Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Sick Sinus Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470599/

  Sick sinus syndrome, also known as sinus node dysfunction, is a disorder of the sinoatrial node caused by impaired pacemaker function and impulse transmission producing a constellation of abnormal rhythms. These arrhythmias may result in palpitations and decreased tissue perfusion and consequent fatigue, lightheadedness, pre-syncope, and syncope. […] The natural history of sinus node dysfunction is usually a slow progression over decades. In the early stages, most patients are asymptomatic. When symptoms do develop, they are usually attributed to hypo-perfusion to vital organs with high oxygen demand. Sinus pauses or severe bradycardia results in central nervous system (CNS) underperfusion which manifests in paroxysmal presyncope or syncope. […] The outcomes for most patients with sick sinus syndrome are guarded because of advanced aged and other comorbidities. Failure to anticoagulate in the presence of atrial arrhythmias is another reason for high morbidity of the disorder.

• #2 Sick Sinus Syndrome (SSS) | UpBeat.org – powered by the Heart Rhythm Society

  https://upbeat.org/heart-rhythm-disorders/sick-sinus-syndrome

  Sick sinus syndrome is not a disease, but a group of signs or symptoms that show that the heart’s natural electrical pacemaker, the sinus node, is not working properly. In SSS, the heart rate can alternate between slow (bradycardia) and fast (tachycardia), often in combination with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter. […] A person with SSS may have a heart rhythm that is too slow (bradycardia), too fast (tachycardia), or one that alternates between the fast and slow (bradycardia-tachycardia). […] Most people with sick sinus syndrome have few or no symptoms. In others, symptoms may come and go. These symptoms can include: Slower than normal pulse (bradycardia), Fainting (syncope), Feeling tired all the time (fatigue), Weakness, Shortness of breath (dyspnea), Chest pain (angina), Disturbed sleep, Confusion, Heart palpitations (feeling like your heart is racing, pounding, or fluttering). […] With SSS, this function is disrupted, with a heart beat that is too slow for the patient’s level of activity.

• #3 Sick sinus syndrome – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sick-sinus-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20377554

  Sick sinus syndrome causes slow heartbeats, pauses (long periods between heartbeats) or irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias). […] Most people with sick sinus syndrome have few or no symptoms. Symptoms may be mild or come and go making them difficult to recognize at first. […] Signs and symptoms of sick sinus syndrome may include: A sensation of rapid, fluttering heartbeats (palpitations), Chest pain or discomfort, Confusion, Dizziness or lightheadedness, Fainting or near fainting, Fatigue, Shortness of breath, Slower pulse (bradycardia). […] In sick sinus syndrome, the electrical signals are irregularly paced. The heartbeat can be too fast, too slow, interrupted by long pauses or an alternating combination of these rhythm issues. […] Features of sick sinus syndrome include: Sinus bradycardia. The sinus node produces a slow heartbeat, Sinus arrest. Signals from the sinus node pause, causing skipped beats, Sinoatrial exit block. Signals to the upper heart chambers are slowed or blocked, causing pauses or skipped beats, Chronotropic incompetence. The heart rate is within regular range at rest but doesn’t increase as much as it should with physical activity, Tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome. The heart rate alternates between unusually slow and fast rhythms, often with a long pause between heartbeats.

• #4 Sick sinus syndrome

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/s/sick-sinus-syndrome2/?section=Causes

  Sick sinus syndrome is the inability of the heart’s natural pacemaker (sinus node) to create a heart rate that’s appropriate for the body’s needs. It causes irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias). Sick sinus syndrome is also known as sinus node dysfunction or sinus node disease. […] In sick sinus syndrome, the electrical signals are abnormally paced. Your heartbeat can be too fast, too slow, interrupted by long pauses — or an alternating combination of these rhythm problems. Sick sinus syndrome is relatively uncommon, but the risk of developing it increases with age. […] Most people with sick sinus syndrome have few or no symptoms. Symptoms may be mild or come and go — making them difficult to recognize at first. […] Signs and symptoms of sick sinus syndrome may include: Fatigue, Dizziness or lightheadedness, Fainting or near fainting, Shortness of breath, Chest pain or discomfort, Confusion, Slower than normal pulse (bradycardia), A sensation of rapid, fluttering heartbeats (palpitations). […] Many people with sick sinus syndrome eventually need a pacemaker to keep the heart in a regular rhythm.

