Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Sinus Infection (Sinusitis): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17701-sinusitis

  Sinusitis is an inflammation of the tissues in your sinuses (spaces in your forehead, cheeks and nose usually filled with air). […] Sinusitis is an inflammation, or swelling, of the tissue lining your sinuses. […] Healthcare providers diagnose sinusitis based on your symptoms and health history. A provider will check your ears, nose and throat for swelling, draining or blockage. […] Specific tests your provider might order to diagnose sinus infection include: Nasal endoscopy. […] If symptoms of sinusitis don’t improve after 10 days, a provider may prescribe: Antibiotics. […] Many sinus infections are caused by viruses. You can’t cure viral infections with antibiotics. […] Sinus infections are common and usually not serious. They can have many causes, including viruses and bacteria, nasal polyps or allergies.

• #2 Sinusitis Diagnosis: How Do Doctors Diagnose A Sinus Infection

  https://www.webmd.com/allergies/sinusitus-test

  Sinusitis, also known as a sinus infection, is an inflammation or swelling of your sinuses, usually caused by a virus or bacterial infection, or sometimes fungus. […] Sinus infections tend to linger longer than colds. One of the most telling signs of bacterial sinusitis is double-worsening, where cold symptoms initially improve but then worsen after a few days. […] Most cases of sinusitis are acute, which means they come on suddenly and last less than eight weeks. Symptoms of sinusitis include congestion that makes it hard to breathe through your nose, and tenderness around your nose and eyes. […] Only your doctor can diagnose a sinus infection. Tell them how long you’ve had sinus symptoms, and whether they’ve gotten worse or stayed the same. This will help your doctor find out whether your sinus infection is caused by a virus or bacteria.

• #3 Acute sinusitis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acute-sinusitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351677

  A health care provider might ask about symptoms and do an exam. The exam might include feeling for tenderness in the nose and face and looking inside the nose. […] Other ways to diagnose acute sinusitis and rule out other conditions include: Nasal endoscopy. A health care provider inserts a thin, flexible tube, known as an endoscope, into the nose. A light on the tube allows the provider to see inside the sinuses. […] Imaging studies. A CT scan can show details of the sinuses and nasal area. It’s not usually used for simple acute sinusitis. But imaging studies might help rule out other causes. […] Nasal and sinus samples. Lab tests aren’t often used to diagnose acute sinusitis. But if the condition doesn’t get better with treatment or gets worse, tissue samples from the nose or sinuses might help find the cause.

• #4 UC Davis Health | Department of Otolaryngology | Diagnosis of Sinusitis

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/otolaryngology/specialty/sinus-center/diagnosis-of-sinusitis.html

  The symptoms of sinusitis are not unique to the disease itself. Other disease processes can mimic sinusitis including the common cold, allergies, migraine headache, chronic daily headache, myofascial pain, temporomandibular joint or jaw pain, rhinitis medicamentosa, and even sleep apnea. Therefore an accurate diagnosis requires a thorough history and physical examination. […] Nasal endoscopy is also used to make the diagnosis of sinusitis. This procedure involves passing a fiber-optic telescope, or „endoscope,” into the nose and examining the interior of the nasal cavity. […] While nasal endoscopy plays a major role in the diagnosis of sinusitis, this procedure can only give information about the openings of the sinuses (unless the patient has had previous surgery to widen the natural openings). Therefore another tool, called computerized tomography or a CT scan, is used to visualize the sinus interior. […] Each of these modalities (i.e., history and physical examination, nasal endoscopy, and CT scan) plays an important role in the diagnosis of sinusitis.

• #5 Patient education: Acute sinusitis (sinus infection) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-sinusitis-sinus-infection-beyond-the-basics

  Because antibiotics are effective only against bacterial, and not viral, infections, most people with acute sinusitis do not need antibiotics and would be putting themselves at risk for medication side effects and for developing antibiotic resistance by taking them for nonbacterial sinusitis. Most adults with normal immune systems can also clear bacterial infections without antibiotics. […] ACUTE SINUSITIS SYMPTOMS […] Symptoms of acute sinusitis include: […] – Thick, yellow to green discharge from the nose […] – Nasal congestion or blockage […] – Facial pain, pressure, or fullness […] Other acute sinusitis symptoms can include fever (temperature greater than 100.4°F or 38°C), fatigue, cough, difficulty or inability to smell, ear pressure or fullness, headache, and bad breath. In most cases, these symptoms develop over the course of one day and begin to improve by 7 to 10 days.

• #6 Patient education: Acute sinusitis (sinus infection) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-sinusitis-sinus-infection-beyond-the-basics

  DO I HAVE VIRAL OR BACTERIAL SINUSITIS? […] It is difficult to know if you have a viral or bacterial sinus infection initially. Studies show that duration of symptoms cannot always be used to distinguish between viral and bacterial sinusitis, even when lasting longer than 7 to 10 days. […] If symptoms of sinusitis last more than 10 days, or if you have symptoms that initially improve but then worsen again within the first 7 days („double worsening”), you may have bacterial sinusitis. […] DO I NEED TO BE EXAMINED? […] If you have one or more of the following symptoms, you should seek medical attention immediately (even if symptoms have been present for less than seven days): […] – Persistent high fever (>102°F) […] – Sudden, severe pain in the face or head […] – Double vision or difficulty seeing

• #7 Sinus Infection (Sinusitis): Diagnosis & Treatment | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/primary-care/sinusitis-sinus-infections/treatment

