Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Sinusitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinusitis

  Sinusitis is a common condition, with between 24 and 31 million cases occurring in the United States annually. Chronic sinusitis affects approximately 12.5% of people. […] The management of sinusitis in the United States results in more than US$11 billion in costs.

• #2 Acute Sinusitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/232670-overview

  Sinusitis affects 1 out of every 7 adults in the United States, with more than 30 million individuals diagnosed each year. Sinusitis is more common from early fall to early spring. Rhinosinusitis affects an estimated 35 million people per year in the United States and accounts for close to 16 million office visits per year. […] According to the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS), approximately 14% of adults report having an episode of rhinosinusitis each year, and it is the fifth most common diagnosis for which antibiotics are prescribed, accounting for 0.4% of ambulatory diagnoses. […] In 1996, Americans spent approximately $3.39 billion treating rhinosinusitis. […] Acute sinusitis affects 3 in 1000 people in the United Kingdom. Chronic sinusitis affects 1 in 1000 people. Sinusitis is more common in winter than in summer.

• #3

  https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/allergy/rhino-sinusitis/

  The prevalence of acute sinusitis is on the rise, based on data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (from 0.2% of diagnoses at office visits in 1990 to 0.4% of diagnoses at office visits in 1995). In 2001, sinusitis represented 13.6 million outpatient visits according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Approximately 40 million Americans are affected by sinusitis every year, and 33 million cases of chronic sinusitis are reported annually to the CDC. […] When sinusitis is considered together with commonly associated comorbid conditions such as allergic rhinitis, asthma, and chronic bronchitis, exacerbation of these diseases affects more than 90 million people—nearly one in three Americans. The socioeconomic impact of this translates to more than $5.8 billion dollars spent on the treatment of sinusitis.

• #4 Sinus Infection (Sinusitis or Rhinosinusitis) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/sinus-infection-sinusitis-or-rhinosinusitis

  Sinusitis affects more than 30 million people in the United States each year. […] It is well documented that sinusitis has a significant effect on a persons overall quality of life, says R. Peter Manes, MD, an otolaryngologist in the Yale Medicine Sinus Allergy Program. […] A course of antibiotics usually clears up an acute sinus infection in about seven to 10 days. […] Our multidisciplinary team, including pulmonary, allergy and immunology experts, allows us to effectively identify causes of sinusitis and develop personalized plans for treatment. […] Yale Medicine provides cutting-edge medical and surgical therapies, including clinical trials, to optimize treatment of sinusitis.

• #5 FastStats – Sinus Conditions

  https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/sinuses.htm

  Number of adults with diagnosed sinusitis: 28.9 million […] Percent of adults with diagnosed sinusitis: 11.6% […] Number of visits to physician offices with chronic sinusitis as the primary diagnosis: 2.7 million […] Number of visits to emergency departments with chronic sinusitis as the primary diagnosis: 234,000.

• #6 Acute Sinusitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/232670-overview

  Sinusitis affects 1 out of every 7 adults in the United States, with more than 30 million individuals diagnosed each year. Sinusitis is more common from early fall to early spring. Rhinosinusitis affects an estimated 35 million people per year in the United States and accounts for close to 16 million office visits per year. […] According to the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS), approximately 14% of adults report having an episode of rhinosinusitis each year, and it is the fifth most common diagnosis for which antibiotics are prescribed, accounting for 0.4% of ambulatory diagnoses. […] In 1996, Americans spent approximately $3.39 billion treating rhinosinusitis. […] Acute sinusitis affects 3 in 1000 people in the United Kingdom. Chronic sinusitis affects 1 in 1000 people. Sinusitis is more common in winter than in summer.

• #7 Pulsenotes | Acute rhinosinusitis

  https://app.pulsenotes.com/surgery/ent/notes/acute-rhinosinusitis

  Acute rhinosinusitis is a common problem that can affect up to 1 in 7 patients per year. […] In Europe, 1-2 per 100 general practice consultations are due to acute rhinosinusitis. The incidence is higher in women and can affect all ages, although it most commonly occurs in the 5-7th decades. Major risk factors for developing acute rhinosinusitis include smoking, older age, air travel, deep sea diving, swimming and asthma.

• #8 Acute sinusitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3093592/

  Approximately 0.5% of all upper respiratory tract infections are complicated by sinusitis; the incidence of acute sinusitis ranges from 15 to 40 episodes per 1000 patients per year, depending on the setting. It is much more common in adults than it is in children, whose sinuses are not fully developed. Acute sinusitis is the second most common infectious disease seen by GPs. Most acute sinusitis is caused by the same viruses that cause the common cold. Although up to one-third of adult patients seen in ears, nose, and throat clinics might have acute bacterial sinusitis (and cultures of antral puncture specimens show Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae to be the most common causative bacteria), the proportion of cases of acute sinusitis due to bacteria is much smaller in primary care probably less than 2%.

• #9 Acute Sinusitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/232670-overview

  Sinusitis affects 1 out of every 7 adults in the United States, with more than 30 million individuals diagnosed each year. Sinusitis is more common from early fall to early spring. Rhinosinusitis affects an estimated 35 million people per year in the United States and accounts for close to 16 million office visits per year. […] According to the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS), approximately 14% of adults report having an episode of rhinosinusitis each year, and it is the fifth most common diagnosis for which antibiotics are prescribed, accounting for 0.4% of ambulatory diagnoses. […] In 1996, Americans spent approximately $3.39 billion treating rhinosinusitis. […] Acute sinusitis affects 3 in 1000 people in the United Kingdom. Chronic sinusitis affects 1 in 1000 people. Sinusitis is more common in winter than in summer.

• #10 Sinusitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinusitis

  Sinusitis is a common condition, with between 24 and 31 million cases occurring in the United States annually. Chronic sinusitis affects approximately 12.5% of people. […] The management of sinusitis in the United States results in more than US$11 billion in costs.

• #11 Chronic rhinosinusitis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/chronic-sinusitis?embed_domain=hackmd.io%25252525252f%252525252540yipuafecsl2jsu8smr5njq%25252525252fbnjhjgjghjghjghradiopaedia-icon-144.png&lang=gb

  Chronic rhinosinusitis is common, with an estimated population prevalence of ~15% (range 5.5-28%), although this reduces to ~5% (range 3-6%) when endoscopic/CT criteria are applied. […] It most commonly affects young to middle-aged adults, but can also uncommonly affect children.

• #12 Chronic Sinusitis Statistics: Global and U.S. Overview, Types, Trends, and Complications – Broken English MD

  https://brokenenglishmd.com/chronic-sinusitis-statistics-global-and-u-s-overview-types-trends-and-complications/

  Globally, CRS is widespread but unevenly distributed. A 2024 systematic review found pooled global prevalence ~8.7%. By region, Europe has the highest reported prevalence, followed by North America and Asia. For example, some European studies report CRS rates >10%, whereas many Asian studies find rates under 10%. Over time, CRS appears to be increasing: in one analysis, prevalence rose from ~4.7% in 1980–2000 to ~19.4% by 2014–2020 (possibly reflecting better detection or changing risk factors). The increase is partly due to aging populations and rising comorbidities (like asthma, allergic diseases, obesity). CRS imposes a heavy global burden: tens of millions of people have the disease, leading to substantial disability and healthcare utilization. […] Key epidemiologic points: […] Overall prevalence: ~5–12% globally; ~12% US adults ever-diagnosed, ~2–3% currently symptomatic.

• #13 Acute Sinusitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/232670-overview

  Sinusitis affects 1 out of every 7 adults in the United States, with more than 30 million individuals diagnosed each year. Sinusitis is more common from early fall to early spring. Rhinosinusitis affects an estimated 35 million people per year in the United States and accounts for close to 16 million office visits per year. […] According to the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS), approximately 14% of adults report having an episode of rhinosinusitis each year, and it is the fifth most common diagnosis for which antibiotics are prescribed, accounting for 0.4% of ambulatory diagnoses. […] In 1996, Americans spent approximately $3.39 billion treating rhinosinusitis. […] Acute sinusitis affects 3 in 1000 people in the United Kingdom. Chronic sinusitis affects 1 in 1000 people. Sinusitis is more common in winter than in summer.

• #14 Acute Sinusitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/232670-overview

  An average child is likely to have 6-8 colds (ie, upper respiratory tract infections) per year, and approximately 0.5-2% of upper respiratory tract infections in adults and 6-13% of viral upper respiratory tract infections in children are complicated by the development of acute bacterial sinusitis. […] Women have more episodes of infective sinusitis than men because they tend to have more close contact with young children. The rate in women is 20.3%, compared with 11.5% in men.