• #5 Sick sinus syndrome – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sick-sinus-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20377554

  Sick sinus syndrome causes slow heartbeats, pauses (long periods between heartbeats) or irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias). […] Most people with sick sinus syndrome have few or no symptoms. Symptoms may be mild or come and go making them difficult to recognize at first. […] Signs and symptoms of sick sinus syndrome may include: A sensation of rapid, fluttering heartbeats (palpitations), Chest pain or discomfort, Confusion, Dizziness or lightheadedness, Fainting or near fainting, Fatigue, Shortness of breath, Slower pulse (bradycardia). […] In sick sinus syndrome, the electrical signals are irregularly paced. The heartbeat can be too fast, too slow, interrupted by long pauses or an alternating combination of these rhythm issues. […] Features of sick sinus syndrome include: Sinus bradycardia. The sinus node produces a slow heartbeat, Sinus arrest. Signals from the sinus node pause, causing skipped beats, Sinoatrial exit block. Signals to the upper heart chambers are slowed or blocked, causing pauses or skipped beats, Chronotropic incompetence. The heart rate is within regular range at rest but doesn’t increase as much as it should with physical activity, Tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome. The heart rate alternates between unusually slow and fast rhythms, often with a long pause between heartbeats.

• #6 Sick sinus syndrome – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/sick-sinus-syndrome/

  Most people with sick sinus syndrome have few or no symptoms. Symptoms may be mild or come and go — making them difficult to recognize at first. […] Signs and symptoms of sick sinus syndrome may include: Fatigue, Dizziness or lightheadedness, Fainting or near fainting, Shortness of breath, Chest pain or discomfort, Confusion, Slower than normal pulse (bradycardia), A sensation of rapid, fluttering heartbeats (palpitations). […] Symptoms of sick sinus syndrome — such as dizziness, shortness of breath and fainting — only occur when the heart is beating abnormally. You may not have symptoms at the time of your doctor’s appointment. […] Most people with sick sinus syndrome eventually need a permanent artificial pacemaker to maintain a regular heartbeat.

• #7 Sick Sinus Syndrome: A Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0515/p691.html

  Sick sinus syndrome refers to a collection of disorders marked by the heart’s inability to perform its pacemaking function. […] Signs and symptoms are often subtle early on and become more obvious as the disease progresses. They are commonly related to end-organ hypoperfusion. Cerebral hypoperfusion is most common, with syncope or near-fainting occurring in about one-half of patients. […] Sick sinus syndrome tends to be progressive. Patients often are asymptomatic early in the disease course, whereas those with more advanced disease can present with symptoms and signs of end-organ hypoperfusion. Cerebral hypoperfusion is the most common, and approximately 50 percent of patients with sick sinus syndrome have near-fainting spells or syncope. […] End-organ hypoperfusion can also manifest as transient lightheadedness, confusion, fatigue, palpitations, angina, congestive heart failure, stroke, transient ischemic attacks, vague gastrointestinal symptoms, or oliguria.

• #8 Sick Sinus Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/sick-sinus-syndrome

  Sick sinus syndrome symptoms include episodes of sinus bradycardia, sinus arrest or exit block, combinations of sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodal conduction disturbances, and atrial tachyarrhythmias. […] At least 50% of people with sick sinus syndrome develop alternating bradycardia and tachycardia, also known as tachy-brady syndrome. […] Patients are often asymptomatic, or have subtle or nonspecific symptoms, such as fatigue. […] Presentation may be with fatigue, dizziness, palpitations, and syncope or presyncope. […] Central nervous system symptoms include dementia, irritability, lethargy, light-headedness, confusion, memory loss, nocturnal wakefulness, and syncope. […] Cardiovascular system symptoms include angina, arterial thromboemboli, cerebrovascular accident, congestive heart failure (dyspnoea), and palpitations.

• #9 Sick sinus syndrome – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sick-sinus-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20377554

  Sick sinus syndrome causes slow heartbeats, pauses (long periods between heartbeats) or irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias). […] Most people with sick sinus syndrome have few or no symptoms. Symptoms may be mild or come and go making them difficult to recognize at first. […] Signs and symptoms of sick sinus syndrome may include: A sensation of rapid, fluttering heartbeats (palpitations), Chest pain or discomfort, Confusion, Dizziness or lightheadedness, Fainting or near fainting, Fatigue, Shortness of breath, Slower pulse (bradycardia). […] In sick sinus syndrome, the electrical signals are irregularly paced. The heartbeat can be too fast, too slow, interrupted by long pauses or an alternating combination of these rhythm issues. […] Features of sick sinus syndrome include: Sinus bradycardia. The sinus node produces a slow heartbeat, Sinus arrest. Signals from the sinus node pause, causing skipped beats, Sinoatrial exit block. Signals to the upper heart chambers are slowed or blocked, causing pauses or skipped beats, Chronotropic incompetence. The heart rate is within regular range at rest but doesn’t increase as much as it should with physical activity, Tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome. The heart rate alternates between unusually slow and fast rhythms, often with a long pause between heartbeats.

• #10 Sick sinus syndrome Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/sick-sinus-syndrome

  Most of the time, there are no symptoms. […] Symptoms that do occur may mimic those of other disorders. […] Symptoms may include: […] Chest pain or angina […] Confusion or other changes in mental status […] Fainting or near-fainting […] Fatigue […] Dizziness or lightheadedness […] Sensation of feeling the heart beat (palpitations) […] Shortness of breath, possibly only with physical activity like walking. […] The syndrome is most often progressive. This means it gets worse over time in most cases. […] The long-term outlook is excellent for people who have a permanent pacemaker implanted.