  How Is a Sinus Infection Diagnosed? Diagnosis It can be hard to tell the difference between a cold, a sinus infection, and allergies. To make a diagnosis, your primary care doctor will ask about your symptoms, including when they started, and do a physical exam. The exam includes looking into your ears, nose, and throat for signs of swelling or discharge. The doctor also may press on your sinuses to check for tenderness. […] If your symptoms have lasted 12 weeks or more, or if you have had recurring symptoms over the course of a year, you may have chronic (long-term) sinusitis. Your doctor may order further tests, including: […] Imaging tests, such as CT or MRI, to diagnose deep inflammation or blockage in the sinuses […] Endoscopy, inserting a thin tube into your nose and sinuses to look for physical abnormalities

• #8 Sinus Infection (Sinusitis): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17701-sinusitis

  Sinusitis is an inflammation of the tissues in your sinuses (spaces in your forehead, cheeks and nose usually filled with air). […] Sinusitis is an inflammation, or swelling, of the tissue lining your sinuses. […] Healthcare providers diagnose sinusitis based on your symptoms and health history. A provider will check your ears, nose and throat for swelling, draining or blockage. […] Specific tests your provider might order to diagnose sinus infection include: Nasal endoscopy. […] If symptoms of sinusitis don’t improve after 10 days, a provider may prescribe: Antibiotics. […] Many sinus infections are caused by viruses. You can’t cure viral infections with antibiotics. […] Sinus infections are common and usually not serious. They can have many causes, including viruses and bacteria, nasal polyps or allergies.

• #9 Chronic Sinusitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441934/

  Chronic sinusitis is diagnosed when at least two of the following four symptoms are present and occur for more than 12 weeks: (1) purulent drainage, (2) facial and/or dental pain, (3) nasal obstruction, (4) hyposmia. […] The duration of symptoms is the key factor in diagnosing chronic sinusitis. Symptoms should occur for more than 12 weeks. Recurrent sinusitis occurs with four episodes of sinusitis within one year. […] Either CT or nasal endoscopy, confirming the presence of inflammation must be documented to confirm the diagnosis of chronic sinusitis. CT is more sensitive but also more expensive than nasal endoscopy. […] Routine lab work is not necessary to diagnose chronic rhinosinusitis. Cultures are not necessary but can be helpful in treatment. If a practitioner does a nasal endoscopy, the sinus cultures should be done and are much more accurate than nasopharyngeal swabs. This can assist in providing targeted antibiotic therapy.

• #10 Chronic Sinusitis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17700-chronic-sinusitis

  Chronic sinusitis is inflammation in your sinuses or a sinus infection, with symptoms that dont go away within 12 weeks. […] If sinus infection symptoms last 12 weeks or more, healthcare providers may determine that you have chronic sinusitis. They may do the following tests: […] Examine the inside of your nose with an endoscope, a tool that lets them look inside your nose and sinuses. […] CT scan or MRI to look for polyps or see if you have a deviated septum. […] Chronic sinusitis treatment focuses on controlling or easing inflammation. […] Your provider may prescribe: Nasal saline irrigation. […] Nasal steroid sprays. […] Surgery to fix a deviated septum, remove nasal polyps, open up your sinuses or remove fungal balls (clumps of fungal infection that block sinuses). […] Balloon sinuplasty, a procedure that opens your sinus cavities.

• #11 Acute Sinusitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547701/

  Acute rhinosinusitis is a clinical diagnosis. Three cardinal symptoms that are most sensitive and specific for acute rhinosinusitis are purulent nasal drainage accompanied by either nasal obstruction or facial pain/pressure/fullness. […] When cardinal symptoms persist beyond ten days or if they worsen after an initial period of improvement (double worsening), one may diagnose ABRS. […] Conventional diagnostic criteria for rhinosinusitis in adults is the patient having at least two major or one major plus two or more minor symptoms. […] ABRS can be differentiated from VRS using the following clinical guidance: Duration of symptoms for more than ten days; High fever (over 39 C or 102 F) with purulent nasal discharge or facial pain that last for 3 to 4 consecutive days at the beginning of the illness; Double worsening of symptoms within the first ten days.

• #12 Clinical Diagnosis of Acute Bacterial Rhinosinusitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0615/p758.html

  The American Academy of OtolaryngologyHead and Neck Surgery recommends diagnosing acute bacterial rhinosinusitis when symptoms or signs of acute rhinosinusitis (purulent nasal drainage accompanied by nasal obstruction, facial pain/pressure/fullness, or both) persist without evidence of improvement for at least 10 days after the onset of symptoms, or when symptoms or signs of acute rhinosinusitis worsen within 10 days of initial improvement or milder phase of illness (double sickening). […] However, a 2016 international consensus statement on rhinosinusitis concluded that symptoms such as purulent nasal discharge, fever, or facial pain alone cannot distinguish between viral and bacterial infection and that further studies are needed. […] In 2017, a clinical prediction rule was created for the diagnosis of acute rhinosinusitis and acute bacterial rhinosinusitis using 175 adult Danish patients in whom acute maxillary sinusitis was clinically suspected.

• #13 Acute sinusitis and rhinosinusitis in adults: Clinical manifestations and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-sinusitis-and-rhinosinusitis-in-adults-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis

  Acute sinusitis and rhinosinusitis refer to inflammation in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Acute rhinosinusitis (ARS) lasts less than four weeks. The most common etiology of ARS is a viral infection associated with the common cold. Distinguishing acute viral rhinosinusitis (AVRS) related to colds and influenza-like illnesses from bacterial infection is a frequent challenge to the primary care clinician. This topic will address the clinical manifestations and diagnosis of acute viral and bacterial rhinosinusitis. […] Acute rhinosinusitis (ARS) is defined as symptomatic inflammation of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses lasting less than four weeks. The term „rhinosinusitis” is preferred to „sinusitis” since inflammation of the sinuses rarely occurs without concurrent inflammation of the nasal mucosa. […] Classification of rhinosinusitis is based upon symptom duration: Acute rhinosinusitis – Symptoms for less than 4 weeks.