• #15 Chronic Sinusitis Statistics: Global and U.S. Overview, Types, Trends, and Complications – Broken English MD

  https://brokenenglishmd.com/chronic-sinusitis-statistics-global-and-u-s-overview-types-trends-and-complications/

  Chronic sinusitis affects millions worldwide. In the United States, an estimated 28.9 million adults (≈11.6% of adults) have ever been diagnosed with sinusitis; of these, roughly 2–6% of adults (depending on survey) report current sinusitis symptoms. National survey data (NHIS) show that about 2.4% of U.S. adults “still have sinusitis” (likely reflecting chronic cases). CRS prevalence rises with age – highest rates occur in middle-aged and older adults (e.g. ~5% in age 65+) and is much lower in children (rare under age 15). Women are more affected than men (in NHIS 2018, ~2.9% of women vs 1.9% of men reported current sinusitis). Prevalence also varies by race/ethnicity: for example, U.S. data show non-Hispanic Blacks (~3.4%) have higher reported sinusitis than Whites (~2.6%), with lower rates in Asians (~1.1%). Lower socioeconomic status is linked to higher CRS risk: in NHIS 2018 the poorest adults had ~6.2% prevalence (still having sinusitis) vs ~2.9% in higher-income groups. Rural or non-metropolitan residents report higher CRS prevalence (5.1%) than large metropolitan residents (2.9%). Smoking and obesity are risk factors; smokers and obese individuals have significantly higher CRS prevalence.

• #16 Chronic Sinusitis Statistics: Global and U.S. Overview, Types, Trends, and Complications – Broken English MD

  https://brokenenglishmd.com/chronic-sinusitis-statistics-global-and-u-s-overview-types-trends-and-complications/

  Chronic sinusitis affects millions worldwide. In the United States, an estimated 28.9 million adults (≈11.6% of adults) have ever been diagnosed with sinusitis; of these, roughly 2–6% of adults (depending on survey) report current sinusitis symptoms. National survey data (NHIS) show that about 2.4% of U.S. adults “still have sinusitis” (likely reflecting chronic cases). CRS prevalence rises with age – highest rates occur in middle-aged and older adults (e.g. ~5% in age 65+) and is much lower in children (rare under age 15). Women are more affected than men (in NHIS 2018, ~2.9% of women vs 1.9% of men reported current sinusitis). Prevalence also varies by race/ethnicity: for example, U.S. data show non-Hispanic Blacks (~3.4%) have higher reported sinusitis than Whites (~2.6%), with lower rates in Asians (~1.1%). Lower socioeconomic status is linked to higher CRS risk: in NHIS 2018 the poorest adults had ~6.2% prevalence (still having sinusitis) vs ~2.9% in higher-income groups. Rural or non-metropolitan residents report higher CRS prevalence (5.1%) than large metropolitan residents (2.9%). Smoking and obesity are risk factors; smokers and obese individuals have significantly higher CRS prevalence.

• #17 Chronic Sinusitis Statistics: Global and U.S. Overview, Types, Trends, and Complications – Broken English MD

  https://brokenenglishmd.com/chronic-sinusitis-statistics-global-and-u-s-overview-types-trends-and-complications/

  Age: Rare in children, increases in adulthood (peak in 40–60 years old). […] Sex: More common in women (female:male ~1.5:1). […] Race/Ethnicity: Higher in Blacks than Whites; lower in Asians. […] Geography: Higher in Europe and North America than Asia/Africa; higher in rural/regional populations. […] Socioeconomics: Higher prevalence in lower-income, lower-education groups. […] These patterns suggest that environmental exposures (urban pollution, smoking), healthcare access, and comorbid conditions contribute to CRS risk. In the U.S., sinusitis is one of the most common reasons for doctor visits and antibiotic use. In 2018, there were ~2.7 million outpatient visits and ~234,000 emergency department visits for CRS (chronic sinusitis as primary diagnosis). Women and older adults accounted for a disproportionate share of visits. Over one-third of adult patients with asthma also have CRS, indicating significant overlap with other airway diseases.

• #18 Chronic rhinosinusitis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/chronic-sinusitis?embed_domain=hackmd.io%25252525252f%252525252540yipuafecsl2jsu8smr5njq%25252525252fbnjhjgjghjghjghradiopaedia-icon-144.png&lang=gb

  Chronic rhinosinusitis is common, with an estimated population prevalence of ~15% (range 5.5-28%), although this reduces to ~5% (range 3-6%) when endoscopic/CT criteria are applied. […] It most commonly affects young to middle-aged adults, but can also uncommonly affect children.

• #19 Chronic Sinusitis Statistics: Global and U.S. Overview, Types, Trends, and Complications – Broken English MD

  https://brokenenglishmd.com/chronic-sinusitis-statistics-global-and-u-s-overview-types-trends-and-complications/

  Chronic sinusitis affects millions worldwide. In the United States, an estimated 28.9 million adults (≈11.6% of adults) have ever been diagnosed with sinusitis; of these, roughly 2–6% of adults (depending on survey) report current sinusitis symptoms. National survey data (NHIS) show that about 2.4% of U.S. adults “still have sinusitis” (likely reflecting chronic cases). CRS prevalence rises with age – highest rates occur in middle-aged and older adults (e.g. ~5% in age 65+) and is much lower in children (rare under age 15). Women are more affected than men (in NHIS 2018, ~2.9% of women vs 1.9% of men reported current sinusitis). Prevalence also varies by race/ethnicity: for example, U.S. data show non-Hispanic Blacks (~3.4%) have higher reported sinusitis than Whites (~2.6%), with lower rates in Asians (~1.1%). Lower socioeconomic status is linked to higher CRS risk: in NHIS 2018 the poorest adults had ~6.2% prevalence (still having sinusitis) vs ~2.9% in higher-income groups. Rural or non-metropolitan residents report higher CRS prevalence (5.1%) than large metropolitan residents (2.9%). Smoking and obesity are risk factors; smokers and obese individuals have significantly higher CRS prevalence.

• #20 Chronic Sinusitis Statistics: Global and U.S. Overview, Types, Trends, and Complications – Broken English MD

  https://brokenenglishmd.com/chronic-sinusitis-statistics-global-and-u-s-overview-types-trends-and-complications/

  Chronic sinusitis affects millions worldwide. In the United States, an estimated 28.9 million adults (≈11.6% of adults) have ever been diagnosed with sinusitis; of these, roughly 2–6% of adults (depending on survey) report current sinusitis symptoms. National survey data (NHIS) show that about 2.4% of U.S. adults “still have sinusitis” (likely reflecting chronic cases). CRS prevalence rises with age – highest rates occur in middle-aged and older adults (e.g. ~5% in age 65+) and is much lower in children (rare under age 15). Women are more affected than men (in NHIS 2018, ~2.9% of women vs 1.9% of men reported current sinusitis). Prevalence also varies by race/ethnicity: for example, U.S. data show non-Hispanic Blacks (~3.4%) have higher reported sinusitis than Whites (~2.6%), with lower rates in Asians (~1.1%). Lower socioeconomic status is linked to higher CRS risk: in NHIS 2018 the poorest adults had ~6.2% prevalence (still having sinusitis) vs ~2.9% in higher-income groups. Rural or non-metropolitan residents report higher CRS prevalence (5.1%) than large metropolitan residents (2.9%). Smoking and obesity are risk factors; smokers and obese individuals have significantly higher CRS prevalence.

• #21 Chronic Sinusitis Statistics: Global and U.S. Overview, Types, Trends, and Complications – Broken English MD

  https://brokenenglishmd.com/chronic-sinusitis-statistics-global-and-u-s-overview-types-trends-and-complications/

  Chronic sinusitis affects millions worldwide. In the United States, an estimated 28.9 million adults (≈11.6% of adults) have ever been diagnosed with sinusitis; of these, roughly 2–6% of adults (depending on survey) report current sinusitis symptoms. National survey data (NHIS) show that about 2.4% of U.S. adults “still have sinusitis” (likely reflecting chronic cases). CRS prevalence rises with age – highest rates occur in middle-aged and older adults (e.g. ~5% in age 65+) and is much lower in children (rare under age 15). Women are more affected than men (in NHIS 2018, ~2.9% of women vs 1.9% of men reported current sinusitis). Prevalence also varies by race/ethnicity: for example, U.S. data show non-Hispanic Blacks (~3.4%) have higher reported sinusitis than Whites (~2.6%), with lower rates in Asians (~1.1%). Lower socioeconomic status is linked to higher CRS risk: in NHIS 2018 the poorest adults had ~6.2% prevalence (still having sinusitis) vs ~2.9% in higher-income groups. Rural or non-metropolitan residents report higher CRS prevalence (5.1%) than large metropolitan residents (2.9%). Smoking and obesity are risk factors; smokers and obese individuals have significantly higher CRS prevalence.