• #11 Diagnosis and Treatment of Sick Sinus Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2003/0415/p1725.html

  Sick sinus syndrome comprises a variety of conditions involving sinus node dysfunction and commonly affects elderly persons. Patients may experience syncope, pre-syncope, palpitations, or dizziness; however, they often are asymptomatic or have subtle or nonspecific symptoms. […] Symptoms, which may have been present for months or years, can include syncope, palpitations, and dizziness, as well as symptoms caused by the worsening of conditions such as congestive heart failure, angina pectoris, and cerebral vascular accident. […] Patients with sick sinus syndrome often are asymptomatic or have symptoms that are mild and nonspecific. Symptoms are related to the decreased cardiac output that occurs with the bradyarrhythmias or tachyarrhythmias. Most of the symptoms are caused by decreased cerebral perfusion, and 50 percent of patients have syncope or pre-syncope.

• #12 Sick Sinus Syndrome | Symptoms and Treatment | MedStar Health

  https://www.medstarhealth.org/services/sick-sinus-syndrome

  Sick sinus syndrome symptoms can include: Bradycardia, a slower-than-normal pulse […] Heart palpitations, or the sensation that the heart rate is skipping, slowing down, or racing. You may not notice any symptoms, or they may come and go. Symptoms often are the result of reduced blood flow to brain. In some cases, the abnormal heartbeats caused by sick sinus syndrome can lead to heart failure or a condition called tachy-brady syndrome.

• #13 Sinus node dysfunction – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/sinus-node-dysfunction/

  Sinus node dysfunction (SND), previously called sick sinus syndrome, is an abnormality in sinoatrial (SA) node action potential generation or conduction. Patients typically present with symptoms of end-organ hypoperfusion due to bradycardia (e.g., fatigue, presyncope, syncope, dyspnea on exertion). The identification of a temporal correlation between symptoms of bradycardia and rhythm abnormalities of SND is considered the gold standard for diagnosing SND. In some individuals, SND may be asymptomatic in the early stages; symptomatic patients have a higher risk of cardiovascular events. […] Symptoms of bradycardia (features of end-organ hypoperfusion) include fatigue, dizziness or lightheadedness, syncope, presyncope, TIA (seen in 50% of patients), decreased physical activity tolerance, Stokes-Adams attacks, dyspnea on exertion, angina, palpitations, and oliguria. Patients with tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome will also present with symptoms of tachycardia, including palpitations.

• #14 Sick sinus syndrome – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sick-sinus-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20377554

  Sick sinus syndrome causes slow heartbeats, pauses (long periods between heartbeats) or irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias). […] Most people with sick sinus syndrome have few or no symptoms. Symptoms may be mild or come and go making them difficult to recognize at first. […] Signs and symptoms of sick sinus syndrome may include: A sensation of rapid, fluttering heartbeats (palpitations), Chest pain or discomfort, Confusion, Dizziness or lightheadedness, Fainting or near fainting, Fatigue, Shortness of breath, Slower pulse (bradycardia). […] In sick sinus syndrome, the electrical signals are irregularly paced. The heartbeat can be too fast, too slow, interrupted by long pauses or an alternating combination of these rhythm issues. […] Features of sick sinus syndrome include: Sinus bradycardia. The sinus node produces a slow heartbeat, Sinus arrest. Signals from the sinus node pause, causing skipped beats, Sinoatrial exit block. Signals to the upper heart chambers are slowed or blocked, causing pauses or skipped beats, Chronotropic incompetence. The heart rate is within regular range at rest but doesn’t increase as much as it should with physical activity, Tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome. The heart rate alternates between unusually slow and fast rhythms, often with a long pause between heartbeats.

• #15 Sick Sinus Syndrome (SSS) | UpBeat.org – powered by the Heart Rhythm Society

  https://upbeat.org/heart-rhythm-disorders/sick-sinus-syndrome

  Sick sinus syndrome is not a disease, but a group of signs or symptoms that show that the heart’s natural electrical pacemaker, the sinus node, is not working properly. In SSS, the heart rate can alternate between slow (bradycardia) and fast (tachycardia), often in combination with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter. […] A person with SSS may have a heart rhythm that is too slow (bradycardia), too fast (tachycardia), or one that alternates between the fast and slow (bradycardia-tachycardia). […] Most people with sick sinus syndrome have few or no symptoms. In others, symptoms may come and go. These symptoms can include: Slower than normal pulse (bradycardia), Fainting (syncope), Feeling tired all the time (fatigue), Weakness, Shortness of breath (dyspnea), Chest pain (angina), Disturbed sleep, Confusion, Heart palpitations (feeling like your heart is racing, pounding, or fluttering). […] With SSS, this function is disrupted, with a heart beat that is too slow for the patient’s level of activity.

