Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Sick sinus syndrome | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/sick-sinus-syndrome

  Sick sinus syndrome is a type of heart rhythm disorder. It affects the heart’s natural pacemaker (sinus node), which controls the heartbeat. Sick sinus syndrome causes slow heartbeats, pauses (long periods between heartbeats) or irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias). […] Sick sinus syndrome is relatively uncommon, but the risk of developing it increases with age. […] Causes of sick sinus node syndrome can include: Age-related wear and tear of heart tissues, Damage to the sinus node or scarring from heart surgery, Heart disease, Inflammatory diseases affecting the heart, Medications to treat high blood pressure, including calcium channel blockers and beta blockers, Medications to treat irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias), Some Alzheimer’s disease medications, Neuromuscular diseases, such as muscular dystrophy, Obstructive sleep apnea, Rare genetic changes.

• #1 Sick Sinus Syndrome – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/specific-cardiac-arrhythmias/sick-sinus-syndrome

  Sick sinus syndrome refers to sinus node dysfunction causing slow, physiologically inappropriate, heart rates. […] The most common cause of intrinsic sinus node dysfunction in the sick sinus syndrome is idiopathic SA node fibrosis, which may be accompanied by degeneration of lower elements of the conducting system, manifested as concomitant atrioventricular (AV block and/or bundle branch block). […] Other causes of sick sinus syndrome include sleep apnea, medications, excessive vagal tone, and many ischemic, inflammatory, and infiltrative disorders.

• #1 Sick Sinus Syndrome | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/s/sick-sinus-syndrome-1.html

  Sick sinus syndrome (SSS) is a disease that affects the heart’s natural pacemaker (the SA or sinoatrial node), located in the heart’s upper right chamber (right atrium). […] With SSS, the SA node becomes damaged, and can no longer generate normal heartbeats at the normal rate. This may be a result of aging, or other health conditions that damage the SA node over time. […] Any condition that can cause heart damage can damage the SA node. This includes: […] Aging is also linked to loss of sinus node function and the development of SSS. […] The most common cause is a gradual loss of SA node function that comes with age.

• #1 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?ContentTypeID=134&ContentID=232

  Sick sinus syndrome (SSS) is a disease that affects the heart’s natural pacemaker (the SA or sinoatrial node), located in the heart’s upper right chamber (right atrium). […] This may be a result of aging, or other health conditions that damage the SA node over time. […] Any condition that can cause heart damage can damage the SA node. This includes: Coronary artery disease, Past heart attack, Atrial fibrillation, Heart failure or cardiomyopathy (disease of the heart muscle), Taking certain medicines, such as beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and digoxin, and medicines to treat arrhythmias, Severe hypothyroidism, Inflammatory conditions that involve the heart. These include rheumatic fever, Chagas disease, pericarditis, and myocarditis, Infiltrative heart diseases, such as sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, scleroderma, and hemochromatosis, Electrolyte problems, such as high potassium levels, Rare diseases that run in the family, Trauma. […] Aging is also linked to loss of sinus node function and the development of SSS. […] The most common cause is a gradual loss of SA node function that comes with age.

• #1 Sick Sinus Syndrome | Heart and Vascular

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/sick-sinus-syndrome

  The heart has a natural pacemaker that regulates its heartbeat called the sinus node. When this sinus node does not function correctly, the condition is known as sick sinus syndrome, a type of heart arrhythmia. Sick sinus syndrome may also be called sinus node dysfunction, sinus node disease or sinus bradycardia. […] Sick sinus syndrome, a type of irregular heartbeat, can happen for many reasons. Sometimes, your physician may not be able to find the cause. Any medical condition that can cause heart damage can damage the sinus node, including: […] A heart attack (blockage of coronary arteries) or heart failure can damage to the heart muscle, including the sinus node cells. […] Genetic mutations are a rare problem with your genes. Mutations in the HCN4 gene can cause sick sinus syndrome. The disease is not considered hereditary (passed down in families).

• #1 Sick Sinus Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470599/

  Heart failure and atrial tachyarrhythmias have been shown to induce cellular remodeling of the sinus node in animal models. […] Infiltration of the SA node by sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, hemochromatosis, collagen vascular disease or metastatic cancer results in SA node dysfunction. […] Damage to SA node or the sinus nodal artery may occur after cardiothoracic surgery from valve replacement, correction of congenital heart disease or heart transplant. […] Several external causes that can affect the pacing function of the SA node. […] These can occur in conditions where there is abnormally increased vagal tone such as carotid sinus hypersensitivity, vasovagal syncope, and autonomic dysfunction. […] Furthermore, metabolic derangements such as hypothyroidism, hyperkalemia, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, hypoxia, and hypothermia can lead to depression of the pacing function of the SA node.

