Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Sinus Node Dysfunction: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/158064-overview

  The epidemiology of sinus node dysfunction (SND) is difficult to study, given its nature and varying manifestations, including nonspecific symptoms and electrocardiographic (ECG) findings. It is estimated that the incidence of SND in the United States is approximately 1 in 600 cardiac patients older than 65 years. Due to its relationship with advanced age, SND is more prevalent in countries where citizens have a longer life expectancy. […] Symptomatic patients are generally older, in seventh or eighth decade of life, with frequent comorbidities. Only a few epidemiologic studies have been published. […] A pooled analysis of 20,572 patients from 2 large epidemiology studies (the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities [ARIC] and Cardiovascular Health Study [CHS] trials) who were followed for an average of 17 years, 291 incident cases of sick sinus syndrome (SSS) were noted, yielding an incidence rate of 0.8 cases per 1000 person-years. Although several variables were associated with the development of SSS (eg, higher body mass index, hypertension, prior cardiovascular event), advancing age was the most significant risk factor for SSS (hazard ratio 1.73 for each additional 5 years of age (95% confidence interval: 1.47-2.05). […] In major trials of pacing in this disorder, the median or mean age of the patients with SND was 73 to 76 years. Men and women appear equally affected and, although less common, SND/SSS can also occur in younger adults and children.

• #2 Incidence of and Risk Factors for Sick Sinus Syndrome in the General Population

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4139053/

  Little is known about the incidence of and risk factors for sick sinus syndrome (SSS), a common indication for pacemaker implantation. […] To describe the epidemiology of SSS. […] During an average 17 years of follow-up, 291 incident SSS cases were identified (unadjusted rate 0.8 per 1,000 person-years). Incidence increased with age (HR 1.73, 95% CI: 1.47-2.05 per 5-year increment), and blacks had a 41% lower risk of SSS than whites (HR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.37-0.98). […] We project that the annual number of new SSS cases in the United States will increase from 78,000 in 2012 to 172,000 in 2060. […] Blacks have a lower risk of SSS than whites, and several cardiovascular risk factors were associated with incident SSS. With the aging of the population, the number of Americans with SSS will increase dramatically over the next 50 years.

• #3 Sick Sinus Syndrome

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/CV/EKG/SckSnsSyndrm.htm

  Incidence: 0.8 per 1000 person years […] Prevalence: 1 in 600 cardiac patients over age 65 years […] Peaks at ages 70 to 89 years old […] Mean age: 68 years old (median 74 years old)

• #4 Sinus node dysfunction – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinus_node_dysfunction

  Overall incidence of sinus node dysfunction increases with age with 1 in 1000 in adults over 45 years old and 1 in 600 cardiac patients over 65 years old. Sinus node dysfunction is the primary indication for approximately 30%-50% of all pacemaker implantation in the United States. Sinus node dysfunction is a relatively uncommon syndrome in the young and middle-aged population.

• #5 Sick Sinus Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470599/

  Sinus node dysfunction is a disease of older adults, although it can occur at any age. The mean age of a patient with sinus node dysfunction is 68 years. Sinus node dysfunction develops in one of every 600 cardiac patients of 65 years of age or older. Males and females are equally affected. Sinus node dysfunction accounted for more than 50% of the pacemaker implantations in the United States in the 1990s. […] Sick sinus syndrome or sinus node dysfunction is primarily a disease of the elderly population. It results from the degeneration of the SA node affecting its ability to generate or transmit impulses to the atrial tissue. Sinus node dysfunction has several characteristic rhythm disturbances manifesting in symptoms of organ hypo-perfusion. The main treatment of sick sinus syndrome is permanent pacemaker; it is usually done after secondary causes are ruled out. The risk of sudden cardiac death with sinus node dysfunction is low.

• #6 Sick Sinus Syndrome – VALINTERMED treatment in Valencia

  https://valintermed.com/en/medlibrary/sindrom-slabosti-sinusovogo-uzla/

  Sick sinus syndrome includes a wide range of cardiac disorders and, according to modern research, the prevalence of this pathology increases with age, reaching up to 1.8% in patients over 70 years old. […] According to research, more than 20% patients with bradycardia have signs of SNS. […] It is important to note that the syndrome can be both primary and secondary, arising as a result of various diseases of the cardiovascular system.

• #7 Sinus node dysfunction – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinus_node_dysfunction

  Overall incidence of sinus node dysfunction increases with age with 1 in 1000 in adults over 45 years old and 1 in 600 cardiac patients over 65 years old. Sinus node dysfunction is the primary indication for approximately 30%-50% of all pacemaker implantation in the United States. Sinus node dysfunction is a relatively uncommon syndrome in the young and middle-aged population.

• #8 Incidence of and Risk Factors for Sick Sinus Syndrome in the General Population

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4139053/

  Little is known about the incidence of and risk factors for sick sinus syndrome (SSS), a common indication for pacemaker implantation. […] To describe the epidemiology of SSS. […] During an average 17 years of follow-up, 291 incident SSS cases were identified (unadjusted rate 0.8 per 1,000 person-years). Incidence increased with age (HR 1.73, 95% CI: 1.47-2.05 per 5-year increment), and blacks had a 41% lower risk of SSS than whites (HR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.37-0.98). […] We project that the annual number of new SSS cases in the United States will increase from 78,000 in 2012 to 172,000 in 2060. […] Blacks have a lower risk of SSS than whites, and several cardiovascular risk factors were associated with incident SSS. With the aging of the population, the number of Americans with SSS will increase dramatically over the next 50 years.

• #9 Sick Sinus Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment.

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21789-sick-sinus-syndrome

  Sick sinus syndrome is the name for heart rhythm problems that happen because your sinoatrial node (or sinus node) isnt working right. […] Healthcare providers usually see sick sinus syndrome in people who are older than 60 years of age. […] Sick sinus syndrome isnt common. American providers diagnosed 78,000 new cases in 2012 but expect to see 172,000 new cases in 2060.

• #10 Sick Sinus Syndrome: A Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0515/p691.html/1000

  Sick sinus syndrome usually occurs in older adults, but it can affect persons of all ages. One in 600 cardiac patients older than 65 years has this syndrome. In one study of patients older than 21 years with sick sinus syndrome, the median age was 74 years. Men and women are affected equally. […] The diagnosis of sick sinus syndrome requires correlating symptoms of end-organ hypoperfusion with the presence of bradyarrhythmia observed on cardiac monitoring. If short-term monitoring is nondiagnostic, prolonged cardiac monitoring should be considered. […] Permanent pacemaker placement is recommended only in patients with symptomatic sick sinus syndrome and documented bradycardia. Pacemaker placement is considered the only effective treatment for chronic symptomatic sick sinus syndrome not caused by correctable extrinsic factors.

