazu bezpośredniego lub pośredniego mechanizmu (najczęściej), gdy przodostopie jest unieruchomione, a tylna część stopy lub noga ulega rotacji.12 Złamania wielu kości śródstopia powodują utratę stabilności więzadeł międzyśródstopnych, prowadząc do zwiększonego przemieszczenia.13

Szczególnym typem złamania jest złamanie V kości śródstopia, które może przybierać różne formy:

  • Złamania guzowatości – uznawane za złamania awulsyjne, powstające podczas wymuszonego podwinięcia (inwersji) tylnej części stopy i zgięcia podeszwowego przodostopia.14 Mechanizm ten został pierwotnie przypisywany gwałtownemu skurczowi mięśnia strzałkowego krótkiego podczas inwersji tylnej części stopy. Jednak dalsze badania sugerują, że mechanizm urazu polega na skurczu bocznego pasma powięzi podeszwowej.15
  • Złamanie Jonesa – złamanie poprzeczne u podstawy piątej kości śródstopia, 1,5-3 cm dystalnie od guzowatości proksymalnej w miejscu połączenia metadiafizy, bez rozszerzenia dystalnego.16 Złamanie to powstaje w wyniku znacznej siły przywodzenia działającej na przodostopie przy stopie w zgięciu podeszwowym.17 Złamania Jonesa są spowodowane nagłym działaniem siły na zewnętrzną część stopy, gdy stopa jest skręcona w kierunku od ciała.18
  • Złamanie „tancerza” – skośne złamanie trzonu V kości śródstopia. Podczas tego urazu V kość śródstopia zostaje skręcona przez silną siłę, co prowadzi do złamania spiralnego. Pacjent, który doznaje złamania trzonu V kości śródstopia, zwykle podaje w wywiadzie skręcenie i obciążenie stawu skokowego i stopy, podobne do tego, co występuje przy skręceniu stawu skokowego.19

Złamania stresowe proksymalnej części trzonu kości spowodowane są przewlekłymi, powtarzającymi się mikrourazami i występują głównie u młodszych sportowców. Są one znacznie mniej powszechne niż ostre złamania tej części kości. Pomimo rzadkości, złamania stresowe zasługują na szczególną uwagę ze względu na ich wyraźną skłonność do opóźnionego zrostu i braku zrostu w porównaniu z innymi złamaniami proksymalnej części piątej kości śródstopia i złamaniami stresowymi innych kości śródstopia. Ta tendencja do słabego gojenia przypisywana jest długotrwałemu przerwaniu działania tętnicy odżywczej, głównego źródła krwi dla tego obszaru.20

Złamania kości stępu

Złamania kości łódkowatej to rzadkie złamania śródstopia, które mogą wystąpić w wyniku urazu lub powtarzających się mikrourazów.21 Złamania urazowe kości łódkowatej mają mechanizm obejmujący zgięcie podeszwowe lub odwrócenie/podwrócenie i mogą angażować więzadła skokowo-łódkowate lub łódkowato-klinowate.22 Mechanizm urazu dla złamań stresowych zwykle wynika z przewlekłego przeciążenia.23 Złamania trzonu kości łódkowatej mają mechanizm osiowego obciążenia.24

Kość łódkowata pomaga przenosić siłę ze stawu skokowego do przodostopia. Jest pokryta chrząstką i nie ma bogatego unaczynienia, zwłaszcza w swoim centrum. To sprawia, że jest bardziej podatna na powtarzające się siły, które mogą powodować uszkodzenia. Kość może ulec złamaniu z powodu nadmiernej siły, osłabienia kości lub kombinacji tych dwóch czynników.25

Złamania kości sześciennej, znane również jako złamania „dziadka do orzechów”, to nietypowe złamania kości sześciennej po zewnętrznej stronie stopy. Uraz ten występuje w przypadku gwałtownego odwrócenia (ewersji-abdukcji) lub zgięcia podeszwowego stopy. Prowadzi to do zmiażdżenia kości sześciennej między kośćmi po obu jej stronach (kość piętowa i podstawy IV i V kości śródstopia).26

Złamanie kości sześciennej lub zaburzenie jej połączeń stawowych może prowadzić do głębokiego zakłócenia ruchu i biomechaniki stopy. Znacząca dysfunkcja stopy może wynikać z urazu kości sześciennej, ponieważ kość sześcienna działa jako kluczowa struktura wspierająca w bocznej kolumnie śródstopia, a połączenie między kością sześcienną a czwartą i piątą kością śródstopia ma największy wkład w zgięcie grzbietowe i podeszwowe śródstopia.27

Złamania kości piętowej występują po upadku z wysokości, gdy lądujemy na piętach. W takich przypadkach należy również rozważyć złamania kompresyjne kręgosłupa.28

Złamania kości palucha i palców stopy

Złamania palców stopy często powstają w wyniku bezpośredniego urazu, takiego jak uderzenie palcem o meble.29 Może dojść do złamania palca stopy poprzez uderzenie nim o mebel.30

Złamania kompleksu Lisfranca

Uraz stawu Lisfranca może wystąpić w wyniku urazu bezpośredniego lub pośredniego. Bezpośredni uraz występuje, gdy zewnętrzna siła uderza w stopę. W przypadku urazu pośredniego siła jest przenoszona na nieruchomą stopę, tak że ciężar ciała staje się siłą deformującą poprzez skręcenie, rotację lub kompresję.31

Staw Lisfranca wspomaga rozpraszanie energii, umożliwiając przenoszenie siły między śródstopiem a przodostopiem. W związku z brakiem podparcia grzbietowego i unieruchomieniem drugiej kości śródstopia, umieszczenie stopy w skrajnym zgięciu podeszwowym z obciążeniem osiowym może zapewnić wystarczający nacisk, aby spowodować grzbietowe przemieszczenie podstawy drugiej kości śródstopia.32

Głównym mechanizmem pośredniego urazu jest siła osiowa działająca przez stopę lub skręcenie stopy w zgięciu podeszwowym. Udokumentowanym mechanizmem jest również wymuszona rotacja zewnętrzna stopy.33

Czynniki związane z patogenezą złamań stopy

Czynniki anatomiczne i biomechaniczne

Stopa jest narażona na znaczne obciążenia na co dzień, absorbując wstrząsy podczas chodzenia, biegania i skakania. Źle skonstruowane i wyściełane buty oraz otyłość przyczyniają się do złamań stresowych i ogólnej niestabilności stopy.34

Nieprawidłowości w strukturze stopy oraz nieprawidłowości kości i stawów, takie jak reumatoidalne zapalenie stawów lub „ścieńczenie” kości (osteoporoza), mogą zwiększać prawdopodobieństwo złamań stresowych.35 Złamania kości śródstopia występują łatwiej, jeśli kości śródstopia są osłabione z powodu „ścieńczenia” kości (osteoporoza).36

Unaczynienie kości stopy

Różnice w dopływie krwi do piątej kości śródstopia pomagają wyjaśnić patofizjologię gojenia złamania. Guzowatość otrzymuje krew z wielu naczyń metafizowych i gałęzi tętnicy odżywczej, podczas gdy strefa międzyśródstopna i proksymalna część trzonu zależą wyłącznie od tętnicy odżywczej. Złamania dystalne od guzowatości mogą zakłócić wsteczny przepływ krwi tętnicy odżywczej, hamując tym samym gojenie i zwiększając ryzyko opóźnionego zrostu lub braku zrostu złamań strefy międzyśródstopnej.37

Położenie anatomiczne złamania stresowego określa sposób jego gojenia. Złamania stresowe w obszarach sił rozciągających lub obszarach ze słabym przepływem krwi nie goją się tak dobrze jak złamania stresowe w obszarach z siłami ściskającymi i dobrym przepływem krwi.38

Mechanizm powstawania złamań stresowych

Złamania stresowe występują, gdy obciążenie kości jest większe niż zdolność kości do adaptacji do stresu. Przed złamaniem kości może wystąpić ból w danym obszarze z powodu obrzęku i nieprawidłowego przebudowywania. Określa się to mianem reakcji stresowej i można ją zobaczyć na specjalistycznych badaniach obrazowych.39

Złamanie stresowe kości śródstopia występuje, gdy kość śródstopia pęka w wyniku powtarzającego się stresu. W tym przypadku pęknięcie kości śródstopia zwykle przebiega tylko częściowo przez kość.40 Złamanie stresowe kości śródstopia może stopniowo się pogarszać, jeśli powtarzający się nacisk na kość się utrzymuje. Ostatecznie może stać się złamaniem kości śródstopia na całej grubości.41