• #14 Sinus Infection Basics | Sinus Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/sinus-infection/about/index.html

  Your healthcare provider will determine if you have a sinus infection by asking about symptoms and examining you. […] You do not need antibiotics for many sinus infections. Most sinus infections usually get better on their own without antibiotics. […] However, in some cases, you may need antibiotics. Talk to your healthcare provider about the best treatment for your illness. […] For some sinus infections, your healthcare provider might recommend watchful waiting or delayed antibiotic prescribing. […] Your healthcare provider may suggest watching and waiting for 2-3 days to see if you need antibiotics. This gives the immune system time to fight off the infection. If your symptoms don’t improve, the healthcare provider may prescribe an antibiotic. […] Your healthcare provider may prescribe an antibiotic but suggest that you wait 2-3 days before filling the prescription. You may recover on your own and may not need the antibiotic.

• #15 Acute sinusitis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acute-sinusitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351677

  A health care provider might ask about symptoms and do an exam. The exam might include feeling for tenderness in the nose and face and looking inside the nose. […] Other ways to diagnose acute sinusitis and rule out other conditions include: Nasal endoscopy. A health care provider inserts a thin, flexible tube, known as an endoscope, into the nose. A light on the tube allows the provider to see inside the sinuses. […] Imaging studies. A CT scan can show details of the sinuses and nasal area. It’s not usually used for simple acute sinusitis. But imaging studies might help rule out other causes. […] Nasal and sinus samples. Lab tests aren’t often used to diagnose acute sinusitis. But if the condition doesn’t get better with treatment or gets worse, tissue samples from the nose or sinuses might help find the cause.

• #16 Chronic sinusitis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-sinusitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351667

  A health care provider might ask about symptoms and do an exam. The exam might include feeling for tenderness in the nose and face and looking inside the nose. […] Other ways to diagnose chronic sinusitis and rule out other conditions include: Nasal endoscopy. A health care provider inserts a thin, flexible tube, known as an endoscope, into the nose. A light on the tube allows a care provider to see inside the sinuses. […] Imaging tests. CT or MRI scans can show details of the sinuses and nasal area. These images might pinpoint the cause of chronic sinusitis. […] Nasal and sinus samples. Lab tests aren’t often used to diagnose chronic sinusitis. But, if the condition doesn’t get better with treatment or gets worse, tissue samples from the nose or sinuses might help find the cause. […] An allergy test. If allergies might be causing chronic sinusitis, an allergy skin test might show the cause.

• #17 Chronic Sinusitis Diagnosis | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/chronic-sinusitis/diagnosis

  Sinusitis is an infection in the sinuses, which are air-filled spaces or cavities surrounding the nasal cavity and eyes. Sinusitis also called a sinus infection can be acute or chronic. Acute infections generally go away within 10 days. If an infection persists for more than 12 weeks, sinusitis is considered chronic. […] In order to determine which type is causing your symptoms and to recommend the most appropriate treatment, your doctor performs a physical exam and asks you about your medical history, including the frequency and severity of your symptoms. […] Your doctor may recommend certain diagnostic tests to determine the cause of your symptoms. These may include: […] Fiberoptic nasal endoscopy is a diagnostic exam that provides detailed images of sinus cavities and nasal passages. It can reveal potential causes and signs of chronic sinusitis, such as inflammation, a slow drainage of mucus from the sinuses, the presence of a deviated septum, enlarged turbinates, or nasal polyps.

• #18 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Diagnosis-of-sinusitis.aspx

  A X ray of all the sinuses. Normal sinuses show up as hollow black cavities on either side of the forehead, bridge of the nose, behind the eyes and under the cheek bones. When inflamed the sinuses appear to be blocked with white discharge and this is visible on X rays. […] A new method of inspecting the insides of the sinuses is the fiberoptic endoscope or the rhinoscope. This is a thin flexible tube with a camera and a light at its tip. The nasal passages are lubricated with local anesthetics and the scope is passed. The inside walls and linings of the sinuses may be visualized with this instrument. […] Sinus puncture is a method of obtaining a sample of the fluid from the sinuses using a long thin needle. This helps in detection of the organism causing the sinusitis. This is not routinely practised.

• #19 Chronic Sinusitis Diagnosis | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/chronic-sinusitis/diagnosis

  During an endoscopy, your doctor may decide to take a mucus or tissue sample for laboratory testing if a bacterial infection is suspected. […] In order to diagnose chronic sinusitis caused by an allergic reaction, your doctor asks you questions about your medical history, including whether you’ve tested positive in the past for any allergies. […] A CT scan may be recommended to complement nasal endoscopy if your doctor needs more detail about the extent of a sinus infection and the anatomy of the sinus cavities. CT technology uses X-rays to create a series of detailed, three-dimensional images of your sinuses from a variety of angles. A CT scan can reveal the extent and location of inflammation and polyps in the sinuses that may not be visible during a nasal endoscopy.

• #20 Acute Sinusitis Workup: Approach Considerations, Blood Studies, Tests for Immunodeficiency

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/232670-workup

  Ultrasonography is of limited use. A-mode ultrasonography may be useful in screening for fluid in the maxillary sinus. B-mode (gray scale) ultrasonography may be useful in detecting fluid in the cavity, mucosal thickening, or soft tissue mass in the maxillary sinus. […] Fiberoptic sinus endoscopy is used to visualize posterior sinonasal structures. This test is useful to help exclude structural lesions, fungal disease, and granulomatous diseases.