• #11 Sick sinus syndrome – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sick-sinus-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20377554

  Sick sinus syndrome is relatively uncommon. The risk of developing it increases with age. […] Sick sinus syndrome is relatively uncommon, but the risk of developing it increases with age. […] Sick sinus syndrome can occur at any age. It’s most common in people in their 70s or older. Common heart disease risk factors might increase the risk of sick sinus syndrome.

• #12 Sick Sinus Syndrome

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/CV/EKG/SckSnsSyndrm.htm

  Incidence: 0.8 per 1000 person years […] Prevalence: 1 in 600 cardiac patients over age 65 years […] Peaks at ages 70 to 89 years old […] Mean age: 68 years old (median 74 years old)

• #13 Sick Sinus Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470599/

  Sinus node dysfunction is a disease of older adults, although it can occur at any age. The mean age of a patient with sinus node dysfunction is 68 years. Sinus node dysfunction develops in one of every 600 cardiac patients of 65 years of age or older. Males and females are equally affected. Sinus node dysfunction accounted for more than 50% of the pacemaker implantations in the United States in the 1990s. […] Sick sinus syndrome or sinus node dysfunction is primarily a disease of the elderly population. It results from the degeneration of the SA node affecting its ability to generate or transmit impulses to the atrial tissue. Sinus node dysfunction has several characteristic rhythm disturbances manifesting in symptoms of organ hypo-perfusion. The main treatment of sick sinus syndrome is permanent pacemaker; it is usually done after secondary causes are ruled out. The risk of sudden cardiac death with sinus node dysfunction is low.

• #14 Sick Sinus Syndrome

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/CV/EKG/SckSnsSyndrm.htm

  Incidence: 0.8 per 1000 person years […] Prevalence: 1 in 600 cardiac patients over age 65 years […] Peaks at ages 70 to 89 years old […] Mean age: 68 years old (median 74 years old)

• #15 Sick Sinus Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470599/

  Sinus node dysfunction is a disease of older adults, although it can occur at any age. The mean age of a patient with sinus node dysfunction is 68 years. Sinus node dysfunction develops in one of every 600 cardiac patients of 65 years of age or older. Males and females are equally affected. Sinus node dysfunction accounted for more than 50% of the pacemaker implantations in the United States in the 1990s. […] Sick sinus syndrome or sinus node dysfunction is primarily a disease of the elderly population. It results from the degeneration of the SA node affecting its ability to generate or transmit impulses to the atrial tissue. Sinus node dysfunction has several characteristic rhythm disturbances manifesting in symptoms of organ hypo-perfusion. The main treatment of sick sinus syndrome is permanent pacemaker; it is usually done after secondary causes are ruled out. The risk of sudden cardiac death with sinus node dysfunction is low.

• #16 Sick Sinus Syndrome: A Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0515/p691.html/1000

  Sick sinus syndrome usually occurs in older adults, but it can affect persons of all ages. One in 600 cardiac patients older than 65 years has this syndrome. In one study of patients older than 21 years with sick sinus syndrome, the median age was 74 years. Men and women are affected equally. […] The diagnosis of sick sinus syndrome requires correlating symptoms of end-organ hypoperfusion with the presence of bradyarrhythmia observed on cardiac monitoring. If short-term monitoring is nondiagnostic, prolonged cardiac monitoring should be considered. […] Permanent pacemaker placement is recommended only in patients with symptomatic sick sinus syndrome and documented bradycardia. Pacemaker placement is considered the only effective treatment for chronic symptomatic sick sinus syndrome not caused by correctable extrinsic factors.

• #17 Sick sinus syndrome epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Sick_sinus_syndrome_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of SSS increases with increasing age, occurring in 1 of every 600 cardiac patients above the age of 65 years old. Sick sinus syndrome (SSS) usually occurs in individuals older than 50 years old. […] There is no difference in incidence of SSS between men and women. […] In addition, the black population was found to have a 41% lower risk of developing SSS as compared to the white population.

• #18 Incidence of and Risk Factors for Sick Sinus Syndrome in the General Population

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4139053/

  Little is known about the incidence of and risk factors for sick sinus syndrome (SSS), a common indication for pacemaker implantation. […] To describe the epidemiology of SSS. […] During an average 17 years of follow-up, 291 incident SSS cases were identified (unadjusted rate 0.8 per 1,000 person-years). Incidence increased with age (HR 1.73, 95% CI: 1.47-2.05 per 5-year increment), and blacks had a 41% lower risk of SSS than whites (HR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.37-0.98). […] We project that the annual number of new SSS cases in the United States will increase from 78,000 in 2012 to 172,000 in 2060. […] Blacks have a lower risk of SSS than whites, and several cardiovascular risk factors were associated with incident SSS. With the aging of the population, the number of Americans with SSS will increase dramatically over the next 50 years.

• #19 Sick sinus syndrome epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Sick_sinus_syndrome_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of SSS increases with increasing age, occurring in 1 of every 600 cardiac patients above the age of 65 years old. Sick sinus syndrome (SSS) usually occurs in individuals older than 50 years old. […] There is no difference in incidence of SSS between men and women. […] In addition, the black population was found to have a 41% lower risk of developing SSS as compared to the white population.

• #20 Incidence of and Risk Factors for Sick Sinus Syndrome in the General Population

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4139053/

  Little is known about the incidence of and risk factors for sick sinus syndrome (SSS), a common indication for pacemaker implantation. […] To describe the epidemiology of SSS. […] During an average 17 years of follow-up, 291 incident SSS cases were identified (unadjusted rate 0.8 per 1,000 person-years). Incidence increased with age (HR 1.73, 95% CI: 1.47-2.05 per 5-year increment), and blacks had a 41% lower risk of SSS than whites (HR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.37-0.98). […] We project that the annual number of new SSS cases in the United States will increase from 78,000 in 2012 to 172,000 in 2060. […] Blacks have a lower risk of SSS than whites, and several cardiovascular risk factors were associated with incident SSS. With the aging of the population, the number of Americans with SSS will increase dramatically over the next 50 years.