• #1 Sick Sinus Syndrome: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/sick-sinus-syndrome-7569324

  Sick sinus syndrome (SSS), also known as sinus node dysfunction, describes a group of problems that affect your heart rhythm. […] The most common cause of SSS is the slow development of progressive fibrosis or damage to your sinus node that occurs with aging. However, its exact cause is typically impossible to define. […] Generally, any condition that causes heart damage can also damage your sinus node. People with SSS may develop it because of intrinsic causes (causes that originate from structural or functional changes within the sinus node) or extrinsic causes (causes related to external factors that cause abnormalities of the sinus node). […] Potential intrinsic causes of sick sinus syndrome include the following: Acute myocardial infarction (heart attack), General coronary artery disease, Atrial fibrillation (AFib) (fast and irregular heartbeats from your heart’s upper chambers), Cardiomyopathy (disease of the heart muscle), Congenital ion channel dysfunction (defects in proteins called ion channels), Connective tissue diseases such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjgren’s disease, Embolization (blockage) of the sinoatrial node artery, Muscular dystrophy, Postsurgical changes or surgical injury to the sinoatrial node.

• #1 Sinus node dysfunction – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinus_node_dysfunction

  Sinus node dysfunction (SND), also known as sick sinus syndrome (SSS), is a group of abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) usually caused by a malfunction of the sinus node, the heart’s primary pacemaker. […] Sinus node dysfunction can be caused by intrinsic and extrinsic factors that affect the normal functioning of the sinus node. Intrinsic causes can include degeneration, dysfunction, or remodeling of the sinus node while extrinsic causes can create or worsen underlying atrial arrhythmias. […] Age-related degenerative fibrosis of the sinus node is often identified as the most common intrinsic cause. Other intrinsic causes include inherited ion channel dysfunctions, remodeling diseases such as heart failure and atrial fibrillation, infiltrative diseases such as sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, hemochromatosis, and connective tissue diseases, inflammatory etiology such as rheumatic fever, Chagas disease, and Lyme disease, as well as atherosclerotic and ischemic changes to the sinus node artery.

• #1 Sick Sinus Syndrome: Symptoms & Treatment | Mass General Brigham

  https://www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en/patient-care/services-and-specialties/heart/conditions/sick-sinus-syndrome

  Heart problems can damage your sinus node or disrupt your hearts electrical system. These conditions include coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, and congenital heart defects. […] If youve had a procedure like heart valve surgery or a coronary artery bypass, these surgeries can damage your hearts electrical pathways. […] Inflammatory diseases such as pericarditis or endocarditis can cause inflammation of the heart tissue, leading to sick sinus syndrome. […] Specific medications can cause or exacerbate sick sinus syndrome, including beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and drugs used to treat arrhythmias. […] If you have abnormal potassium, calcium, or magnesium levels in your blood, these imbalances can raise the risk of developing sick sinus syndrome.

• #1 Sick sinus syndrome: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000161.htm

  Sick sinus syndrome is a group of heart rhythm problems due to problems with the sinus node, such as: […] Sick sinus syndrome most often occurs in people older than age 50. It is often due to scar-like damage to electrical pathways in the heart muscle tissue. […] In children, heart surgery on the upper chambers is a common cause of sick sinus syndrome. […] Coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, and aortic and mitral valve diseases may occur with sick sinus syndrome. However, these diseases may have nothing to do with the syndrome. […] Some medicines can make abnormal heart rhythms worse, especially when doses are high. These include digitalis, calcium channel blockers, beta-blockers, and antiarrhythmics.

• #1 Sinus Node Dysfunction: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/158064-overview

  Other disorders that can cause SND include hypothyroidism, hypothermia, hypoxia, and muscular dystrophies. Some infections (eg, leptospirosis, trichinosis, Salmonella typhi infection) are associated with relative sinus bradycardia; however, these usually do not result in permanent SND. […] Sinus venosus atrial septal defect (ASD), Ebstein anomaly, and heterotaxy syndromes, particularly left atrial isomerism, can also lead to SND. […] Gradual loss of sinus rhythm occurs after the Mustard, Senning, and all varieties of the Fontan operation. […] SND was described in 15% of patients who had undergone the Ross operation for aortic valve disease or complex left-sided heart disease, 2.6 to 11 years earlier. […] When repairing ASDs, especially sinus venosus ASDs, SND frequently occurs because of the proximity of the defect with SN tissue.

• #1 Sick sinus syndrome: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/sick-sinus-syndrome/

  Sick sinus syndrome can result from genetic or environmental factors. In many cases, the cause of the condition is unknown. […] Genetic changes are an uncommon cause of sick sinus syndrome. Mutations in two genes, SCN5A and HCN4, have been found to cause the condition in a small number of families. […] More commonly, sick sinus syndrome is caused by other factors that alter the structure or function of the SA node. These include a variety of heart conditions, other disorders such as muscular dystrophy, abnormal inflammation, or a shortage of oxygen (hypoxia). […] In older adults, sick sinus syndrome is often associated with age-related changes in the heart. Over time, the SA node may harden and develop scar-like damage (fibrosis) that prevents it from working properly.