• #21 Acute Sinusitis Workup: Approach Considerations, Blood Studies, Tests for Immunodeficiency

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/232670-workup

  The 2015 guidelines recommend that clinicians should not obtain radiographic imaging in patients who meet diagnostic criteria for acute sinusitis unless a complication or alternative diagnosis is suspected. […] Imaging studies are not necessary when the probability of sinusitis is either high or low but may be useful when the diagnosis is in doubt, based upon a thorough history and physical examination. […] CT scanning is the preferred imaging method for rhinosinusitis. A screening sinus CT scan is adequate for diagnosis and less expensive than other methods but is necessary only in cases of treatment failure or chronic rhinosinusitis. […] CT scanning has poor specificity for the diagnosis of acute sinusitis, demonstrating sinus air-fluid levels in 87% of individuals with simple upper respiratory tract infections and 40% of asymptomatic individuals.

• #22 Acute Sinusitis Workup: Approach Considerations, Blood Studies, Tests for Immunodeficiency

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/232670-workup

  CT scanning can provide valuable information regarding the anatomic and mechanical contributions in the development of acute sinusitis. […] Delay CT scanning until antibiotics control acute exacerbation; this practice allows correct diagnosis of chronic inflammation, mucoperiosteal thickening, soft tissue swelling, and ethmoid osteitis. […] Radiographic findings in patients with acute sinusitis include diffuse opacification, mucosal thickening (4 mm), or an air fluid level. These findings, in conjunction with clinical features of acute sinusitis, are helpful in confirming the diagnosis. […] MRI is useful only if fungal infection or a tumor is suggested. MRI is excellent for evaluating soft tissue disease within the sinuses, but it is of little value in the diagnostic workup for acute sinusitis.

• #23 Acute sinusitis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acute-sinusitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351677

  A health care provider might ask about symptoms and do an exam. The exam might include feeling for tenderness in the nose and face and looking inside the nose. […] Other ways to diagnose acute sinusitis and rule out other conditions include: Nasal endoscopy. A health care provider inserts a thin, flexible tube, known as an endoscope, into the nose. A light on the tube allows the provider to see inside the sinuses. […] Imaging studies. A CT scan can show details of the sinuses and nasal area. It’s not usually used for simple acute sinusitis. But imaging studies might help rule out other causes. […] Nasal and sinus samples. Lab tests aren’t often used to diagnose acute sinusitis. But if the condition doesn’t get better with treatment or gets worse, tissue samples from the nose or sinuses might help find the cause.

• #24 Chronic sinusitis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-sinusitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351667

  A health care provider might ask about symptoms and do an exam. The exam might include feeling for tenderness in the nose and face and looking inside the nose. […] Other ways to diagnose chronic sinusitis and rule out other conditions include: Nasal endoscopy. A health care provider inserts a thin, flexible tube, known as an endoscope, into the nose. A light on the tube allows a care provider to see inside the sinuses. […] Imaging tests. CT or MRI scans can show details of the sinuses and nasal area. These images might pinpoint the cause of chronic sinusitis. […] Nasal and sinus samples. Lab tests aren’t often used to diagnose chronic sinusitis. But, if the condition doesn’t get better with treatment or gets worse, tissue samples from the nose or sinuses might help find the cause. […] An allergy test. If allergies might be causing chronic sinusitis, an allergy skin test might show the cause.

• #25 Sinusitis Diagnosis: How Do Doctors Diagnose A Sinus Infection

  https://www.webmd.com/allergies/sinusitus-test

  If you’ve been sick for 10 days or more with no improvement, or you got slightly better and then sicker, you may have a bacterial infection. Again, you’ll need to see your doctor to know for sure. […] Your doctor will talk to you about your symptoms. They’ll likely perform one of several tests to find out if you have a sinus infection. […] A CT scan can help your doctor see your full sinus cavity. It can also tell them where the swelling is located and if the sinus infection has spread.

• #26 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Diagnosis-of-sinusitis.aspx

  When fungal sinusitis or sinus tumors are suspected or need to be ruled out imaging studies like ultrasonography of the sinuses, CT scan or MRI scan of the sinuses may be prescribed. These also help detect anatomical abnormalities of the nose and sinuses. […] Conditions to be ruled out in diagnosing sinusitis (because they mimic symptoms of sinusitis) include allergic rhinitis, common cold, adenoiditis in children and other causes of headaches.

• #27 Acute Sinusitis Workup: Approach Considerations, Blood Studies, Tests for Immunodeficiency

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/232670-workup

  CT scanning can provide valuable information regarding the anatomic and mechanical contributions in the development of acute sinusitis. […] Delay CT scanning until antibiotics control acute exacerbation; this practice allows correct diagnosis of chronic inflammation, mucoperiosteal thickening, soft tissue swelling, and ethmoid osteitis. […] Radiographic findings in patients with acute sinusitis include diffuse opacification, mucosal thickening (4 mm), or an air fluid level. These findings, in conjunction with clinical features of acute sinusitis, are helpful in confirming the diagnosis. […] MRI is useful only if fungal infection or a tumor is suggested. MRI is excellent for evaluating soft tissue disease within the sinuses, but it is of little value in the diagnostic workup for acute sinusitis.

• #28 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Diagnosis-of-sinusitis.aspx

  When fungal sinusitis or sinus tumors are suspected or need to be ruled out imaging studies like ultrasonography of the sinuses, CT scan or MRI scan of the sinuses may be prescribed. These also help detect anatomical abnormalities of the nose and sinuses. […] Conditions to be ruled out in diagnosing sinusitis (because they mimic symptoms of sinusitis) include allergic rhinitis, common cold, adenoiditis in children and other causes of headaches.