• #21 Sinus Node Dysfunction: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/158064-overview

  The epidemiology of sinus node dysfunction (SND) is difficult to study, given its nature and varying manifestations, including nonspecific symptoms and electrocardiographic (ECG) findings. It is estimated that the incidence of SND in the United States is approximately 1 in 600 cardiac patients older than 65 years. Due to its relationship with advanced age, SND is more prevalent in countries where citizens have a longer life expectancy. […] Symptomatic patients are generally older, in seventh or eighth decade of life, with frequent comorbidities. Only a few epidemiologic studies have been published. […] A pooled analysis of 20,572 patients from 2 large epidemiology studies (the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities [ARIC] and Cardiovascular Health Study [CHS] trials) who were followed for an average of 17 years, 291 incident cases of sick sinus syndrome (SSS) were noted, yielding an incidence rate of 0.8 cases per 1000 person-years. Although several variables were associated with the development of SSS (eg, higher body mass index, hypertension, prior cardiovascular event), advancing age was the most significant risk factor for SSS (hazard ratio 1.73 for each additional 5 years of age (95% confidence interval: 1.47-2.05). […] In major trials of pacing in this disorder, the median or mean age of the patients with SND was 73 to 76 years. Men and women appear equally affected and, although less common, SND/SSS can also occur in younger adults and children.

• #22 Sick Sinus Syndrome

  https://www.washingtonhra.com/arrhythmias/sick-sinus-syndrome.php

  Sick sinus syndrome occurs in equal amounts in men and women and increases with age as the normal conduction system, or wiring of the heart, becomes increasingly fibrotic with wear and tear of the sinus node. […] It affects approximately 3 in 10,000 people. […] Other conditions leading to SSS include obstructive sleep apnea, thyroid disease, congenital heart disease, muscular dystrophy, and infiltrative heart diseases such as amyloid or sarcoid.

• #23 Incidence of and Risk Factors for Sick Sinus Syndrome in the General Population

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4139053/

  Epidemiologic information about SSS is limited. While past studies have described the characteristics of individuals hospitalized for SSS, the incidence of SSS in the general population remains unclear. Additionally, no prior epidemiologic studies have evaluated potential risk factors for incident SSS. […] We estimated that the overall annual incidence of SSS in individuals 45 years and older was close to 1 per 1,000. […] This study reports that the incidence of SSS increases with age, and does not differ between men and women. We also show that the expected number of SSS diagnoses in the United States will more than double over the next 50 years. […] We identified a number of risk factors for SSS, including greater BMI, height, NT-proBNP, and cystatin C, longer QRS interval, lower heart rate, and prevalent hypertension, right bundle branch block, and a history of a CV event at baseline. Further study is needed to confirm these findings and to further explore the difference in incidence by race.

• #24 Incidence of and Risk Factors for Sick Sinus Syndrome in the General Population

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4139053/

  Epidemiologic information about SSS is limited. While past studies have described the characteristics of individuals hospitalized for SSS, the incidence of SSS in the general population remains unclear. Additionally, no prior epidemiologic studies have evaluated potential risk factors for incident SSS. […] We estimated that the overall annual incidence of SSS in individuals 45 years and older was close to 1 per 1,000. […] This study reports that the incidence of SSS increases with age, and does not differ between men and women. We also show that the expected number of SSS diagnoses in the United States will more than double over the next 50 years. […] We identified a number of risk factors for SSS, including greater BMI, height, NT-proBNP, and cystatin C, longer QRS interval, lower heart rate, and prevalent hypertension, right bundle branch block, and a history of a CV event at baseline. Further study is needed to confirm these findings and to further explore the difference in incidence by race.

• #25 Incidence of and Risk Factors for Sick Sinus Syndrome in the General Population

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4139053/

  Epidemiologic information about SSS is limited. While past studies have described the characteristics of individuals hospitalized for SSS, the incidence of SSS in the general population remains unclear. Additionally, no prior epidemiologic studies have evaluated potential risk factors for incident SSS. […] We estimated that the overall annual incidence of SSS in individuals 45 years and older was close to 1 per 1,000. […] This study reports that the incidence of SSS increases with age, and does not differ between men and women. We also show that the expected number of SSS diagnoses in the United States will more than double over the next 50 years. […] We identified a number of risk factors for SSS, including greater BMI, height, NT-proBNP, and cystatin C, longer QRS interval, lower heart rate, and prevalent hypertension, right bundle branch block, and a history of a CV event at baseline. Further study is needed to confirm these findings and to further explore the difference in incidence by race.

• #26 Incidence of and Risk Factors for Sick Sinus Syndrome in the General Population

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4139053/

  Epidemiologic information about SSS is limited. While past studies have described the characteristics of individuals hospitalized for SSS, the incidence of SSS in the general population remains unclear. Additionally, no prior epidemiologic studies have evaluated potential risk factors for incident SSS. […] We estimated that the overall annual incidence of SSS in individuals 45 years and older was close to 1 per 1,000. […] This study reports that the incidence of SSS increases with age, and does not differ between men and women. We also show that the expected number of SSS diagnoses in the United States will more than double over the next 50 years. […] We identified a number of risk factors for SSS, including greater BMI, height, NT-proBNP, and cystatin C, longer QRS interval, lower heart rate, and prevalent hypertension, right bundle branch block, and a history of a CV event at baseline. Further study is needed to confirm these findings and to further explore the difference in incidence by race.

• #27 Incidence of and Risk Factors for Sick Sinus Syndrome in the General Population

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4139053/

  Epidemiologic information about SSS is limited. While past studies have described the characteristics of individuals hospitalized for SSS, the incidence of SSS in the general population remains unclear. Additionally, no prior epidemiologic studies have evaluated potential risk factors for incident SSS. […] We estimated that the overall annual incidence of SSS in individuals 45 years and older was close to 1 per 1,000. […] This study reports that the incidence of SSS increases with age, and does not differ between men and women. We also show that the expected number of SSS diagnoses in the United States will more than double over the next 50 years. […] We identified a number of risk factors for SSS, including greater BMI, height, NT-proBNP, and cystatin C, longer QRS interval, lower heart rate, and prevalent hypertension, right bundle branch block, and a history of a CV event at baseline. Further study is needed to confirm these findings and to further explore the difference in incidence by race.

• #28 Incidence of and Risk Factors for Sick Sinus Syndrome in the General Population

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4139053/

  Epidemiologic information about SSS is limited. While past studies have described the characteristics of individuals hospitalized for SSS, the incidence of SSS in the general population remains unclear. Additionally, no prior epidemiologic studies have evaluated potential risk factors for incident SSS. […] We estimated that the overall annual incidence of SSS in individuals 45 years and older was close to 1 per 1,000. […] This study reports that the incidence of SSS increases with age, and does not differ between men and women. We also show that the expected number of SSS diagnoses in the United States will more than double over the next 50 years. […] We identified a number of risk factors for SSS, including greater BMI, height, NT-proBNP, and cystatin C, longer QRS interval, lower heart rate, and prevalent hypertension, right bundle branch block, and a history of a CV event at baseline. Further study is needed to confirm these findings and to further explore the difference in incidence by race.