• #1 Sick Sinus Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470599/

  Sick sinus syndrome, also known as sinus node dysfunction, is a disorder of the sinoatrial node caused by impaired pacemaker function and impulse transmission producing a constellation of abnormal rhythms. […] The etiologic factors leading to sinus node dysfunction can be classified into two categories: intrinsic pathology to the sinus node itself, typically results from fibrosis of the nodal tissue and external causes that affect the SA node function. […] While the most common intrinsic factor leading to sinus node dysfunction is age-related degeneration of the SA node, sinus node dysfunction can be a result of congenital disorders, arrhythmias, infiltrative disorders and surgery. […] Recent studies have identified several mutations in the ion channels explaining familial and congenital forms of sick sinus syndrome.

• #1 Sinus Node Dysfunction (Sick Sinus Syndrome) • LITFL • ECG Library

  https://litfl.com/sinus-node-dysfunction-sick-sinus-syndrome/

  A disease characterized by abnormal sinus node functioning with resultant bradycardia and cardiac insufficiency. May be multi-factorial in origin. Causes can be considered either intrinsic or extrinsic. […] Intrinsic Causes: Idiopathic Degenerative Fibrosis (commonest). Ischaemia. Cardiomyopathies. Infiltrative Diseases e.g. sarcoidosis, haemochromatosis. Congenital abnormalities. […] Extrinsic Causes: Drugs e.g. digoxin, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers. Autonomic dysfunction. Hypothyroidism. Electrolyte abnormalities e.g. hyperkalaemia.

• #1 Sinus Node Dysfunction: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/158064-overview

  The SA node may be affected by infiltrative disease, such as amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, scleroderma, hemochromatosis, and rarely tumor. […] Rheumatic fever, pericarditis, diphtheria, Chagas disease, and other disorders may depress SA nodal function. […] The SN is perfused by branches of the right coronary artery in 55-60% of cases, and by the left circumflex artery in the remaining 40-45%. Stenosis of the SA nodal artery may occur due to atherosclerosis or inflammatory processes, resulting in ischemia; the latter may also occur with embolic events. […] Mutations in HCN4 can produce both symptomatic and asymptomatic SND, as illustrated by numerous reports of sinus bradycardia in family members with such mutations. […] Cardiac trauma may affect either the SA node directly or its blood supply.

• #1 Sick Sinus Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470599/

  Obstructive sleep apnea may cause bradycardia by profound hypoxia during episodes of apnea. […] Increased intracranial pressure (Cushings reflex) also causes bradycardia. […] Several pharmacologic and toxic substances can produce a similar effect on the SA node; these include class I to IV antiarrhythmic medications, digoxin, lithium and sympatholytic medications.

• #1 Sick Sinus Syndrome: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/sick-sinus-syndrome-7569324

  Potential extrinsic causes of sick sinus syndrome include the following: Diabetes mellitus, Hypertension (high blood pressure), Certain types of medications, like antiarrhythmic drugs (medications that treat cardiac arrhythmias, abnormal heart rhythms), beta-blockers, Cordarone or Pacerone (amiodarone), Elavil (amitriptyline), Lanoxin (digoxin), Tagamet (cimetidine), lithium, cannabis, non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, and sympatholytic drugs (decrease the activity of the sympathetic nervous system).

• #1 Sick Sinus Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/sick-sinus-syndrome

  Sick sinus syndrome is usually caused by idiopathic fibrosis of the sinus node. […] Causes include: An intrinsic disease of the sinus node: Idiopathic degeneration of the sinus node is the most common cause of sick sinus syndrome. […] Extrinsic causes: Hyperkalaemia, hypoxia, hypothermia, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism. […] Sleep apnoea may be a contributing factor by causing reduced cardiac oxygenation. […] Paediatric causes include congenital abnormalities and sinoatrial nodal artery deficiency.

• #1 Sick Sinus Syndrome

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/CV/EKG/SckSnsSyndrm.htm

  Sinus Node Dysfunction (Sick Sinus Syndrome, Tachy-Brady Syndrome) is a disorder interfering with sinus node pacing function. […] Older age (over 65 years) is a cause of Sick Sinus Syndrome. […] Sinoatrial Node age-related idiopathic degenerative fibrosis is the most common cause of Sick Sinus Syndrome. […] Sinoatrial Node inherited ion channel dysfunction (e.g. Brugada Syndrome) may be comorbid with Sinoatrial Node degenerative fibrosis. […] Sinus node artery atherosclerosis is a less common contributing factor (33%) to Sick Sinus Syndrome. […] Transient Sinus Node Dysfunction may occur with Myocardial Infarction (increased vagal tone). […] Genetic ion channel disorders such as Brugada Syndrome are causes of Sick Sinus Syndrome in children and young adults. […] Obstructive Sleep Apnea is an extrinsic cause that may mimic Sick Sinus Syndrome. […] Medications and toxins, including antiarrhythmics and beta blockers, are also causes of Sick Sinus Syndrome. […] Diabetes Mellitus is a structural or physiologic disorder risk factor for Sick Sinus Syndrome.