Powikłania złamań stopy związane z patogenezą

Powikłania złamania stopy obejmują brak zrostu w miejscu złamania, zapalenie stawów, jeśli staw jest zaangażowany, oraz infekcję, jeśli skóra jest uszkodzona.42 Złamane kości mogą nie goić się, powodując brak zrostu, który może wymagać operacji w celu naprawy.43

  • Zapalenie stawów – złamania, które rozciągają się do stawu, mogą powodować zapalenie stawów w późniejszym okresie.44 Złamanie pierwszej kości śródstopia może prowadzić do późniejszego zapalenia stawów palucha.45
  • Infekcja kości (zapalenie szpiku kostnego) – jeśli masz otwarte złamanie, w którym jeden koniec kości przebija skórę, twoja kość może być narażona na bakterie powodujące infekcję.46
  • Uszkodzenie nerwów lub naczyń krwionośnych – uraz stopy może uszkodzić lub rozerwać nerwy i naczynia krwionośne.47
  • Zespół ciasnoty przedziałów powięziowych – ten stan rzadko występuje przy złamaniach stopy. Powoduje ból, obrzęk, drętwienie i czasami niemożność korzystania z mięśni stopy.48 Z powodu złamania lub urazu otaczającej tkanki narasta ciśnienie w skórze i mięśniach, prowadząc do zmniejszenia dopływu krwi do dotkniętej kończyny.49
  • Brak zrostu – złamania Jonesa niosą ze sobą jedne z najwyższych ryzyk braku zrostu spośród wszystkich złamanych kości.50
  • Martwica kości – mniej powszechnym powikłaniem złamania kości łódkowatej jest martwica awaskularna (AVN), która wynika z utraty dopływu krwi do kości łódkowatej. AVN powoduje zapadnięcie się kości łódkowatej i wpływa na funkcję stawów w środkowej części stopy.51
  • Zrost opóźniony lub nieprawidłowy – jeśli złamanie nie zostanie odpowiednio leczone, może dojść do opóźnionego zrostu lub zrostu w nieprawidłowej pozycji, co może powodować ból lub deformację.52

Szczególne przypadki patologii złamań stopy

Stopa Charcota

Choroba Charcota to postępujący stan, który niszczy kości i stawy stopy. Jest to stan najczęściej obserwowany u osób z cukrzycą, z powodu neuropatii, która rozwija się z powodu zbyt dużej ilości cukru we krwi. Neuropatia (słabe czucie) występuje, ponieważ z czasem cukrzyca uszkadza małe nerwy czuciowe w stopach, co powoduje, że ludzie tracą czucie w stopach.53

Większość ludzi natychmiast odczułaby ból złamania stresowego i unikałaby chodzenia na stopie. Jednak osoby z neuropatią nie mogą odczuwać bólu, więc nadal chodzą na złamanej kości. Z czasem powtarzający się nacisk spowoduje trwałe uszkodzenia strukturalne stóp. Postępująca deformacja prowadzi do zapadnięcia się łuków stopy i dalszego zaburzenia rozkładu masy ciała. Ostatecznie w punktach nacisku tworzą się owrzodzenia, które są narażone na wysokie ryzyko zakażenia i rozprzestrzeniania się zakażenia na kość (nazywane zapaleniem szpiku kostnego).54

Inna teoria Charcota sugeruje, że cukrzyca nie tylko uszkadza nerwy, ale także powoduje słaby przepływ krwi do stóp, prowadząc do niezdrowych kości, które są bardziej podatne na stresy codziennej aktywności i ostatecznie ulegają zniszczeniu w wyniku tego.55

Złamania otwarte

Większość złamań otwartych jest spowodowana jakimś rodzajem wypadku o wysokiej energii, takim jak zderzenie pojazdów mechanicznych. Złamanie otwarte może również wynikać z incydentu o niższej energii, takiego jak zwykły upadek w domu lub kontuzja podczas uprawiania sportu.56

Złamania otwarte różnią się znacznie pod względem ciężkości. W przypadku wielu urazów o wysokiej energii występują oczywiste uszkodzenia skóry i kość może być widoczna wystająca przez ranę. W innych przypadkach rana może być nie większa niż nakłucie.57

Ciężkość złamania otwartego zależy od kilku czynników, w tym: rozmiaru i liczby fragmentów złamania, uszkodzenia otaczających tkanek miękkich (mięśni, ścięgien itp.), lokalizacji rany i czy tkanki miękkie w tym obszarze mają dobre ukrwienie.58

Złamania otwarte stwarzają bezpośrednie ryzyko infekcji. Ogólnie rzecz biorąc, im większe jest uszkodzenie kości i tkanek miękkich, tym większe ryzyko infekcji.59

Wpływ aktywności fizycznej na gojenie złamań stopy

Jeśli kiedykolwiek złamałeś kość, prawdopodobnie myślałeś, że najlepiej jest odpocząć i nie obciążać jej. Jednak nieco sprzecznie z intuicją, ćwiczenia mogą faktycznie odgrywać ważną rolę w zapewnieniu prawidłowego gojenia złamań.60

Badanie przeprowadzone na 166 operacyjnie leczonych złamaniach kości piszczelowej wykazało, że wczesne ćwiczenia z obciążeniem były związane z szybszym gojeniem, nawet u uczestników, którzy mieli złamania, które nie goiły się prawidłowo.61

Powód, dla którego ćwiczenia mają taki efekt, można łatwo wyjaśnić. Gdy łamiemy kość, tlen i przepływ krwi są niezwykle ważne dla pomocy w gojeniu złamania. Więc kiedy ćwiczymy, nasze naczynia krwionośne powiększają się, pozwalając większej ilości tlenu, składników odżywczych i czynników wzrostu przepływać do miejsca złamania. Ćwiczenia wyzwalają również uwalnianie cząsteczki energii zwanej trójfosforanem adenozyny (ATP).62

Badania pokazują, że osteocyty – rodzaj komórek kostnych – są aktywowane przez skurcze mięśni, które występują podczas ćwiczeń z obciążeniem. Powoduje to, że osteocyty instruują inne komórki kostne do tworzenia nowej i silniejszej tkanki kostnej, pozwalając im łatać brzegi złamanej kości.63

Inne badanie z 2021 roku przeprowadzone na rybkach Danio pręgowanym wykazało, że mechaniczna stymulacja osteocytów pomaga poprawić gojenie kości i tłumić stan zapalny, co jest ważne dla naprawy złamań.64

