Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Joint Hypermobility Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21763-joint-hypermobility-syndrome

  Joint hypermobility syndrome is a genetic condition that involves extreme flexibility along with pain and other symptoms. […] The exact cause of joint hypermobility syndrome isn’t known. However, the disorder tends to run in families. The genes that are involved in the creation of collagen are believed to play a role. Collagen is the protein that adds flexibility and strength to your joints, ligaments and tendons. People with joint hypermobility syndrome have loose joints because they have weak ligaments. They have weak ligaments because of the defect in their collagen. […] Joint hypermobility syndrome is a genetic disorder that usually runs in families. Therefore, it can’t be prevented.

• #2 Hypermobile Joints (Hypermobility Syndrome): Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/hypermobile-joints

  Loose joints has at times been used to describe hypermobile joints and people with hypermobile joints as being double jointed. […] This can be related to weak, loose ligaments and can lead to joint instability which increases the risk of strain, injury and therefore, pain. […] Some people have an altered shape to their bones or the joint where they meet. If someone has a shallow socket, versus a deep socket, this could increase the risk of dislocation. […] Elastin, a protein that aids in elasticity, can be altered in some people making them more prone to easily stretching or tearing ligament fibers. […] If there is difficulty detecting the exact position of the joints with the eyes closed, it is possible for hypermobile joints to develop because of over-stretching.

• #3

  https://111.wales.nhs.uk/jointhypermobility/

  Joint hypermobility syndrome can run in families and it cannot be prevented. […] Usually, the joints are loose and stretchy because the ligaments that should make them stronger and support them are weak. […] The weakness is because the collagen that strengthens the ligaments is different from other people’s. […] Most experts agree that joint hypermobility syndrome is part of a spectrum of hypermobility disorders which includes Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.

• #4 Joint hypermobility | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/muscle-bone-and-joints/conditions-that-can-affect-multiple-parts-of-the-body/joint-hypermobility/

  Joint hypermobility is often hereditary (runs in families). One of the main causes is thought to be linked to changes in a type of protein called collagen. […] If collagen is more stretchy and lax than it should be then the ligaments, tendons and muscles around the joints allow a greater range of movement. This means they also sometimes cannot keep the joints stable. […] There is no genetic test currently available for hEDS or HSD. Its likely that more than one gene is involved. There are genetic tests for rarer forms of EDS.

• #5 Joint hypermobility | Causes, symptoms, treatments

  https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/joint-hypermobility/

  Hypermobility is thought to be caused primarily by genetics. Hypermobility often runs in families and therefore cannot be prevented. It is believed that if one parent has hypermobility, one in two children will also have it. […] Someone who has Hypermobility Spectrum Disorder (HSD) or hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (hEDS) often has faulty or weak collagen. […] Another reason you may be hypermobile is the shape of your bones. If the socket part of your hip or shoulder joint is shallow, the range of movement in the joint will be greater than usual. […] Other factors that can influence hypermobility include muscle tone, sex, age, ethnic background, and certain conditions such as autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or Tourette’s syndrome.

• #6 Joint Hypermobility Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.thefeetpeople.com.au/symptoms-we-treat/joint-hypermobility-syndrome/

  Joint Hypermobility Syndrome is a connective tissue disorder. The precise cause of JHS is not known, however, the condition tends to run in families. The genes that are responsible for creating collagen throughout the body are believed to play a role. […] People with JHS have weaker and stretchier ligaments, which causes them to have looser and more hypermobile joints. These ligaments are stretchier because there is a defect in the way that their collagen is formed, leaving them with faulty or weak collagen. […] JHS often runs in families and therefore is an inherited condition. It is believed that if one parent has hypermobility, one in two of their children will also have it.

• #7 Joint Laxity/Hypermobility: Old Problems and New Opportunities for Family Medicine

  https://www.oatext.com/joint-laxity-hypermobility-old-problems-and-new-opportunities-for-family-medicine.php

  Like most medical patterns or syndromes, including EDS, AAD is a symptom complex with many underlying causes. Articulo refers to the joint, recognizing that affliction of any articular component—skin, nerve, muscle, bone, connective tissue, blood vessel—cause a similar pattern of joint-tissue laxity with autonomic imbalance. […] Recognition of the AAD symptom complex, caused by EDS and related connective tissue dysplasias, will prevent sad patient journeys from specialist to specialist, symptomatic diagnoses like vertigo, fainting, fibromyalgia, or chronic fatigue, and tragic suffering when many preventive strategies and treatments are available. […] Implied by their characterization as heritable disorders of connective tissue, the more extreme forms of EDS and related disorders were found to exhibit autosomal dominant inheritance, meaning that affected individuals have one normal and one abnormal form of the gene (allele).