• #1 Sick Sinus Syndrome – Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/sick-sinus-syndrome.htm

  Sick sinus syndrome is not a disease condition but a clinical syndrome that is related to the sinoatrial node (SA node). […] The cause of Sick Sinus syndrome is classified into intrinsic factors; which are integral of the organ, (heart in this case) and extrinsic causes; which are external factors that mimic or exacerbate sick sinus syndrome. […] Intrinsic causes include: Degenerative fibrosis of the SA node (the most common cause), Ion channel dysfunction, Sino atrial node remodeling, Infiltrative disease process like: Amyloidosis, Connective tissue disease, Haemochromatosis, Sarcoidosis, Cardiomyopathy ischemia, myocardial infarction, rheumatic heart disease, myocarditis, arteritis, Muscular dystrophy, Friedreichs ataxia. […] Extrinsic causes include: Increased vagal tone during sleep and in athletes, Dysfunction of autonomic nervous symptom which controls body functions that occur without our thinking (breathing, regulation of blood pressure): Carotid sinus dysfunction, Neuro-cardiogenic syncope, Vaso vagal syncope, Metabolic disturbances (like hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hypothyroidism), Drug induced beta blockers, antiarrhythmic agents, calcium channel blockers, digoxin, sympatholytics, Septic shock.

• #1 Sick Sinus Syndrome: A Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0515/p691.html/1000

  Sick sinus syndrome refers to a collection of disorders marked by the heart’s inability to perform its pacemaking function. Sick sinus syndrome results from intrinsic causes, or may be exacerbated or mimicked by extrinsic factors. Intrinsic causes include degenerative fibrosis, ion channel dysfunction, and remodeling of the sinoatrial node. […] The etiology of sick sinus syndrome can be divided into intrinsic causes and extrinsic factors that disrupt the function of the sinoatrial node. […] Intrinsic causes of sick sinus syndrome include degenerative fibrosis of the sinoatrial node, ion channel dysfunction, and remodeling of the sinoatrial node. […] Extrinsic factors that can mimic or exacerbate sick sinus syndrome include the use of certain pharmacologic agents, metabolic disturbances, and autonomic dysfunction.

• #1

  https://step2.medbullets.com/evidence/23939447

  Sick sinus syndrome refers to a collection of disorders marked by the heart’s inability to perform its pacemaking function. Sick sinus syndrome results from intrinsic causes, or may be exacerbated or mimicked by extrinsic factors. Intrinsic causes include degenerative fibrosis, ion channel dysfunction, and remodeling of the sinoatrial node. Extrinsic factors can be pharmacologic, metabolic, or autonomic. […] At least 50 percent of patients with sick sinus syndrome develop alternating bradycardia and tachycardia, also known as tachy-brady syndrome.

• #2 Sick Sinus Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470599/

  Sick sinus syndrome, also known as sinus node dysfunction, is a disorder of the sinoatrial node caused by impaired pacemaker function and impulse transmission producing a constellation of abnormal rhythms. […] The etiologic factors leading to sinus node dysfunction can be classified into two categories: intrinsic pathology to the sinus node itself, typically results from fibrosis of the nodal tissue and external causes that affect the SA node function. […] While the most common intrinsic factor leading to sinus node dysfunction is age-related degeneration of the SA node, sinus node dysfunction can be a result of congenital disorders, arrhythmias, infiltrative disorders and surgery. […] Recent studies have identified several mutations in the ion channels explaining familial and congenital forms of sick sinus syndrome.

• #2 Sick Sinus Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/sick-sinus-syndrome

  Sick sinus syndrome is usually caused by idiopathic fibrosis of the sinus node. […] Causes include: An intrinsic disease of the sinus node: Idiopathic degeneration of the sinus node is the most common cause of sick sinus syndrome. […] Extrinsic causes: Hyperkalaemia, hypoxia, hypothermia, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism. […] Sleep apnoea may be a contributing factor by causing reduced cardiac oxygenation. […] Paediatric causes include congenital abnormalities and sinoatrial nodal artery deficiency.

• #2 Sick sinus syndrome: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/sick-sinus-syndrome/

  Sick sinus syndrome can result from genetic or environmental factors. In many cases, the cause of the condition is unknown. […] Genetic changes are an uncommon cause of sick sinus syndrome. Mutations in two genes, SCN5A and HCN4, have been found to cause the condition in a small number of families. […] More commonly, sick sinus syndrome is caused by other factors that alter the structure or function of the SA node. These include a variety of heart conditions, other disorders such as muscular dystrophy, abnormal inflammation, or a shortage of oxygen (hypoxia). […] In older adults, sick sinus syndrome is often associated with age-related changes in the heart. Over time, the SA node may harden and develop scar-like damage (fibrosis) that prevents it from working properly.