• #29 Incidence of and Risk Factors for Sick Sinus Syndrome in the General Population

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4139053/

  Epidemiologic information about SSS is limited. While past studies have described the characteristics of individuals hospitalized for SSS, the incidence of SSS in the general population remains unclear. Additionally, no prior epidemiologic studies have evaluated potential risk factors for incident SSS. […] We estimated that the overall annual incidence of SSS in individuals 45 years and older was close to 1 per 1,000. […] This study reports that the incidence of SSS increases with age, and does not differ between men and women. We also show that the expected number of SSS diagnoses in the United States will more than double over the next 50 years. […] We identified a number of risk factors for SSS, including greater BMI, height, NT-proBNP, and cystatin C, longer QRS interval, lower heart rate, and prevalent hypertension, right bundle branch block, and a history of a CV event at baseline. Further study is needed to confirm these findings and to further explore the difference in incidence by race.

• #30 Incidence of and Risk Factors for Sick Sinus Syndrome in the General Population

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4139053/

  Epidemiologic information about SSS is limited. While past studies have described the characteristics of individuals hospitalized for SSS, the incidence of SSS in the general population remains unclear. Additionally, no prior epidemiologic studies have evaluated potential risk factors for incident SSS. […] We estimated that the overall annual incidence of SSS in individuals 45 years and older was close to 1 per 1,000. […] This study reports that the incidence of SSS increases with age, and does not differ between men and women. We also show that the expected number of SSS diagnoses in the United States will more than double over the next 50 years. […] We identified a number of risk factors for SSS, including greater BMI, height, NT-proBNP, and cystatin C, longer QRS interval, lower heart rate, and prevalent hypertension, right bundle branch block, and a history of a CV event at baseline. Further study is needed to confirm these findings and to further explore the difference in incidence by race.

• #31

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2024/10250/the_effect_of_unhealthy_lifestyle_on_the.44.aspx

  Sick sinus syndrome (SSS), also known as sinoatrial node dysfunction, has been widely concerned by the medical community. The incidence rate of SSS is increasingly, which poses a great threat to public health. […] According to the epidemiological survey, the onset time of SSS tends to be aging, and the main age range of SSS is about 20 to 90 years old, the average age is about 68 years old, which usually occurs in the elderly. According to statistics, there is one SSS patient in every 600 heart disease patients over 65 years old. The incidence rate of SSS is about 0.17% and increases with age. […] The sharp increase in the number of patients with SSS and the problem that they cannot be completely cured is one of the biggest challenges facing the medical community. […] The etiology and pathogenesis of SSS are complex. Iatrogenic factors such as ischemia and anoxia accompanied by various CVDs and improper drug treatment have been identified as the main risk of increasing the prevalence of SSS.

• #32

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2024/10250/the_effect_of_unhealthy_lifestyle_on_the.44.aspx

  The pathogenesis of SSS disease caused by excessive drinking may be achieved by the way that the metabolic products of ethanol accelerate the heart rate. […] The increased BP caused by excessive drinking may also be involved in the pathogenesis of SSS. […] Smoking promotes immune diseases, CVDs and inflammatory diseases by promoting the aggregation and release of inflammatory factors, and inflammation is the basic pathology of arteriosclerosis. […] Quitting smoking is beneficial to reduce the prevalence of SSS, and patients with SSS should also be discouraged from smoking to slow down the disease. […] Unhealthy eating habits have been included in the risk factors of CVD, and can directly affect the pathogenesis of SSS. […] Therefore, how to maintain a reasonable diet to reduce the incidence of SSS and further reduce the incidence rate and mortality of CVDs is a problem to be solved urgently.

• #33

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2024/10250/the_effect_of_unhealthy_lifestyle_on_the.44.aspx

  The pathogenesis of SSS disease caused by excessive drinking may be achieved by the way that the metabolic products of ethanol accelerate the heart rate. […] The increased BP caused by excessive drinking may also be involved in the pathogenesis of SSS. […] Smoking promotes immune diseases, CVDs and inflammatory diseases by promoting the aggregation and release of inflammatory factors, and inflammation is the basic pathology of arteriosclerosis. […] Quitting smoking is beneficial to reduce the prevalence of SSS, and patients with SSS should also be discouraged from smoking to slow down the disease. […] Unhealthy eating habits have been included in the risk factors of CVD, and can directly affect the pathogenesis of SSS. […] Therefore, how to maintain a reasonable diet to reduce the incidence of SSS and further reduce the incidence rate and mortality of CVDs is a problem to be solved urgently.

• #34

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2024/10250/the_effect_of_unhealthy_lifestyle_on_the.44.aspx

  The pathogenesis of SSS disease caused by excessive drinking may be achieved by the way that the metabolic products of ethanol accelerate the heart rate. […] The increased BP caused by excessive drinking may also be involved in the pathogenesis of SSS. […] Smoking promotes immune diseases, CVDs and inflammatory diseases by promoting the aggregation and release of inflammatory factors, and inflammation is the basic pathology of arteriosclerosis. […] Quitting smoking is beneficial to reduce the prevalence of SSS, and patients with SSS should also be discouraged from smoking to slow down the disease. […] Unhealthy eating habits have been included in the risk factors of CVD, and can directly affect the pathogenesis of SSS. […] Therefore, how to maintain a reasonable diet to reduce the incidence of SSS and further reduce the incidence rate and mortality of CVDs is a problem to be solved urgently.

• #35

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2024/10250/the_effect_of_unhealthy_lifestyle_on_the.44.aspx

  The pathogenesis of SSS disease caused by excessive drinking may be achieved by the way that the metabolic products of ethanol accelerate the heart rate. […] The increased BP caused by excessive drinking may also be involved in the pathogenesis of SSS. […] Smoking promotes immune diseases, CVDs and inflammatory diseases by promoting the aggregation and release of inflammatory factors, and inflammation is the basic pathology of arteriosclerosis. […] Quitting smoking is beneficial to reduce the prevalence of SSS, and patients with SSS should also be discouraged from smoking to slow down the disease. […] Unhealthy eating habits have been included in the risk factors of CVD, and can directly affect the pathogenesis of SSS. […] Therefore, how to maintain a reasonable diet to reduce the incidence of SSS and further reduce the incidence rate and mortality of CVDs is a problem to be solved urgently.