• #22 Acute Sinusitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/232670-overview

  Sinusitis affects 1 out of every 7 adults in the United States, with more than 30 million individuals diagnosed each year. Sinusitis is more common from early fall to early spring. Rhinosinusitis affects an estimated 35 million people per year in the United States and accounts for close to 16 million office visits per year. […] According to the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS), approximately 14% of adults report having an episode of rhinosinusitis each year, and it is the fifth most common diagnosis for which antibiotics are prescribed, accounting for 0.4% of ambulatory diagnoses. […] In 1996, Americans spent approximately $3.39 billion treating rhinosinusitis. […] Acute sinusitis affects 3 in 1000 people in the United Kingdom. Chronic sinusitis affects 1 in 1000 people. Sinusitis is more common in winter than in summer.

• #23 Sinusitis | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/sinusitis/

  Peak annual incidence Incidence The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from prevalence, which refers to all cases in the population at a given time. Measures of Disease Frequency coincides with peak of viral URIs in fall/ winter Winter Pityriasis Rosea months […] Higher incidence Incidence The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from prevalence, which refers to all cases in the population at a given time. Measures of Disease Frequency in women and in those aged 4564 years.

• #24 Sinusitis | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/sinusitis/

  Peak annual incidence Incidence The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from prevalence, which refers to all cases in the population at a given time. Measures of Disease Frequency coincides with peak of viral URIs in fall/ winter Winter Pityriasis Rosea months […] Higher incidence Incidence The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from prevalence, which refers to all cases in the population at a given time. Measures of Disease Frequency in women and in those aged 4564 years.

• #25

  https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/allergy/rhino-sinusitis/

  The most common cause of acute sinusitis is an upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) of viral origin. […] When bacterial growth occurs in acute sinusitis, the most common organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. In chronic sinusitis, these organisms, plus Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species, and anaerobic bacteria, are the most likely involved organisms. Organisms isolated from patients with chronic sinusitis increasingly are showing antibiotic resistance. […] A distinct entity, allergic fungal sinusitis (AFS), occurs in immunocompetent patients and results from an immunologic reaction to fungi that colonize the sinuses. […] Orbital extension of sinus disease is the most common complication of acute sinusitis. This complication is more common in children. Immediate management includes broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics, a CT scan to determine the extent of disease, and possibly surgical drainage of the infection if there is no response to antibiotics. Extension to the central nervous system can also occur. The most common intracranial complications are meningitis (usually from the sphenoid sinus, which is anatomically located closest to the brain) and epidural abscess (usually from the frontal sinuses).

• #26 Rhinosinusitis

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/ENT/Sinus/Rhnsnsts.htm

  Symptom free intervals last greater than 2 months […] 90 to 98% of all Rhinosinusitis […] Superinfection of up to 2% of viral Upper Respiratory Infections […] 50% […] 0.5% of viral URIs develop into Bacterial Sinusitis […] Hospitalization for severe Rhinosinusitis complications […] Adult: 1 in 32,000 […] Child: 1 in 12,000.

• #27 Sinusitis | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/116559/all/Sinusitis?q=Hypertension

  Affects 1 in 8 adults (30 million people in the United States yearly diagnosed with rhinosinusitis) […] Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis remains the fifth leading reason for prescribing antibiotics. […] Viral cause in 90-98% of cases with 0.5-2% having a bacterial superinfection.

• #28 Acute Sinusitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547701/

  Acute rhinosinusitis accounts for 1 in 5 antibiotic prescriptions for adults, making it the fifth most common reason for an antibiotic prescription. Approximately 6% to 7% of children with respiratory symptoms have acute rhinosinusitis. An estimated 16% of adults are diagnosed with ABRS annually. Given the clinical nature of this diagnosis, there is a possibility of overestimation. […] An estimated 0.5 to 2.0% of viral rhinosinusitis (VRS) will develop into bacterial infections in adults and 5 to 10% in children.

• #29 Acute Sinusitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/232670-overview

  An average child is likely to have 6-8 colds (ie, upper respiratory tract infections) per year, and approximately 0.5-2% of upper respiratory tract infections in adults and 6-13% of viral upper respiratory tract infections in children are complicated by the development of acute bacterial sinusitis. […] Women have more episodes of infective sinusitis than men because they tend to have more close contact with young children. The rate in women is 20.3%, compared with 11.5% in men.

• #30 Acute sinusitis in daily clinical practice

  https://otolaryngologypl.com/article/01.3001.0015.2378/en?language=pl

  Understanding the appropriate use of diagnostics and treatment in acute rhinosinusitis is of immense importance given the high prevalence of this disease in the general population. […] The prevalence of ARS in the general population varies significantly in available studies. Acute viral rhinosinusitis, the common cold, is an extremely common illness – on average it occurs 2 to 5 times per year in adults and up to 10 times per year in children. […] In 2018, Hoffmans et al. published the latest Dutch study based on the EPOS criteria. Based on the results, the prevalence of post-viral ARS is estimated at 18% (17–21%). […] Only about 0.5–2% of viral ARS cases progress to bacterial ARS. […] Factors predisposing to ARS include anatomical abnormalities (especially in RARS), allergic rhinitis, immunodeficiencies, primary and secondary ciliary dyskinesia, active and passive smoking, air pollution (smog), gastro-esophageal reflux (controversial factor), anxiety and depressive disorders.

• #31

  https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/allergy/rhino-sinusitis/

  The most common cause of acute sinusitis is an upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) of viral origin. […] When bacterial growth occurs in acute sinusitis, the most common organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. In chronic sinusitis, these organisms, plus Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species, and anaerobic bacteria, are the most likely involved organisms. Organisms isolated from patients with chronic sinusitis increasingly are showing antibiotic resistance. […] A distinct entity, allergic fungal sinusitis (AFS), occurs in immunocompetent patients and results from an immunologic reaction to fungi that colonize the sinuses. […] Orbital extension of sinus disease is the most common complication of acute sinusitis. This complication is more common in children. Immediate management includes broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics, a CT scan to determine the extent of disease, and possibly surgical drainage of the infection if there is no response to antibiotics. Extension to the central nervous system can also occur. The most common intracranial complications are meningitis (usually from the sphenoid sinus, which is anatomically located closest to the brain) and epidural abscess (usually from the frontal sinuses).

• #32 Sinusitis: appropriate diagnosis and management | This Changed My Practice (TCMP) by UBC CPD

  https://thischangedmypractice.com/sinusitis-diagnosis-and-management/

  Sinusitis is a commonly encountered condition for the Canadian family physician. There are an estimated 30 million cases diagnosed annually with over 22 million office visits per year in the United States. The overall expenditure attributable to sinusitis in 1996 was estimated at US$5.8 billion with an estimated 73 million restricted activity days between 1990 and 1992. Chronic sinusitis has worse quality of life scores than COPD, CHF or angina. The total cost of diagnosing and treating sinusitis remains one of the most expensive chronic disorders experienced by the North American population and continues to increase yearly. […] The most common and classic pathogens in ABRS have remained the same over the decades with Streptococcus pneumonia still being the most common at 40%, Haemophilus influenzae accounting for 30% of the cases, and Moraxella catarrhalis accounting for 20% of cases. Patients infected with Streptococcus pneumonia usually have the worse symptom score and are most likely to take time off work. All three of these pathogens are often transmitted to adults from children attending daycare and young schoolchildren where a lack of frequent handwashing may be a norm.

• #33 Sinusitis: appropriate diagnosis and management | This Changed My Practice (TCMP) by UBC CPD

  https://thischangedmypractice.com/sinusitis-diagnosis-and-management/

  Sinusitis is a commonly encountered condition for the Canadian family physician. There are an estimated 30 million cases diagnosed annually with over 22 million office visits per year in the United States. The overall expenditure attributable to sinusitis in 1996 was estimated at US$5.8 billion with an estimated 73 million restricted activity days between 1990 and 1992. Chronic sinusitis has worse quality of life scores than COPD, CHF or angina. The total cost of diagnosing and treating sinusitis remains one of the most expensive chronic disorders experienced by the North American population and continues to increase yearly. […] The most common and classic pathogens in ABRS have remained the same over the decades with Streptococcus pneumonia still being the most common at 40%, Haemophilus influenzae accounting for 30% of the cases, and Moraxella catarrhalis accounting for 20% of cases. Patients infected with Streptococcus pneumonia usually have the worse symptom score and are most likely to take time off work. All three of these pathogens are often transmitted to adults from children attending daycare and young schoolchildren where a lack of frequent handwashing may be a norm.

• #34

  https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/allergy/rhino-sinusitis/

  The most common cause of acute sinusitis is an upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) of viral origin. […] When bacterial growth occurs in acute sinusitis, the most common organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. In chronic sinusitis, these organisms, plus Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species, and anaerobic bacteria, are the most likely involved organisms. Organisms isolated from patients with chronic sinusitis increasingly are showing antibiotic resistance. […] A distinct entity, allergic fungal sinusitis (AFS), occurs in immunocompetent patients and results from an immunologic reaction to fungi that colonize the sinuses. […] Orbital extension of sinus disease is the most common complication of acute sinusitis. This complication is more common in children. Immediate management includes broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics, a CT scan to determine the extent of disease, and possibly surgical drainage of the infection if there is no response to antibiotics. Extension to the central nervous system can also occur. The most common intracranial complications are meningitis (usually from the sphenoid sinus, which is anatomically located closest to the brain) and epidural abscess (usually from the frontal sinuses).