• #16 Sick Sinus Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/sick-sinus-syndrome

  Sick sinus syndrome symptoms include episodes of sinus bradycardia, sinus arrest or exit block, combinations of sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodal conduction disturbances, and atrial tachyarrhythmias. […] At least 50% of people with sick sinus syndrome develop alternating bradycardia and tachycardia, also known as tachy-brady syndrome. […] Patients are often asymptomatic, or have subtle or nonspecific symptoms, such as fatigue. […] Presentation may be with fatigue, dizziness, palpitations, and syncope or presyncope. […] Central nervous system symptoms include dementia, irritability, lethargy, light-headedness, confusion, memory loss, nocturnal wakefulness, and syncope. […] Cardiovascular system symptoms include angina, arterial thromboemboli, cerebrovascular accident, congestive heart failure (dyspnoea), and palpitations.

• #17 Sick sinus syndrome: a review – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23939447/

  Sick sinus syndrome refers to a collection of disorders marked by the heart’s inability to perform its pacemaking function. Predominantly affecting older adults, sick sinus syndrome comprises various arrhythmias, including bradyarrhythmias with or without accompanying tachyarrhythmias. At least 50 percent of patients with sick sinus syndrome develop alternating bradycardia and tachycardia, also known as tachy-brady syndrome. […] Signs and symptoms are often subtle early on and become more obvious as the disease progresses. They are commonly related to end-organ hypoperfusion. Cerebral hypoperfusion is most common, with syncope or near-fainting occurring in about one-half of patients. […] Treatment of sick sinus syndrome includes removing extrinsic factors, when possible, and pacemaker placement. Pacemakers do not reduce mortality, but they can decrease symptoms and improve quality of life.

• #18 Sinus node dysfunction – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/sinus-node-dysfunction/

  Tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome is a subtype of SND in which there are alternating periods of bradyarrhythmia and atrial tachyarrhythmias (typically atrial fibrillation) and is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events and mortality. Symptoms vary in intensity depending on the extent of bradycardia and tachycardia. Symptoms of bradycardia and symptoms of tachycardia include recurrent syncope or presyncope, palpitations, dyspnea, and angina pectoris.

• #19 Sick Sinus Syndrome – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/specific-cardiac-arrhythmias/sick-sinus-syndrome

  Sick sinus syndrome refers to sinus node dysfunction causing slow, physiologically inappropriate, heart rates. Symptoms may be minimal or include weakness, effort intolerance, palpitations, and syncope. […] Many patients with sick sinus syndrome are asymptomatic. Depending on the heart rate, all the symptoms of bradycardias and, in the case of the brady-tachy variant of the sick sinus syndrome, all the symptoms of tachycardias can occur. Syncope may occur when the sinus node does not immediately resume function after spontaneous termination of an atrial tachyarrhythmia. […] Sinus node dysfunction in the sick sinus syndrome tends worsen over time. The prognosis is otherwise mixed; mortality is about 4%/year, primarily resulting from an underlying structural heart disorder. Each year, about 5% of patients develop atrial fibrillation with its risks of heart failure and stroke. […] Sick sinus syndrome results in inappropriately slow heart rates. Symptoms may be absent or result from bradycardia. In the brady-tachy variant of the sick sinus syndrome, symptoms may also result from tachycardia or asystole when tachycardia terminates.

• #20 Sick Sinus Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment.

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21789-sick-sinus-syndrome

  Sick sinus syndrome can give you a heartbeat thats too slow, too fast or a combination of both. Some people dont have symptoms with sick sinus syndrome, but others need a pacemaker to get a normal heart rhythm. This affects mostly older people. […] Often, especially at the start of the disease, people with sick sinus syndrome have no symptoms. If they do have symptoms, they include: Fainting. Lightheadedness or dizziness. Heart palpitations. Exhaustion. Shortness of breath. […] Sick sinus syndrome usually keeps getting worse slowly over many years, but some people never end up with other health issues connected to sick sinus syndrome. A pacemaker can help your symptoms and give you a better quality of life, but it may not extend your life expectancy. […] Sick sinus syndrome is a long-term problem that slowly gets worse over a number of years.

• #21 Sick sinus syndrome: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000161.htm

  Sick sinus syndrome is a group of heart rhythm problems due to problems with the sinus node, such as: […] Symptoms that do occur may mimic those of other disorders. […] Symptoms may include: […] Most of the time, there are no symptoms. […] The syndrome is most often progressive. This means it gets worse over time in most cases.

• #22 Sick Sinus Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470599/

  Sick sinus syndrome, also known as sinus node dysfunction, is a disorder of the sinoatrial node caused by impaired pacemaker function and impulse transmission producing a constellation of abnormal rhythms. These arrhythmias may result in palpitations and decreased tissue perfusion and consequent fatigue, lightheadedness, pre-syncope, and syncope. […] The natural history of sinus node dysfunction is usually a slow progression over decades. In the early stages, most patients are asymptomatic. When symptoms do develop, they are usually attributed to hypo-perfusion to vital organs with high oxygen demand. Sinus pauses or severe bradycardia results in central nervous system (CNS) underperfusion which manifests in paroxysmal presyncope or syncope. […] The outcomes for most patients with sick sinus syndrome are guarded because of advanced aged and other comorbidities. Failure to anticoagulate in the presence of atrial arrhythmias is another reason for high morbidity of the disorder.