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  1. 09.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Broken foot – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-foot/symptoms-causes/syc-20355492
    A broken foot, also called a fractured foot, is an injury to one or more bones in the foot. […] A bone might break from a sports injury, a car crash, a heavy object dropped on the foot, or a misstep or fall. […] Treatment for a broken foot bone depends on where the bone breaks and how bad the break is. A badly broken foot bone may need surgery to put plates, rods or screws into the broken bone pieces to hold them in place while they heal. […] The most common causes of a broken foot include: Car accidents. The crushing injuries that can happen in car accidents may cause breaks that need surgery to be fixed. […] Falls. Tripping and falling can break bones in the feet. So can landing on the feet after jumping down from a height. […] Impact from a heavy weight. Dropping something heavy on the foot is a common cause of fractures.
  • #2 Broken Foot (Fracture) Symptoms, Treatment, Recovery Time
    https://www.medicinenet.com/broken_foot/article.htm
    The bones in the foot may be broken in many ways including direct blows, crush injuries, falls, and overuse or stress. […] Foot fractures account for 10% of all cases of broken bones, and the mechanism of injury can usually give a clue as to what bone might be injured. […] The most common causes of an injured foot include falls, crush injuries (including impacts from a heavy object or an automobile accident) missed steps, and stress/overuse injuries. […] Complications of foot fractures include non-union at the fracture site, arthritis if a joint is involved, and infection if the skin is broken. […] The treatment of a foot fracture depends upon what bone is broken, the mechanism of injury, the underlying medical condition of the patient, and whether the fracture is open (the skin is broken) or closed (the skin is intact).
  • #3 Broken Foot (Fracture) Symptoms, Treatment, Recovery Time
    https://www.medicinenet.com/broken_foot/article.htm
    The bones in the foot may be broken in many ways including direct blows, crush injuries, falls, and overuse or stress. […] Foot fractures account for 10% of all cases of broken bones, and the mechanism of injury can usually give a clue as to what bone might be injured. […] The most common causes of an injured foot include falls, crush injuries (including impacts from a heavy object or an automobile accident) missed steps, and stress/overuse injuries. […] Complications of foot fractures include non-union at the fracture site, arthritis if a joint is involved, and infection if the skin is broken. […] The treatment of a foot fracture depends upon what bone is broken, the mechanism of injury, the underlying medical condition of the patient, and whether the fracture is open (the skin is broken) or closed (the skin is intact).
  • #4 Broken foot – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-foot/symptoms-causes/syc-20355492
    A broken foot, also called a fractured foot, is an injury to one or more bones in the foot. […] A bone might break from a sports injury, a car crash, a heavy object dropped on the foot, or a misstep or fall. […] Treatment for a broken foot bone depends on where the bone breaks and how bad the break is. A badly broken foot bone may need surgery to put plates, rods or screws into the broken bone pieces to hold them in place while they heal. […] The most common causes of a broken foot include: Car accidents. The crushing injuries that can happen in car accidents may cause breaks that need surgery to be fixed. […] Falls. Tripping and falling can break bones in the feet. So can landing on the feet after jumping down from a height. […] Impact from a heavy weight. Dropping something heavy on the foot is a common cause of fractures.
  • #5 Broken foot – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-foot/symptoms-causes/syc-20355492
    A broken foot, also called a fractured foot, is an injury to one or more bones in the foot. […] A bone might break from a sports injury, a car crash, a heavy object dropped on the foot, or a misstep or fall. […] Treatment for a broken foot bone depends on where the bone breaks and how bad the break is. A badly broken foot bone may need surgery to put plates, rods or screws into the broken bone pieces to hold them in place while they heal. […] The most common causes of a broken foot include: Car accidents. The crushing injuries that can happen in car accidents may cause breaks that need surgery to be fixed. […] Falls. Tripping and falling can break bones in the feet. So can landing on the feet after jumping down from a height. […] Impact from a heavy weight. Dropping something heavy on the foot is a common cause of fractures.
  • #6 Fractures – Foot
    https://pch.health.wa.gov.au/For-health-professionals/Emergency-Department-Guidelines/Fractures-Foot
    Crush injuries, stubbing of toes, kicking and tripping. […] Tarsal fractures are uncommon in isolation and are usually seen in crush injuries. […] Calcaneal fractures occur after a fall from a height landing on the heels. In these cases, compression fractures of the spine should also be considered. […] Localised pain, swelling and tenderness with reluctance to weight bear. […] A Computerised Tomography (CT) scan may be indicated in talar fractures, intra-articular calcaneal fractures, severe crush injuries or suspicion of Lisfranc injury. […] Be wary of compartment syndrome in major midfoot fractures. […] It is important to differentiate avulsion fractures of the base of the fifth metatarsal with Jones fractures which involve the 4th and 5th inter-metatarsal joint. […] These intra-articular fractures are managed in a below knee backslab non weight bearing with crutches and Fracture clinic follow-up in 1 week.
  • #7 Adult Ankle Fractures (Ankle and Foot Soft Tissue Injuries and Fractures) | PM&R KnowledgeNow
    https://now.aapmr.org/adult-ankle-fractures-ankle-and-foot-soft-tissue-injuries-and-fractures/
    Ankle fractures typically result from a sudden, forceful twisting movement in multiple planes. Such movements almost always include inversion or eversion. However, the exact combination of forces that produce a particular pattern of fracture is still not clear. The Lauge-Hansen classification system for ankle fractures attempts to link mechanism of injury and fracture pattern. However, one report found that nearly 53% of the ankle injuries did not coincide with the predicted injury pattern based on mechanism of injury, and that 14% had a common fracture pattern not explained by the various combination of forces proposed by Lauge-Hansen. Similarly, a recent small study found that the mechanisms proposed by Lauge-Hansen were only 58% accurate in predicting actual fracture patterns. […] The ankle joint is a hinge synovial joint made up of the trimalleolar complex comprised of the medial, lateral, and posterior malleoli. Stability is achieved due to the bony articulation with the talus and a complex network of ligaments, syndesmosis and muscles. Depending on the position of the foot and the direction of the twisting force, one or more of these ligaments and malleoli can be injured. The lateral malleolus is implicated with an inversion position and an adduction force, which stresses the lateral ligaments. If forceful enough, this may avulse the lateral malleolus. If the twisting force continues, the talus may shift and impact the medial malleolus, causing an oblique fracture. The medial malleolus is implicated in an eversion position and an abduction force, stressing the deltoid ligament complex and potentially leading to a medial malleolus avulsion fracture. Again, if the force continues, the talus will shift laterally and impact the lateral malleolus, causing an oblique fracture. The addition of an axial compression force to the everted ankle can injure the posterior malleolus. If external rotation of the talus is added, syndesmotic injury and proximal fibula fractures (e.g., Maisonneuve fractures) may occur. According to original research, the most common mechanisms included supination-external rotation fractures accounting for 40-75% of ankle fractures; supination-adduction for 10-20%; pronation-abduction for 5-21% and pronation-external rotation for 7-19%.
  • #8 Broken foot – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-foot/symptoms-causes/syc-20355492
    Missteps. Sometimes a stumble can result in a twisting injury that can cause a broken bone. A toe can break from stubbing it on furniture. […] Overuse. Stress fractures are common in the weight-bearing bones of the feet. Repeated force or overuse over time, such as running long distances, most often is the cause of these tiny cracks. But they also can happen with regular use of a bone that’s been weakened by a condition such as osteoporosis. […] Complications of a broken foot bone aren’t common but may include: Arthritis. Fractures that extend into a joint can cause arthritis years later. […] Bone infection, called osteomyelitis. If you have an open fracture in which one end of the bone pokes through the skin, your bone may be exposed to bacteria that cause infection. […] Nerve or blood vessel damage. Trauma to the foot can injure or tear nerves and blood vessels. […] Compartment syndrome. This condition rarely occurs with foot fractures. It causes pain, swelling, numbness and sometimes being unable to use the affected muscles of the foot.
  • #9 Fractures Without Significant Trauma | UW Radiology
    https://rad.washington.edu/about-us/academic-sections/musculoskeletal-radiology/teaching-materials/online-musculoskeletal-radiology-book/fractures-without-significant-trauma/
    The circumstance of fracture without any history of significant trauma is not uncommon. […] Generally, the differential diagnosis here is fairly logical. The thing to remember is that a bone needs a reason to break. Usually, that reason is that a substantial force has been applied to the bone. If there is no evidence of such a force, we must look for some other reason. […] Fractures through abnormal bone are called “pathological” fractures. Probably the most common cause of this is an underlying tumor, either benign or malignant. However, almost any underlying process of bone that weakens the bone can lead to a pathological fracture. Therefore, one should also consider infection, osteomalacia, and Paget’s disease, among other causes. […] When there is normal bone but just not enough of it, we call it osteoporosis. This is by far the most common reason for a fracture without significant trauma.