• #2 Sinus Node Dysfunction: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/158064-overview

  The SA node may be affected by infiltrative disease, such as amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, scleroderma, hemochromatosis, and rarely tumor. […] Rheumatic fever, pericarditis, diphtheria, Chagas disease, and other disorders may depress SA nodal function. […] The SN is perfused by branches of the right coronary artery in 55-60% of cases, and by the left circumflex artery in the remaining 40-45%. Stenosis of the SA nodal artery may occur due to atherosclerosis or inflammatory processes, resulting in ischemia; the latter may also occur with embolic events. […] Mutations in HCN4 can produce both symptomatic and asymptomatic SND, as illustrated by numerous reports of sinus bradycardia in family members with such mutations. […] Cardiac trauma may affect either the SA node directly or its blood supply.

• #2 Sick Sinus Syndrome

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/CV/EKG/SckSnsSyndrm.htm

  Sinus Node Dysfunction (Sick Sinus Syndrome, Tachy-Brady Syndrome) is a disorder interfering with sinus node pacing function. […] Older age (over 65 years) is a cause of Sick Sinus Syndrome. […] Sinoatrial Node age-related idiopathic degenerative fibrosis is the most common cause of Sick Sinus Syndrome. […] Sinoatrial Node inherited ion channel dysfunction (e.g. Brugada Syndrome) may be comorbid with Sinoatrial Node degenerative fibrosis. […] Sinus node artery atherosclerosis is a less common contributing factor (33%) to Sick Sinus Syndrome. […] Transient Sinus Node Dysfunction may occur with Myocardial Infarction (increased vagal tone). […] Genetic ion channel disorders such as Brugada Syndrome are causes of Sick Sinus Syndrome in children and young adults. […] Obstructive Sleep Apnea is an extrinsic cause that may mimic Sick Sinus Syndrome. […] Medications and toxins, including antiarrhythmics and beta blockers, are also causes of Sick Sinus Syndrome. […] Diabetes Mellitus is a structural or physiologic disorder risk factor for Sick Sinus Syndrome.

• #2 Sinus node dysfunction – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinus_node_dysfunction

  Sinus node dysfunction (SND), also known as sick sinus syndrome (SSS), is a group of abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) usually caused by a malfunction of the sinus node, the heart’s primary pacemaker. […] Sinus node dysfunction can be caused by intrinsic and extrinsic factors that affect the normal functioning of the sinus node. Intrinsic causes can include degeneration, dysfunction, or remodeling of the sinus node while extrinsic causes can create or worsen underlying atrial arrhythmias. […] Age-related degenerative fibrosis of the sinus node is often identified as the most common intrinsic cause. Other intrinsic causes include inherited ion channel dysfunctions, remodeling diseases such as heart failure and atrial fibrillation, infiltrative diseases such as sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, hemochromatosis, and connective tissue diseases, inflammatory etiology such as rheumatic fever, Chagas disease, and Lyme disease, as well as atherosclerotic and ischemic changes to the sinus node artery.

• #2 Sinus Node Dysfunction (Sick Sinus Syndrome) • LITFL • ECG Library

  https://litfl.com/sinus-node-dysfunction-sick-sinus-syndrome/

  A disease characterized by abnormal sinus node functioning with resultant bradycardia and cardiac insufficiency. May be multi-factorial in origin. Causes can be considered either intrinsic or extrinsic. […] Intrinsic Causes: Idiopathic Degenerative Fibrosis (commonest). Ischaemia. Cardiomyopathies. Infiltrative Diseases e.g. sarcoidosis, haemochromatosis. Congenital abnormalities. […] Extrinsic Causes: Drugs e.g. digoxin, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers. Autonomic dysfunction. Hypothyroidism. Electrolyte abnormalities e.g. hyperkalaemia.

• #2 Sinus Node Dysfunction – Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/abnormal-heart-rhythms/sinus-node-dysfunction

  Dysfunction of the hearts natural pacemaker (the sinus or sinoatrial node) may result in a persistently slow heartbeat (sinus bradycardia) or complete cessation of normal pacemaker activity (sinus arrest). […] However, the cause is usually unknown. When the cause is unknown, the disorder is called sick sinus syndrome. […] The most common cause is formation of scar tissue (fibrosis) in the sinus node. The cause of fibrosis is usually unknown, but known causes of sinus node dysfunction include the following: […] Disorders that limit blood flow (for example, coronary artery disease) […] Disorders cause inflammation (for example, rheumatic fever or inflammation of the heart muscle, called myocarditis).