• #36

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2024/10250/the_effect_of_unhealthy_lifestyle_on_the.44.aspx

  It is imperative that people adopt a healthy diet, with a focus on low-fat lifestyle measures. […] The Mediterranean Diet (MED) is a widely recognized strategy for the primary and secondary prevention of CVD, and it has been shown to considerably lower the risk of CVD. […] The pathogenesis of arrhythmia and sinoatrial node function caused by sedentary and lack of exercise may be due to the over secretion or under secretion of various neurohormones caused by hypertension, which affects the electrophysiological balance of sinoatrial node cells. […] In the process of prevention and treatment of SSS and many CVDs, the importance of ensuring good sleep time and sleep quality has been widely recognized by the medical community. […] The long-term increase of BP will indirectly lead to the imbalance of calcium concentration inside and outside the cardiac myocytes and sinoatrial node cells, and eventually lead to the autonomic disorder of sinoatrial node cells and destroy the normal physiological function of sinoatrial node. […] To sum up, This study found that SSS is closely related to mental stimulation and various unhealthy lifestyles.

• #37

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2024/10250/the_effect_of_unhealthy_lifestyle_on_the.44.aspx

  It is imperative that people adopt a healthy diet, with a focus on low-fat lifestyle measures. […] The Mediterranean Diet (MED) is a widely recognized strategy for the primary and secondary prevention of CVD, and it has been shown to considerably lower the risk of CVD. […] The pathogenesis of arrhythmia and sinoatrial node function caused by sedentary and lack of exercise may be due to the over secretion or under secretion of various neurohormones caused by hypertension, which affects the electrophysiological balance of sinoatrial node cells. […] In the process of prevention and treatment of SSS and many CVDs, the importance of ensuring good sleep time and sleep quality has been widely recognized by the medical community. […] The long-term increase of BP will indirectly lead to the imbalance of calcium concentration inside and outside the cardiac myocytes and sinoatrial node cells, and eventually lead to the autonomic disorder of sinoatrial node cells and destroy the normal physiological function of sinoatrial node. […] To sum up, This study found that SSS is closely related to mental stimulation and various unhealthy lifestyles.

• #38

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2024/10250/the_effect_of_unhealthy_lifestyle_on_the.44.aspx

  Research findings of the etiology of sick sinus node syndrome have gotten better in the past few years. […] The primary goal of this study was to examine how abnormalities in psychological state caused by various stressors, with a common poor lifestyle, moderated the effects of SSS development. […] Although the relationship between mental factors and the pathogenesis of SSS has not been elucidated, various negative mental factors should also be considered as risk factors of SSS. […] Psychological trauma caused by daily work stress and family life stress increases the morbidity and mortality of various CVDs including SSS. […] A prospective meta-analysis observation study has reported that long-term social isolation and loneliness increased the risk of CVD by 50%. […] The adults who experienced long-term social isolation had a 1.5-fold increased risk of CVD.

• #39

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2024/10250/the_effect_of_unhealthy_lifestyle_on_the.44.aspx

  Research findings of the etiology of sick sinus node syndrome have gotten better in the past few years. […] The primary goal of this study was to examine how abnormalities in psychological state caused by various stressors, with a common poor lifestyle, moderated the effects of SSS development. […] Although the relationship between mental factors and the pathogenesis of SSS has not been elucidated, various negative mental factors should also be considered as risk factors of SSS. […] Psychological trauma caused by daily work stress and family life stress increases the morbidity and mortality of various CVDs including SSS. […] A prospective meta-analysis observation study has reported that long-term social isolation and loneliness increased the risk of CVD by 50%. […] The adults who experienced long-term social isolation had a 1.5-fold increased risk of CVD.

• #40 Incidence of and Risk Factors for Sick Sinus Syndrome in the General Population

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4139053/

  Little is known about the incidence of and risk factors for sick sinus syndrome (SSS), a common indication for pacemaker implantation. […] To describe the epidemiology of SSS. […] During an average 17 years of follow-up, 291 incident SSS cases were identified (unadjusted rate 0.8 per 1,000 person-years). Incidence increased with age (HR 1.73, 95% CI: 1.47-2.05 per 5-year increment), and blacks had a 41% lower risk of SSS than whites (HR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.37-0.98). […] We project that the annual number of new SSS cases in the United States will increase from 78,000 in 2012 to 172,000 in 2060. […] Blacks have a lower risk of SSS than whites, and several cardiovascular risk factors were associated with incident SSS. With the aging of the population, the number of Americans with SSS will increase dramatically over the next 50 years.

• #41 Incidence of and risk factors for sick sinus syndrome in the general population. | chs-nhlbi

  https://chs-nhlbi.org/node/6572

  Little is known about the incidence of and risk factors for sick sinus syndrome (SSS), a common indication for pacemaker implantation. […] This study sought to describe the epidemiology of SSS. […] During an average 17 years of follow-up, 291 incident SSS cases were identified (unadjusted rate 0.8 per 1,000 person-years). Incidence increased with age (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.73; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.47 to 2.05 per 5-year increment), and blacks had a 41% lower risk of SSS than whites (HR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.37 to 0.98). […] We project that the annual number of new SSS cases in the United States will increase from 78,000 in 2012 to 172,000 in 2060. […] Blacks have a lower risk of SSS than whites, and several cardiovascular risk factors were associated with incident SSS. With the aging of the population, the number of Americans with SSS will increase dramatically over the next 50 years.

• #42 Sick Sinus Syndrome: A Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0515/p691.html/1000

  Sick sinus syndrome usually occurs in older adults, but it can affect persons of all ages. One in 600 cardiac patients older than 65 years has this syndrome. In one study of patients older than 21 years with sick sinus syndrome, the median age was 74 years. Men and women are affected equally. […] The diagnosis of sick sinus syndrome requires correlating symptoms of end-organ hypoperfusion with the presence of bradyarrhythmia observed on cardiac monitoring. If short-term monitoring is nondiagnostic, prolonged cardiac monitoring should be considered. […] Permanent pacemaker placement is recommended only in patients with symptomatic sick sinus syndrome and documented bradycardia. Pacemaker placement is considered the only effective treatment for chronic symptomatic sick sinus syndrome not caused by correctable extrinsic factors.

• #43 Sick Sinus Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/sick-sinus-syndrome

  Sick sinus syndrome is most common in the elderly, but can occur in all ages. The average age of a person with sick sinus syndrome is 68 years and it develops in 1 in 600 patients with cardiac disease aged over 65 years. […] Sick sinus syndrome is a collection of conditions in which the ECG indicates sinus node dysfunction. It is characterised by sinus node dysfunction with an atrial rate inappropriate for normal requirements. Sick sinus syndrome is usually caused by idiopathic fibrosis of the sinus node.