• #23 Sick Sinus Syndrome: A Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0515/p691.html

  Sick sinus syndrome refers to a collection of disorders marked by the heart’s inability to perform its pacemaking function. […] Signs and symptoms are often subtle early on and become more obvious as the disease progresses. They are commonly related to end-organ hypoperfusion. Cerebral hypoperfusion is most common, with syncope or near-fainting occurring in about one-half of patients. […] Sick sinus syndrome tends to be progressive. Patients often are asymptomatic early in the disease course, whereas those with more advanced disease can present with symptoms and signs of end-organ hypoperfusion. Cerebral hypoperfusion is the most common, and approximately 50 percent of patients with sick sinus syndrome have near-fainting spells or syncope. […] End-organ hypoperfusion can also manifest as transient lightheadedness, confusion, fatigue, palpitations, angina, congestive heart failure, stroke, transient ischemic attacks, vague gastrointestinal symptoms, or oliguria.

• #24 Sinus Node Dysfunction: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/158064-overview

  The natural history of SND typically involves intermittent but progressive cardiac rhythm disorders, which have been associated with higher rates of other cardiovascular events and higher mortality. […] There is a tendency for the rhythm disturbances associated with SND to evolve over time, along with a higher likelihood of thromboembolic events and other cardiovascular events. […] As SND becomes more severe, patients may develop symptoms due to organ hypoperfusion and pulse irregularity. Such symptoms include the following: Fatigue, Dizziness, Confusion, Fall, Syncope, Angina, Heart failure symptoms and palpitations. […] The incidence of atrial arrhythmias and conduction disturbances occurs more frequently over time, which may be due in part to a progressive pathologic process that affects the entire atrium and other parts of the heart. […] Patients with SND, especially those with tachycardia-bradycardia, are at higher risk for thromboembolic events even after pacemaker implantation.

• #25 Diagnosis and Treatment of Sick Sinus Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2003/0415/p1725.html

  Bradycardia may be misattributed to digoxin treatment in a patient with congestive heart failure. […] The diagnosis requires not only documentation of sinus node dysfunction but also correlation with the associated symptoms of sick sinus syndrome. […] Symptoms associated with this syndrome may be worsened in patients who are receiving digitalis, verapamil (Calan), beta blockers, sympatholytic agents such as clonidine (Catapres) and methyldopa (Aldomet), and antiarrhythmic agents. […] Patients who have sick sinus syndrome with bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome or chronic atrial fibrillation (especially in association with congestive heart failure, large left atria, or mitral valve disease) are at risk for embolic stroke.

• #26 Sick Sinus Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/sick-sinus-syndrome

  Other symptoms include digestive disturbances, dizziness, errors in judgment, facial flushing, fatigue, and oliguria. […] Symptoms associated with sick sinus syndrome may be aggravated by digoxin, verapamil, beta-blockers, sympatholytic agents such as clonidine and methyldopa, and anti-arrhythmic agents.

• #27 Sick Sinus Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment Options

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/sick-sinus-syndrome/

  Sick sinus syndrome usually gets worse with time. People with sick sinus syndrome have a higher chance of getting other heart-related conditions. These include atrial fibrillation (an irregular heartbeat), heart failure, and cardiac arrest. Some people with sick sinus syndrome may have a greater risk of having a stroke. These people might be prescribed a blood-thinning medicine, such as warfarin.

• #28 Sick Sinus Syndrome Treatment & Symptoms | Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/sick-sinus-syndrome

  Sick sinus syndrome may cause no initial symptoms, or symptom may come and go. […] When they do occur, symptoms may include: A fluttering or rapid heartbeat sensation, known as palpitations. A slow pulse. Chest pains. Dizziness. Fainting, or feeling faint. Fatigue. Lightheadedness. Shortness of breath. […] Many people with sick sinus syndrome dont have symptoms for years. If its causing a slow heart rate, pacemakers are not a cure, but they are a very effective treatment. Most patients treated with pacemakers have a positive prognosis. […] Untreated sick sinus syndrome may lead to complications including: Blood clots or stroke: If you have bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome, you may be at a higher risk of developing a blood clot in your heart that may lead to a stroke. The fast heart rhythm that occurs in bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome often indicates atrial fibrillation. Fainting: A low heart rate (bradycardia) can cause you to faint. Heart failure: Rarely, extended periods of abnormally slow or fast heart rates can prevent the heart from pumping enough blood to meet the bodys needs a condition called heart failure.