• #2 Sinus node dysfunction (SND) and sick sinus syndrome (SSS) – The Cardiovascular

  https://ecgwaves.com/topic/sinus-node-dysfunction-snd-sick-sinus-syndrome-sss/

  Sinus node dysfunction is an umbrella term for conditions that either affect the automaticity of the sinoatrial node or block the impulse from reaching the atria. […] Whenever such symptoms are associated with ECG evidence of sinus node dysfunction, the condition is referred to as sick sinus syndrome. […] The causes have been discussed in each respective article. A rehearsal follows. […] Reversible causes of sinus node dysfunction include age-related degenerative disease (development of fibrosis) of the sinoatrial node, myocardial ischemia/infarction, perimyocarditis, drug side effects, hypoxia, hyperkalemia, hyperthermia, and increased intracranial pressure. […] Irreversible causes of sinus node dysfunction include age-related degenerative disease (fibrosis), myocardial ischemia/infarction, lesions due to heart surgery, myocarditis, collagen disease, and amyloidosis.

• #2 Sick Sinus Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment.

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21789-sick-sinus-syndrome

  Sick sinus syndrome has several causes. Sometimes, providers dont know the cause. […] Known causes of sick sinus syndrome include: Injury or breakdown of your hearts electrical route or SA node due to aging. Injury to your SA node (from surgery for a heart transplant). Some medicines for high blood pressure or arrhythmia. Your genetics (a rare problem with your genes). Metabolic problems. […] Other heart conditions can cause sick sinus syndrome, including heart failure and atrial tachyarrhythmias. Other health problems can cause sick sinus syndrome, such as sarcoidosis, collagen vascular disease, inflammation, muscular dystrophy or cancer that has spread.

• #2 Sinus Node Dysfunction: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/158064-overview

  Other disorders that can cause SND include hypothyroidism, hypothermia, hypoxia, and muscular dystrophies. Some infections (eg, leptospirosis, trichinosis, Salmonella typhi infection) are associated with relative sinus bradycardia; however, these usually do not result in permanent SND. […] Sinus venosus atrial septal defect (ASD), Ebstein anomaly, and heterotaxy syndromes, particularly left atrial isomerism, can also lead to SND. […] Gradual loss of sinus rhythm occurs after the Mustard, Senning, and all varieties of the Fontan operation. […] SND was described in 15% of patients who had undergone the Ross operation for aortic valve disease or complex left-sided heart disease, 2.6 to 11 years earlier. […] When repairing ASDs, especially sinus venosus ASDs, SND frequently occurs because of the proximity of the defect with SN tissue.

• #2 Sinus Node Dysfunction (Sick Sinus Syndrome) – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/heart-health/sinus-node-dysfunction-sick-sinus-syndrome/

  In rare instances, sinus node dysfunction can be due to gene mutations related to the hearts sodium channels. These are coded by the SCN5A and HCN4 genes. […] Other less common culprits of sinus node dysfunction include hypothyroidism (an underactive thyroid), hypothermia, and hypoxia (a lack of sufficient oxygen).

• #2 Sick Sinus Syndrome: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/sick-sinus-syndrome-7569324

  Sick sinus syndrome (SSS), also known as sinus node dysfunction, describes a group of problems that affect your heart rhythm. […] The most common cause of SSS is the slow development of progressive fibrosis or damage to your sinus node that occurs with aging. However, its exact cause is typically impossible to define. […] Generally, any condition that causes heart damage can also damage your sinus node. People with SSS may develop it because of intrinsic causes (causes that originate from structural or functional changes within the sinus node) or extrinsic causes (causes related to external factors that cause abnormalities of the sinus node). […] Potential intrinsic causes of sick sinus syndrome include the following: Acute myocardial infarction (heart attack), General coronary artery disease, Atrial fibrillation (AFib) (fast and irregular heartbeats from your heart’s upper chambers), Cardiomyopathy (disease of the heart muscle), Congenital ion channel dysfunction (defects in proteins called ion channels), Connective tissue diseases such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjgren’s disease, Embolization (blockage) of the sinoatrial node artery, Muscular dystrophy, Postsurgical changes or surgical injury to the sinoatrial node.

• #2

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=te7175abc&lang=en-ca

  Sick sinus syndrome can occur for various reasons. It most commonly results from the effect of age on the sinus node. As we get older, scarring of the sinus node can occur and cause this syndrome. […] Other causes include medicines and diseases that affect the sinus node. […] This abnormal heart rhythm problem is often seen in people who have been diagnosed with atrial fibrillation. It can occur when the heart’s natural pacemaker is damaged.