• #35

  https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/allergy/rhino-sinusitis/

  The most common cause of acute sinusitis is an upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) of viral origin. […] When bacterial growth occurs in acute sinusitis, the most common organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. In chronic sinusitis, these organisms, plus Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species, and anaerobic bacteria, are the most likely involved organisms. Organisms isolated from patients with chronic sinusitis increasingly are showing antibiotic resistance. […] A distinct entity, allergic fungal sinusitis (AFS), occurs in immunocompetent patients and results from an immunologic reaction to fungi that colonize the sinuses. […] Orbital extension of sinus disease is the most common complication of acute sinusitis. This complication is more common in children. Immediate management includes broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics, a CT scan to determine the extent of disease, and possibly surgical drainage of the infection if there is no response to antibiotics. Extension to the central nervous system can also occur. The most common intracranial complications are meningitis (usually from the sphenoid sinus, which is anatomically located closest to the brain) and epidural abscess (usually from the frontal sinuses).

• #36 Acute sinusitis in daily clinical practice

  https://otolaryngologypl.com/article/01.3001.0015.2378/en?language=pl

  Understanding the appropriate use of diagnostics and treatment in acute rhinosinusitis is of immense importance given the high prevalence of this disease in the general population. […] The prevalence of ARS in the general population varies significantly in available studies. Acute viral rhinosinusitis, the common cold, is an extremely common illness – on average it occurs 2 to 5 times per year in adults and up to 10 times per year in children. […] In 2018, Hoffmans et al. published the latest Dutch study based on the EPOS criteria. Based on the results, the prevalence of post-viral ARS is estimated at 18% (17–21%). […] Only about 0.5–2% of viral ARS cases progress to bacterial ARS. […] Factors predisposing to ARS include anatomical abnormalities (especially in RARS), allergic rhinitis, immunodeficiencies, primary and secondary ciliary dyskinesia, active and passive smoking, air pollution (smog), gastro-esophageal reflux (controversial factor), anxiety and depressive disorders.

• #37 Acute sinusitis in daily clinical practice

  https://otolaryngologypl.com/article/01.3001.0015.2378/en?language=pl

  EPOS2020 also summarized when the risk of bacterial ARS increases, listing the following predisposing factors for a bacterial infection: odontogenic: infections and surgical procedures, iatrogenic: sinus surgery, nasogastric tubes, nasal packing, mechanical ventilation, immunodeficiencies: HIV, immunoglobulin deficiencies, primary and secondary ciliary impairment: cystic fibrosis, primary ciliary dyskinesis (Kartagener syndrome), smoking, secondary immotile cilia syndromes (post-infectious, damage after exposure to harmful factors), structural/mechanical obstruction: deviated nasal septum (DNS), nasal polyps, hypertrophic turbinates, tumors, trauma, foreign bodies, GPA, mucosal edema: preceding viral upper respiratory infection, allergic rhinitis, other rhinitis.

• #38 Advising Patients About Sinus Infections

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/advising-patients-about-sinus-infections

  Sinusitis is a general term for inflammation of the paranasal passages. The CDC considers the term to be synonymous with sinus infection. About 30 million Americans develop sinusitis in a typical year. […] Some people are more prone to sinusitis. They include those with the following medical conditions or risk factors: allergic rhinitis (e.g., hay fever); structural problems in the nasal cavity that block the sinus openings (e.g., deviated nasal septum, nasal bone spur, nasal polyps); a compromised immune system (perhaps due to HIV or chemotherapy); any disease that prevents sinus cilia from functioning as they should; large adenoids; cystic fibrosis; history of smoking; exposure to airborne chemicals or irritants; and attendance at day care. Those living in southern states are at greater risk.

• #39 Advising Patients About Sinus Infections

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/advising-patients-about-sinus-infections

  Sinusitis is a general term for inflammation of the paranasal passages. The CDC considers the term to be synonymous with sinus infection. About 30 million Americans develop sinusitis in a typical year. […] Some people are more prone to sinusitis. They include those with the following medical conditions or risk factors: allergic rhinitis (e.g., hay fever); structural problems in the nasal cavity that block the sinus openings (e.g., deviated nasal septum, nasal bone spur, nasal polyps); a compromised immune system (perhaps due to HIV or chemotherapy); any disease that prevents sinus cilia from functioning as they should; large adenoids; cystic fibrosis; history of smoking; exposure to airborne chemicals or irritants; and attendance at day care. Those living in southern states are at greater risk.

• #40 Sinusitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinusitis

  Sinusitis is a common condition, with between 24 and 31 million cases occurring in the United States annually. Chronic sinusitis affects approximately 12.5% of people. […] The management of sinusitis in the United States results in more than US$11 billion in costs.

• #41 Recurrent Acute Rhinosinusitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/35995

  Sinusitis ranks among the most common conditions prompting medical attention, with 1 in 8 adults receiving a sinusitis diagnosis at least once in their lifetime. Sinusitis accounts for 20% of all antibiotic prescriptions. In the United States alone, in 2015, there were 30 million diagnosed sinusitis cases, incurring a substantial treatment cost exceeding $11 billion: $3 billion allocated to acute sinusitis and $8.3 billion to chronic sinusitis. A comprehensive review of a medical claims database encompassing 13.1 million people from 2003 to 2008 revealed a RARS prevalence of 1 in 3,000. Within this population, females constituted the majority (72.1%) of affected individuals, with a mean age of 43.5 years. On average, patients had 5.6 annual healthcare visits and filled 9.4 prescriptions per year, resulting in an annual direct cost burden of $1,091 per patient.

• #42 Acute Sinusitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/232670-overview

  Sinusitis affects 1 out of every 7 adults in the United States, with more than 30 million individuals diagnosed each year. Sinusitis is more common from early fall to early spring. Rhinosinusitis affects an estimated 35 million people per year in the United States and accounts for close to 16 million office visits per year. […] According to the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS), approximately 14% of adults report having an episode of rhinosinusitis each year, and it is the fifth most common diagnosis for which antibiotics are prescribed, accounting for 0.4% of ambulatory diagnoses. […] In 1996, Americans spent approximately $3.39 billion treating rhinosinusitis. […] Acute sinusitis affects 3 in 1000 people in the United Kingdom. Chronic sinusitis affects 1 in 1000 people. Sinusitis is more common in winter than in summer.

• #43

  https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/allergy/rhino-sinusitis/

  The prevalence of acute sinusitis is on the rise, based on data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (from 0.2% of diagnoses at office visits in 1990 to 0.4% of diagnoses at office visits in 1995). In 2001, sinusitis represented 13.6 million outpatient visits according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Approximately 40 million Americans are affected by sinusitis every year, and 33 million cases of chronic sinusitis are reported annually to the CDC. […] When sinusitis is considered together with commonly associated comorbid conditions such as allergic rhinitis, asthma, and chronic bronchitis, exacerbation of these diseases affects more than 90 million people—nearly one in three Americans. The socioeconomic impact of this translates to more than $5.8 billion dollars spent on the treatment of sinusitis.

• #44 Sinusitis: appropriate diagnosis and management | This Changed My Practice (TCMP) by UBC CPD

  https://thischangedmypractice.com/sinusitis-diagnosis-and-management/

  Sinusitis is a commonly encountered condition for the Canadian family physician. There are an estimated 30 million cases diagnosed annually with over 22 million office visits per year in the United States. The overall expenditure attributable to sinusitis in 1996 was estimated at US$5.8 billion with an estimated 73 million restricted activity days between 1990 and 1992. Chronic sinusitis has worse quality of life scores than COPD, CHF or angina. The total cost of diagnosing and treating sinusitis remains one of the most expensive chronic disorders experienced by the North American population and continues to increase yearly. […] The most common and classic pathogens in ABRS have remained the same over the decades with Streptococcus pneumonia still being the most common at 40%, Haemophilus influenzae accounting for 30% of the cases, and Moraxella catarrhalis accounting for 20% of cases. Patients infected with Streptococcus pneumonia usually have the worse symptom score and are most likely to take time off work. All three of these pathogens are often transmitted to adults from children attending daycare and young schoolchildren where a lack of frequent handwashing may be a norm.