  • #10 13.3 Bone Fractures – Medical-Surgical Nursing | OpenStax
    https://openstax.org/books/medical-surgical-nursing/pages/13-3-bone-fractures
    The underlying pathophysiology of fractures involves stress placed on a bone that results in a break in the bones structure. Several different forces can result in bone fractures, including direct trauma, twisting movements, and crushing forces. […] Most of the nursing care for patients with fractures focuses on controlling pain and ensuring patient comfort. It is also important for the nurse to assess for and intervene if complications develop such as compartment syndrome, a condition caused by increased pressure within an area of tissue and resulting in muscle and nerve damage. […] A common and serious complication that may occur with bone fractures and soft tissue injuries is compartment syndrome. With a fracture or injury to the surrounding tissue, pressure builds within the skin and muscles, leading to decreased blood flow to the affected extremity.
  • #11 All About Foot Stress Fractures
    https://www.sports-health.com/sports-injuries/ankle-and-foot-injuries/all-about-foot-stress-fractures
    Bones are living tissues that are constantly adapting to loads by rebuilding and repairing. This process is called remodeling and is the reason that bones can heal after injury. This process also helps bones become stronger when loaded appropriately, and the reason bones become weaker if they are not exposed to sufficient loads. […] Stress fractures occur when the loading on the bone is greater than the bones ability to adapt to stress. Before the bone fractures, there can be pain in the area due to swelling and abnormal remodeling. This is termed a stress reaction, and can be seen on specialized imaging. […] The anatomical location of the stress fracture determines how it heals. Stress fractures in areas of tensile forces or areas with poor blood flow do not heal as well as stress fracture in areas with compressive forces and good blood flow.
  • #12
    https://www.orthobullets.com/foot-and-ankle/7032/metatarsal-fractures
    Metatarsal fractures are among the most common injuries of the foot that may occur due to trauma or repetitive microstress. […] Mechanism includes direct crush injury, which may have significant associated soft tissue injury, and indirect mechanism (most common), which occurs with forefoot fixed and hindfoot or leg rotating. […] Multiple metatarsal fractures lose the stability of intermetatarsal ligaments leading to increased displacement. […] Operative treatment includes percutaneous vs open reduction and fixation, with indications for open fractures and first metatarsal fractures with any displacement. […] Malunion may lead to transfer metatarsalgia or plantar keratosis.
  • #13
    https://www.orthobullets.com/foot-and-ankle/7032/metatarsal-fractures
    Metatarsal fractures are among the most common injuries of the foot that may occur due to trauma or repetitive microstress. […] Mechanism includes direct crush injury, which may have significant associated soft tissue injury, and indirect mechanism (most common), which occurs with forefoot fixed and hindfoot or leg rotating. […] Multiple metatarsal fractures lose the stability of intermetatarsal ligaments leading to increased displacement. […] Operative treatment includes percutaneous vs open reduction and fixation, with indications for open fractures and first metatarsal fractures with any displacement. […] Malunion may lead to transfer metatarsalgia or plantar keratosis.
  • #14 Proximal fifth metatarsal fractures – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/proximal-fifth-metatarsal-fractures
    Proximal fifth metatarsal fractures pose an important diagnostic challenge. A difference of millimeters in location may lead to a vastly different prognosis and treatment plan; a suboptimal treatment regimen can cause delayed union, reinjury, and chronic pain and disability. […] Variations in the blood supply to the fifth metatarsal help to explain the pathophysiology of fracture healing. The tuberosity receives blood from multiple metaphyseal vessels and branches of the nutrient artery, while the intermetatarsal zone and proximal diaphysis depend solely on the nutrient artery. Fractures distal to the tuberosity may disrupt the nutrient artery’s retrograde blood flow, thereby inhibiting healing and increasing the risk for delayed union or nonunion of intermetatarsal zone fractures. […] Tuberosity fractures are considered avulsion-type fractures and occur during forced inversion of the hindfoot and plantarflexion of the forefoot. This may occur when a basketball player lands awkwardly from a jump or a runner inverts their foot while running on an uneven surface.
  • #15 Proximal fifth metatarsal fractures – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/proximal-fifth-metatarsal-fractures
    The cause of the injury was once thought to be forceful contraction of the peroneus brevis during hindfoot inversion. Further studies suggested the mechanism of injury to be contracture of the lateral band of the plantar fascia. […] Stress fractures of the proximal diaphysis are caused by chronic, repetitive microtrauma and occur predominantly in younger athletes. They are much less common than acute fractures in this portion of the bone. […] Despite their infrequency, stress fractures deserve special attention because of their marked propensity for delayed union and nonunion compared with other proximal fifth metatarsal fractures and stress fractures of other metatarsals. This tendency for poor healing is attributed to prolonged disruption of the nutrient artery, the main blood supply to the area.
  • #16 Jones fracture | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
    https://radiopaedia.org/articles/jones-fracture-1?lang=us
    A Jones fracture is a fracture of the proximal metadiaphyseal junction of the fifth metatarsal bone that involves the 4th-5th metatarsal articulation. […] It is a transverse fracture at the base of the fifth metatarsal, 1.5 to 3 cm distal to the proximal tuberosity at the metadiaphyseal junction, without distal extension. […] The fracture is believed to occur as a result of significant adduction force to the forefoot with the ankle in plantar flexion.
  • #17 Jones fracture | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
    https://radiopaedia.org/articles/jones-fracture-1?lang=us
    A Jones fracture is a fracture of the proximal metadiaphyseal junction of the fifth metatarsal bone that involves the 4th-5th metatarsal articulation. […] It is a transverse fracture at the base of the fifth metatarsal, 1.5 to 3 cm distal to the proximal tuberosity at the metadiaphyseal junction, without distal extension. […] The fracture is believed to occur as a result of significant adduction force to the forefoot with the ankle in plantar flexion.
  • #18 Jones Fracture: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22239-jones-fracture
    Jones fractures are caused when you put sudden force on the outside of your foot with your foot twisted away from your body. […] Jones fractures usually require surgery, and have higher risks for complications than other types of foot fractures. […] Jones fractures are caused by a sudden impact to your foot while its twisted, usually with your heel lifted. […] Jones fracture surgery complications include: Acute compartment syndrome (ACS): A build-up of pressure in your muscles may stop blood from getting to tissue, which can cause permanent muscle and nerve damage. […] Jones fractures have some of the highest risks of nonunion for all broken bones.
  • #19 5th Metatarsal Shaft „Dancer’s” Fracture – FootEducation
    https://footeducation.com/5th-metatarsal-shaft-dancers-fracture/
    A twisting injury to the ankle and foot may cause a long oblique fracture of the 5th metatarsal shaft the bone that attaches the little toe to the midfoot. During this injury, the 5th metatarsal is twisted by a strong force resulting in a spiral fracture. This 5th metatarsal shaft fracture is sometimes called a Dancers fracture. The injury causes localized pain, swelling, and difficulty walking. […] A patient who suffers a 5th metatarsal shaft fracture commonly gives a history of a twisting and loading injury to their ankle and foot, similar to what occurs with an ankle sprain. An acute rolling of their ankle while pointing the toes down can also fracture the shaft of the 5th metatarsal. This will produce immediate pain over the outside aspect of the foot near the toes. […] A 5th metatarsal shaft Dancers fracture is an injury that is usually treated non-operatively. The fracture has a very high rate of healing with non-operative treatment. Treatment involves relative rest and time to allow the fracture to heal. Typically, patients are placed in a walking boot. […] Surgery may be needed when there is complete displacement of the fracture fragments or failure to heal with non-operative treatment after several months.
  • #20 Proximal fifth metatarsal fractures – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/proximal-fifth-metatarsal-fractures
    The cause of the injury was once thought to be forceful contraction of the peroneus brevis during hindfoot inversion. Further studies suggested the mechanism of injury to be contracture of the lateral band of the plantar fascia. […] Stress fractures of the proximal diaphysis are caused by chronic, repetitive microtrauma and occur predominantly in younger athletes. They are much less common than acute fractures in this portion of the bone. […] Despite their infrequency, stress fractures deserve special attention because of their marked propensity for delayed union and nonunion compared with other proximal fifth metatarsal fractures and stress fractures of other metatarsals. This tendency for poor healing is attributed to prolonged disruption of the nutrient artery, the main blood supply to the area.
  • #21
    https://www.orthobullets.com/foot-and-ankle/7033/tarsal-navicular-fractures
    Tarsal Navicular Fractures are rare fractures of the midfoot that may occur due to trauma or due to repetitive microstress. […] Navicular fractures can be traumatic, with mechanisms including plantarflexion or eversion/inversion, and can involve talonavicular or naviculocuneiform ligaments. […] The mechanism of injury for stress fractures is usually due to chronic overuse. […] Navicular body fractures have a mechanism of axial loading. […] Spontaneous navicular AVN is a rare disease that can be seen in middle-aged adults with chronic midfoot pain. […] The navicular bone and its articulations play an important role in inversion and eversion biomechanics and motion. […] Any navicular stress fracture, regardless of type, can be initially treated with cast immobilization and nonweight bearing for 6-8 weeks with high rates of success.