• #2 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?ContentTypeID=134&ContentID=232

  Sick sinus syndrome (SSS) is a disease that affects the heart’s natural pacemaker (the SA or sinoatrial node), located in the heart’s upper right chamber (right atrium). […] This may be a result of aging, or other health conditions that damage the SA node over time. […] Any condition that can cause heart damage can damage the SA node. This includes: Coronary artery disease, Past heart attack, Atrial fibrillation, Heart failure or cardiomyopathy (disease of the heart muscle), Taking certain medicines, such as beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and digoxin, and medicines to treat arrhythmias, Severe hypothyroidism, Inflammatory conditions that involve the heart. These include rheumatic fever, Chagas disease, pericarditis, and myocarditis, Infiltrative heart diseases, such as sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, scleroderma, and hemochromatosis, Electrolyte problems, such as high potassium levels, Rare diseases that run in the family, Trauma. […] Aging is also linked to loss of sinus node function and the development of SSS. […] The most common cause is a gradual loss of SA node function that comes with age.

• #2 Sinus node dysfunction – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinus_node_dysfunction

  Common cardiac pharmacology such as beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, digoxin, sympatholytic medication, and other antiarrhythmics can alter sinus node function to create an arrhythmia such as sick sinus syndrome. Electrolyte abnormalities such as hyperkalemia, hypokalemia, and hypocalcemia can also alter normal sinus node functioning. Hypothyroidism, hypoxia, hypothermia, and various toxins have also been associated with sinus node dysfunctions.

• #2 Sinus Node Dysfunction (Sick Sinus Syndrome) – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/heart-health/sinus-node-dysfunction-sick-sinus-syndrome/

  Certain prescription medications can also mess up the functioning of the sinus node and cause dysfunction. These include beta blockers, certain types of calcium channel blockers, digoxin, antiarrhythmic medications, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, which are drugs that help transmit electrical signals in the body. […] Some illnesses can infiltrate or affect the tissue of the SA node, causing sinus node dysfunction. These illnesses include amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, scleroderma, hemochromatosis, and pericarditis. […] Sinus node dysfunction can also occur if the blood supply to the sinus node is reduced. The sinoatrial nodal artery, which provides blood to the sinus node, comes from the right coronary artery about 60% of the time and from the left circumflex artery the rest of the time. If these arteries narrow, it can affect the functioning of the sinus node. This can sometimes be reversed. Most such cases occur in inferior myocardial infarction, which is a type of heart attack.

• #2 Sick Sinus Syndrome: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/sick-sinus-syndrome-7569324

  Potential extrinsic causes of sick sinus syndrome include the following: Diabetes mellitus, Hypertension (high blood pressure), Certain types of medications, like antiarrhythmic drugs (medications that treat cardiac arrhythmias, abnormal heart rhythms), beta-blockers, Cordarone or Pacerone (amiodarone), Elavil (amitriptyline), Lanoxin (digoxin), Tagamet (cimetidine), lithium, cannabis, non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, and sympatholytic drugs (decrease the activity of the sympathetic nervous system).

• #2 Sinus node dysfunction: Clinical manifestations and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/sinus-node-dysfunction-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis

  Sinus node dysfunction (SND) is characterized by age-related fibrosis of the sinoatrial (SA) nodal tissue and surrounding atrial myocardium. SND causes symptoms such as fatigue, dyspnea on exertion, lightheadedness, presyncope, and syncope. […] The epidemiology, etiology, natural history, and treatment of SND are discussed in detail separately. […] While various definitions of sinus node dysfunction (SND) exist, we define SND as abnormal sinus node function that causes symptoms (eg, fatigue, dyspnea on exertion, lightheadedness, presyncope, syncope) and does not have a reversible cause (eg, acute myocardial infarction, sinoatrial [SA] nodal-blocking medications [eg, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ivabradine, digoxin, class I antiarrhythmics, amiodarone, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors]).

• #2 Sinus Node Dysfunction: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/158064-overview

  Rheumatic fever is another cause of SND. Such dysfunction may also result from central nervous system (CNS) disease, which is usually secondary to increased intracranial pressure with a subsequent increase in the parasympathetic tone. […] Endocrine-metabolic diseases (hypothyroidism and hypothermia) and electrolyte imbalances (hypokalemia and hypocalcemia) are other conditions that can contribute to SND.

• #2 Sick Sinus Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK470599/

  Sick sinus syndrome, also known as sinus node dysfunction, is a disorder of the sinoatrial node caused by impaired pacemaker function and impulse transmission producing a constellation of abnormal rhythms. […] The etiologic factors leading to sinus node dysfunction can be classified into two categories: intrinsic pathology to the sinus node itself, typically results from fibrosis of the nodal tissue and external causes that affect the SA node function. […] While the most common intrinsic factor leading to sinus node dysfunction is age-related degeneration of the SA node, sinus node dysfunction can be a result of congenital disorders, arrhythmias, infiltrative disorders and surgery. […] Several external causes that can affect the pacing function of the SA node. These can occur in conditions where there is abnormally increased vagal tone such as carotid sinus hypersensitivity, vasovagal syncope, and autonomic dysfunction. […] Sinus node dysfunction or sinus node dysfunction is primarily a disease of the elderly population. It results from the degeneration of the SA node affecting its ability to generate or transmit impulses to the atrial tissue.