• #29 Sick Sinus Syndrome – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/specific-cardiac-arrhythmias/sick-sinus-syndrome

  Sick sinus syndrome refers to sinus node dysfunction causing slow, physiologically inappropriate, heart rates. Symptoms may be minimal or include weakness, effort intolerance, palpitations, and syncope. […] Many patients with sick sinus syndrome are asymptomatic. Depending on the heart rate, all the symptoms of bradycardias and, in the case of the brady-tachy variant of the sick sinus syndrome, all the symptoms of tachycardias can occur. Syncope may occur when the sinus node does not immediately resume function after spontaneous termination of an atrial tachyarrhythmia. […] Sinus node dysfunction in the sick sinus syndrome tends worsen over time. The prognosis is otherwise mixed; mortality is about 4%/year, primarily resulting from an underlying structural heart disorder. Each year, about 5% of patients develop atrial fibrillation with its risks of heart failure and stroke. […] Sick sinus syndrome results in inappropriately slow heart rates. Symptoms may be absent or result from bradycardia. In the brady-tachy variant of the sick sinus syndrome, symptoms may also result from tachycardia or asystole when tachycardia terminates.

• #30 Sick Sinus Syndrome: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/sick-sinus-syndrome-7569324

  Sick sinus syndrome (SSS) can be asymptomatic in its early stages. When symptoms occur, they can come and go, or become progressively worse. […] Symptoms of SSS can include the following: Bradycardia (slower than the normal pulse, usually fewer than 60 beats per minute), Syncope (fainting), Persistent fatigue, Weakness, Dyspnea (shortness of breath) especially during exertion, Angina (chest pain), Disturbed sleep, Confusion, Heart palpitations (heartbeat that can be pounding, racing, or fluttering). […] SSS is typically a chronic and progressive disease. Its outlook varies by individual based on other risk factors such as other chronic health problems and medications taken to treat other heart problems. […] Sick sinus syndrome typically worsens over time. As the disorder progresses and your heartbeat becomes more irregular more often, you have a higher chance of developing one of the following complications: Angina, Decreased exercise capacity, Syncope, Falls or injuries as a result of fainting, Heart failure (heart becomes unable to enough blood to meet your body’s needs), Cardiac arrest, Atrial fibrillation, Poor heart pumping, Impaired blood flow leading to organ damage related to impaired kidney function, brain function, and stroke (a deficiency of blood flow to an area of your brain). […] Sick sinus syndrome is a chronic problem. While some people do not have symptoms, others have lifelong problems that get worse over time.

• #31 Sick Sinus Syndrome: A Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0515/p691.html

  More than 50 percent of patients with sick sinus syndrome develop tachy-brady syndrome with atrial fibrillation or flutter as the tachyarrhythmia, leading to an increased risk of embolic stroke. […] Pacemaker therapy has not been shown to affect survival rates in this population. Rather, the primary goal of pacemaker placement is to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life.

• #32 Sinus node dysfunction – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinus_node_dysfunction

  Often sinus node dysfunction produces no symptoms, especially early in the disease course. Signs and symptoms usually appear in more advanced disease and more than 50% of patients will present with syncope or transient near-fainting spells as well as bradycardias that are accompanied by rapid heart rhythms, referred to as tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome. Other presenting signs or symptoms can include confusion, fatigue, palpitations, chest pain, shortness of breath, headache, and nausea. Patients can also present with symptoms of congestive heart failure, stroke or transient ischemic attacks due to the abnormal rhythm. […] The primary reason for considering treatment is the presence of symptoms. Pacemaker implantation is the primary treatment modality of symptomatic sinus node dysfunction. The goal of this treatment modality is to relieve symptoms associated with sinus node dysfunction and improve quality of life.

• #33 Sinus Node Dysfunction: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/158064-overview

  The natural history of SND typically involves intermittent but progressive cardiac rhythm disorders, which have been associated with higher rates of other cardiovascular events and higher mortality. […] There is a tendency for the rhythm disturbances associated with SND to evolve over time, along with a higher likelihood of thromboembolic events and other cardiovascular events. […] As SND becomes more severe, patients may develop symptoms due to organ hypoperfusion and pulse irregularity. Such symptoms include the following: Fatigue, Dizziness, Confusion, Fall, Syncope, Angina, Heart failure symptoms and palpitations. […] The incidence of atrial arrhythmias and conduction disturbances occurs more frequently over time, which may be due in part to a progressive pathologic process that affects the entire atrium and other parts of the heart. […] Patients with SND, especially those with tachycardia-bradycardia, are at higher risk for thromboembolic events even after pacemaker implantation.

• #34 Diagnosis and Treatment of Sick Sinus Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2003/0415/p1725.html

  Bradycardia may be misattributed to digoxin treatment in a patient with congestive heart failure. […] The diagnosis requires not only documentation of sinus node dysfunction but also correlation with the associated symptoms of sick sinus syndrome. […] Symptoms associated with this syndrome may be worsened in patients who are receiving digitalis, verapamil (Calan), beta blockers, sympatholytic agents such as clonidine (Catapres) and methyldopa (Aldomet), and antiarrhythmic agents. […] Patients who have sick sinus syndrome with bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome or chronic atrial fibrillation (especially in association with congestive heart failure, large left atria, or mitral valve disease) are at risk for embolic stroke.