• #29 Acute Sinusitis Workup: Approach Considerations, Blood Studies, Tests for Immunodeficiency

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/232670-workup

  Ultrasonography is of limited use. A-mode ultrasonography may be useful in screening for fluid in the maxillary sinus. B-mode (gray scale) ultrasonography may be useful in detecting fluid in the cavity, mucosal thickening, or soft tissue mass in the maxillary sinus. […] Fiberoptic sinus endoscopy is used to visualize posterior sinonasal structures. This test is useful to help exclude structural lesions, fungal disease, and granulomatous diseases.

• #30 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Diagnosis-of-sinusitis.aspx

  Sinusitis is caused by infection and inflammation of the inner linings of the sinuses. Diagnosis is commonly made by the physician on the basis of clinical symptoms of the condition. […] Diagnosis then involves a series of blood and imaging tests. These include: […] The ENT specialist uses a special light to examine the inside of the nose. This helps in detection of nasal polyps, nasal bony spurs, deviated nasal septum and other anatomical defects that may lead to narrowing of nasal passages and predispose to sinusitis. […] A light is shined against the sinuses. Normally the sinus appears hollow and the light shines through giving a reddish glow. When inflamed and blocked with secretions and mucus the light fails to shine through and the sinus appears opaque. This test is called the transillumination test.

• #31 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Diagnosis-of-sinusitis.aspx

  Sinusitis is caused by infection and inflammation of the inner linings of the sinuses. Diagnosis is commonly made by the physician on the basis of clinical symptoms of the condition. […] Diagnosis then involves a series of blood and imaging tests. These include: […] The ENT specialist uses a special light to examine the inside of the nose. This helps in detection of nasal polyps, nasal bony spurs, deviated nasal septum and other anatomical defects that may lead to narrowing of nasal passages and predispose to sinusitis. […] A light is shined against the sinuses. Normally the sinus appears hollow and the light shines through giving a reddish glow. When inflamed and blocked with secretions and mucus the light fails to shine through and the sinus appears opaque. This test is called the transillumination test.

• #32

  https://www.mountelizabeth.com.sg/conditions-diseases/sinusitis/diagnosis-treatment

  Your doctor may recommend an allergy skin test if they suspect that allergies might be one of the factors contributing to sinusitis. […] Blood tests may be helpful as a part of the investigation of sinusitis. […] These tests may check your: […] A high white cell count in the presence of fever may indicate severe acute sinusitis. […] A high eosinophilic count may be associated with a severe allergy, some types of chronic sinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP), and asthma. […] Low levels of immunoglobulin (e.g. IgG and IgA) may suggest underlying immune deficiency, while high IgE may be associated with allergy. […] As there are different types of sinusitis, it is important to get an accurate diagnosis before commencing treatment. […] Your doctor will recommend the most suitable treatment plan for you based on the results of various investigations.

• #33 Sinus Infection | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | ACAAI Public Website

  https://acaai.org/allergies/allergic-conditions/sinus-infection/

  Sinus infection (known as sinusitis) is a major health problem. It afflicts 31 million people in the United States. […] If you think you have a sinus infection, see your allergist for proper diagnosis. In most cases, sinus infection treatment is easy. By stopping a sinus infection early, you avoid later symptoms and complications. […] Diagnosis depends on symptoms and requires an examination of the throat, nose and sinuses. Your allergist will look for: […] If your sinus infection lasts longer than eight weeks, or if standard antibiotic treatment is not working, a sinus CT scan may help your allergist diagnose the problem. […] Mucus cultures: If your sinus infection is chronic or has not improved after several rounds of antibiotics, a mucus culture may help to determine what is causing the infection.

• #34 Chronic sinusitis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-sinusitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351667

  A health care provider might ask about symptoms and do an exam. The exam might include feeling for tenderness in the nose and face and looking inside the nose. […] Other ways to diagnose chronic sinusitis and rule out other conditions include: Nasal endoscopy. A health care provider inserts a thin, flexible tube, known as an endoscope, into the nose. A light on the tube allows a care provider to see inside the sinuses. […] Imaging tests. CT or MRI scans can show details of the sinuses and nasal area. These images might pinpoint the cause of chronic sinusitis. […] Nasal and sinus samples. Lab tests aren’t often used to diagnose chronic sinusitis. But, if the condition doesn’t get better with treatment or gets worse, tissue samples from the nose or sinuses might help find the cause. […] An allergy test. If allergies might be causing chronic sinusitis, an allergy skin test might show the cause.

• #35 Sinusitis

  https://www.aaaai.org/conditions-treatments/allergies/sinusitis

  If you have nasal congestion, facial pressure, cough and thick nasal discharge, you may have rhinosinusitis, commonly referred to as sinusitis. […] Chronic sinusitis, also referred to as chronic rhinosinusitis, is often diagnosed when symptoms have gone on for more than 12 weeks, despite medical treatment. […] Diagnosis Allergy testing performed by an allergist / immunologist can identify what allergic triggers might be behind your chronic or reoccurring sinus infections. […] In chronic or severe cases, your doctor may also examine your nasal passages using a technique called rhinoscopy or nasal endoscopy. […] Your doctor may order a MRI or CT scan to look for abnormalities in the sinuses narrow drainage passages, polyps or a deviated septum. […] Make an appointment with your doctor right away if you have: a fever, pain or swelling in the face or eye, redness on the cheek or around the eye, severe headaches, confusion or a stiff neck.