• #8 Benign Joint Hypermobility Syndrome in Children | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/benign-joint-hypermobility-syndrome-in-children/

  Benign Joint Hypermobility Syndrome (BJHS) is a syndrome characterized by the presence of musculoskeletal symptoms in subjects with joint hypermobility in the absence of systemic rheumatologic or connective tissue disease. […] JHS is thought to result from abnormality or abnormal ratios of collagen subtypes and connective tissue matrix proteins. This contributes to loss of resistance to stretching of tissues surrounding joints and a host of other dermatologic and systemic findings. […] There is no known specific biochemical or single genetic etiology to JHS. However, JHS has a clear genetic component with weak autosomal dominant inheritance pattern with variable penetrance. […] Only a small proportion of people with GJH will also have JHS and its associated musculoskeletal pain and fatigue. This suggests there is a host of genetic and environmental factors that lead to JHS.

• #8 Benign Joint Hypermobility Syndrome in Children | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/benign-joint-hypermobility-syndrome-in-children/

  A clear mechanism of JHS has not been demonstrated. It is proposed that excessive joint laxity leads to biomechanical imbalance at joint surfaces, with altered kinematics and local tissue loading leading to activity-related fatigue, arthralgia, myalgia, and tendinopathies. […] Many other findings with JHS including dysautonomia, gastrointestinal complaints, migraines, and bowel and bladder dysfunction have unclear mechanisms, but are thought to be related to connective tissue abnormalities. […] There continues to be a significant lack of epidemiological and etiological data on JHS. […] It is unclear whether there are meaningful identifiable subtypes of JHS such as joint affected, athletic, and systemic, and whether subtypes of JHS have varying outcomes such as responsiveness to specific types of therapy.

• #9 Joint Hypermobility Syndrome | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/joint-hypermobility-syndrome/

  Joint hypermobility is used to describe joints that easily move beyond the normal range. […] Hypermobility syndrome is a condition that may be inherited or happen by chance. Normal ligaments are composed of a strong fibrous tissue called collagen. In people with hypermobility syndrome, there is a defect in collagen formation. This results in loose ligaments.

• #10 Hypermobility – Plymouth Online Directory

  https://www.plymouthonlinedirectory.co.uk/article/1451/Hypermobility

  Joint hypermobility syndrome usually runs in families and can’t be prevented. […] Usually, the joints are loose and stretchy because the tissues that should make them stronger and support them are weak. […] The weakness is because the collagen that strengthens the tissues is different from other people’s.

• #11 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/ehlers-danlos-syndrome/

  Variants (also known as mutations) in at least 20 genes have been found to cause the Ehlers-Danlos syndromes. Variants in the COL5A1 or COL5A2 gene, or rarely in the COL1A1 gene, can cause the classical type. […] Most cases of the vascular type result from variants in the COL3A1 gene, although rarely this type is caused by certain COL1A1 gene variants. […] Some of the genes associated with the Ehlers-Danlos syndromes, including COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1, COL5A1, and COL5A2, provide instructions for making pieces of several different types of collagen. […] Variants in any of these genes disrupt the production or processing of collagen, preventing these molecules from being assembled properly. […] For many of these genes, it is not clear how variants lead to hypermobility, elastic skin, and other features of these conditions.

• #12 Joint Hypermobility Syndrome and Membrane Proteins: A Comprehensive Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/4/472

  Joint hypermobility syndrome (JHS) is a connective tissue disorder characterized by extreme flexibility of the joints, along with pain and other symptoms. […] The exact cause of JHS could be related to genetic changes in the proteins that add flexibility and strength to the joints, ligaments, and tendons, such as collagen. […] The precise etiology of BJHS remains somewhat elusive, posited as a multifactorial condition influenced by both genetic and environmental elements. Several genetic mutations, including those in the COL1A1 and COL3A1 genes governing collagen types I and III, respectively, have been linked to BJHS. […] EDS arises from mutations in genes responsible for collagen or other connective tissue protein synthesis and maintenance. […] Joint hypermobility represents a common trait across several EDS subtypes, notably the hypermobility type (formerly EDS type III).

• #12 Joint Hypermobility Syndrome and Membrane Proteins: A Comprehensive Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/4/472

  Several other genetic disorders, such as Stickler syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta, and Loeys–Dietz syndrome, manifest with joint hypermobility and musculoskeletal pain due to mutations affecting collagen or proteins crucial in connective tissue synthesis and maintenance. […] The occurrence of joint hypermobility among individuals with rheumatoid arthritis can indicate a progression of the disease, highlighting the development of common joint issues and local manifestations. […] The data indicate that individuals with EDS who experience back pain, joint pain, and joint laxity are more likely (67.1%) to receive a diagnosis of at least one rheumatological condition when they undergo a thorough serological and radiographic assessment for their musculoskeletal issues, alongside a physical examination.