• #44 Sick Sinus Syndrome – VALINTERMED treatment in Valencia

  https://valintermed.com/en/medlibrary/sindrom-slabosti-sinusovogo-uzla/

  Sick sinus syndrome includes a wide range of cardiac disorders and, according to modern research, the prevalence of this pathology increases with age, reaching up to 1.8% in patients over 70 years old. […] According to research, more than 20% patients with bradycardia have signs of SNS. […] It is important to note that the syndrome can be both primary and secondary, arising as a result of various diseases of the cardiovascular system.

• #45 Sick sinus syndrome: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000161.htm

  Sick sinus syndrome most often occurs in people older than age 50. […] Sick sinus syndrome is uncommon, but not rare. It is the most common reason people need to have an artificial pacemaker implanted. […] Holter or longer term rhythm monitors are effective tools for diagnosing sick sinus syndrome. […] The syndrome is most often progressive. This means it gets worse over time in most cases.

• #46 Sick Sinus Syndrome – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/sick-sinus-syndrome-a-to-z

  Sick sinus syndrome is a relatively uncommon problem. How many people have it is hard to say because it often doesn’t cause any symptoms and therefore many people may be living with it and not know it. One study estimates that sick sinus syndrome occurs in about one in every 600 people with cardiovascular disease older than 65. It is even less common in younger people. The average age of a person with sick sinus syndrome is about 68. Of the three arrhythmias that fall under the term sick sinus syndrome, sinus bradycardia is the most common. […] Sick sinus syndrome doesn’t go away. You might go for a long time without having any problems, but you still are not cured. In fact, sick sinus syndrome almost always gets worse with time. […] The outlook for someone with sick sinus syndrome varies greatly, depending on the type of arrhythmia, the age of the person, and any other heart problems that are present. Generally speaking, sick sinus syndrome gets worse with time. That said, people who have pacemakers implanted to control their arrhythmias generally do very well.

• #47 Sick sinus syndrome: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/sick-sinus-syndrome/

  Sick sinus syndrome occurs most commonly in older adults, although it can be diagnosed in people of any age. The condition increases the risk of several life-threatening problems involving the heart and blood vessels. These include a heart rhythm abnormality called atrial fibrillation, heart failure, cardiac arrest, and stroke. […] Sick sinus syndrome accounts for 1 in 600 patients with heart disease who are over age 65. The incidence of this condition increases with age.

• #48 Sick Sinus Syndrome – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/specific-cardiac-arrhythmias/sick-sinus-syndrome

  Sick sinus syndrome affects mainly older patients, especially those with another cardiac disorder or diabetes. […] The prognosis is otherwise mixed; mortality is about 4%/year, primarily resulting from an underlying structural heart disorder. […] Each year, about 5% of patients develop atrial fibrillation with its risks of heart failure and stroke. […] Diagnosis is mainly by electrocardiographic monitoring. […] Symptomatic sick sinus syndrome is treated with a pacemaker.

• #49 Frontiers | Trends in research on sick sinus syndrome: A bibliometric analysis from 2000 to 2022

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cardiovascular-medicine/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2022.991503/full

  Sick sinus syndrome (SSS) is a refractory arrhythmia disease caused by the pathological changes of sinoatrial node and its adjacent tissues. […] Epidemiological studies suggested that the age of onset of SSS is between the ages of 20 and 90 with an increasing incidence with age. SSS was most prevalent in the elderly, and its 5-year survival rate was 62–65%, and the incidence of embolism was 15%. The incidence of SSS has been increasing in United States since 2012, with more than 75,000 people suffering from SSS each year. Approximately, 1 in 600 patients with cardiovascular disease over 65 years old was a SSS patient. […] It was estimated that by 2060 there will be more than 172,000 new cases of SSS in the United States each year.

• #50 Association of Sick Sinus Syndrome with Incident Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study and Cardiovascular Health Study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0109662

  Sick sinus syndrome (SSS) is a common indication for pacemaker implantation. Limited information exists on the association of sick sinus syndrome (SSS) with mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the general population. […] Recent estimates suggest that 75,000 new cases of SSS occur in the US every year and that this number will more than double by 2060. […] Despite being relatively frequent and a major indication for pacemaker implantation, the impact of SSS on the risk of other cardiovascular outcomes and mortality has received little attention. […] Overall, individuals with SSS had higher age, race, and sex-standardized incidence rates of mortality and CVD than those without SSS. […] SSS was associated with a higher incidence of all outcomes after adjustment for baseline covariates, with hazard ratios ranging from 1.4-1.7 for mortality, stroke and CHD, to 2.9 for heart failure, 5.8 for AF, and 54 for pacemaker implantation. […] We have shown that individuals who develop SSS are at higher risk of several cardiovascular complications than those without SSS.

• #51 Association of Sick Sinus Syndrome with Incident Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study and Cardiovascular Health Study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0109662

  Sick sinus syndrome (SSS) is a common indication for pacemaker implantation. Limited information exists on the association of sick sinus syndrome (SSS) with mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the general population. […] Recent estimates suggest that 75,000 new cases of SSS occur in the US every year and that this number will more than double by 2060. […] Despite being relatively frequent and a major indication for pacemaker implantation, the impact of SSS on the risk of other cardiovascular outcomes and mortality has received little attention. […] Overall, individuals with SSS had higher age, race, and sex-standardized incidence rates of mortality and CVD than those without SSS. […] SSS was associated with a higher incidence of all outcomes after adjustment for baseline covariates, with hazard ratios ranging from 1.4-1.7 for mortality, stroke and CHD, to 2.9 for heart failure, 5.8 for AF, and 54 for pacemaker implantation. […] We have shown that individuals who develop SSS are at higher risk of several cardiovascular complications than those without SSS.

• #52 Sick sinus syndrome: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/sick-sinus-syndrome/

  Sick sinus syndrome occurs most commonly in older adults, although it can be diagnosed in people of any age. The condition increases the risk of several life-threatening problems involving the heart and blood vessels. These include a heart rhythm abnormality called atrial fibrillation, heart failure, cardiac arrest, and stroke. […] Sick sinus syndrome accounts for 1 in 600 patients with heart disease who are over age 65. The incidence of this condition increases with age.

• #53 Sick Sinus Syndrome: A Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0515/p691.html/1000

  More than 50 percent of patients with sick sinus syndrome develop tachy-brady syndrome with atrial fibrillation or flutter as the tachyarrhythmia, leading to an increased risk of embolic stroke. Anticoagulation therapy has been shown to decrease the number of embolic events and strokes, and the decision to start anticoagulant medication can be based on American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association guidelines.