• #36

  https://www.mountelizabeth.com.sg/conditions-diseases/sinusitis/diagnosis-treatment

  Your doctor may recommend an allergy skin test if they suspect that allergies might be one of the factors contributing to sinusitis. […] Blood tests may be helpful as a part of the investigation of sinusitis. […] These tests may check your: […] A high white cell count in the presence of fever may indicate severe acute sinusitis. […] A high eosinophilic count may be associated with a severe allergy, some types of chronic sinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP), and asthma. […] Low levels of immunoglobulin (e.g. IgG and IgA) may suggest underlying immune deficiency, while high IgE may be associated with allergy. […] As there are different types of sinusitis, it is important to get an accurate diagnosis before commencing treatment. […] Your doctor will recommend the most suitable treatment plan for you based on the results of various investigations.

• #37 Acute Sinusitis Workup: Approach Considerations, Blood Studies, Tests for Immunodeficiency

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/232670-workup

  In June 2013, the American Academy of Pediatrics published updated guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute bacterial sinusitis in children and adolescents. Changes include the following: […] Some authors have reported on the use of laboratory tests, including sedimentation rate, white blood cell counts, and C-reactive protein levels, to help diagnose acute sinusitis. These tests appear to add little to the predictive value of clinical findings in the diagnosis. […] According to the AAAAI 2005 practice parameter, evaluation of acute, chronic, or recurrent sinusitis might include the following laboratory tests: nasal cytology, nasal-sinus biopsy, or tests for immunodeficiency, cystic fibrosis, or ciliary dysfunction. […] The 2007 guidelines by the American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation were updated in 2015 and recommended that clinicians (1) reassess the patient to confirm acute bacterial rhinosinusitis, to exclude other causes of illness, and to detect complications if the patient worsens or fails to improve with the initial management option by 7 days after diagnosis or worsens during the initial management; (2) distinguish chronic sinusitis and recurrent acute sinusitis from isolated episodes of acute sinusitis and other causes of sinonasal symptoms; and (3) assess the patient with chronic sinusitis or recurrent acute sinusitis for multiple chronic conditions that would modify management, such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, immunocompromised state, and ciliary dyskinesia.

• #38 UC Davis Health | Department of Otolaryngology | Diagnosis of Sinusitis

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/otolaryngology/specialty/sinus-center/diagnosis-of-sinusitis.html

  The symptoms of sinusitis are not unique to the disease itself. Other disease processes can mimic sinusitis including the common cold, allergies, migraine headache, chronic daily headache, myofascial pain, temporomandibular joint or jaw pain, rhinitis medicamentosa, and even sleep apnea. Therefore an accurate diagnosis requires a thorough history and physical examination. […] Nasal endoscopy is also used to make the diagnosis of sinusitis. This procedure involves passing a fiber-optic telescope, or „endoscope,” into the nose and examining the interior of the nasal cavity. […] While nasal endoscopy plays a major role in the diagnosis of sinusitis, this procedure can only give information about the openings of the sinuses (unless the patient has had previous surgery to widen the natural openings). Therefore another tool, called computerized tomography or a CT scan, is used to visualize the sinus interior. […] Each of these modalities (i.e., history and physical examination, nasal endoscopy, and CT scan) plays an important role in the diagnosis of sinusitis.

• #39 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Diagnosis-of-sinusitis.aspx

  When fungal sinusitis or sinus tumors are suspected or need to be ruled out imaging studies like ultrasonography of the sinuses, CT scan or MRI scan of the sinuses may be prescribed. These also help detect anatomical abnormalities of the nose and sinuses. […] Conditions to be ruled out in diagnosing sinusitis (because they mimic symptoms of sinusitis) include allergic rhinitis, common cold, adenoiditis in children and other causes of headaches.

• #40 Clinical Diagnosis of Acute Bacterial Rhinosinusitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0615/p758.html

  Which patients presenting with symptoms of acute rhinosinusitis have acute bacterial rhinosinusitis? […] Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis develops in only 0.5% to 2% of all upper respiratory tract infections. […] There is no consensus on the diagnostic criteria for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis. A 2007 European position paper states that acute bacterial rhinosinusitis should be suspected with the presence of at least three of the following symptoms or signs: discolored discharge with unilateral predominance and purulent secretion in the nasal cavity, severe local pain with unilateral predominance, fever greater than 100.4F (38C), elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate or C-reactive protein (CRP) level, and double sickening (i.e., deterioration after an initial milder phase of illness).

• #41 Clinical Diagnosis of Acute Bacterial Rhinosinusitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0615/p758.html

  The American Academy of OtolaryngologyHead and Neck Surgery recommends diagnosing acute bacterial rhinosinusitis when symptoms or signs of acute rhinosinusitis (purulent nasal drainage accompanied by nasal obstruction, facial pain/pressure/fullness, or both) persist without evidence of improvement for at least 10 days after the onset of symptoms, or when symptoms or signs of acute rhinosinusitis worsen within 10 days of initial improvement or milder phase of illness (double sickening). […] However, a 2016 international consensus statement on rhinosinusitis concluded that symptoms such as purulent nasal discharge, fever, or facial pain alone cannot distinguish between viral and bacterial infection and that further studies are needed. […] In 2017, a clinical prediction rule was created for the diagnosis of acute rhinosinusitis and acute bacterial rhinosinusitis using 175 adult Danish patients in whom acute maxillary sinusitis was clinically suspected.

• #42 Clinical Diagnosis of Acute Bacterial Rhinosinusitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0615/p758.html

  Which patients presenting with symptoms of acute rhinosinusitis have acute bacterial rhinosinusitis? […] Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis develops in only 0.5% to 2% of all upper respiratory tract infections. […] There is no consensus on the diagnostic criteria for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis. A 2007 European position paper states that acute bacterial rhinosinusitis should be suspected with the presence of at least three of the following symptoms or signs: discolored discharge with unilateral predominance and purulent secretion in the nasal cavity, severe local pain with unilateral predominance, fever greater than 100.4F (38C), elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate or C-reactive protein (CRP) level, and double sickening (i.e., deterioration after an initial milder phase of illness).