• #13

  https://www.hingehealth.com/resources/articles/joint-hypermobility/

  Joint hypermobility occurs when the ligaments that support a joint allow for more movement than usual. „Joint hypermobility quite simply means your joints move a little bit more than their typical range of motion,” explains Dr. Govani. Hypermobility is often inherited and is more common in children and young adults. For many, it’s simply a part of how their body moves. But for others, it can lead to symptoms like joint pain, fatigue, or a sense of instability. In some cases, hypermobility is linked to conditions like hypermobility spectrum disorder (HSD) or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS), which affect connective tissue throughout the entire body. […] Joint hypermobility is largely influenced by genetics. Some people are simply born with more flexible connective tissues than others, thanks to differences in the composition of collagen, a protein that provides structure and support to ligaments, tendons, and joints. When collagen is more elastic or loosely structured, it allows joints to stretch further.

• #13

  https://www.hingehealth.com/resources/articles/joint-hypermobility/

  Some medical conditions, such as hypermobility spectrum disorder (HSD) or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS), affect the structure and function of collagen. When collagen is weaker or more elastic than usual, ligaments stretch more easily. This can lead to looser, less stable joints that can move beyond their typical range of motion. […] Weak muscles surrounding a joint can contribute to excessive joint movement. When muscles don’t provide enough stability, the joints may rely more on ligaments for support, increasing the likelihood of hypermobility-related discomfort. […] Certain hormones, like estrogen and relaxin, can affect ligament laxity. This is why women may experience increased flexibility during pregnancy or certain phases of their menstrual cycle.

• #14 The differential diagnosis of children with joint hypermobility: a review of the literature

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2628911/

  In this study we aimed to identify and review publications relating to the diagnosis of joint hypermobility and instability and develop an evidence based approach to the diagnosis of children presenting with joint hypermobility and related symptoms. […] There are inconsistencies in the literature on joint hypermobility and how it relates to and overlaps with milder forms of HDCT. There is no reliable method of differentiating between Joint Hypermobility Syndrome, familial articular hypermobility and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (hypermobile type), suggesting these three disorders may be different manifestations of the same spectrum of disorders. […] There is value in identifying both the underlying genetic cause of joint hypermobility in an individual child and those hypermobile children who have symptoms such as pain and fatigue and might benefit from multidisciplinary rehabilitation management.

• #14 The differential diagnosis of children with joint hypermobility: a review of the literature

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2628911/

  Every effort should be made to diagnose the underlying disorder responsible for joint hypermobility which may only become apparent over time. We recommend that the term „Joint Hypermobility Syndrome” is used for children with symptomatic joint hypermobility resulting from any underlying HDCT and that these children are best described using both the term Joint Hypermobility Syndrome and their HDCT diagnosis. […] It remains unclear why some hypermobile children become symptomatic while others remain symptom-free. There is need for a reliable way of identifying children with joint hypermobility who are at high risk of developing musculoskeletal complications so that education and therapeutic interventions can be targeted to this group before they become symptomatic or sustain injuries. […] (Benign) Joint Hypermobility Syndrome (BJHS) describes the combination of joint hypermobility with associated symptoms such as chronic joint pain, back pain, joint subluxation and dislocations, soft tissue injuries, Marfan syndrome-like habitus and skin features.

• #14 The differential diagnosis of children with joint hypermobility: a review of the literature

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2628911/

  The Brighton criteria (table 4) for the diagnosis of BJHS include phenotypic features eg „Marfanoid Habitus” as well as symptoms and Remvig argues that use of „Marfan-like habitus and eye signs in the diagnostic criteria is questionable”. […] Our clinical approach to children presenting with joint hypermobility is illustrated in figure 2. We work as a team with clinical geneticists establishing the diagnosis of the underlying HDCT where possible and the interdisciplinary rehabilitation team identifying and managing related functional symptoms. […] Identifying the subgroup who have more muscle involvement e.g. those with tenascin-X deficiency, is particularly relevant to rehabilitation management because there is a subgroup of children who respond poorly to muscle strengthening interventions and need more intensive rehabilitation over a longer period to achieve their functional goals. […] We believe that the „benign” descriptor in „benign joint hypermobility syndrome” is misleading and unhelpful and prefer „Joint Hypermobility Syndrome” to describe the combination of generalised joint hypermobility and functional symptoms.

• #15 Hypermobility Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/hypermobility-syndrome-pro

  Joint hypermobility syndrome, also known as benign hypermobility syndrome, is a connective tissue disease characterised by joint instability, chronic pain, and minor skin changes. It shares many clinical features of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, hypermobility type and so many authorities consider them as one disease process. […] However, many people do not fully meet the diagnostic criteria for hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (hEDS) but their hypermobility still causes problems, including pain and dislocations, poor sense of where their joints are without looking, a tendency to injury, curvature of the spine, and degenerative joint and bone disease. […] Diagnosis is clinical, using the widely accepted Brighton criteria. These combine the Beighton hypermobility score (first developed to quantify joint laxity in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome) with symptoms. There are no confirming genetic or biochemical tests.