  • #22
    https://www.orthobullets.com/foot-and-ankle/7033/tarsal-navicular-fractures
    Tarsal Navicular Fractures are rare fractures of the midfoot that may occur due to trauma or due to repetitive microstress. […] Navicular fractures can be traumatic, with mechanisms including plantarflexion or eversion/inversion, and can involve talonavicular or naviculocuneiform ligaments. […] The mechanism of injury for stress fractures is usually due to chronic overuse. […] Navicular body fractures have a mechanism of axial loading. […] Spontaneous navicular AVN is a rare disease that can be seen in middle-aged adults with chronic midfoot pain. […] The navicular bone and its articulations play an important role in inversion and eversion biomechanics and motion. […] Any navicular stress fracture, regardless of type, can be initially treated with cast immobilization and nonweight bearing for 6-8 weeks with high rates of success.
  • #23
    https://www.orthobullets.com/foot-and-ankle/7033/tarsal-navicular-fractures
    Tarsal Navicular Fractures are rare fractures of the midfoot that may occur due to trauma or due to repetitive microstress. […] Navicular fractures can be traumatic, with mechanisms including plantarflexion or eversion/inversion, and can involve talonavicular or naviculocuneiform ligaments. […] The mechanism of injury for stress fractures is usually due to chronic overuse. […] Navicular body fractures have a mechanism of axial loading. […] Spontaneous navicular AVN is a rare disease that can be seen in middle-aged adults with chronic midfoot pain. […] The navicular bone and its articulations play an important role in inversion and eversion biomechanics and motion. […] Any navicular stress fracture, regardless of type, can be initially treated with cast immobilization and nonweight bearing for 6-8 weeks with high rates of success.
  • #24
    https://www.orthobullets.com/foot-and-ankle/7033/tarsal-navicular-fractures
    Tarsal Navicular Fractures are rare fractures of the midfoot that may occur due to trauma or due to repetitive microstress. […] Navicular fractures can be traumatic, with mechanisms including plantarflexion or eversion/inversion, and can involve talonavicular or naviculocuneiform ligaments. […] The mechanism of injury for stress fractures is usually due to chronic overuse. […] Navicular body fractures have a mechanism of axial loading. […] Spontaneous navicular AVN is a rare disease that can be seen in middle-aged adults with chronic midfoot pain. […] The navicular bone and its articulations play an important role in inversion and eversion biomechanics and motion. […] Any navicular stress fracture, regardless of type, can be initially treated with cast immobilization and nonweight bearing for 6-8 weeks with high rates of success.
  • #25
    https://www.footcaremd.org/conditions-treatments/midfoot/navicular-stress-fractures
    A navicular stress fracture is a crack or break in the navicular bone, which is a boat-shaped bone in the middle of the foot. These fractures often are due to overuse, ongoing forces, and/or stress on the bone rather than a sudden injury. […] The navicular bone helps transfer force from the ankle to the forefoot (the ball of the foot). The navicular is covered by cartilage and lacks a rich blood supply, especially at its center. This makes it more susceptible to repetitive forces that can cause damage. The bone may break down because of excess force, underlying bone weakness, or a combination of these two factors. […] Certain patients, including professional athletes, may choose surgical treatment to allow them to return to activity more quickly and reduce the risk of developing another stress injury. Surgical treatment involves placement of an internal screw or screws across the fracture.
  • #26 Cuboid Impaction (Nutcracker) Fracture – FootEducation
    https://footeducation.com/cuboid-impaction-nutcracker-fracture/
    A cuboid impaction fracture, also referred to as a nutcracker fracture, is an uncommon fracture of the cuboid bone on the outside of the foot. This injury occurs in the setting of a forceful outward (eversion-abduction) or downward (plantarflexed) movement of the foot. This leads to a crushing of the cuboid bone between the bones on either side of it (calcaneus and 4th and 5th metatarsal bases). […] Advanced imaging such as a Computed Tomography (CT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) can be used to better understand the fracture pattern involving the cuboid and identify any associated injury to other bones, ligaments, or soft tissue. […] Surgery aims to reposition the broken bones back to their pre-fracture position (fracture reduction) and stabilize then there usually with screws and a plate (internal fixation).
  • #27 Type 3 Cuboid Fracture
    https://www.globalradiologycme.com/single-post/type-3-cuboid-fracture
    Fracture of the cuboid or disturbance of its articular relationships can lead to profound disruption of the movement and biomechanics of the foot. […] Significant foot dysfunction can result from cuboid injury since the cuboid bone acts as a crucial supporting structure within the lateral column of the midfoot, and the articulation between the cuboid and the fourth and fifth metatarsals makes the largest contribution to dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of the midfoot. […] The most common pattern of cuboid injury involves avulsion types. These occur with inversion of the hindfoot and adduction of the forefoot combined with external rotation of the tibia resulting in avulsion of the calcaneocuboid portion of the bifurcate ligament. […] Degenerative arthritis and disruption of the midfoot biomechanics can result from untreated cuboid fracture.
  • #28 Fractures – Foot
    https://pch.health.wa.gov.au/For-health-professionals/Emergency-Department-Guidelines/Fractures-Foot
    Crush injuries, stubbing of toes, kicking and tripping. […] Tarsal fractures are uncommon in isolation and are usually seen in crush injuries. […] Calcaneal fractures occur after a fall from a height landing on the heels. In these cases, compression fractures of the spine should also be considered. […] Localised pain, swelling and tenderness with reluctance to weight bear. […] A Computerised Tomography (CT) scan may be indicated in talar fractures, intra-articular calcaneal fractures, severe crush injuries or suspicion of Lisfranc injury. […] Be wary of compartment syndrome in major midfoot fractures. […] It is important to differentiate avulsion fractures of the base of the fifth metatarsal with Jones fractures which involve the 4th and 5th inter-metatarsal joint. […] These intra-articular fractures are managed in a below knee backslab non weight bearing with crutches and Fracture clinic follow-up in 1 week.
  • #29 Broken foot – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-foot/symptoms-causes/syc-20355492
    Missteps. Sometimes a stumble can result in a twisting injury that can cause a broken bone. A toe can break from stubbing it on furniture. […] Overuse. Stress fractures are common in the weight-bearing bones of the feet. Repeated force or overuse over time, such as running long distances, most often is the cause of these tiny cracks. But they also can happen with regular use of a bone that’s been weakened by a condition such as osteoporosis. […] Complications of a broken foot bone aren’t common but may include: Arthritis. Fractures that extend into a joint can cause arthritis years later. […] Bone infection, called osteomyelitis. If you have an open fracture in which one end of the bone pokes through the skin, your bone may be exposed to bacteria that cause infection. […] Nerve or blood vessel damage. Trauma to the foot can injure or tear nerves and blood vessels. […] Compartment syndrome. This condition rarely occurs with foot fractures. It causes pain, swelling, numbness and sometimes being unable to use the affected muscles of the foot.
  • #30 Fractures – Foot
    https://pch.health.wa.gov.au/For-health-professionals/Emergency-Department-Guidelines/Fractures-Foot
    Crush injuries, stubbing of toes, kicking and tripping. […] Tarsal fractures are uncommon in isolation and are usually seen in crush injuries. […] Calcaneal fractures occur after a fall from a height landing on the heels. In these cases, compression fractures of the spine should also be considered. […] Localised pain, swelling and tenderness with reluctance to weight bear. […] A Computerised Tomography (CT) scan may be indicated in talar fractures, intra-articular calcaneal fractures, severe crush injuries or suspicion of Lisfranc injury. […] Be wary of compartment syndrome in major midfoot fractures. […] It is important to differentiate avulsion fractures of the base of the fifth metatarsal with Jones fractures which involve the 4th and 5th inter-metatarsal joint. […] These intra-articular fractures are managed in a below knee backslab non weight bearing with crutches and Fracture clinic follow-up in 1 week.
  • #31 Lisfranc Injury of the Foot: A Commonly Missed Diagnosis | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1998/0701/p118.html
    Lisfranc joint complex injury can occur as a result of direct or indirect trauma. Direct trauma occurs when an external force strikes the foot. With indirect trauma, force is transmitted to the stationary foot so that the weight of the body becomes a deforming force by torque, rotation or compression. […] The Lisfranc joint promotes energy dissipation by allowing force to be transferred between the midfoot and the forefoot. […] Thus, with the lack of dorsal support and the immobility of the second metatarsal, placing the foot in extreme plantar flexion with an axial load can provide sufficient stress to cause dorsal displacement of the second metatarsal base.
  • #32 Lisfranc Injury of the Foot: A Commonly Missed Diagnosis | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1998/0701/p118.html
    Lisfranc joint complex injury can occur as a result of direct or indirect trauma. Direct trauma occurs when an external force strikes the foot. With indirect trauma, force is transmitted to the stationary foot so that the weight of the body becomes a deforming force by torque, rotation or compression. […] The Lisfranc joint promotes energy dissipation by allowing force to be transferred between the midfoot and the forefoot. […] Thus, with the lack of dorsal support and the immobility of the second metatarsal, placing the foot in extreme plantar flexion with an axial load can provide sufficient stress to cause dorsal displacement of the second metatarsal base.