• #45 An Overview of the Treatment and Management of Rhinosinusitis

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/an-overview-of-the-treatment-and-management-of-rhinosinusitis

  The annual cost of sinusitis in the United States is approximately $5.8 billion, which includes over 500,000 surgical procedures performed on the paranasal sinuses. Over 30 million Americans are affected by rhinosinusitis annually, with 73 million days of restricted activity or lost work per year. Bacteria cause sinusitis in only 2% to 10% of cases, yet a recent national survey showed that 81% of adults presenting with acute sinusitis were prescribed antibiotics. Acute sinusitis is now the fifth leading indication for antimicrobial prescriptions by primary care physicians. […] In March 2012 the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) published its first clinical practice guidelines on the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis. […] Each year, 1 in 7 noninstitutionalized Americans over the age of 18 years is diagnosed with acute rhinosinusitis. Despite the fact that 70% of patients improve without antibiotics, rhinosinusitis is still the fifth leading indication for practitioners to prescribe antimicrobials. Community pharmacists are poised to play a significant role in the appropriate treatment of rhinosinusitis through proper recognition of cardinal symptoms and clinical manifestations, patient education, and evidence-based pharmacotherapy.

• #46

  https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/allergy/rhino-sinusitis/

  The prevalence of acute sinusitis is on the rise, based on data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (from 0.2% of diagnoses at office visits in 1990 to 0.4% of diagnoses at office visits in 1995). In 2001, sinusitis represented 13.6 million outpatient visits according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Approximately 40 million Americans are affected by sinusitis every year, and 33 million cases of chronic sinusitis are reported annually to the CDC. […] When sinusitis is considered together with commonly associated comorbid conditions such as allergic rhinitis, asthma, and chronic bronchitis, exacerbation of these diseases affects more than 90 million people—nearly one in three Americans. The socioeconomic impact of this translates to more than $5.8 billion dollars spent on the treatment of sinusitis.

• #47 Acute Sinusitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/232670-overview

  Sinusitis affects 1 out of every 7 adults in the United States, with more than 30 million individuals diagnosed each year. Sinusitis is more common from early fall to early spring. Rhinosinusitis affects an estimated 35 million people per year in the United States and accounts for close to 16 million office visits per year. […] According to the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS), approximately 14% of adults report having an episode of rhinosinusitis each year, and it is the fifth most common diagnosis for which antibiotics are prescribed, accounting for 0.4% of ambulatory diagnoses. […] In 1996, Americans spent approximately $3.39 billion treating rhinosinusitis. […] Acute sinusitis affects 3 in 1000 people in the United Kingdom. Chronic sinusitis affects 1 in 1000 people. Sinusitis is more common in winter than in summer.

• #48 FastStats – Sinus Conditions

  https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/sinuses.htm

  Number of adults with diagnosed sinusitis: 28.9 million […] Percent of adults with diagnosed sinusitis: 11.6% […] Number of visits to physician offices with chronic sinusitis as the primary diagnosis: 2.7 million […] Number of visits to emergency departments with chronic sinusitis as the primary diagnosis: 234,000.

• #49 Chronic Sinusitis Statistics: Global and U.S. Overview, Types, Trends, and Complications – Broken English MD

  https://brokenenglishmd.com/chronic-sinusitis-statistics-global-and-u-s-overview-types-trends-and-complications/

  Age: Rare in children, increases in adulthood (peak in 40–60 years old). […] Sex: More common in women (female:male ~1.5:1). […] Race/Ethnicity: Higher in Blacks than Whites; lower in Asians. […] Geography: Higher in Europe and North America than Asia/Africa; higher in rural/regional populations. […] Socioeconomics: Higher prevalence in lower-income, lower-education groups. […] These patterns suggest that environmental exposures (urban pollution, smoking), healthcare access, and comorbid conditions contribute to CRS risk. In the U.S., sinusitis is one of the most common reasons for doctor visits and antibiotic use. In 2018, there were ~2.7 million outpatient visits and ~234,000 emergency department visits for CRS (chronic sinusitis as primary diagnosis). Women and older adults accounted for a disproportionate share of visits. Over one-third of adult patients with asthma also have CRS, indicating significant overlap with other airway diseases.

• #50 Acute Sinusitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/232670-overview

  Sinusitis affects 1 out of every 7 adults in the United States, with more than 30 million individuals diagnosed each year. Sinusitis is more common from early fall to early spring. Rhinosinusitis affects an estimated 35 million people per year in the United States and accounts for close to 16 million office visits per year. […] According to the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS), approximately 14% of adults report having an episode of rhinosinusitis each year, and it is the fifth most common diagnosis for which antibiotics are prescribed, accounting for 0.4% of ambulatory diagnoses. […] In 1996, Americans spent approximately $3.39 billion treating rhinosinusitis. […] Acute sinusitis affects 3 in 1000 people in the United Kingdom. Chronic sinusitis affects 1 in 1000 people. Sinusitis is more common in winter than in summer.

• #51

  https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/allergy/rhino-sinusitis/

  The prevalence of acute sinusitis is on the rise, based on data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (from 0.2% of diagnoses at office visits in 1990 to 0.4% of diagnoses at office visits in 1995). In 2001, sinusitis represented 13.6 million outpatient visits according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Approximately 40 million Americans are affected by sinusitis every year, and 33 million cases of chronic sinusitis are reported annually to the CDC. […] When sinusitis is considered together with commonly associated comorbid conditions such as allergic rhinitis, asthma, and chronic bronchitis, exacerbation of these diseases affects more than 90 million people—nearly one in three Americans. The socioeconomic impact of this translates to more than $5.8 billion dollars spent on the treatment of sinusitis.

• #52 Medical Treatment for Acute Sinusitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/861646-overview

  About 1 out of every 8 adults in the United States is affected by sinusitis, either acute or chronic. […] Acute sinusitis in the intensive care population is a distinct entity, occurring in 18-32% of patients with prolonged periods of intubation, and is usually diagnosed during the evaluation of unexplained fever.

• #53 An Overview of the Treatment and Management of Rhinosinusitis

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/an-overview-of-the-treatment-and-management-of-rhinosinusitis

  The annual cost of sinusitis in the United States is approximately $5.8 billion, which includes over 500,000 surgical procedures performed on the paranasal sinuses. Over 30 million Americans are affected by rhinosinusitis annually, with 73 million days of restricted activity or lost work per year. Bacteria cause sinusitis in only 2% to 10% of cases, yet a recent national survey showed that 81% of adults presenting with acute sinusitis were prescribed antibiotics. Acute sinusitis is now the fifth leading indication for antimicrobial prescriptions by primary care physicians. […] In March 2012 the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) published its first clinical practice guidelines on the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis. […] Each year, 1 in 7 noninstitutionalized Americans over the age of 18 years is diagnosed with acute rhinosinusitis. Despite the fact that 70% of patients improve without antibiotics, rhinosinusitis is still the fifth leading indication for practitioners to prescribe antimicrobials. Community pharmacists are poised to play a significant role in the appropriate treatment of rhinosinusitis through proper recognition of cardinal symptoms and clinical manifestations, patient education, and evidence-based pharmacotherapy.

• #54 Properly diagnosing sinus infections – UGA Research News

  https://research.uga.edu/news/properly-diagnosing-sinus-infections/

  Sinus infections remain a leading reason why patients are prescribed antibiotics they don’t need. But that may be because there isn’t a lot of guidance for clinicians on which signs and symptoms accurately point to a bacterial sinus infection. […] Only one in three sinus infections are caused by bacteria, but almost three in four patients are prescribed antibiotics to treat their illness, said Ebell. and in a time of growing antibiotic resistance, this discrepancy between prescription and need is a problem. […] In this latest study appearing in the Annals of Family Medicine, Ebell and his co-authors sought to identify whether certain symptoms, such as cough, headache, or discolored mucus, best predicted the presence of a bacterial sinus infection. […] They found that the clinician’s overall impression of the patient’s symptoms, which relies on the doctor’s experience and judgment, was the most accurate method of diagnosis. A patient complaint of a foul odor and pain in the upper teeth were the second and third, respectively, most accurate symptoms of sinus infection.

• #55 Acute sinusitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3093592/

  It has been found that 75% or more of patients with sinusitis in the placebo groups of antibiotic trials get better spontaneously within 7 to 10 days. Complications from acute bacterial sinusitis are very rare; none occurred in the placebo arms of the primary care antibiotic trials. […] In Europe and North America, more than 90% of patients with diagnoses of acute sinusitis in primary care receive prescriptions for antibiotics. This occurs despite the self-limiting natural history of untreated sinus infections and the results of the many antibiotic trials, which show that most patients in the placebo groups get better almost as quickly as those who receive antibiotic treatment. […] There have been relatively few trials of antibiotics for adults with acute sinusitis in the primary care setting; in general, those that have been done show that although antibiotics clear up the colour of the purulent mucus, they have little effect on the duration or severity of the illness. […] Because of the disappointing response to antibiotics, perhaps it is better to concentrate on relieving the patients symptoms.