• #16 The differential diagnosis of children with joint hypermobility: a review of the literature | Pediatric Rheumatology | Full Text

  https://ped-rheum.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1546-0096-7-1

  There are inconsistencies in the literature on joint hypermobility and how it relates to and overlaps with milder forms of HDCT. There is no reliable method of differentiating between Joint Hypermobility Syndrome, familial articular hypermobility and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (hypermobile type), suggesting these three disorders may be different manifestations of the same spectrum of disorders. […] There is value in identifying both the underlying genetic cause of joint hypermobility in an individual child and those hypermobile children who have symptoms such as pain and fatigue and might benefit from multidisciplinary rehabilitation management. […] Every effort should be made to diagnose the underlying disorder responsible for joint hypermobility which may only become apparent over time. […] It remains unclear why some hypermobile children become symptomatic while others remain symptom-free.

• #16 The differential diagnosis of children with joint hypermobility: a review of the literature | Pediatric Rheumatology | Full Text

  https://ped-rheum.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1546-0096-7-1

  The genetic causes of joint hypermobility include Ehlers Danlos syndromes (EDS), some types of Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) including types I and IV, Marfan syndrome and related disorders, and rare HDCT such as pseudoxanthoma elasticum and cutis laxa syndromes. […] Most authors now agree that children diagnosed as having Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (hypermobile type) or (benign) joint hypermobility syndrome represent the mild end of the spectrum of heritable disorders of connective tissue.

• #17 Top 3 Causes of Hypermobility – Kate Skinner PT

  https://www.kateskinnerpt.com/3-causes-of-hypermobility

  There are many causes of hypermobility, which can be related to various conditions and diseases. […] However, genetic diseases are in place when it comes to hypermobility. […] Three of the more severe causes of hypermobility joint disorders are called Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS), Marfan Syndrome (MFS), and Joint Hypermobility Syndrome (JHS). […] Genetic mutations cause EDS in the genes that control the production of collagen. […] A defect in the gene that controls the structure of fibrillin-1 causes MFS. […] Hypermobile joints are inherited via specific genes responsible for the production of collagen. […] But some instances of hypermobility joint disorder are caused by serious genetic diseases like Ehlers-Danlos syndrome or Marfan syndrome. […] In addition to causing joint problems, they sometimes have a seriously negative impact on other bodily systems, and even result in death.

• #18 Hypermobile Joints: Causes, Treatments, and Relief

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hypermobile-joints

  Hypermobile joints move beyond the typical range of motion. […] Hypermobility of the joints occurs when the tissues holding a joint together, mainly ligaments and the joint capsule, are too loose. […] Most commonly, hypermobile joints appear without any underlying health conditions. This is called benign hypermobility syndrome since the only symptom is hypermobile joints. It can be caused by: bone shape or the depth of the joint sockets, muscle tone or strength, a poor sense of proprioception, which is the ability to sense how far you’re stretching, a family history of hypermobility. […] In rare cases, hypermobile joints occur due to an underlying medical condition. Conditions that could potentially cause hypermobility include: Down syndrome, which is a developmental disability, cleidocranial dysostosis, which is an inherited bone development disorder, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, which is an inherited syndrome affecting elasticity, Marfan syndrome, which is a connective tissue disorder, Morquio syndrome, which is an inherited disorder that affects metabolism.

• #19 Hypermobility – Causes of joint hypermobility | Clear Chemist

  https://www.clearchemist.co.uk/az-health/hypermobility/causes-of-joint-hypermobility

  There are four factors that may contribute to joint hypermobility. […] These are: the structure of your collagen (a type of protein found in some types of tissue), the shape of the ends of your bones, your muscle tone, your sense of your joint movements (proprioception). […] If the structure of your collagen is altered, it may not be as strong, and the tissues that contain collagen will be fragile. This can lead to weakened or easily stretched ligaments. […] Changes in the structure of your collagen are likely to be caused by changes to your genes. […] For example, your limbs will be more flexible if the socket that the bone moves around in, such as the shoulder or hip socket, is shallow. […] Children with joint hypermobility may have a degree of hypotonia (low muscle tone), which makes the muscles „floppy” and could mean the child is able to bend their joints more than usual.