  • #33 Lisfranc injuries
    https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2017/march/lisfranc-injuries
    Lisfranc injuries refer to the displacement of the metatarsals from the tarsus, with special attention placed on the second tarsometa-tarsal joint and Lisfranc ligament. […] The main mechanism of indirect injury is axial force through the foot or twisting on a plantar-flexed foot. Forced external rotation of the foot is another documented mechanism. […] Given the intrinsic instability of the mid-foot, post-traumatic arthritis is a potentially devastating but common complication of poorly treated or missed Lisfranc injuries.
  • #34 Broken Foot (Fracture) Symptoms, Treatment, Recovery Time
    https://www.medicinenet.com/broken_foot/article.htm
    As with any injury, complications that may occur with a broken foot include the following: Broken bones may fail to heal, causing a non-union that may require surgery to repair. […] The foot is placed under considerable stress on a daily basis, absorbing the pounding of walking, running, and jumping. Poorly-constructed and -cushioned shoes and obesity help contribute to stress fractures and general instability of the foot.
  • #35 Metatarsal Fractures: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
    https://patient.info/foot-care/heel-and-foot-pain-plantar-fasciitis/metatarsal-fractures
    A metatarsal fracture occurs when one of the long bones of the midfoot is cracked or broken. This may be due to sudden injury (an acute fracture), or due to repeated stress (stress fracture). […] Metatarsal fractures (broken metatarsal bones) can be acute, or caused immediately by injury. They can also occur following recurrent trauma over a longer period of time, when they are called stress fractures. […] A stress metatarsal fracture occurs when the metatarsal bone fractures due to repetitive stress. In this instance, the metatarsal break is usually only partway through the bone. […] Abnormalities of the structure of the foot, and abnormalities of the bones and joints, such as rheumatoid arthritis or 'thinning’ of the bones (osteoporosis), can make stress fractures more likely. […] Metatarsal fractures occur more easily if the metatarsal bones are weakened due to 'thinning’ of the bones (osteoporosis).
  • #36 Metatarsal Fractures: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
    https://patient.info/foot-care/heel-and-foot-pain-plantar-fasciitis/metatarsal-fractures
    A metatarsal fracture occurs when one of the long bones of the midfoot is cracked or broken. This may be due to sudden injury (an acute fracture), or due to repeated stress (stress fracture). […] Metatarsal fractures (broken metatarsal bones) can be acute, or caused immediately by injury. They can also occur following recurrent trauma over a longer period of time, when they are called stress fractures. […] A stress metatarsal fracture occurs when the metatarsal bone fractures due to repetitive stress. In this instance, the metatarsal break is usually only partway through the bone. […] Abnormalities of the structure of the foot, and abnormalities of the bones and joints, such as rheumatoid arthritis or 'thinning’ of the bones (osteoporosis), can make stress fractures more likely. […] Metatarsal fractures occur more easily if the metatarsal bones are weakened due to 'thinning’ of the bones (osteoporosis).
  • #37 Proximal fifth metatarsal fractures – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/proximal-fifth-metatarsal-fractures
    Proximal fifth metatarsal fractures pose an important diagnostic challenge. A difference of millimeters in location may lead to a vastly different prognosis and treatment plan; a suboptimal treatment regimen can cause delayed union, reinjury, and chronic pain and disability. […] Variations in the blood supply to the fifth metatarsal help to explain the pathophysiology of fracture healing. The tuberosity receives blood from multiple metaphyseal vessels and branches of the nutrient artery, while the intermetatarsal zone and proximal diaphysis depend solely on the nutrient artery. Fractures distal to the tuberosity may disrupt the nutrient artery’s retrograde blood flow, thereby inhibiting healing and increasing the risk for delayed union or nonunion of intermetatarsal zone fractures. […] Tuberosity fractures are considered avulsion-type fractures and occur during forced inversion of the hindfoot and plantarflexion of the forefoot. This may occur when a basketball player lands awkwardly from a jump or a runner inverts their foot while running on an uneven surface.
  • #38 All About Foot Stress Fractures
    https://www.sports-health.com/sports-injuries/ankle-and-foot-injuries/all-about-foot-stress-fractures
    Bones are living tissues that are constantly adapting to loads by rebuilding and repairing. This process is called remodeling and is the reason that bones can heal after injury. This process also helps bones become stronger when loaded appropriately, and the reason bones become weaker if they are not exposed to sufficient loads. […] Stress fractures occur when the loading on the bone is greater than the bones ability to adapt to stress. Before the bone fractures, there can be pain in the area due to swelling and abnormal remodeling. This is termed a stress reaction, and can be seen on specialized imaging. […] The anatomical location of the stress fracture determines how it heals. Stress fractures in areas of tensile forces or areas with poor blood flow do not heal as well as stress fracture in areas with compressive forces and good blood flow.
  • #39 All About Foot Stress Fractures
    https://www.sports-health.com/sports-injuries/ankle-and-foot-injuries/all-about-foot-stress-fractures
    Bones are living tissues that are constantly adapting to loads by rebuilding and repairing. This process is called remodeling and is the reason that bones can heal after injury. This process also helps bones become stronger when loaded appropriately, and the reason bones become weaker if they are not exposed to sufficient loads. […] Stress fractures occur when the loading on the bone is greater than the bones ability to adapt to stress. Before the bone fractures, there can be pain in the area due to swelling and abnormal remodeling. This is termed a stress reaction, and can be seen on specialized imaging. […] The anatomical location of the stress fracture determines how it heals. Stress fractures in areas of tensile forces or areas with poor blood flow do not heal as well as stress fracture in areas with compressive forces and good blood flow.
  • #40 Metatarsal Fractures: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
    https://patient.info/foot-care/heel-and-foot-pain-plantar-fasciitis/metatarsal-fractures
    A metatarsal fracture occurs when one of the long bones of the midfoot is cracked or broken. This may be due to sudden injury (an acute fracture), or due to repeated stress (stress fracture). […] Metatarsal fractures (broken metatarsal bones) can be acute, or caused immediately by injury. They can also occur following recurrent trauma over a longer period of time, when they are called stress fractures. […] A stress metatarsal fracture occurs when the metatarsal bone fractures due to repetitive stress. In this instance, the metatarsal break is usually only partway through the bone. […] Abnormalities of the structure of the foot, and abnormalities of the bones and joints, such as rheumatoid arthritis or 'thinning’ of the bones (osteoporosis), can make stress fractures more likely. […] Metatarsal fractures occur more easily if the metatarsal bones are weakened due to 'thinning’ of the bones (osteoporosis).
  • #41 Metatarsal Fractures: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
    https://patient.info/foot-care/heel-and-foot-pain-plantar-fasciitis/metatarsal-fractures
    Most metatarsal fractures occur in younger people, as they are more likely to be involved in the kinds of sports and activities that are higher risk. However, as we become older the 'springiness’ and padding of our feet tend to reduce. This means that our feet absorb impact less well and it is easier to fracture bones. […] A metatarsal stress fracture can become gradually worse if repeated stress to the bone continues. It can eventually become a full-thickness metatarsal fracture. […] A fracture of the first metatarsal bone can lead to later arthritis of the big toe joint. […] Acute metatarsal fracture can also, occasionally, lead to 'non-union’, which is when the two ends of broken bone stop trying to heal because movement between them makes this impossible.
  • #42 Broken Foot (Fracture) Symptoms, Treatment, Recovery Time
    https://www.medicinenet.com/broken_foot/article.htm
    The bones in the foot may be broken in many ways including direct blows, crush injuries, falls, and overuse or stress. […] Foot fractures account for 10% of all cases of broken bones, and the mechanism of injury can usually give a clue as to what bone might be injured. […] The most common causes of an injured foot include falls, crush injuries (including impacts from a heavy object or an automobile accident) missed steps, and stress/overuse injuries. […] Complications of foot fractures include non-union at the fracture site, arthritis if a joint is involved, and infection if the skin is broken. […] The treatment of a foot fracture depends upon what bone is broken, the mechanism of injury, the underlying medical condition of the patient, and whether the fracture is open (the skin is broken) or closed (the skin is intact).
  • #43 Broken Foot (Fracture) Symptoms, Treatment, Recovery Time
    https://www.medicinenet.com/broken_foot/article.htm
    As with any injury, complications that may occur with a broken foot include the following: Broken bones may fail to heal, causing a non-union that may require surgery to repair. […] The foot is placed under considerable stress on a daily basis, absorbing the pounding of walking, running, and jumping. Poorly-constructed and -cushioned shoes and obesity help contribute to stress fractures and general instability of the foot.
  • #44 Broken foot – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-foot/symptoms-causes/syc-20355492