• #35 Sick Sinus Syndrome

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/CV/EKG/SckSnsSyndrm.htm

  Symptoms (associated with sinus pause or Bradycardia) […] Near Syncope or Syncope (50% of cases) […] Palpitations […] Angina Pectoris […] Fatigue […] Confusion or Altered Level of Consciousness […] Exercise intolerance […] Transient Light Headedness (may be described as Dizziness) […] Vague gastrointestinal symptoms […] Sick Sinus Syndrome requires correlation of Bradycardia and sinus pauses with symptoms […] Asymptomatic Bradycardia alone is insufficient to make the diagnosis of Sick Sinus Syndrome […] Best prognosis with Sinus Bradycardia only (no Tachycardia or tachy-brady)

• #36 Sick sinus syndrome – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sick-sinus-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377560

  Symptoms of sick sinus syndrome such as dizziness, shortness of breath and fainting only occur when the heart is beating irregularly. You may not have symptoms at the time of the appointment. […] The goals of sick sinus treatment are to reduce or eliminate symptoms and to manage any other contributing health conditions. […] If you don’t have symptoms, your health care provider may simply recommend regular health checkups to monitor your condition. Most people with symptoms need to have a procedure to implant a device to maintain a regular heartbeat (pacemaker). […] Most people with sick sinus syndrome eventually need a permanent device to control the heart rhythm (pacemaker). […] If sick sinus syndrome symptoms are mild or infrequent, the decision to use a pacemaker will depend on the results of electrocardiograms (ECGs), your overall health and the risk of more-serious problems.

• #37 Sick sinus syndrome – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/sick-sinus-syndrome/

  Most people with sick sinus syndrome have few or no symptoms. Symptoms may be mild or come and go — making them difficult to recognize at first. […] Signs and symptoms of sick sinus syndrome may include: Fatigue, Dizziness or lightheadedness, Fainting or near fainting, Shortness of breath, Chest pain or discomfort, Confusion, Slower than normal pulse (bradycardia), A sensation of rapid, fluttering heartbeats (palpitations). […] Symptoms of sick sinus syndrome — such as dizziness, shortness of breath and fainting — only occur when the heart is beating abnormally. You may not have symptoms at the time of your doctor’s appointment. […] Most people with sick sinus syndrome eventually need a permanent artificial pacemaker to maintain a regular heartbeat.

• #38 Sick sinus syndrome – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sick-sinus-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377560

  Symptoms of sick sinus syndrome such as dizziness, shortness of breath and fainting only occur when the heart is beating irregularly. You may not have symptoms at the time of the appointment. […] The goals of sick sinus treatment are to reduce or eliminate symptoms and to manage any other contributing health conditions. […] If you don’t have symptoms, your health care provider may simply recommend regular health checkups to monitor your condition. Most people with symptoms need to have a procedure to implant a device to maintain a regular heartbeat (pacemaker). […] Most people with sick sinus syndrome eventually need a permanent device to control the heart rhythm (pacemaker). […] If sick sinus syndrome symptoms are mild or infrequent, the decision to use a pacemaker will depend on the results of electrocardiograms (ECGs), your overall health and the risk of more-serious problems.

• #39 Sick sinus syndrome – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sick-sinus-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377560

  Symptoms of sick sinus syndrome such as dizziness, shortness of breath and fainting only occur when the heart is beating irregularly. You may not have symptoms at the time of the appointment. […] The goals of sick sinus treatment are to reduce or eliminate symptoms and to manage any other contributing health conditions. […] If you don’t have symptoms, your health care provider may simply recommend regular health checkups to monitor your condition. Most people with symptoms need to have a procedure to implant a device to maintain a regular heartbeat (pacemaker). […] Most people with sick sinus syndrome eventually need a permanent device to control the heart rhythm (pacemaker). […] If sick sinus syndrome symptoms are mild or infrequent, the decision to use a pacemaker will depend on the results of electrocardiograms (ECGs), your overall health and the risk of more-serious problems.

• #40 Sick Sinus Syndrome | Heart and Vascular

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/sick-sinus-syndrome

  In some cases, sick sinus syndrome or any irregular heartbeat can be dangerous and require immediate medical attention. […] Treatment may not be necessary if you do not have any symptoms. Your physician will review your current medications during an initial exam to make sure they won’t worsen your condition. […] Sick sinus syndrome is most often treated with a permanent pacemaker. There may also be alternative treatment options using medications and other procedures. Your physician will recommend treatments based on the type and severity of your condition.

• #41 Sick Sinus Syndrome: A Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0515/p691.html

  More than 50 percent of patients with sick sinus syndrome develop tachy-brady syndrome with atrial fibrillation or flutter as the tachyarrhythmia, leading to an increased risk of embolic stroke. […] Pacemaker therapy has not been shown to affect survival rates in this population. Rather, the primary goal of pacemaker placement is to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life.