• #54 Frontiers | Trends in research on sick sinus syndrome: A bibliometric analysis from 2000 to 2022

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cardiovascular-medicine/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2022.991503/full

  Sick sinus syndrome (SSS) is a refractory arrhythmia disease caused by the pathological changes of sinoatrial node and its adjacent tissues. […] Epidemiological studies suggested that the age of onset of SSS is between the ages of 20 and 90 with an increasing incidence with age. SSS was most prevalent in the elderly, and its 5-year survival rate was 62–65%, and the incidence of embolism was 15%. The incidence of SSS has been increasing in United States since 2012, with more than 75,000 people suffering from SSS each year. Approximately, 1 in 600 patients with cardiovascular disease over 65 years old was a SSS patient. […] It was estimated that by 2060 there will be more than 172,000 new cases of SSS in the United States each year.

• #55 Sick Sinus Syndrome: A Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0515/p691.html/1000

  More than 50 percent of patients with sick sinus syndrome develop tachy-brady syndrome with atrial fibrillation or flutter as the tachyarrhythmia, leading to an increased risk of embolic stroke. Anticoagulation therapy has been shown to decrease the number of embolic events and strokes, and the decision to start anticoagulant medication can be based on American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association guidelines.

• #56 Sick sinus syndrome Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/sick-sinus-syndrome

  Sick sinus syndrome is uncommon, but not rare. It is the most common reason people need to have an artificial pacemaker implanted. […] Sick sinus syndrome most often occurs in people older than age 50. It is often due to scar-like damage to electrical pathways in the heart muscle tissue. […] Holter or longer term rhythm monitors are effective tools for diagnosing sick sinus syndrome. They may pick up very slow heart rates and long pauses, along with episodes of atrial tachycardias. […] Sick sinus syndrome may cause symptoms of heart failure to start or get worse. Sick sinus syndrome is diagnosed when the symptoms occur only during episodes of arrhythmia. However, the link is often hard to prove.

• #57 Sick sinus syndrome: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/sick-sinus-syndrome/

  Sick sinus syndrome occurs most commonly in older adults, although it can be diagnosed in people of any age. The condition increases the risk of several life-threatening problems involving the heart and blood vessels. These include a heart rhythm abnormality called atrial fibrillation, heart failure, cardiac arrest, and stroke. […] Sick sinus syndrome accounts for 1 in 600 patients with heart disease who are over age 65. The incidence of this condition increases with age.

• #58 Sick Sinus Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470599/

  Sinus node dysfunction is a disease of older adults, although it can occur at any age. The mean age of a patient with sinus node dysfunction is 68 years. Sinus node dysfunction develops in one of every 600 cardiac patients of 65 years of age or older. Males and females are equally affected. Sinus node dysfunction accounted for more than 50% of the pacemaker implantations in the United States in the 1990s. […] Sick sinus syndrome or sinus node dysfunction is primarily a disease of the elderly population. It results from the degeneration of the SA node affecting its ability to generate or transmit impulses to the atrial tissue. Sinus node dysfunction has several characteristic rhythm disturbances manifesting in symptoms of organ hypo-perfusion. The main treatment of sick sinus syndrome is permanent pacemaker; it is usually done after secondary causes are ruled out. The risk of sudden cardiac death with sinus node dysfunction is low.

• #59 Sick Sinus Syndrome – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/specific-cardiac-arrhythmias/sick-sinus-syndrome

  Sick sinus syndrome affects mainly older patients, especially those with another cardiac disorder or diabetes. […] The prognosis is otherwise mixed; mortality is about 4%/year, primarily resulting from an underlying structural heart disorder. […] Each year, about 5% of patients develop atrial fibrillation with its risks of heart failure and stroke. […] Diagnosis is mainly by electrocardiographic monitoring. […] Symptomatic sick sinus syndrome is treated with a pacemaker.

• #60 Sick Sinus Syndrome: A Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0515/p691.html/1000

  Sick sinus syndrome usually occurs in older adults, but it can affect persons of all ages. One in 600 cardiac patients older than 65 years has this syndrome. In one study of patients older than 21 years with sick sinus syndrome, the median age was 74 years. Men and women are affected equally. […] The diagnosis of sick sinus syndrome requires correlating symptoms of end-organ hypoperfusion with the presence of bradyarrhythmia observed on cardiac monitoring. If short-term monitoring is nondiagnostic, prolonged cardiac monitoring should be considered. […] Permanent pacemaker placement is recommended only in patients with symptomatic sick sinus syndrome and documented bradycardia. Pacemaker placement is considered the only effective treatment for chronic symptomatic sick sinus syndrome not caused by correctable extrinsic factors.

• #61 Sick sinus syndrome Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/sick-sinus-syndrome

  Sick sinus syndrome is uncommon, but not rare. It is the most common reason people need to have an artificial pacemaker implanted. […] Sick sinus syndrome most often occurs in people older than age 50. It is often due to scar-like damage to electrical pathways in the heart muscle tissue. […] Holter or longer term rhythm monitors are effective tools for diagnosing sick sinus syndrome. They may pick up very slow heart rates and long pauses, along with episodes of atrial tachycardias. […] Sick sinus syndrome may cause symptoms of heart failure to start or get worse. Sick sinus syndrome is diagnosed when the symptoms occur only during episodes of arrhythmia. However, the link is often hard to prove.

• #62 Sick sinus syndrome: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000161.htm

  Sick sinus syndrome most often occurs in people older than age 50. […] Sick sinus syndrome is uncommon, but not rare. It is the most common reason people need to have an artificial pacemaker implanted. […] Holter or longer term rhythm monitors are effective tools for diagnosing sick sinus syndrome. […] The syndrome is most often progressive. This means it gets worse over time in most cases.

• #63 Sick sinus syndrome Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/sick-sinus-syndrome

  Sick sinus syndrome is uncommon, but not rare. It is the most common reason people need to have an artificial pacemaker implanted. […] Sick sinus syndrome most often occurs in people older than age 50. It is often due to scar-like damage to electrical pathways in the heart muscle tissue. […] Holter or longer term rhythm monitors are effective tools for diagnosing sick sinus syndrome. They may pick up very slow heart rates and long pauses, along with episodes of atrial tachycardias. […] Sick sinus syndrome may cause symptoms of heart failure to start or get worse. Sick sinus syndrome is diagnosed when the symptoms occur only during episodes of arrhythmia. However, the link is often hard to prove.