• #19 Hypermobility – Causes of joint hypermobility | Clear Chemist

  https://www.clearchemist.co.uk/az-health/hypermobility/causes-of-joint-hypermobility

  However, some people with joint hypermobility have an abnormal sense of joint movement and are able to sense when a joint is overstretched, giving them a wider range of movement. […] In a small number of cases, joint hypermobility is associated with a more serious underlying condition. […] Hypermobile EDS, previously known as EDS type III, is a form of the condition many experts now consider to be the same thing as joint hypermobility syndrome (JHS). […] Some forms of the condition can also cause joint hypermobility, along with a range of other problems.

• #20 Joint Hypermobility Syndrome – Mr Salus Sporting Lab

  https://mrsalussportinglab.com/joint-hypermobility-syndrome/

  Joint hypermobility syndrome is due mainly to weak ligaments that make your joints lose and stretchy. […] The weakness is that collagen, which strengthens the ligaments, is different from other peoples. […] If the structure of your collagen is altered, it may not be as strong, and the tissues that contain collagen will be fragile. This can lead to weakened or easily stretched ligaments. […] A joint is a junction between two bones. The shape of the bones determines how far you can move your limbs. […] For example, your limbs will be more flexible if the socket that the bone moves around in, such as the shoulder or hip socket, is shallow. […] Children with joint hypermobility may have a degree of hypotonia (low muscle tone), which makes the muscles floppy and could mean the child can bend their joints more than usual. […] However, some people with joint hypermobility have an abnormal sense of joint movement and can sense when a joint is overstretched, giving them a wider range of movement.

• #21 Hypermobility (joints) – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypermobility_(joints)

  Hypermobility generally results from one or more of the following: […] A mutation in collagen or collagen-related genes (as found in certain types of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome) or other connective tissue (as found in LoeysDietz syndrome and Marfan syndrome) resulting in weakened ligaments/ligamentous laxity, muscles and tendons. […] Hypermobility can also be caused by connective tissue disorders, such as EhlersDanlos syndrome (EDS) and Marfan syndrome. Joint hypermobility is a common symptom for both. […] Current thinking suggests four causative factors: […] The shape of the ends of the bonesSome joints normally have a large range of movement, such as the shoulder and hip. […] Protein deficiency or hormone problemsLigaments are made up of several types of protein fibre. […] Muscle toneThe tone of muscles is controlled by the nervous system, and influences range of movement.

• #21 Hypermobility (joints) – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypermobility_(joints)

  ProprioceptionCompromised ability to detect exact joint/body position with closed eyes, may lead to overstretching and hypermobile joints. […] The condition tends to run in families, suggesting a genetic basis for at least some forms of hypermobility. […] Hypermobility has been associated with myalgic encephalomyelitis (chronic fatigue syndrome) and fibromyalgia. Hypermobility causes physical trauma (in the form of joint dislocations, joint subluxations, joint instability, sprains, etc.).

• #22 Joint Hypermobility: Causes, Symptoms and Solutions – OsteoMag

  https://osteomag.ca/en/joint-hypermobility-causes-symptoms-solutions/

  Joint laxity can also be acquired through environmental factors or lifestyle habits. Repetitive activities or sports requiring high range of motion, such as gymnastics, dance, or yoga, can gradually stretch ligaments and lead to hyperlaxity. […] Hormonal fluctuations, especially during pregnancy, can influence joint laxity. Under the influence of the hormone relaxin, ligaments become more flexible to facilitate childbirth. However, this temporary increase in laxity can also affect other joints, increasing their vulnerability to injury. […] With age, connective tissues can lose their elasticity and ability to resist mechanical stress. Although this often results in joint stiffness, episodes of joint laxity can occur in certain pathological conditions related to wear of the ligamentous structures.

• #22 Joint Hypermobility: Causes, Symptoms and Solutions – OsteoMag

  https://osteomag.ca/en/joint-hypermobility-causes-symptoms-solutions/

  Joint laxity, characterized by excessive or abnormal range of motion in the joints, can be caused by a variety of factors. These causes can be genetic, traumatic, acquired, or environmental. Their influence varies between individuals and can affect one or more joints. […] Genetic predispositions play an important role in joint laxity. Some inherited conditions, such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome or Marfan syndrome, affect the production and structure of collagen, a protein essential for the strength and elasticity of ligaments. These genetic abnormalities make connective tissues abnormally elastic, leading to generalized joint hypermobility. […] Joint trauma, such as sprains or ligament tears, is a common cause of localized joint laxity. When a ligament is subjected to excessive force, it can stretch beyond its normal capacity or rupture. If ligament healing is incomplete or disorganized, its stabilizing function can be compromised, leading to chronic laxity.