• #43 Chronic Sinusitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441934/

  Chronic sinusitis is diagnosed when at least two of the following four symptoms are present and occur for more than 12 weeks: (1) purulent drainage, (2) facial and/or dental pain, (3) nasal obstruction, (4) hyposmia. […] The duration of symptoms is the key factor in diagnosing chronic sinusitis. Symptoms should occur for more than 12 weeks. Recurrent sinusitis occurs with four episodes of sinusitis within one year. […] Either CT or nasal endoscopy, confirming the presence of inflammation must be documented to confirm the diagnosis of chronic sinusitis. CT is more sensitive but also more expensive than nasal endoscopy. […] Routine lab work is not necessary to diagnose chronic rhinosinusitis. Cultures are not necessary but can be helpful in treatment. If a practitioner does a nasal endoscopy, the sinus cultures should be done and are much more accurate than nasopharyngeal swabs. This can assist in providing targeted antibiotic therapy.

• #44 Chronic Sinusitis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17700-chronic-sinusitis

  Chronic sinusitis is inflammation in your sinuses or a sinus infection, with symptoms that dont go away within 12 weeks. […] If sinus infection symptoms last 12 weeks or more, healthcare providers may determine that you have chronic sinusitis. They may do the following tests: […] Examine the inside of your nose with an endoscope, a tool that lets them look inside your nose and sinuses. […] CT scan or MRI to look for polyps or see if you have a deviated septum. […] Chronic sinusitis treatment focuses on controlling or easing inflammation. […] Your provider may prescribe: Nasal saline irrigation. […] Nasal steroid sprays. […] Surgery to fix a deviated septum, remove nasal polyps, open up your sinuses or remove fungal balls (clumps of fungal infection that block sinuses). […] Balloon sinuplasty, a procedure that opens your sinus cavities.

• #45 Chronic Sinusitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441934/

  Chronic sinusitis is diagnosed when at least two of the following four symptoms are present and occur for more than 12 weeks: (1) purulent drainage, (2) facial and/or dental pain, (3) nasal obstruction, (4) hyposmia. […] The duration of symptoms is the key factor in diagnosing chronic sinusitis. Symptoms should occur for more than 12 weeks. Recurrent sinusitis occurs with four episodes of sinusitis within one year. […] Either CT or nasal endoscopy, confirming the presence of inflammation must be documented to confirm the diagnosis of chronic sinusitis. CT is more sensitive but also more expensive than nasal endoscopy. […] Routine lab work is not necessary to diagnose chronic rhinosinusitis. Cultures are not necessary but can be helpful in treatment. If a practitioner does a nasal endoscopy, the sinus cultures should be done and are much more accurate than nasopharyngeal swabs. This can assist in providing targeted antibiotic therapy.

• #46 Chronic Sinusitis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17700-chronic-sinusitis

  Chronic sinusitis is inflammation in your sinuses or a sinus infection, with symptoms that dont go away within 12 weeks. […] If sinus infection symptoms last 12 weeks or more, healthcare providers may determine that you have chronic sinusitis. They may do the following tests: […] Examine the inside of your nose with an endoscope, a tool that lets them look inside your nose and sinuses. […] CT scan or MRI to look for polyps or see if you have a deviated septum. […] Chronic sinusitis treatment focuses on controlling or easing inflammation. […] Your provider may prescribe: Nasal saline irrigation. […] Nasal steroid sprays. […] Surgery to fix a deviated septum, remove nasal polyps, open up your sinuses or remove fungal balls (clumps of fungal infection that block sinuses). […] Balloon sinuplasty, a procedure that opens your sinus cavities.

• #47 Sinusitis – ENT Health

  https://www.enthealth.org/conditions/sinusitis/

  Have you ever felt like you had a cold that wouldnt go away? If symptoms of discolored nasal drainage and blockage hang around for more than 10 days, or worsen after they start getting better, theres a good chance you have sinusitis, an infection or inflammation of the sinuses. […] Your primary care provider or an ENT (ear, nose, and throat) specialist, or otolaryngologist, can help sort out what type of sinusitis you have and how to treat it. […] An ENT specialist would also need to see polyps, pus, or thickened mucous in nose, or get a CT scan, to fully diagnose chronic sinusitis. […] X-rays or CT scans of the sinuses are not necessary to diagnose uncomplicated sinusitis if you have the symptoms of sinusitis (discharge plus pressure or blockage). If your doctor suspects a complication or if you have repeated episodes or prolonged sinus symptoms, a CT scan of your sinuses may be needed.

• #48 Sinusitis (Sinus Infection) | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/s/sinusitis

  Sinus infections are usually diagnosed by cold symptoms that DO NOT get better after 10 days (see above for symptoms), and the child seems sicker than with a usual cold or URI. […] The color of the nasal drainage does not tell the difference between a cold and a sinus infection. […] Blood work and X-rays are not usually needed.

• #49 Sinusitis (Sinus Infection) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/sinusitis.html

  When sinuses get irritated and inflamed, its called sinusitis (syne-yuh-SYE-tis). […] Inflammation in the sinuses can come from: germs, such as a virus or bacteria, in which case its called a sinus infection. […] Symptoms that last longer than that or get worse about a week after the cold starts can be a sign of a bacterial sinus infection. […] If they think that bacteria might be causing a sinus infection, doctors might wait for a few days to see if it clears up on its own or they may prescribe antibiotics. […] If your child gets a fever 710 days after cold symptoms begin, it could be a sign of a sinus infection or another infection (such as pneumonia or an ear infection).