• #42 Sick sinus syndrome – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sick-sinus-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377560

  If your heart rate is still irregular after getting a pacemaker, you may need medications or a catheter-based procedure called cardiac ablation to correct or control it. […] In atrioventricular (AV) node ablation, a heart doctor uses radiofrequency energy to destroy the electrical connection between the upper and lower heart chambers (node), blocking the heart’s electrical impulses. […] Cardiac ablation uses heat or cold energy to create tiny scars in the heart to block irregular electrical signals and restore the heart rhythm.

• #43 Sick Sinus Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470599/

  Sick sinus syndrome, also known as sinus node dysfunction, is a disorder of the sinoatrial node caused by impaired pacemaker function and impulse transmission producing a constellation of abnormal rhythms. These arrhythmias may result in palpitations and decreased tissue perfusion and consequent fatigue, lightheadedness, pre-syncope, and syncope. […] The natural history of sinus node dysfunction is usually a slow progression over decades. In the early stages, most patients are asymptomatic. When symptoms do develop, they are usually attributed to hypo-perfusion to vital organs with high oxygen demand. Sinus pauses or severe bradycardia results in central nervous system (CNS) underperfusion which manifests in paroxysmal presyncope or syncope. […] The outcomes for most patients with sick sinus syndrome are guarded because of advanced aged and other comorbidities. Failure to anticoagulate in the presence of atrial arrhythmias is another reason for high morbidity of the disorder.

• #44 Sick sinus syndrome Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/sick-sinus-syndrome

  Most of the time, there are no symptoms. […] Symptoms that do occur may mimic those of other disorders. […] Symptoms may include: […] Chest pain or angina […] Confusion or other changes in mental status […] Fainting or near-fainting […] Fatigue […] Dizziness or lightheadedness […] Sensation of feeling the heart beat (palpitations) […] Shortness of breath, possibly only with physical activity like walking. […] The syndrome is most often progressive. This means it gets worse over time in most cases. […] The long-term outlook is excellent for people who have a permanent pacemaker implanted.

• #45 Sick Sinus Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment.

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21789-sick-sinus-syndrome

  Sick sinus syndrome can give you a heartbeat thats too slow, too fast or a combination of both. Some people dont have symptoms with sick sinus syndrome, but others need a pacemaker to get a normal heart rhythm. This affects mostly older people. […] Often, especially at the start of the disease, people with sick sinus syndrome have no symptoms. If they do have symptoms, they include: Fainting. Lightheadedness or dizziness. Heart palpitations. Exhaustion. Shortness of breath. […] Sick sinus syndrome usually keeps getting worse slowly over many years, but some people never end up with other health issues connected to sick sinus syndrome. A pacemaker can help your symptoms and give you a better quality of life, but it may not extend your life expectancy. […] Sick sinus syndrome is a long-term problem that slowly gets worse over a number of years.

• #46 Sick Sinus Syndrome: Types, Risk Factors & Causes

  https://www.healthline.com/health/sick-sinus-syndrome

  Patients with SSS often display no symptoms. However, when the heart becomes compromised and cannot pump an adequate amount of blood, symptoms quickly become apparent. […] Symptoms of SSS include: fainting or fainting sensations, fatigue, dizziness, palpitations (abnormal heart beats), very slow pulse (bradycardia), difficulty breathing, chest pain, mental confusion, memory problems, disrupted sleep, exercise intolerance. […] Improvements in pacemaker technology have greatly helped the outlook for SSS. Pacemakers provide the missing electrical impulses from a defective sinus node. Pacemakers aren’t a cure, but they’re a very effective treatment. […] The outlook for those who cannot or don’t undergo treatment is more uncertain. A heart that beats irregularly is more susceptible to cardiac arrest, which can cause sudden death. […] In most cases, SSS shouldn’t be left untreated.

• #47 Sick Sinus Syndrome: Types, Risk Factors & Causes

  https://www.healthline.com/health/sick-sinus-syndrome

  Patients with SSS often display no symptoms. However, when the heart becomes compromised and cannot pump an adequate amount of blood, symptoms quickly become apparent. […] Symptoms of SSS include: fainting or fainting sensations, fatigue, dizziness, palpitations (abnormal heart beats), very slow pulse (bradycardia), difficulty breathing, chest pain, mental confusion, memory problems, disrupted sleep, exercise intolerance. […] Improvements in pacemaker technology have greatly helped the outlook for SSS. Pacemakers provide the missing electrical impulses from a defective sinus node. Pacemakers aren’t a cure, but they’re a very effective treatment. […] The outlook for those who cannot or don’t undergo treatment is more uncertain. A heart that beats irregularly is more susceptible to cardiac arrest, which can cause sudden death. […] In most cases, SSS shouldn’t be left untreated.

• #48 Sick Sinus Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment Options

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/sick-sinus-syndrome/

  Sick sinus syndrome usually gets worse with time. People with sick sinus syndrome have a higher chance of getting other heart-related conditions. These include atrial fibrillation (an irregular heartbeat), heart failure, and cardiac arrest. Some people with sick sinus syndrome may have a greater risk of having a stroke. These people might be prescribed a blood-thinning medicine, such as warfarin.

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