• #23 Joint hypermobility syndrome (JHS) | Healthengine Blog

  https://healthinfo.healthengine.com.au/joint-hypermobility-syndrome-jhs

  About 5% of the population have hypermobile joints their joints have a range of movement that is greater than normal. […] JHS is familial and inherited as a mendelian dominant trait. It is currently suggested that joint hypermobility represents a complex genetic trait with multiple genes contributing to the phenotype and degree of hypermobility. […] The prevalence of hypermobility varies according to population, probably reflecting ethnic variation (more common in Asian populations). […] JHS is a recognised feature of rare inherited conditions such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome or Marfan syndrome. […] It has also been linked to conditions such as osteogenesis imperfecta and Downs syndrome.

• #24 Hypermobility: Causes, Treatment

  https://www.gillettechildrens.org/conditions-care/hypermobility

  Hypermobility is usually hereditary, and occurs more frequently in children than in adults. Between 10 and 15 percent of children have joint hypermobility. Females and people who have Asian heritage are more likely to have the condition. […] Hypermobility is often caused by a defect in the way the body produces collagen. […] In rare cases, hypermobility in children is related to inherited disorders, such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome or Marfan syndrome, that cause abnormalities in connective tissues.

• #25 Joint Hypermobility Syndrome Causes, Symptoms, Test, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/hypermobility_syndrome/article.htm

  Joints easily move beyond the normal range with joint hypermobility syndrome. […] Hypermobile joints tend to be inherited in specific genes passed on by parents to their children. It is felt that these certain genes predispose to the development of hypermobile joints. […] Joint hypermobility is also a feature of a rare, inherited, more significant medical condition called Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS), which is characterized by weakness of the connective tissues of the body. […] Joint hypermobility tends to decrease with aging as we become naturally less flexible. […] Frequently, there are no long-term consequences of joint hypermobility syndrome. However, hypermobile joints can lead to joint pain. Over time, joint hypermobility can lead to degenerative cartilage and arthritis. […] Because joint hypermobility syndrome is inherited, it is not preventable.

• #26 Joint Hypermobility Syndrome: Recognizing a Commonly Overlooked Cause of Chronic Pain – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28286166/

  Joint hypermobility syndrome, also known as benign hypermobility syndrome, is a connective tissue disease characterized by joint instability, chronic pain, and minor skin changes. […] It shares many clinical features of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Hypermobility Type; enough so that many authorities consider them as one disease process. […] Approximately 3% of the general population is believed to have joint hypermobility syndrome, but despite this high prevalence, due to lack of awareness, heterogeneity of clinical presentation, and reliance on physical examination for diagnosis, it is largely overlooked by primary care physicians as well as by specialists.

• #27 What is Hypermobility | The HMSA

  https://www.hypermobility.org/what-is-hypermobility

  Symptomatic hypermobility can be due to: A. Specific heritable disorders of connective tissue, like Ehlers-Danlos syndromes, Marfan syndrome, Stickler syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta and others. […] B. Joint shape, looser ligaments, or poor muscle tone (without a connective tissue disorder) […] C. Other conditions (like Downs syndrome, Cerebral Palsy etc) […] D. Injury or repeated stretching/training (for example in yoga enthusiasts and gymnasts) […] Many symptoms are common to people with hypermobility syndromes (and to a lesser extent with people in groups C and D). […] Some conditions which often exist alongside hypermobility include: Autism, autonomic dysfunction, mast cell activation disorders, anxiety and depression and fibromyalgia. Research is still ongoing into exactly how these conditions might be linked to hypermobility.

• #28 HYPERMOBILITY DISORDERS: BEYOND THE JOINTS – UNDERSTANDING THE FULL SPECTRUM OF SYMPTOMS | Mya Care

  https://myacare.com/blog/hypermobility-disorders-beyond-the-joints-understanding-the-full-spectrum-of-symptoms

  Hypermobility Spectrum Disorders (HSD) are connective tissue disorders causing joint hypermobility, instability, and pain. […] There are some factors that directly cause hypermobility, while other factors worsen existing joint laxity. Understanding the causes of hypermobility may help with treatment and screening of other family members as well. There are multiple reasons why you could have hypermobility. […] Having a family history of joint hypermobility means you are more likely to develop the same condition since you could inherit the genetic alterations responsible for certain hypermobility problems. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is caused by mutations in the COL3A1 and/or COL1A1 genes. These genes influence collagen formation. […] Hormones produced during puberty may influence joint hyper-flexibility.

• #28 HYPERMOBILITY DISORDERS: BEYOND THE JOINTS – UNDERSTANDING THE FULL SPECTRUM OF SYMPTOMS | Mya Care

  https://myacare.com/blog/hypermobility-disorders-beyond-the-joints-understanding-the-full-spectrum-of-symptoms

  Neurological conditions can impact your joints. For instance, about half of individuals with neurodivergence also have joint hypermobility. […] Joints can be influenced by activities that affect muscle tone and coordination. For example, if you play a sport involving repetitive use of a joint, you might find the joint becoming more flexible. Besides physical activity, nutrients can also play a role. In fact, folate deficiency may also be linked to hypermobility.