• #56 Should you treat a sinus infection with antibiotics? | PBS News

  https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/should-you-treat-a-sinus-infection-with-antibiotics

  Each year, more than 30 million Americans endure sinusitis an inflammation of sinus spaces surrounding the nose that makes it difficult to drain fluid that normally flows through the sinuses. […] A recent study published in Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology found inappropriate levels of antibiotics were prescribed for viral infections, concerning experts. […] The World Health Organization has called antibiotic resistance one of the biggest threats to global health, saying misuse of antibiotics in humans and animals is accelerating the process. […] Bacterial infections can be trickier. Patients do need antibiotics when its a bacteria that is making them feel sick. These can reduce symptoms and help them get better, faster. Bacterial sinusitis is more likely when symptoms last more than 10 days. If symptoms seem to have improved only to come back as more aggressive, a bacteria may also be the source. In both of these cases, antibiotics may be needed to help you feel better. Patients can take antibiotics for five to 10 days, sometimes longer. A person with bacterial sinusitis typically shows improvement in the first seven days of treatment. […] Sinusitis is common, but there is always a chance that something else may be going on, warranting further evaluation and possibly more treatments.

• #57 Epidemiology of chronic rhinosinusitis | Thorax

  https://thorax.bmj.com/content/55/suppl_2/S20

  Epidemiological and prevalence data for chronic sinusitis are relatively rare. In children, in particular, the precise incidence of chronic sinusitis has not been established. This paucity of information contrasts with the abundant literature on the microbiology, diagnosis, treatment, and the financial repercussions of chronic sinusitis. […] The discrepancy of definitions results mainly from the use of different criteria such as symptom duration or intensity, the type of selected symptoms, and also from the need for and lack of other exploration methods such as imaging or bacteriological culture. […] In the definition proposed by the International Conference on Sinus Disease in 1993 the criteria for chronic sinusitis in adults were persistent symptoms and signs for eight weeks or four episodes per year of recurrent acute sinusitis, each lasting at least 10 days, in association with persistent changes on the computed tomographic (CT) scan four weeks after medical treatment without intervening acute infection.

• #58 Epidemiology of chronic rhinosinusitis | Thorax

  https://thorax.bmj.com/content/55/suppl_2/S20

  Epidemiological and prevalence data for chronic sinusitis are relatively rare. In children, in particular, the precise incidence of chronic sinusitis has not been established. This paucity of information contrasts with the abundant literature on the microbiology, diagnosis, treatment, and the financial repercussions of chronic sinusitis. […] The discrepancy of definitions results mainly from the use of different criteria such as symptom duration or intensity, the type of selected symptoms, and also from the need for and lack of other exploration methods such as imaging or bacteriological culture. […] In the definition proposed by the International Conference on Sinus Disease in 1993 the criteria for chronic sinusitis in adults were persistent symptoms and signs for eight weeks or four episodes per year of recurrent acute sinusitis, each lasting at least 10 days, in association with persistent changes on the computed tomographic (CT) scan four weeks after medical treatment without intervening acute infection.

• #59 Epidemiology of chronic rhinosinusitis | Thorax

  https://thorax.bmj.com/content/55/suppl_2/S20

  Epidemiological and prevalence data for chronic sinusitis are relatively rare. In children, in particular, the precise incidence of chronic sinusitis has not been established. This paucity of information contrasts with the abundant literature on the microbiology, diagnosis, treatment, and the financial repercussions of chronic sinusitis. […] The discrepancy of definitions results mainly from the use of different criteria such as symptom duration or intensity, the type of selected symptoms, and also from the need for and lack of other exploration methods such as imaging or bacteriological culture. […] In the definition proposed by the International Conference on Sinus Disease in 1993 the criteria for chronic sinusitis in adults were persistent symptoms and signs for eight weeks or four episodes per year of recurrent acute sinusitis, each lasting at least 10 days, in association with persistent changes on the computed tomographic (CT) scan four weeks after medical treatment without intervening acute infection.

• #60 02. Sinusitis | Hospital Handbook

  https://hospitalhandbook.ucsf.edu/02-sinusitis/02-sinusitis

  Diagnosis is clinical. According to the IDSA, ABRS in setting of viral URI should be considered when major/minor signs/symptoms are present 10 days or more beyond the onset of upper respiratory symptoms, or major/minor signs/symptoms worsen within 10 days after initial improvement (called double-sickening). […] Chronic rhinosinusitis: persistent symptoms lasting 12 weeks in duration. […] Chronic rhinosinusitis treatment is complex and is usually managed in conjunction with specialists (allergy, ENT). […] Patients with recurrent acute sinusitis (4/year) or chronic sinusitis (12 weeks) should be evaluated for allergy and immunodeficiency and referred to ENT for evaluation of possible anatomic abnormalities.

• #61 Study Identifies Best Predictors of Bacterial Sinus Infection | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/news/health-of-the-public/20190405ars-abrs.html

  Although acute rhinosinusitis (ARS) is the most common reason for outpatient prescription of antibiotics, only about one-third of patients with sinus symptoms have a confirmed bacterial infection, or acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABRS). […] The authors based their conclusions on studies of outpatients with clinically suspected ARS that reported enough data to calculate sensitivity and specificity of various signs and symptoms in making the diagnosis. […] Most importantly, the authors’ analysis identified three predictors that best helped clinicians diagnose patients with ABRS: overall clinical impression, pain in the teeth and fetid breath. […] Ebell reiterated that a foul odor on the breath, pain in the maxillary teeth and the physician’s overall clinical impression were most strongly associated with detection of bacteria in the sinus fluid in patients with sinus symptoms. […] „The latter (clinical impression) was actually the best at ruling in and ruling out bacterial rhinosinusitis, which tells us that family physicians should trust their clinical examination and experience when ruling in, or just as importantly, ruling out a bacterial cause,” he said.

• #62 UGA study finds limited evidence to diagnose bacterial sinusitis – College of Public Health UGA

  https://publichealth.uga.edu/uga-study-finds-limited-evidence-to-diagnose-bacterial-sinusitis/

  UGA study finds limited evidence to diagnose bacterial sinusitis. Sinus infections remain a leading reason why patients are prescribed antibiotics they don’t need. But that may be because there isn’t a lot of guidance for clinicians on which signs and symptoms accurately point to a bacterial sinus infection. That’s according to a new study from the University of Georgia, which analyzed the existing medical literature on diagnosing sinus infection. “The data on how to clinically diagnose sinusitis is not great,” said Dr. Mark Ebell, epidemiology and biostatistics professor at UGA’s College of Public Health and study lead author. “We found that there just wasn’t a whole lot of data out there for individual signs and symptoms. There were some clinical prediction rules that combine signs and symptom to improve diagnosis, but none of them had been prospectively evaluated, where you develop the rule in one group of patients and then validate it in another group of patients.” Only one in three sinus infections are caused by bacteria, but almost three in four patients are prescribed antibiotics to treat their illness, said Ebell, and in an age of growing antibiotic resistance, this discrepancy between prescription and need is a problem. In the study appearing in the Annals of Family Medicine, Ebell and his co-authors sought to identify whether certain symptoms, such as cough, headache, or discolored mucus, best predicted the presence of a bacterial sinus infection. They found that the clinician’s overall impression of the patient’s symptoms, which relies on the doctor’s experience and judgment, was the most accurate method of diagnosis. A patient complaint of a foul odor and pain in the upper teeth were the second and third, respectively, most accurate symptoms of sinus infection. Ebell said it is reassuring that the overall clinical impression often pointed toward a correct diagnosis. “The vast majority of the time, primary care clinicians use their overall clinical impression as their primary tool. They don’t count the number of symptoms or use diagnostic scores. They examine and talk to the patient,” he said, “so it was important to see that it’s the most accurate clinical variable that we found.” This study is one of over 30 systematic reviews and meta-analyses Ebell has conducted over his career, and he sees them as an important part of advancing the field as well as training the next generation of health professionals who are interested in questions concerning medical practice and public health.

• #63 Study Identifies Best Predictors of Bacterial Sinus Infection | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/news/health-of-the-public/20190405ars-abrs.html

  Although acute rhinosinusitis (ARS) is the most common reason for outpatient prescription of antibiotics, only about one-third of patients with sinus symptoms have a confirmed bacterial infection, or acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABRS). […] The authors based their conclusions on studies of outpatients with clinically suspected ARS that reported enough data to calculate sensitivity and specificity of various signs and symptoms in making the diagnosis. […] Most importantly, the authors’ analysis identified three predictors that best helped clinicians diagnose patients with ABRS: overall clinical impression, pain in the teeth and fetid breath. […] Ebell reiterated that a foul odor on the breath, pain in the maxillary teeth and the physician’s overall clinical impression were most strongly associated with detection of bacteria in the sinus fluid in patients with sinus symptoms. […] „The latter (clinical impression) was actually the best at ruling in and ruling out bacterial rhinosinusitis, which tells us that family physicians should trust their clinical examination and experience when ruling in, or just as importantly, ruling out a bacterial cause,” he said.