• #2 Sick Sinus Syndrome – Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/sick-sinus-syndrome.htm

  Sick sinus syndrome is not a disease condition but a clinical syndrome that is related to the sinoatrial node (SA node). […] The cause of Sick Sinus syndrome is classified into intrinsic factors; which are integral of the organ, (heart in this case) and extrinsic causes; which are external factors that mimic or exacerbate sick sinus syndrome. […] Intrinsic causes include: Degenerative fibrosis of the SA node (the most common cause), Ion channel dysfunction, Sino atrial node remodeling, Infiltrative disease process like: Amyloidosis, Connective tissue disease, Haemochromatosis, Sarcoidosis, Cardiomyopathy ischemia, myocardial infarction, rheumatic heart disease, myocarditis, arteritis, Muscular dystrophy, Friedreichs ataxia. […] Extrinsic causes include: Increased vagal tone during sleep and in athletes, Dysfunction of autonomic nervous symptom which controls body functions that occur without our thinking (breathing, regulation of blood pressure): Carotid sinus dysfunction, Neuro-cardiogenic syncope, Vaso vagal syncope, Metabolic disturbances (like hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hypothyroidism), Drug induced beta blockers, antiarrhythmic agents, calcium channel blockers, digoxin, sympatholytics, Septic shock.

• #3 Sick Sinus Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470599/

  Sick sinus syndrome, also known as sinus node dysfunction, is a disorder of the sinoatrial node caused by impaired pacemaker function and impulse transmission producing a constellation of abnormal rhythms. […] The etiologic factors leading to sinus node dysfunction can be classified into two categories: intrinsic pathology to the sinus node itself, typically results from fibrosis of the nodal tissue and external causes that affect the SA node function. […] While the most common intrinsic factor leading to sinus node dysfunction is age-related degeneration of the SA node, sinus node dysfunction can be a result of congenital disorders, arrhythmias, infiltrative disorders and surgery. […] Recent studies have identified several mutations in the ion channels explaining familial and congenital forms of sick sinus syndrome.

• #3 Sick Sinus Syndrome | Heart and Vascular

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/sick-sinus-syndrome

  The heart has a natural pacemaker that regulates its heartbeat called the sinus node. When this sinus node does not function correctly, the condition is known as sick sinus syndrome, a type of heart arrhythmia. Sick sinus syndrome may also be called sinus node dysfunction, sinus node disease or sinus bradycardia. […] Sick sinus syndrome, a type of irregular heartbeat, can happen for many reasons. Sometimes, your physician may not be able to find the cause. Any medical condition that can cause heart damage can damage the sinus node, including: […] A heart attack (blockage of coronary arteries) or heart failure can damage to the heart muscle, including the sinus node cells. […] Genetic mutations are a rare problem with your genes. Mutations in the HCN4 gene can cause sick sinus syndrome. The disease is not considered hereditary (passed down in families).

• #3 Sick sinus syndrome | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/sick-sinus-syndrome

  Sick sinus syndrome is a type of heart rhythm disorder. It affects the heart’s natural pacemaker (sinus node), which controls the heartbeat. Sick sinus syndrome causes slow heartbeats, pauses (long periods between heartbeats) or irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias). […] Sick sinus syndrome is relatively uncommon, but the risk of developing it increases with age. […] Causes of sick sinus node syndrome can include: Age-related wear and tear of heart tissues, Damage to the sinus node or scarring from heart surgery, Heart disease, Inflammatory diseases affecting the heart, Medications to treat high blood pressure, including calcium channel blockers and beta blockers, Medications to treat irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias), Some Alzheimer’s disease medications, Neuromuscular diseases, such as muscular dystrophy, Obstructive sleep apnea, Rare genetic changes.

• #3 Sick Sinus Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK470599/

  Sick sinus syndrome, also known as sinus node dysfunction, is a disorder of the sinoatrial node caused by impaired pacemaker function and impulse transmission producing a constellation of abnormal rhythms. […] The etiologic factors leading to sinus node dysfunction can be classified into two categories: intrinsic pathology to the sinus node itself, typically results from fibrosis of the nodal tissue and external causes that affect the SA node function. […] While the most common intrinsic factor leading to sinus node dysfunction is age-related degeneration of the SA node, sinus node dysfunction can be a result of congenital disorders, arrhythmias, infiltrative disorders and surgery. […] Several external causes that can affect the pacing function of the SA node. These can occur in conditions where there is abnormally increased vagal tone such as carotid sinus hypersensitivity, vasovagal syncope, and autonomic dysfunction. […] Sinus node dysfunction or sinus node dysfunction is primarily a disease of the elderly population. It results from the degeneration of the SA node affecting its ability to generate or transmit impulses to the atrial tissue.

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