• #29 Joint Hypermobility Syndrome: Understanding, Diagnosis, and Prolotherapy as a First-Line Treatment

  https://www.alleviatepainclinic.com/blog/unraveling-joint-hypermobility-syndrome-understanding-diagnosis-prolotherapy-as-a-first-line-treatment/

  Joint Hypermobility Syndrome (JHS) is a connective tissue disorder characterized by the excessive flexibility of the joints. […] The exact cause of Joint Hypermobility Syndrome is not fully understood. It appears to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Some individuals may have a genetic predisposition that makes them more susceptible to developing JHS. Additionally, factors like injury, repetitive joint overuse, or hormonal changes can contribute to the development or exacerbation of JHS symptoms.

• #30 Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1114004-overview

  Collagens are a family of proteins that are widely distributed in all organs of the body. Thirteen different subtypes are known, and the number increases constantly. The joints, blood vessels, and skin have different kinds of collagen in their structure; in all these locations, collagen is organized into bundles. […] In Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS), skin collagen alteration can be seen in the reticular dermis. Two abnormalities are evident: irregularities in the diameter of the fibrils and irregular collagen shapes. Fibrils can be large and irregular in some types (types I-III), but they can also be small or varied in others. The most severe form of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, type IV, is the best studied; biochemically, this type has decreased or absent type III collagen synthesis. Pathologic findings in other skin layers are visible but nonspecific.

• #31 Hip Hypermobility: Causes, Joint Pain and Management Strategies

  https://jeanniedibon.com/hip-hypermobility/

  Hip hypermobility can be due to inherited connective tissue disorders like Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS) and Hypermobility Spectrum Disorder, or can be a result of micro or macro-trauma to the joint, like injury or dislocations (1). […] Authors of a review paper focusing on hip hypermobility state, hypermobility is becoming an increasingly recognized source of pain and instability of the hip Joint (1). […] Ultimately, instability leads to an increased risk of dislocations and subluxations with soft tissue injuries and joint pain. Microtrauma (subtle injuries that may build up over time, leading to pain) as a result of instability may lead to persistent joint pain. […] For example, repetitive microtrauma with occasional macrotrauma (like a dislocation or other large injury) may contribute to labral tears (8).

• #32 Joint Laxity/Hypermobility: Old Problems and New Opportunities for Family Medicine

  https://www.oatext.com/joint-laxity-hypermobility-old-problems-and-new-opportunities-for-family-medicine.php

  Vastly under-recognized and tragically mistreated are the 20% of women and 10% of men whose tissues are more flexible and fragile than average. […] Rather than be concerned with particular diseases, I find it more useful to focus on two major disease processes from connective tissue dysplasias, illustrated by the many symptoms listed in Table 1. First is the wear-and-tear joint pain (osteoarthritis) that differs from the swollen, red joints of inflammatory (autoimmune or inflammatory) arthritis encountered in rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, Sjogren syndrome, or ankylosing spondylitis. Second is the autonomic nervous system imbalance (dysautonomia) caused by elastic blood vessels in hypermobility disorders. […] A term like articulo-autonomic dysplasia or AAD can unify the approach to connective tissue laxity/hypermobility disorders and counter three problems that complicate their recognition: 1) many physicians and geneticists view connective tissue dysplasias as rare and extreme diseases when in fact they affect about 1% of the population 2) EDS diagnostic guidelines, though simplifying major EDS types as classical, vascular, and hypermobility, still confuse by referring to many minor types that form an overlapping symptom spectrum, and 3) the almost obligate dysautonomia that accompanies EDS and related disorders is omitted as a diagnostic criterion.

• #32 Joint Laxity/Hypermobility: Old Problems and New Opportunities for Family Medicine

  https://www.oatext.com/joint-laxity-hypermobility-old-problems-and-new-opportunities-for-family-medicine.php

  Recognition of the joint or articulation as a multi-component structure, constrained by overlying skin, supported by interior bone and cartilage, and acting through intrinsic nerve, muscle, tendon, joint lining, and vessel, in turn implies that any of these elements can be impacted to produce dysplasia, a tissue disruption distinct from the malformations caused by other genetic disorders. […] The mainstay of dysautonomia therapy is hydration (8-10 glasses fluid per day), salt (absent labile hypertension), and a high protein diet, all aimed at increasing blood fluid volume and improving cerebral circulation.

• #33

  https://mortonsneuroma.surgery/mortons-neuroma/causes/benign-joint-hypermobility/

  Benign joint hypermobility syndrome (BJHS) or Ehler’s Danlos type 3 is a form of joint looseness that can have a negative impact on foot function. […] This particular syndrome is inherited and associated with a range of possible symptoms. […] If present in the foot, it tends to lead to reduced stability and abnormal pronation (excessive lowering of the arch and a collapsing ankle when the foot should be more stable during walking and running). […] This causes the metatarsals to move too much, which leads to friction on the interdigital nerves and possible formation of a neuroma. […] When treating a neuroma, the risk of complication increases in patients who have BJHS.