• #64 Treating acute sinusitis – Australian Prescriber

  https://australianprescriber.tg.org.au/articles/treating-acute-sinusitis-3.html

  The gold standard for the diagnosis of acute bacterial sinusitis remains aspiration of pus from one of the major sinuses. As the maxillary sinuses are the most accessible to aspiration and also the most commonly involved sinus in acute sinusitis, they were the most commonly aspirated sinuses. […] Acute sinusitis is thought to be caused by the secondary bacterial invasion of inflamed sinuses that can occur in an acute viral upper respiratory tract infection. However, the presence of bacteria in the sinuses can only be confirmed by direct aspiration of the sinus. This is only possible in the maxillary sinus and can only be done with some discomfort to the patient. […] Most cases of acute sinusitis can be managed by the general practitioner. However, referral should occur if complications develop or if the patient fails to respond to second-line therapy. Referral should also be made for patients with recurrent acute sinusitis.

• #65

  https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/allergy/rhino-sinusitis/

  The prevalence of acute sinusitis is on the rise, based on data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (from 0.2% of diagnoses at office visits in 1990 to 0.4% of diagnoses at office visits in 1995). In 2001, sinusitis represented 13.6 million outpatient visits according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Approximately 40 million Americans are affected by sinusitis every year, and 33 million cases of chronic sinusitis are reported annually to the CDC. […] When sinusitis is considered together with commonly associated comorbid conditions such as allergic rhinitis, asthma, and chronic bronchitis, exacerbation of these diseases affects more than 90 million people—nearly one in three Americans. The socioeconomic impact of this translates to more than $5.8 billion dollars spent on the treatment of sinusitis.

• #66 Chronic Sinusitis Statistics: Global and U.S. Overview, Types, Trends, and Complications – Broken English MD

  https://brokenenglishmd.com/chronic-sinusitis-statistics-global-and-u-s-overview-types-trends-and-complications/

  Globally, CRS is widespread but unevenly distributed. A 2024 systematic review found pooled global prevalence ~8.7%. By region, Europe has the highest reported prevalence, followed by North America and Asia. For example, some European studies report CRS rates >10%, whereas many Asian studies find rates under 10%. Over time, CRS appears to be increasing: in one analysis, prevalence rose from ~4.7% in 1980–2000 to ~19.4% by 2014–2020 (possibly reflecting better detection or changing risk factors). The increase is partly due to aging populations and rising comorbidities (like asthma, allergic diseases, obesity). CRS imposes a heavy global burden: tens of millions of people have the disease, leading to substantial disability and healthcare utilization. […] Key epidemiologic points: […] Overall prevalence: ~5–12% globally; ~12% US adults ever-diagnosed, ~2–3% currently symptomatic.

• #67 Chronic Sinusitis Statistics: Global and U.S. Overview, Types, Trends, and Complications – Broken English MD

  https://brokenenglishmd.com/chronic-sinusitis-statistics-global-and-u-s-overview-types-trends-and-complications/

  Globally, CRS is widespread but unevenly distributed. A 2024 systematic review found pooled global prevalence ~8.7%. By region, Europe has the highest reported prevalence, followed by North America and Asia. For example, some European studies report CRS rates >10%, whereas many Asian studies find rates under 10%. Over time, CRS appears to be increasing: in one analysis, prevalence rose from ~4.7% in 1980–2000 to ~19.4% by 2014–2020 (possibly reflecting better detection or changing risk factors). The increase is partly due to aging populations and rising comorbidities (like asthma, allergic diseases, obesity). CRS imposes a heavy global burden: tens of millions of people have the disease, leading to substantial disability and healthcare utilization. […] Key epidemiologic points: […] Overall prevalence: ~5–12% globally; ~12% US adults ever-diagnosed, ~2–3% currently symptomatic.

• #68 Acute sinusitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3093592/

  It has been found that 75% or more of patients with sinusitis in the placebo groups of antibiotic trials get better spontaneously within 7 to 10 days. Complications from acute bacterial sinusitis are very rare; none occurred in the placebo arms of the primary care antibiotic trials. […] In Europe and North America, more than 90% of patients with diagnoses of acute sinusitis in primary care receive prescriptions for antibiotics. This occurs despite the self-limiting natural history of untreated sinus infections and the results of the many antibiotic trials, which show that most patients in the placebo groups get better almost as quickly as those who receive antibiotic treatment. […] There have been relatively few trials of antibiotics for adults with acute sinusitis in the primary care setting; in general, those that have been done show that although antibiotics clear up the colour of the purulent mucus, they have little effect on the duration or severity of the illness. […] Because of the disappointing response to antibiotics, perhaps it is better to concentrate on relieving the patients symptoms.

• #69 Sinusitis – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/nose-and-sinus-disorders/sinusitis

  The main complication of sinusitis is spread of a bacterial infection. An infection may spread to the tissues around the eye and cause changes in vision or swelling around the eye. […] A doctor bases the diagnosis on the typical symptoms. A computed tomography (CT) scan is able to determine the extent and severity of sinusitis but is done mainly when people have symptoms of complications (such as a red, bulging eye) or when people have chronic sinusitis.

• #70

  https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/allergy/rhino-sinusitis/

  The most common cause of acute sinusitis is an upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) of viral origin. […] When bacterial growth occurs in acute sinusitis, the most common organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. In chronic sinusitis, these organisms, plus Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species, and anaerobic bacteria, are the most likely involved organisms. Organisms isolated from patients with chronic sinusitis increasingly are showing antibiotic resistance. […] A distinct entity, allergic fungal sinusitis (AFS), occurs in immunocompetent patients and results from an immunologic reaction to fungi that colonize the sinuses. […] Orbital extension of sinus disease is the most common complication of acute sinusitis. This complication is more common in children. Immediate management includes broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics, a CT scan to determine the extent of disease, and possibly surgical drainage of the infection if there is no response to antibiotics. Extension to the central nervous system can also occur. The most common intracranial complications are meningitis (usually from the sphenoid sinus, which is anatomically located closest to the brain) and epidural abscess (usually from the frontal sinuses).

• #71 Sinusitis – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/nose-and-sinus-disorders/sinusitis

  The main complication of sinusitis is spread of a bacterial infection. An infection may spread to the tissues around the eye and cause changes in vision or swelling around the eye. […] A doctor bases the diagnosis on the typical symptoms. A computed tomography (CT) scan is able to determine the extent and severity of sinusitis but is done mainly when people have symptoms of complications (such as a red, bulging eye) or when people have chronic sinusitis.

• #72

  https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/allergy/rhino-sinusitis/

  The most common cause of acute sinusitis is an upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) of viral origin. […] When bacterial growth occurs in acute sinusitis, the most common organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. In chronic sinusitis, these organisms, plus Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species, and anaerobic bacteria, are the most likely involved organisms. Organisms isolated from patients with chronic sinusitis increasingly are showing antibiotic resistance. […] A distinct entity, allergic fungal sinusitis (AFS), occurs in immunocompetent patients and results from an immunologic reaction to fungi that colonize the sinuses. […] Orbital extension of sinus disease is the most common complication of acute sinusitis. This complication is more common in children. Immediate management includes broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics, a CT scan to determine the extent of disease, and possibly surgical drainage of the infection if there is no response to antibiotics. Extension to the central nervous system can also occur. The most common intracranial complications are meningitis (usually from the sphenoid sinus, which is anatomically located closest to the brain) and epidural abscess (usually from the frontal sinuses).

• #73 Rhinosinusitis

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/ENT/Sinus/Rhnsnsts.htm

  Symptom free intervals last greater than 2 months […] 90 to 98% of all Rhinosinusitis […] Superinfection of up to 2% of viral Upper Respiratory Infections […] 50% […] 0.5% of viral URIs develop into Bacterial Sinusitis […] Hospitalization for severe Rhinosinusitis complications […] Adult: 1 in 32,000 […] Child: 1 in 12,000.

• #74 Sinusitis: appropriate diagnosis and management | This Changed My Practice (TCMP) by UBC CPD

  https://thischangedmypractice.com/sinusitis-diagnosis-and-management/

  Chronic Sinusitis (CRS) Patients whose symptoms last more than 12 weeks are diagnosed with CRS, a chronic condition that results in more bodily pain and worse QOL than COPD, CHF and back pain. A presence of symptoms and objective findings are necessary for making a diagnosis. The symptoms are usually lesser in intensity than ABRS and include PND, dull headaches, fatigue, lack of energy. The patient may have a new onset cough and new onset of pulmonary symptoms including asthma. The patient may often acutely remember the original onset of his/her cold that never really went away. Asthma occurs in 40-70% of CRS patients indicative of the important united airway theory. Diagnosis requires the presence of at least two major symptoms which can be remembered with the mnemonic CPODS: Facial Congestion/fullness, Facial Pain/pressure, Nasal Obstruction/blockage, Anterior/Posterior Nasal Discharge/Purulence, Smell loss/hyposmia. A diagnosis requires at least 2 CPODS present for 12 weeks, plus evidence of inflammation of the paranasal sinuses or nasal mucosa on endoscopy or CT scan.