    Missteps. Sometimes a stumble can result in a twisting injury that can cause a broken bone. A toe can break from stubbing it on furniture. […] Overuse. Stress fractures are common in the weight-bearing bones of the feet. Repeated force or overuse over time, such as running long distances, most often is the cause of these tiny cracks. But they also can happen with regular use of a bone that’s been weakened by a condition such as osteoporosis. […] Complications of a broken foot bone aren’t common but may include: Arthritis. Fractures that extend into a joint can cause arthritis years later. […] Bone infection, called osteomyelitis. If you have an open fracture in which one end of the bone pokes through the skin, your bone may be exposed to bacteria that cause infection. […] Nerve or blood vessel damage. Trauma to the foot can injure or tear nerves and blood vessels. […] Compartment syndrome. This condition rarely occurs with foot fractures. It causes pain, swelling, numbness and sometimes being unable to use the affected muscles of the foot.
  • #45 Metatarsal Fractures: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
    https://patient.info/foot-care/heel-and-foot-pain-plantar-fasciitis/metatarsal-fractures
    Most metatarsal fractures occur in younger people, as they are more likely to be involved in the kinds of sports and activities that are higher risk. However, as we become older the 'springiness’ and padding of our feet tend to reduce. This means that our feet absorb impact less well and it is easier to fracture bones. […] A metatarsal stress fracture can become gradually worse if repeated stress to the bone continues. It can eventually become a full-thickness metatarsal fracture. […] A fracture of the first metatarsal bone can lead to later arthritis of the big toe joint. […] Acute metatarsal fracture can also, occasionally, lead to 'non-union’, which is when the two ends of broken bone stop trying to heal because movement between them makes this impossible.
  • #46 Broken foot – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-foot/symptoms-causes/syc-20355492
    Missteps. Sometimes a stumble can result in a twisting injury that can cause a broken bone. A toe can break from stubbing it on furniture. […] Overuse. Stress fractures are common in the weight-bearing bones of the feet. Repeated force or overuse over time, such as running long distances, most often is the cause of these tiny cracks. But they also can happen with regular use of a bone that’s been weakened by a condition such as osteoporosis. […] Complications of a broken foot bone aren’t common but may include: Arthritis. Fractures that extend into a joint can cause arthritis years later. […] Bone infection, called osteomyelitis. If you have an open fracture in which one end of the bone pokes through the skin, your bone may be exposed to bacteria that cause infection. […] Nerve or blood vessel damage. Trauma to the foot can injure or tear nerves and blood vessels. […] Compartment syndrome. This condition rarely occurs with foot fractures. It causes pain, swelling, numbness and sometimes being unable to use the affected muscles of the foot.
  • #47 Broken foot – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-foot/symptoms-causes/syc-20355492
    Missteps. Sometimes a stumble can result in a twisting injury that can cause a broken bone. A toe can break from stubbing it on furniture. […] Overuse. Stress fractures are common in the weight-bearing bones of the feet. Repeated force or overuse over time, such as running long distances, most often is the cause of these tiny cracks. But they also can happen with regular use of a bone that’s been weakened by a condition such as osteoporosis. […] Complications of a broken foot bone aren’t common but may include: Arthritis. Fractures that extend into a joint can cause arthritis years later. […] Bone infection, called osteomyelitis. If you have an open fracture in which one end of the bone pokes through the skin, your bone may be exposed to bacteria that cause infection. […] Nerve or blood vessel damage. Trauma to the foot can injure or tear nerves and blood vessels. […] Compartment syndrome. This condition rarely occurs with foot fractures. It causes pain, swelling, numbness and sometimes being unable to use the affected muscles of the foot.
  • #48 Broken foot – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-foot/symptoms-causes/syc-20355492
    Missteps. Sometimes a stumble can result in a twisting injury that can cause a broken bone. A toe can break from stubbing it on furniture. […] Overuse. Stress fractures are common in the weight-bearing bones of the feet. Repeated force or overuse over time, such as running long distances, most often is the cause of these tiny cracks. But they also can happen with regular use of a bone that’s been weakened by a condition such as osteoporosis. […] Complications of a broken foot bone aren’t common but may include: Arthritis. Fractures that extend into a joint can cause arthritis years later. […] Bone infection, called osteomyelitis. If you have an open fracture in which one end of the bone pokes through the skin, your bone may be exposed to bacteria that cause infection. […] Nerve or blood vessel damage. Trauma to the foot can injure or tear nerves and blood vessels. […] Compartment syndrome. This condition rarely occurs with foot fractures. It causes pain, swelling, numbness and sometimes being unable to use the affected muscles of the foot.
  • #49 13.3 Bone Fractures – Medical-Surgical Nursing | OpenStax
    https://openstax.org/books/medical-surgical-nursing/pages/13-3-bone-fractures
    The underlying pathophysiology of fractures involves stress placed on a bone that results in a break in the bones structure. Several different forces can result in bone fractures, including direct trauma, twisting movements, and crushing forces. […] Most of the nursing care for patients with fractures focuses on controlling pain and ensuring patient comfort. It is also important for the nurse to assess for and intervene if complications develop such as compartment syndrome, a condition caused by increased pressure within an area of tissue and resulting in muscle and nerve damage. […] A common and serious complication that may occur with bone fractures and soft tissue injuries is compartment syndrome. With a fracture or injury to the surrounding tissue, pressure builds within the skin and muscles, leading to decreased blood flow to the affected extremity.
  • #50 Jones Fracture: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22239-jones-fracture
    Jones fractures are caused when you put sudden force on the outside of your foot with your foot twisted away from your body. […] Jones fractures usually require surgery, and have higher risks for complications than other types of foot fractures. […] Jones fractures are caused by a sudden impact to your foot while its twisted, usually with your heel lifted. […] Jones fracture surgery complications include: Acute compartment syndrome (ACS): A build-up of pressure in your muscles may stop blood from getting to tissue, which can cause permanent muscle and nerve damage. […] Jones fractures have some of the highest risks of nonunion for all broken bones.
  • #51
    https://www.footcaremd.org/conditions-treatments/midfoot/navicular-stress-fractures
    Another potential complication is the development of arthritis, resulting from damage to the cartilage that covers the joint connecting the navicular bone to the hindfoot (rear part of the foot). […] A less common complication of navicular fracture is avascular necrosis (AVN), which results from a loss of blood supply to the navicular bone. AVN causes a collapse of the navicular bone and affects function of the joints in the middle of the foot. It can be difficult to treat.
  • #52 Broken Foot (Foot Fractures) Dallas | Foot Fracture | Ankle Injuries Plano
    https://www.oint.org/foot-ankle-surgeon-frisco-mckinney-dallas-tx-broken-foot.html
    If the fracture involves injury to the joint can cause post-traumatic joint damage. […] It may be a type of fracture that can be initially treated nonoperatively but if not treated correctly at the start of the injury, could lead to the displacement of the fracture, and need for surgical correction or alignment. […] Some foot fractures can change the alignment of the arch of your foot leading to long term pain or deformity. […] If left untreated can lead to nonunion of the bone meaning it doesnt heal. […] If left untreated can lead to malunion of the bone meaning heals in the wrong position which could cause pain or deformity, and perhaps a bigger surgery to correct the secondary problems. […] Wounds and fractures can lead to possible infection of the surrounding tissue or bone.
  • #53 Charcot Foot — Bone Talks
    http://www.bonetalks.com/footcharcot
    Charcot disease is a progressive condition that destroys the bones and joints of the foot. […] Its a condition most commonly seen in people with diabetes, due to the neuropathy that develops from having too much sugar in the blood. Neuropathy (poor sensation) occurs because, over time, diabetes damages the small sensory nerves in the feet, and this causes people lose the sensation in their feet. This sensory feedback normally provided by these nerves is critical for small adjustments we make subconsciously to rebalance the stresses on our feet while standing or walking. When neuropathy prevents us from making these adjustments, excess pressure builds up in certain areas of the foot, causing stress fractures or joint instability. […] Most people would immediately feel the pain of a stress fracture and would avoid walking on the foot. Yet people with neuropathy cannot feel pain and so they continue to walk on a broken bone. Overtime, repetitive strain will cause permanent structural damage to the feet. This is Charcot. Progressive deformity leads a collapse of the foot arches and further imbalance in weight distribution. Its a viscious cycle. Eventually ulcers form at the pressure points and the ulcers are at high risk for becoming infected and spreading infection to the bone (called Osteomyelitis).
  • #54 Charcot Foot — Bone Talks
    http://www.bonetalks.com/footcharcot
    Charcot disease is a progressive condition that destroys the bones and joints of the foot. […] Its a condition most commonly seen in people with diabetes, due to the neuropathy that develops from having too much sugar in the blood. Neuropathy (poor sensation) occurs because, over time, diabetes damages the small sensory nerves in the feet, and this causes people lose the sensation in their feet. This sensory feedback normally provided by these nerves is critical for small adjustments we make subconsciously to rebalance the stresses on our feet while standing or walking. When neuropathy prevents us from making these adjustments, excess pressure builds up in certain areas of the foot, causing stress fractures or joint instability. […] Most people would immediately feel the pain of a stress fracture and would avoid walking on the foot. Yet people with neuropathy cannot feel pain and so they continue to walk on a broken bone. Overtime, repetitive strain will cause permanent structural damage to the feet. This is Charcot. Progressive deformity leads a collapse of the foot arches and further imbalance in weight distribution. Its a viscious cycle. Eventually ulcers form at the pressure points and the ulcers are at high risk for becoming infected and spreading infection to the bone (called Osteomyelitis).