• #50 Sinusitis (Sinus Infection) | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/s/sinusitis

  Sinus infections are usually diagnosed by cold symptoms that DO NOT get better after 10 days (see above for symptoms), and the child seems sicker than with a usual cold or URI. […] The color of the nasal drainage does not tell the difference between a cold and a sinus infection. […] Blood work and X-rays are not usually needed.

• #51 Adult Rhinosinusitis: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0101/p69.html

  The general goals of therapy for patients with bacterial rhinosinusitis are to control infection, diminish tissue edema and reverse sinus ostial obstruction so the mucopus can drain. […] Oral antibiotics are recommended for seven to 14 days in patients with acute, recurrent acute or subacute bacterial rhinosinusitis. […] The absolute indications for surgery include extrasinus spread of sinus infection, mucocele or pyocele, fungal sinusitis or massive nasal polyps that obstruct the sinuses. […] The relative indications for surgery that constitute the reasons for a preponderance of sinus operations include: recurrent acute bacterial rhinosinusitis in which a persisting area of obstruction to sinus aeration or of recurring disease has been identified by nasal endoscopy and/or CT; or chronic rhinosinusitis that has failed to resolve after an appropriate course of medical therapy as documented by the patient’s symptoms or findings on nasal endoscopy and/or CT scan.

• #52 Chronic Sinusitis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17700-chronic-sinusitis

  If youve had sinusitis symptoms for weeks, its time to contact a healthcare provider. Sinusitis symptoms include thick green or yellow mucus from your nose, or it hurts when you put gentle pressure on your nose, forehead or around your eyes. […] Chronic sinusitis is different from recurrent sinusitis because chronic sinusitis symptoms dont go away for long periods of time.

• #53 Adult Rhinosinusitis: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0101/p69.html

  The subcategory of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis is more likely to evolve into chronic disease or to spread outside the sinuses to the orbital area or to the meninges. […] In patients who have not responded to the initial choice of antibiotic therapy, those with extrasinus spread of infection and those with chronic rhinosinusitis, an endoscopically directed microswab culture of the hiatus semilunaris should be obtained. […] Computed tomographic (CT) scan, performed in a coronal plane with cuts of 4 mm or less, is considered the gold standard radiographic delineation of sinus disease. […] Laboratory studies are unnecessary in the evaluation and management of most patients with uncomplicated rhinosinusitis. […] Nasal/sinus bacterial cultures should be reserved for the circumstances previously outlined.

• #54 Sinus Infection (Sinusitis): Diagnosis & Treatment | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/primary-care/sinusitis-sinus-infections/treatment

  Allergy tests, to determine what you are allergic to, if anything […] Cultures of mucous samples to test for bacteria or fungi. […] A primary care doctor will assess the severity of your sinus infection, make a diagnosis, and help you get effective sinusitis treatment. Your primary care doctor can also: […] Order further tests. […] Trust NewYork-Presbyterian for Sinus Infection Treatment NewYork-Presbyterians experienced primary care doctors are available for appointments during early, late, and weekend hours. Schedule a video visit or an in-person consultation for sinus infection at one of our convenient medical group locations. Our physicians diagnose and treat all types of sinus infection, depending on your symptoms, and can make referrals to NewYork-Presbyterian specialists if further testing or care is needed.

• #55 UC Davis Health | Department of Otolaryngology | Diagnosis of Sinusitis

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/otolaryngology/specialty/sinus-center/diagnosis-of-sinusitis.html

  The symptoms of sinusitis are not unique to the disease itself. Other disease processes can mimic sinusitis including the common cold, allergies, migraine headache, chronic daily headache, myofascial pain, temporomandibular joint or jaw pain, rhinitis medicamentosa, and even sleep apnea. Therefore an accurate diagnosis requires a thorough history and physical examination. […] Nasal endoscopy is also used to make the diagnosis of sinusitis. This procedure involves passing a fiber-optic telescope, or „endoscope,” into the nose and examining the interior of the nasal cavity. […] While nasal endoscopy plays a major role in the diagnosis of sinusitis, this procedure can only give information about the openings of the sinuses (unless the patient has had previous surgery to widen the natural openings). Therefore another tool, called computerized tomography or a CT scan, is used to visualize the sinus interior. […] Each of these modalities (i.e., history and physical examination, nasal endoscopy, and CT scan) plays an important role in the diagnosis of sinusitis.

• #56 Chronic sinusitis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-sinusitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351667

  Antibiotics are sometimes needed to treat sinusitis caused by bacteria. A possible bacterial infection might need to be treated with an antibiotic and sometimes with other medicines. […] For sinusitis caused or made worse by allergies, allergy shots might help. This is known as immunotherapy. […] For chronic sinusitis that doesn’t clear up with treatment, endoscopic sinus surgery might be an option. In this procedure, a health care provider uses a thin, flexible tube with an attached light, called an endoscope, and tiny cutting tools to remove the tissue that’s causing the problem.

• #57 Sinusitis (Sinus Infection or Sinus Inflammation) | AAFA.org

  https://aafa.org/allergies/allergy-symptoms/sinusitis-sinus-infection/

  The first step to treat sinusitis is to clear your nasal passages. […] If you have a bacterial infection, your doctor may also prescribe an antibiotic to fight it. […] Your doctor may prescribe an antibiotic to fight an infection caused by bacteria. […] Many doctors will prescribe antibiotics if your symptoms have not improved in about 10 days. […] Antibiotics are not always needed to treat sinusitis. […] If your chronic sinusitis symptoms will not go away with these medical treatments, your doctor may recommend you see a doctor called an ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialist about sinus surgery. […] There are 2 common types of sinus surgery: functional endoscopic sinus surgery and less-invasive balloon sinuplasty.

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