• #34 Hypermobility Spectrum Disorders (Joint Hypermobility Syndrome)

  https://patient.info/bones-joints-muscles/hypermobility-syndrome-leaflet

  Hypermobility spectrum disorders (HSDs) are a group of conditions that involve joint hypermobility (increased range of motion in the joints, sometimes referred to as „loose joints”) and musculoskeletal symptoms, but may not meet the criteria for a specific connective tissue disorder like Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS). […] It’s thought that people with hypermobile joints may have stretchier elastic tissues in their bodies, particularly muscles and ligaments, than those without. People vary widely in this 'stretchiness’, and hypermobility is probably just the stretchiest group of people in a wide but normal group. […] Nobody knows why some children and adults with hypermobile joints develop difficult symptoms, whilst most do not, but it may be that these children and adults are the ones with the most stretchy tissues of all. […] Joint hypermobility can run in families and it cannot be prevented.

• #35 Pocinki – Joint Hypermobility and Joint Hypermobility Syndrome — The Zebra Network

  http://thezebranetwork.org/pagef

  Many people have flexible or loose joints. The medical term for joints that move too far is hypermobility, and the word for joints that are too loose and move too easily is laxity. […] Most hypermobile people do not develop any problems from their loose joints, but some suffer chronic pain and other symptoms. Those who do suffer chronic joint pain and other symptoms related to their hypermobility or to the looseness of other tissues that often accompanies hypermobility have a condition called joint hypermobility syndrome (JHS). […] People with hypermobility syndrome may have a whole group of other conditions, in addition to joint problems, because of excessive stretchiness of other body tissues. […] Some experts believe that JHS is the same thing as the hypermobile type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS), a condition also caused by extreme elasticity of body tissues. […] People with lax joints fall along a broad spectrum, from those with joint hypermobility but only mild or no related symptoms, to those moderately affected by JHS, to those more severely affected, many of whom truly have the hypermobile type of EDS.

• #36 Joint hypermobility syndrome: What it is, tests, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hypermobility

  Many factors can increase the likelihood of developing hypermobility syndrome, including: a family history of genetic diseases; a family history of hypermobility; participating in sports that require frequent intense stretching or cause injuries; having an inherited genetic syndrome. […] There is no cure for hypermobility syndromes. The outlook depends on a persons overall health, the treatment regimen, and the type of hypermobility they have. […] For all causes of hypermobility syndrome, the outlook is better with supportive care. Exercise and lifestyle changes can improve the outlook and reduce the risk of serious injuries.

• #37 Living With Joint Hypermobility Syndrome – SAPNA Pain Management Blog

  https://www.sapnamed.com/blog/living-with-joint-hypermobility-syndrome/

  Joint hypermobility syndrome, or hypermobility spectrum disorder, is a hereditary condition that affects upper and lower body joints and exhibits various symptoms. Hereditary means the condition has genetic factors and is passed onto offspring. […] Sometimes, joint hypermobility syndrome develops because of a medical condition, especially one involving weakened collagen, which can mean fragile connective tissues, like ligaments and skin. For example, Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS) is inherited and affects connective tissue. One of the symptoms is joint hypermobility. […] Joint hypermobility is likely underdiagnosed since, in the past, pain was often attributed to arthritis. […] JHS pain can be due to joint overuse, dislocations, muscle or tendon tears, muscle spasms and a joint subjected to an excessive range of motion. […] The relationship between joint hypermobility and pain is recognized, but it is challenging to identify when joint hypermobility is causing the pain. Symptoms vary so much, making it challenging to identify the cause-and-effect.

• #38 Hypermobility Syndrome: Being Double-Jointed Can Cause Pain

  https://www.hss.edu/condition-list_hypermobility-syndrome.asp

  Joints that are more flexible than normal, or that have a greater range of motion than expected, are considered hypermobile. […] Those who have hypermobility syndrome (also sometimes called joint hypermobility syndrome or JHS) experience pain and inflammation in the joints due to their increased flexibility. […] In some patients, hypermobility syndrome can be associated with other hereditary (genetic) disorders of connective tissue (HDCT), such as Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and osteogenesis imperfecta. […] Hypermobility tends to run in families, and girls are usually more symptomatic than boys. […] Not all children with hypermobility experience pain or inflammation, and it is unknown why some children develop pain while others do not. […] Children with genetic connective tissue disorders may have other issues as well, including abnormally tall stature, vision problems, skin abnormalities, and cardiac (heart) problems.

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