  • #55 Charcot Foot — Bone Talks
    http://www.bonetalks.com/footcharcot
    Another theory of Charcot suggests that diabetes not only injures the nerves but also causes poor blood flow to the feet, leading to unhealthy bones which are more susceptible to the stresses of daily activity and eventually breakdown as a result. […] The mainstay of treatment is prevention. […] Doctors really want to prevent the foot from getting worse. This is accomplished by protecting the foot with casting. The cast will pad pressure points and prevent further bone destruction and ulceration. The cast will also hold the bone and joints of the foot in a stable position while they heal, so that normal alignment is preserved. […] Sometimes no amount of shoe padding or custom orthotics can accommodate a foot that is very deformed by Charcot. In such cases, surgery can shave down bony pressure points or fuse joints that are unstable to reduce the risk of future ulcerations. Surgery is only recommended once the foot has left the inflammation stage and entered the healing and remodeling phase. […] The Charcot disease will resolve, the bigger concern is the lasting effects of the flair up. Its important to follow the patient with occasional x-rays (to see if the bones are moving out of alignment) and with occasional foot inspections to see if any ulcers are forming.
  • #56 Open Fractures – OrthoInfo – AAOS
    https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/open-fractures/
    Most open fractures are caused by some type of high-energy accident, like a motor vehicle collision. […] An open fracture can also result from a lower-energy incident, such as a simple fall at home or an injury playing sports. […] Open fractures vary greatly in severity. In many high-energy injuries, there is obvious skin damage, and the bone can be seen protruding through the wound. In other cases, the wound may be no larger than a puncture. […] The severity of an open fracture depends on several factors, including: The size and number of the fracture fragments, The damage to surrounding soft tissues (muscles, tendons, etc.), The location of the wound and whether the soft tissues in the area have good blood supply. […] Open fractures pose an immediate risk of infection. In general, the greater the damage is to bone and soft tissues, the greater the risk of infection.
  • #57 Open Fractures – OrthoInfo – AAOS
    https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/open-fractures/
    Most open fractures are caused by some type of high-energy accident, like a motor vehicle collision. […] An open fracture can also result from a lower-energy incident, such as a simple fall at home or an injury playing sports. […] Open fractures vary greatly in severity. In many high-energy injuries, there is obvious skin damage, and the bone can be seen protruding through the wound. In other cases, the wound may be no larger than a puncture. […] The severity of an open fracture depends on several factors, including: The size and number of the fracture fragments, The damage to surrounding soft tissues (muscles, tendons, etc.), The location of the wound and whether the soft tissues in the area have good blood supply. […] Open fractures pose an immediate risk of infection. In general, the greater the damage is to bone and soft tissues, the greater the risk of infection.
  • #58 Open Fractures – OrthoInfo – AAOS
    https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/open-fractures/
    Most open fractures are caused by some type of high-energy accident, like a motor vehicle collision. […] An open fracture can also result from a lower-energy incident, such as a simple fall at home or an injury playing sports. […] Open fractures vary greatly in severity. In many high-energy injuries, there is obvious skin damage, and the bone can be seen protruding through the wound. In other cases, the wound may be no larger than a puncture. […] The severity of an open fracture depends on several factors, including: The size and number of the fracture fragments, The damage to surrounding soft tissues (muscles, tendons, etc.), The location of the wound and whether the soft tissues in the area have good blood supply. […] Open fractures pose an immediate risk of infection. In general, the greater the damage is to bone and soft tissues, the greater the risk of infection.
  • #59 Open Fractures – OrthoInfo – AAOS
    https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/open-fractures/
    Most open fractures are caused by some type of high-energy accident, like a motor vehicle collision. […] An open fracture can also result from a lower-energy incident, such as a simple fall at home or an injury playing sports. […] Open fractures vary greatly in severity. In many high-energy injuries, there is obvious skin damage, and the bone can be seen protruding through the wound. In other cases, the wound may be no larger than a puncture. […] The severity of an open fracture depends on several factors, including: The size and number of the fracture fragments, The damage to surrounding soft tissues (muscles, tendons, etc.), The location of the wound and whether the soft tissues in the area have good blood supply. […] Open fractures pose an immediate risk of infection. In general, the greater the damage is to bone and soft tissues, the greater the risk of infection.
  • #60 Exercise could help broken bones heal faster – here’s how
    https://theconversation.com/exercise-could-help-broken-bones-heal-faster-heres-how-175404
    If youve ever broken a bone, you probably thought it was best to rest and not put any weight on it. But somewhat counter-intuitively, exercise may actually play an important role in making sure fractures heal properly. […] A study looking at 166 surgically treated tibia fractures discovered that early weight-bearing exercise was linked with faster healing even in participants who had fractures that werent healing properly. […] The reason exercise has this effect can be easily explained. When we break a bone, oxygen and blood flow are both extremely important for helping the fracture heal. So when we exercise, our blood vessels enlarge, allowing more oxygen, nutrients and growth factors to flow to the fracture site. Exercise also triggers the release of an energy molecule called adenosine triphospate (ATP).
  • #61 Exercise could help broken bones heal faster – here’s how
    https://theconversation.com/exercise-could-help-broken-bones-heal-faster-heres-how-175404
    If youve ever broken a bone, you probably thought it was best to rest and not put any weight on it. But somewhat counter-intuitively, exercise may actually play an important role in making sure fractures heal properly. […] A study looking at 166 surgically treated tibia fractures discovered that early weight-bearing exercise was linked with faster healing even in participants who had fractures that werent healing properly. […] The reason exercise has this effect can be easily explained. When we break a bone, oxygen and blood flow are both extremely important for helping the fracture heal. So when we exercise, our blood vessels enlarge, allowing more oxygen, nutrients and growth factors to flow to the fracture site. Exercise also triggers the release of an energy molecule called adenosine triphospate (ATP).
  • #62 Exercise could help broken bones heal faster – here’s how
    https://theconversation.com/exercise-could-help-broken-bones-heal-faster-heres-how-175404
    If youve ever broken a bone, you probably thought it was best to rest and not put any weight on it. But somewhat counter-intuitively, exercise may actually play an important role in making sure fractures heal properly. […] A study looking at 166 surgically treated tibia fractures discovered that early weight-bearing exercise was linked with faster healing even in participants who had fractures that werent healing properly. […] The reason exercise has this effect can be easily explained. When we break a bone, oxygen and blood flow are both extremely important for helping the fracture heal. So when we exercise, our blood vessels enlarge, allowing more oxygen, nutrients and growth factors to flow to the fracture site. Exercise also triggers the release of an energy molecule called adenosine triphospate (ATP).
  • #63 Exercise could help broken bones heal faster – here’s how
    https://theconversation.com/exercise-could-help-broken-bones-heal-faster-heres-how-175404
    But there is also a third mechanism by which exercise helps heal our bones. Studies show that osteocytes a type of bone cell are activated by the muscle contractions that happens during weight bearing exercise. This then causes the osteocytes to instruct other bone cells to create new and stronger bone tissue allowing them to patch the edges of the broken bone. […] My own research has also shown that stretching osteocytes (a technique to mimic exercise in the lab) can spur osteocytes into action, causing them to trigger the release of proteins involved in bone development. […] Another 2021 study conducted in zebrafish showed that mechanically stimulating osteocytes helps improve bone healing and suppress inflammation which are both important for helping repair fractures.
  • #64 Exercise could help broken bones heal faster – here’s how
    https://theconversation.com/exercise-could-help-broken-bones-heal-faster-heres-how-175404
    But there is also a third mechanism by which exercise helps heal our bones. Studies show that osteocytes a type of bone cell are activated by the muscle contractions that happens during weight bearing exercise. This then causes the osteocytes to instruct other bone cells to create new and stronger bone tissue allowing them to patch the edges of the broken bone. […] My own research has also shown that stretching osteocytes (a technique to mimic exercise in the lab) can spur osteocytes into action, causing them to trigger the release of proteins involved in bone development. […] Another 2021 study conducted in zebrafish showed that mechanically stimulating osteocytes helps improve bone healing and suppress inflammation which are both important for helping repair fractures.