• #64 Sinus Node Dysfunction: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/158064-overview

  The epidemiology of sinus node dysfunction (SND) is difficult to study, given its nature and varying manifestations, including nonspecific symptoms and electrocardiographic (ECG) findings. It is estimated that the incidence of SND in the United States is approximately 1 in 600 cardiac patients older than 65 years. Due to its relationship with advanced age, SND is more prevalent in countries where citizens have a longer life expectancy. […] Symptomatic patients are generally older, in seventh or eighth decade of life, with frequent comorbidities. Only a few epidemiologic studies have been published. […] A pooled analysis of 20,572 patients from 2 large epidemiology studies (the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities [ARIC] and Cardiovascular Health Study [CHS] trials) who were followed for an average of 17 years, 291 incident cases of sick sinus syndrome (SSS) were noted, yielding an incidence rate of 0.8 cases per 1000 person-years. Although several variables were associated with the development of SSS (eg, higher body mass index, hypertension, prior cardiovascular event), advancing age was the most significant risk factor for SSS (hazard ratio 1.73 for each additional 5 years of age (95% confidence interval: 1.47-2.05). […] In major trials of pacing in this disorder, the median or mean age of the patients with SND was 73 to 76 years. Men and women appear equally affected and, although less common, SND/SSS can also occur in younger adults and children.

• #65 Frontiers | Trends in research on sick sinus syndrome: A bibliometric analysis from 2000 to 2022

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cardiovascular-medicine/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2022.991503/full

  Sick sinus syndrome (SSS) is a refractory arrhythmia disease caused by the pathological changes of sinoatrial node and its adjacent tissues. […] Epidemiological studies suggested that the age of onset of SSS is between the ages of 20 and 90 with an increasing incidence with age. SSS was most prevalent in the elderly, and its 5-year survival rate was 62–65%, and the incidence of embolism was 15%. The incidence of SSS has been increasing in United States since 2012, with more than 75,000 people suffering from SSS each year. Approximately, 1 in 600 patients with cardiovascular disease over 65 years old was a SSS patient. […] It was estimated that by 2060 there will be more than 172,000 new cases of SSS in the United States each year.

• #66 Frontiers | Trends in research on sick sinus syndrome: A bibliometric analysis from 2000 to 2022

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cardiovascular-medicine/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2022.991503/full

  Sick sinus syndrome (SSS) is a refractory arrhythmia disease caused by the pathological changes of sinoatrial node and its adjacent tissues. […] Epidemiological studies suggested that the age of onset of SSS is between the ages of 20 and 90 with an increasing incidence with age. SSS was most prevalent in the elderly, and its 5-year survival rate was 62–65%, and the incidence of embolism was 15%. The incidence of SSS has been increasing in United States since 2012, with more than 75,000 people suffering from SSS each year. Approximately, 1 in 600 patients with cardiovascular disease over 65 years old was a SSS patient. […] It was estimated that by 2060 there will be more than 172,000 new cases of SSS in the United States each year.

• #67 Incidence of and Risk Factors for Sick Sinus Syndrome in the General Population | CoLab

  https://colab.ws/articles/10.1016%2Fj.jacc.2014.03.056

  Little is known about the incidence of and risk factors for sick sinus syndrome (SSS), a common indication for pacemaker implantation. This study sought to describe the epidemiology of SSS. During an average 17 years of follow-up, 291 incident SSS cases were identified (unadjusted rate 0.8 per 1,000 person-years). Incidence increased with age (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.73; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.47 to 2.05 per 5-year increment), and blacks had a 41% lower risk of SSS than whites (HR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.37 to 0.98). We project that the annual number of new SSS cases in the United States will increase from 78,000 in 2012 to 172,000 in 2060. […] Blacks have a lower risk of SSS than whites, and several cardiovascular risk factors were associated with incident SSS. With the aging of the population, the number of Americans with SSS will increase dramatically over the next 50 years.

• #68 Incidence of and risk factors for sick sinus syndrome in the general population. | chs-nhlbi

  https://chs-nhlbi.org/node/6572

  Little is known about the incidence of and risk factors for sick sinus syndrome (SSS), a common indication for pacemaker implantation. […] This study sought to describe the epidemiology of SSS. […] During an average 17 years of follow-up, 291 incident SSS cases were identified (unadjusted rate 0.8 per 1,000 person-years). Incidence increased with age (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.73; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.47 to 2.05 per 5-year increment), and blacks had a 41% lower risk of SSS than whites (HR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.37 to 0.98). […] We project that the annual number of new SSS cases in the United States will increase from 78,000 in 2012 to 172,000 in 2060. […] Blacks have a lower risk of SSS than whites, and several cardiovascular risk factors were associated with incident SSS. With the aging of the population, the number of Americans with SSS will increase dramatically over the next 50 years.

• #69 Sinus node dysfunction – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinus_node_dysfunction

  Overall incidence of sinus node dysfunction increases with age with 1 in 1000 in adults over 45 years old and 1 in 600 cardiac patients over 65 years old. Sinus node dysfunction is the primary indication for approximately 30%-50% of all pacemaker implantation in the United States. Sinus node dysfunction is a relatively uncommon syndrome in the young and middle-aged population.

• #70 Sick Sinus Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470599/

  Sinus node dysfunction is a disease of older adults, although it can occur at any age. The mean age of a patient with sinus node dysfunction is 68 years. Sinus node dysfunction develops in one of every 600 cardiac patients of 65 years of age or older. Males and females are equally affected. Sinus node dysfunction accounted for more than 50% of the pacemaker implantations in the United States in the 1990s. […] Sick sinus syndrome or sinus node dysfunction is primarily a disease of the elderly population. It results from the degeneration of the SA node affecting its ability to generate or transmit impulses to the atrial tissue. Sinus node dysfunction has several characteristic rhythm disturbances manifesting in symptoms of organ hypo-perfusion. The main treatment of sick sinus syndrome is permanent pacemaker; it is usually done after secondary causes are ruled out. The risk of sudden cardiac death with sinus node dysfunction is low.

• #71

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2024/10250/the_effect_of_unhealthy_lifestyle_on_the.44.aspx

  Sick sinus syndrome (SSS), also known as sinoatrial node dysfunction, has been widely concerned by the medical community. The incidence rate of SSS is increasingly, which poses a great threat to public health. […] According to the epidemiological survey, the onset time of SSS tends to be aging, and the main age range of SSS is about 20 to 90 years old, the average age is about 68 years old, which usually occurs in the elderly. According to statistics, there is one SSS patient in every 600 heart disease patients over 65 years old. The incidence rate of SSS is about 0.17% and increases with age. […] The sharp increase in the number of patients with SSS and the problem that they cannot be completely cured is one of the biggest challenges facing the medical community. […] The etiology and pathogenesis of SSS are complex. Iatrogenic factors such as ischemia and anoxia accompanied by various CVDs and improper drug treatment have been identified as the main risk of increasing the prevalence of SSS.

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