• #75 Chronic Sinusitis Statistics: Global and U.S. Overview, Types, Trends, and Complications – Broken English MD

  https://brokenenglishmd.com/chronic-sinusitis-statistics-global-and-u-s-overview-types-trends-and-complications/

  Age: Rare in children, increases in adulthood (peak in 40–60 years old). […] Sex: More common in women (female:male ~1.5:1). […] Race/Ethnicity: Higher in Blacks than Whites; lower in Asians. […] Geography: Higher in Europe and North America than Asia/Africa; higher in rural/regional populations. […] Socioeconomics: Higher prevalence in lower-income, lower-education groups. […] These patterns suggest that environmental exposures (urban pollution, smoking), healthcare access, and comorbid conditions contribute to CRS risk. In the U.S., sinusitis is one of the most common reasons for doctor visits and antibiotic use. In 2018, there were ~2.7 million outpatient visits and ~234,000 emergency department visits for CRS (chronic sinusitis as primary diagnosis). Women and older adults accounted for a disproportionate share of visits. Over one-third of adult patients with asthma also have CRS, indicating significant overlap with other airway diseases.

• #76 Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Coronary Heart Disease: A Population-Based Study

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/jor/journal-of-otolaryngology-and-rhinology-jor-8-119.php?jid=jor

  Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a well-known heterogeneous disorder due to its potentially infectious status along with long-term inflammation of the nose, paranasal sinuses, and lining of the nasal passages, which lasts for 12 consecutive weeks or longer. […] Although the definite pathophysiological mechanism is not clear, recent studies have postulated bacterial infections with biofilm or fungal colonization as the pathophysiological mechanisms. […] Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a critical public health problem across developed countries worldwide. […] A recent study has shown that patients with CRS were at a higher risk of AMI occurrence in the 6-year follow-up. […] The cumulative incidence of CHD was significantly different between the patients with and without CRS. […] After adjusting for age, sex, and comorbidities such as DM, HTN, hyperlipidemia, asthma, stroke, COPD, alcohol-related illness, and tobacco dependency, the hazard ratio of CHD for individuals with CRS was 1.21 (95% confidence interval = 1.11-1.33) compared with individuals without CRS. […] The findings of this study offer some points regarding the positive relationships between CRS and CHD. […] Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a crucial public health problem across developed countries worldwide. […] Our study showed that CRS was significantly associated with CHD.

• #77 Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Coronary Heart Disease: A Population-Based Study

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/jor/journal-of-otolaryngology-and-rhinology-jor-8-119.php?jid=jor

  Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a well-known heterogeneous disorder due to its potentially infectious status along with long-term inflammation of the nose, paranasal sinuses, and lining of the nasal passages, which lasts for 12 consecutive weeks or longer. […] Although the definite pathophysiological mechanism is not clear, recent studies have postulated bacterial infections with biofilm or fungal colonization as the pathophysiological mechanisms. […] Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a critical public health problem across developed countries worldwide. […] A recent study has shown that patients with CRS were at a higher risk of AMI occurrence in the 6-year follow-up. […] The cumulative incidence of CHD was significantly different between the patients with and without CRS. […] After adjusting for age, sex, and comorbidities such as DM, HTN, hyperlipidemia, asthma, stroke, COPD, alcohol-related illness, and tobacco dependency, the hazard ratio of CHD for individuals with CRS was 1.21 (95% confidence interval = 1.11-1.33) compared with individuals without CRS. […] The findings of this study offer some points regarding the positive relationships between CRS and CHD. […] Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a crucial public health problem across developed countries worldwide. […] Our study showed that CRS was significantly associated with CHD.

• #78 Sinusitis: appropriate diagnosis and management | This Changed My Practice (TCMP) by UBC CPD

  https://thischangedmypractice.com/sinusitis-diagnosis-and-management/

  Sinusitis is a commonly encountered condition for the Canadian family physician. There are an estimated 30 million cases diagnosed annually with over 22 million office visits per year in the United States. The overall expenditure attributable to sinusitis in 1996 was estimated at US$5.8 billion with an estimated 73 million restricted activity days between 1990 and 1992. Chronic sinusitis has worse quality of life scores than COPD, CHF or angina. The total cost of diagnosing and treating sinusitis remains one of the most expensive chronic disorders experienced by the North American population and continues to increase yearly. […] The most common and classic pathogens in ABRS have remained the same over the decades with Streptococcus pneumonia still being the most common at 40%, Haemophilus influenzae accounting for 30% of the cases, and Moraxella catarrhalis accounting for 20% of cases. Patients infected with Streptococcus pneumonia usually have the worse symptom score and are most likely to take time off work. All three of these pathogens are often transmitted to adults from children attending daycare and young schoolchildren where a lack of frequent handwashing may be a norm.

• #79 Sinusitis: appropriate diagnosis and management | This Changed My Practice (TCMP) by UBC CPD

  https://thischangedmypractice.com/sinusitis-diagnosis-and-management/

  Chronic Sinusitis (CRS) Patients whose symptoms last more than 12 weeks are diagnosed with CRS, a chronic condition that results in more bodily pain and worse QOL than COPD, CHF and back pain. A presence of symptoms and objective findings are necessary for making a diagnosis. The symptoms are usually lesser in intensity than ABRS and include PND, dull headaches, fatigue, lack of energy. The patient may have a new onset cough and new onset of pulmonary symptoms including asthma. The patient may often acutely remember the original onset of his/her cold that never really went away. Asthma occurs in 40-70% of CRS patients indicative of the important united airway theory. Diagnosis requires the presence of at least two major symptoms which can be remembered with the mnemonic CPODS: Facial Congestion/fullness, Facial Pain/pressure, Nasal Obstruction/blockage, Anterior/Posterior Nasal Discharge/Purulence, Smell loss/hyposmia. A diagnosis requires at least 2 CPODS present for 12 weeks, plus evidence of inflammation of the paranasal sinuses or nasal mucosa on endoscopy or CT scan.

• #80 Sinusitis, Asthma, and Bronchitis in Recent Veterans – Public Health

  https://www.publichealth.va.gov/epidemiology/studies/new-generation/sinusitis-asthma-bronchitis.asp

  This 2016 VA study found Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) Veterans were 29% more likely to report that they were diagnosed with sinusitis compared to Veterans who were deployed elsewhere during OEF/OIF, according to a recent study. […] Sinusitis findings show that deployed Veterans were 29% more likely to have been diagnosed with sinusitis during and after 2001 compared to non-deployed Veterans. […] Sinusitis: sinus infection, asthma: breathing disease, bronchitis: swelling of tubes leading to lungs. […] The findings are from the National Health Study for a New Generation of U.S. Veterans, a long-term study on the health of 30,000 OEF/OIF Veterans and 30,000 Veterans from the same era who were not deployed.

• #81 Sinusitis, Asthma, and Bronchitis in Recent Veterans – Public Health

  https://www.publichealth.va.gov/epidemiology/studies/new-generation/sinusitis-asthma-bronchitis.asp

  This 2016 VA study found Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) Veterans were 29% more likely to report that they were diagnosed with sinusitis compared to Veterans who were deployed elsewhere during OEF/OIF, according to a recent study. […] Sinusitis findings show that deployed Veterans were 29% more likely to have been diagnosed with sinusitis during and after 2001 compared to non-deployed Veterans. […] Sinusitis: sinus infection, asthma: breathing disease, bronchitis: swelling of tubes leading to lungs. […] The findings are from the National Health Study for a New Generation of U.S. Veterans, a long-term study on the health of 30,000 OEF/OIF Veterans and 30,000 Veterans from the same era who were not deployed.

• #82 Epidemiology of chronic rhinosinusitis | Thorax

  https://thorax.bmj.com/content/55/suppl_2/S20

  Epidemiological and prevalence data for chronic sinusitis are relatively rare. In children, in particular, the precise incidence of chronic sinusitis has not been established. This paucity of information contrasts with the abundant literature on the microbiology, diagnosis, treatment, and the financial repercussions of chronic sinusitis. […] The discrepancy of definitions results mainly from the use of different criteria such as symptom duration or intensity, the type of selected symptoms, and also from the need for and lack of other exploration methods such as imaging or bacteriological culture. […] In the definition proposed by the International Conference on Sinus Disease in 1993 the criteria for chronic sinusitis in adults were persistent symptoms and signs for eight weeks or four episodes per year of recurrent acute sinusitis, each lasting at least 10 days, in association with persistent changes on the computed tomographic (CT) scan four weeks after medical treatment without intervening acute infection.

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